PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2021] Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.
Linkage: While the PYQ focuses on empowerment and women within the gig economy, it aligns with the broader theme of identity and status challenges faced by workers in non-traditional/precarious employment structures, a challenge explicitly highlighted for SBWs and then linked to gig workers in the article. |
Mentor’s Comment: The central government employs millions of regular and contract workers, including around 60 million in schemes like ICDS, NRHM, and mid-day meals. These workers—such as Anganwadi workers, helpers, ASHAs, and mid-day meal staff—support children, mothers, and nutrition. They connect communities with public health and help improve school enrollment and overall health.
Today’s editorial talks about the problems faced by Scheme-Based Workers (SBWs). This content is useful for GS Paper I (Women’s Issues) and GS Paper II (Social Justice).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The recent developments surrounding Scheme-Based Workers (SBWs)—particularly Anganwadi workers, ASHAs, and MDM workers—have reignited the debate on labour identity, social security, and worker rights in India.
Who are scheme-based workers (SBWs)?
- Workers employed under various government social welfare schemes but not formally recognized as government employees. Around 60 million workers across government schemes. Eg: Anganwadi Workers (AWWs), Anganwadi Helpers (AWHs), Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Mid-Day Meal Workers (MDMWs).
- ICDS (since 1975), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
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What roles do they perform?
- Childcare and Nutrition Services: SBWs play a vital role in early childhood care by ensuring nutritional support, immunization, and preschool education. Eg: Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) under the ICDS scheme provide nutrition and basic health services to children and lactating mothers.
- Public Health Outreach: They serve as a crucial link between the public health system and rural communities, improving health awareness and access. Eg: ASHAs under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) assist in maternal care, vaccination drives, and promote institutional deliveries.
- Educational and Nutritional Support in Schools: They help enhance school enrollment and retention by providing mid-day meals, which also address child malnutrition. Eg: Mid-Day Meal Workers (MDMWs) prepare and distribute meals in schools under the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
What challenges do SBWs face in gaining formal recognition and benefits?
- Lack of Worker Status: SBWs are often classified as “volunteers” or “honorary workers” rather than formal employees, denying them recognition as government workers. Eg: The Supreme Court in State of Karnataka vs Ameerbi (2006) ruled that Anganwadi workers are not state employees as they don’t hold statutory posts.
- Absence of Minimum Wages: Most SBWs receive honorariums instead of wages, which are far below minimum wage standards. Eg: Anganwadi workers and helpers across states earn as low as ₹4,500–₹9,000 per month, without alignment to state minimum wage norms.
- No Social Security Benefits: SBWs are denied access to pensions, provident fund, maternity benefits, and health insurance. Eg: Despite working in public health, ASHAs are not covered under schemes like EPFO or ESI.
- Policy Delay and Avoidance: Governments often cite financial burden or the need for long-term planning to delay regularisation. Eg: In 2016, the Labour Minister told Parliament that there’s no fixed timeline to implement ILC recommendations for SBWs.
- Suppression of Collective Action: SBWs’ strikes are often met with state repression or legal barriers. Eg: Maharashtra invoked the Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) in 2017 to curb Anganwadi workers’ right to strike.
Why is the government reluctant to regularise SBWs?
- Financial Burden: Regularising SBWs would significantly increase the government’s salary and welfare expenditure, making it fiscally unsustainable. Eg: The central government employs over 60 lakh SBWs, and converting them to regular employees would involve massive budgetary allocations for wages and benefits.
- Policy Ambiguity: Successive governments delay decisions by citing the need for long-term policy formulation without committing to a timeline. Eg: In 2016, the Labour Minister told the Rajya Sabha that implementing Indian Labour Conference (ILC) recommendations requires indefinite planning.
- Privatisation Push: The government aims to reduce its role in welfare delivery by promoting public-private partnerships, weakening the case for regularisation. Eg: There have been attempts to privatise the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), directly affecting the employment security of Anganwadi workers.
How have trade unions and courts supported SBWs’ demands?
- Union Mobilisation: Major trade unions have organised SBWs to demand minimum wages, worker status, and social security through strikes and negotiations. Eg: In March 2025, Anganwadi workers in Kerala ended a 13-day indefinite strike organised by unions like AITUC, BMS, and CITU demanding regularisation and fair pay.
- Judicial Recognition: Courts have gradually recognised some labour rights of SBWs, even when earlier rulings were unfavourable. Eg: In Maniben Maganbhai Bhariya vs District Development Officer (2022), the Supreme Court ruled that Anganwadi workers are eligible for gratuity under the Payment of Gratuity Act.
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What are the policy implications of granting SBWs formal employee status?
- Fiscal Burden: Recognising SBWs as formal employees would significantly increase the government’s expenditure on salaries, pensions, and social security. Eg: The central government is concerned about cost implications due to the growing number of SBWs (nearly 6 million), especially as population-linked schemes expand.
- Policy Reorientation: Granting formal status would require new frameworks for recruitment, training, service conditions, and grievance redressal. Eg: The Gujarat High Court in 2024 directed the State and Centre to create a joint policy to regularise Anganwadi workers as Class III and IV employees.
- Precedent for Other Informal Workers: Regularising SBWs could set a precedent for other informal or gig workers demanding similar recognition and protections. Eg: Like SBWs, gig workers (e.g., delivery partners) are also fighting for worker status and social security rights in courts and labour forums.
Way forward:
- Enact Clear Policies: Governments should promptly create and implement policies to grant SBWs formal worker status with fair wages and social security benefits.
- Strengthen Monitoring: Improve enforcement by regional bodies to ensure timely wage revisions, labour rights protection, and prevent exploitation of SBWs.
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Why in the News?
India has taken a sharp turn from its traditionally cooperative trade approach by recently imposing restrictions on Bangladeshi readymade garments and other goods.
Why did India impose trade restrictions on Bangladesh?
- Bangladesh move to China: India imposed trade restrictions to express displeasure with Bangladesh’s interim government led by Mohammed Yunus, which has moved closer to China and Pakistan, straining India-Bangladesh relations. Eg: Yunus inviting Chinese access to India’s northeast during his China visit triggered India’s concerns.
- Political statement against the North East: India blocked access to its Northeast markets for Bangladesh’s key garment exports in response to recent political comments that called Northeast India landlocked and claimed Bangladesh is its gateway to the sea.
- Signaling Disapproval of Political Moves: India seeks to signal its objection to the interim government’s ban on the Awami League and its deviation from democratic norms promised to the international community.
What did Yunus say about India’s northeast during his China visit?
- Described India’s northeast as landlocked: Yunus publicly referred to the northeastern region of India as lacking direct access to the sea, highlighting its geographical constraints. Eg: He emphasized that the region is dependent on access through neighboring countries like Bangladesh.
- Invited China to access the region via Bangladesh: He suggested that China could use Bangladesh as a transit route to reach India’s northeast, implicitly offering strategic passage. Eg: During his March 2025 China visit, he proposed trade and connectivity links that would allow China to reach the northeast.
- Undermined India’s regional security concerns: By involving China in a sensitive area, Yunus ignored India’s strategic sensitivities and long-standing opposition to Chinese presence near its borders. Eg: His comments were seen as aligning with China’s Belt and Road ambitions in South Asia, alarming Indian policymakers.
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How could the trade move affect India’s strategic interests?
- May worsen anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh: The restrictions could be seen as punitive and fuel nationalist or anti-India narratives, especially among radical groups. Eg: Elements opposing India’s influence may use the trade ban to rally public anger and portray India as interfering in domestic affairs.
- Could destabilize India’s northeast region: Heightened tensions and instability in Bangladesh may spill over, leading to cross-border security issues in India’s sensitive northeastern states. Eg: Increased radical activity or refugee influx due to unrest in Bangladesh can strain local governance and security in Assam and Tripura.
- Limits diplomatic space for constructive engagement: Economic restrictions reduce India’s leverage to influence political developments in Bangladesh through dialogue and soft diplomacy. Eg: Trade ties often help maintain dialogue even during political tensions — restricting them weakens India’s long-term strategic hold.
Which key political stakeholders in Bangladesh should India engage?
- Awami League (AL): Despite being currently banned by the interim government, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, has been India’s most trusted ally and played a key role in maintaining bilateral stability and counterterrorism cooperation. Eg: India and the Awami League worked closely on cross-border security and infrastructure projects like the Akhaura-Agartala rail link.
- Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP): As a major opposition party, the BNP represents a significant voter base. India should maintain open lines of communication to understand its stance on regional issues and democratic reforms.
- Civil society and democratic reform advocates: Engaging with non-party actors such as human rights groups, independent media, and student movements can strengthen India’s image as a supporter of democracy and people-to-people ties.
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Why is the delay in Bangladesh’s elections a significant concern for India?
- Regional stability and security risks: Prolonged political uncertainty in Bangladesh may lead to unrest, radicalisation, and law and order issues, which can spill over into India’s northeast, impacting border security. Eg: A destabilised Bangladesh could lead to increased cross-border infiltration or refugee inflows into Assam and Tripura.
- Strained diplomatic and strategic relations: The delay weakens India’s ability to engage with a legitimate and stable government, affecting long-term strategic cooperation, trade, and connectivity projects. Eg: Uncertainty may halt progress on initiatives like the India-Bangladesh power grid or transit routes through Bangladesh.
Way forward:
- Engage All Political Stakeholders: India should maintain dialogue with all major political actors in Bangladesh — including the Awami League, BNP, and civil society — to encourage democratic transition and ensure long-term regional stability.
- Balance Strategic Interests with Economic Diplomacy: India must ease trade restrictions while using diplomatic channels to address security concerns, preventing alienation and preserving influence in Bangladesh and the Northeast region.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India?
Linkage: The current trade-related tensions between India and Bangladesh are a result of deteriorating political relations which have spilled over into economic ties.
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Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court struck down two orders from the Environment Ministry that had allowed industries to operate even after breaking environmental rules.
What did the Supreme Court strike down as illegal?
- Notifications allowing industries to bypass prior environmental clearance: The Court struck down two Union Environment Ministry notifications that permitted industrial units to set up or expand operations without prior government approval, violating the core principle of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. Eg: Industries were allowed to operate or change manufacturing practices without the mandatory prior environmental clearance.
- Regularisation of violations through executive orders without parliamentary approval: The notifications enabled projects violating environmental laws to seek regularisation by paying fines, issued through executive orders instead of amending the Environment Protection Act (EIA), 2006 via Parliament. Eg: The 2017 “one-time” window and 2021 standard operating procedure allowed violative industries to avoid penalties by applying for clearance retrospectively.
Why did the Centre allow industries to bypass prior clearance?
- One-time window for regularisation: In 2017, the Centre provided a “one-time” six-month window for industries without proper environmental clearances to apply retroactively.
- Avoid disruption of economic activities: The Centre wanted to prevent the demolition of functioning plants that contribute to the economy and employment, as shutting them down abruptly could be disruptive.
- Legal precedent for balanced approach: The government cited court rulings supporting a “balanced” approach in cases of violations, emphasizing regularisation over punitive action when feasible.
- Heavy fines as deterrent: The 2021 standard operating procedure imposed heavy fines on violative projects applying for clearance, intending to discourage violations while still allowing formalisation.
- Procedural challenges with previous attempts: Earlier attempts by the UPA government (2012-13) to regularise such projects were struck down by courts on procedural grounds, prompting the Centre to try executive orders as a workaround. Eg: The Jharkhand High Court and National Green Tribunal nullified prior regularisation efforts due to procedural flaws.
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Who is impacted by the Court’s verdict?
- Industries regularised under 2017 and 2021 orders remain unaffected: Companies that used the one-time window or the standard operating procedure to regularise violations before the verdict will not face penalties due to the Court’s ruling.
- Future industrial projects must strictly follow prior clearance: The verdict reaffirms that all new or expanding projects must obtain mandatory prior environmental clearance, impacting industries planning to start or modify operations.
- Regional environmental boards are under scrutiny: The ruling highlights the failure of local enforcement agencies to prevent illegal operations, signaling the need for better monitoring and compliance at the regional level. Eg: State pollution control boards will face greater pressure to enforce environmental laws rigorously.
Way forward:
- Strengthen enforcement: Empower and equip regional pollution control boards to rigorously monitor and ensure strict compliance with environmental clearance norms.
- Streamline clearance process: Simplify and expedite the prior environmental clearance procedure to balance industrial growth with environmental protection, reducing incentives for violations.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] The most significant achievement of modern law in India in the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.
Linkage: The “constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court,” which refers to how the judiciary, through interpretation (often linking environmental protection to fundamental rights like the Right to Life under Article 21), has played a significant role in shaping environmental law and policy in India.
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Why in the News?
The Shirui Lily Festival has commenced in Manipur after a two-year gap caused by the ongoing conflict in the state.
About Shirui Lily Festival
- Organiser: The festival is conducted by the Department of Tourism, Government of Manipur.
- Launch: It was first held in 2017 and is now one of Manipur’s two major tourism festivals (the other being the Sangai Festival).
- Origin: Named after the Shirui Lily (Lilium mackliniae), the State Flower of Manipur.
- Location: The event is held in Ukhrul district, home to the Tangkhul Naga community.
- Purpose: It aims to raise awareness about the Shirui Lily and promote eco-tourism in the hill regions of Ukhrul.
- Key Activities: The festival includes cultural performances, music concerts, a beauty pageant, a cooking competition, and a trash collection marathon.
About the Shirui Lily Flower:
- Habitat: The Shirui Lily grows only in the upper reaches of the Shirui Hill range in Ukhrul district, at an altitude of 2,673 metres.
- Local Name: It is locally known as ‘Kashong Timrawon’, named after a mythical hill guardian.
- Discovery: British botanist Frank Kingdon-Ward identified it in 1946 and named it Lilium mackliniae after his wife Jean Macklin.
- Conservation Status: Classified as Endangered by the IUCN. (It is not listed by CITES or Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Shirui National Park is named after it.
- Threats: The flower faces threats from climate change, human encroachment, resource exploitation, and invasion by wild dwarf bamboo.
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| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following pairs:
Tradition– State
1. Chapchar Kut festival — Mizoram
2. Khongjom Parba ballad — Manipur
3. Thong-To dance — Sikkim
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2* (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
On May 20, 2025, the Department of Consumer Affairs celebrated World Metrology Day, marking the 150th anniversary of the signing of the Metre Convention in Paris on May 20, 1875.
About the Metre Convention:
- Inception: Also called the Treaty of the Metre, it was signed in Paris on May 20, 1875, to establish a global system of standardised measurements.
- 17 Founding Members: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Ottoman Empire (Turkiye), USA, and Venezuela.
- Institutions Created: The treaty established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), and two governing bodies—CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures) and CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures).
- Early Prototypes: It created international prototypes of the metre and kilogram, stored at the BIPM; member countries received national copies for comparison.
- Expansion in 1921: The Convention was extended to cover all physical quantities, forming the basis for the International System of Units (SI).
- Global Reach: As of October 2024, there are 64 member states in the Convention.
- Collaboration: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), European Space Agency (ESA) participate in the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
India and the Convention:
- Membership: India joined the Metre Convention in 1957 after passing the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956.
- Participation Benefits: India gained the ability to participate in BIPM work, align with global systems, and ensure international recognition of its standards.
- Recent Milestone: India is now the 13th country authorized to issue OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology) Certificates.
| [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:
1. The series of the International Paper Sizes is based on A0 size whose area is 0.5 m² (approximately).
2. The area of A4 size paper is 1/8th of that of the A0 size paper.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 * |
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Why in the News?
Jayant Narlikar, renowned Indian astrophysicist and Padma Vibhushan awardee, who co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar Theory to refine Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, passed away in Pune at the age of 87.
About Jayant Narlikar and His Contributions:
- Early Life: Born in 1938 in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, and pursued a PhD at Cambridge University under Fred Hoyle.
- Scientific Influence: Hoyle had earlier developed the steady-state theory with Bondi and Gold and coined the term “Big Bang” sarcastically in 1948.
- Narlikar’s Belief: He argued that the universe always looks the same, as new matter fills the gaps created by expansion.
- Critique of Big Bang: He believed the Big Bang theory includes unproven assumptions, especially about the sudden origin of all matter and energy.
- Enduring Work: Despite steady-state theory’s decline, Narlikar’s contributions remain respected for their scientific depth and originality.
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What Is the Hoyle–Narlikar Theory?
Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar developed a theory to answer one of the most basic questions: Why do things have mass, and how are they connected to the rest of the universe?
- Based on Mach’s Principle: They believed your mass isn’t just something you have on your own. Instead, it depends on your connection to everything else in the universe. That means even faraway stars and galaxies play a role in what you weigh.
- Inertia Explained: In simple terms, when you feel resistance while trying to move (inertia), it’s because of the gravitational pull of all the matter in the universe acting on you at once.
- Mass is Relative: Earth, the Sun, or even you don’t have a fixed mass. That mass is influenced by everything else that exists out there, no matter how far away it is.
- C-field and Steady-State Model
- New Idea – C-Field: They introduced the “creation field”, which creates new matter in space.
- Universe Without a Start: Their steady-state theory says the universe has no beginning or end, is always expanding, and keeps its density constant.
- Against the Big Bang: They believed the Big Bang couldn’t explain everything we see today.
- Hydrogen Creation: They said hydrogen atoms form in space to fill in the gaps as the universe grows.
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- CMB Discovery (1965): Scientists found cosmic microwave background radiation, strong proof of the Big Bang.
- Other Evidence: Later discoveries like young, chaotic galaxies and studies by Hawking and Penrose supported the Big Bang.
- Current View: The Big Bang theory became more accepted, but Hoyle and Narlikar’s ideas are still respected for their scientific value.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following phenomena:
1. Light is affected by gravity.
2. The Universe is constantly expanding.
3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3* |
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Why in the News?
The RBI has released revised draft guidelines for investments made by Regulated Entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) to ensure better regulatory oversight, prevent misuse of funds, and align with the rules already set by SEBI.
What are Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)?
- Definition: They are unique investment vehicles that are privately pooled and invested in alternative asset classes such as venture capital, private equity, hedge funds, commodities, real estate, and derivatives.
- Regulation: They are governed by SEBI under the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012.
- Working: It can be formed as a trust, company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or any other SEBI-permitted structure.
- Legal Structure: They can be set up as trusts, companies, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or other legally permitted forms.
- Investor Base:
- AIFs are meant for High Net-Worth Individuals (HNIs) and institutional investors, NOT small retail investors.
- Resident Indians, NRIs, and foreign nationals can invest.
- Minimum Investment Requirement:
- The minimum investment size is ₹1 crore (SEBI, May 2024), except for accredited investors as defined by SEBI.
- For employees or directors of the AIF or its manager, the minimum investment is ₹25 lakh.
- An AIF must have a minimum corpus of ₹20 crore (₹10 crore for Angel Funds).
Types of AIFs:
- Category I: These funds invest in early-stage unlisted companies in the form of equity or debt (venture capital). These alternative asset funds can also invest in infrastructure-based projects or social ventures.
- Category II: These types of funds invest in equity or debt of unlisted companies that are in the mid or late stage of growth and are known as private equity or pre-IPO, respectively.
- Category III: This category of funds invests in the shares of listed companies. These alternative strategy funds can be for any period, long only or a combination of long and short.
| [UPSC 2014] What does Venture Capital mean?
Options: (a) A short-term capital provided to industries. (b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs* (c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses. (d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries. |
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Why in the News?
India is likely to become the world’s largest potato producer, overtaking China, by 2050, according to experts from the International Potato Center (CIP) based in Peru.
Back2Basics: International Potato Center (CIP)
- The CIP is a research-for-development organisation founded in 1971, focused on improving potato, sweet potato, and Andean root and tuber crops.
- Headquartered in Lima, Peru, CIP operates in over 20 countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- It maintains the world’s largest Potato Gene Bank, safeguarding biodiversity for future use in research and breeding.
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Potato Cultivation in India:
- About: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is known as the “King of Vegetables” and is India’s fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize.
- Origin: Introduced to India by Portuguese traders in the 17th century.
- Geographic Spread: Grown in 23 states, but 85% of production comes from the Indo-Gangetic plains in North India.
- Top Producing States:
- Uttar Pradesh: ~30% of total output
- West Bengal: ~23.5%
- Bihar: ~17%
- Other contributors: Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
- Climate Needs: Potato is a cool-season crop.
- Ideal growth temp: 24°C
- Ideal tuber formation temp: 20°C
- Soil Requirements: Prefers well-drained, fertile soils with moisture retention.
- Planting Seasons:
- Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand: Spring (Jan–Feb), Summer (May)
- Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Bengal: Main crop in October
- MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka: Both kharif and rabi seasons
- Seed Management: Use disease-free, sprouted seeds (30–50g);
- Popular varieties: Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, and Kufri Chandramukhi.
- Fertilization & Irrigation: Apply balanced nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium; drip irrigation is recommended.
- Harvesting: Ready in 90–120 days, harvested manually or mechanically.
Global Comparison and Future Outlook:
- Global Rank: India is the second-largest producer after China.
- Production Volume: Over 50 million tonnes/year currently; projected to reach 100 million tonnes by 2050 (CIP experts).
- Growth Drivers: Expansion is due to large cultivation area, strong domestic demand, and government support.
- Tuber Crop Potential: Promoting crops like sweet potato can improve nutrition, livelihoods, and climate resilience.
Policy measure for Potato Farmers: Operation Greens
- It is a scheme launched by the GoI in 2018, modelled after Operation Flood, with the aim to stabilize the supply and prices of Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) crops.
- The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) and was initially allocated a budget of ₹500 crore.
- Objectives:
- Stabilize the supply and prices of potatoes (along with tomato and onion) to protect both farmers and consumers from extreme price fluctuations.
- Reduce post-harvest losses of potatoes by improving storage, processing, and logistics infrastructure
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| [UPSC 2014] In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance.
Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?
Options: (a) The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. (b) The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas.* (c) The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of antihistamines. (d) It is a source of high quality biodiesel. |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2013] ‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.
Linkage: Turkiye is a NATO member, and its foreign policy decisions (like supporting Pakistan or Azerbaijan) are influenced by its position within such alliances, which in turn affects India’s relationships and interests in the region. |
Mentor’s Comment: India, Turkey, and Azerbaijan entered into diplomatic tensions after Turkey and Azerbaijan openly supported Pakistan following the Pahalgam massacre. This support sparked a sharp rise in regional political conflicts and strong public reactions. Social media anger quickly escalated, prompting top Indian institutions to pause agreements and causing many travelers to cancel trips to Turkey and Azerbaijan, as reported by travel websites.
Today’s editorial explains the diplomatic tensions between India, Turkey, and Azerbaijan and their implications. This topic will be included in GS Paper I (Unity in Society) and GS Paper II (International Relations).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Data shows that even if India officially bans trade with Azerbaijan and Turkey, it is likely to experience minimal losses due to limited economic dependence on these countries.
What triggered the boycott of Turkiye and Azerbaijan in India?
- Support for Pakistan: Turkiye and Azerbaijan backed Pakistan following India’s military confrontation after the Pahalgam massacre, which angered many Indians.
- Social media-driven calls for boycott: The support sparked calls on social media to boycott both countries, leading to a surge in travel cancellations. Eg: Sharp spike in cancellations of tour bookings to Turkiye and Azerbaijan reported by travel platforms.
- Institutional actions: Indian institutions suspended ties, and trader associations resolved to boycott trade and commercial ties with these countries. Eg: IIT Bombay and IIT Roorkee suspended MoUs with Turkish universities.
Why do Azerbaijan and Turkey oppose India?
- Support for Pakistan in the Kashmir conflict: Historically, Turkiye has aligned with Pakistan on the Kashmir issue, opposing India’s sovereignty over the region. Eg: Turkiye’s consistent diplomatic backing of Pakistan’s claims on Kashmir since the partition of India in 1947.
- Azerbaijan’s conflict with Armenia: India has historically supplied arms and support to Armenia, Azerbaijan’s adversary in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, creating tensions with Azerbaijan. Eg: India’s provision of surface-to-air missile systems to Armenia, opposing Azerbaijan’s territorial claims.
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How have arms trade relations evolved between Turkiye and Pakistan?
- Long-term arms exports since the 1990s: Turkiye has been supplying arms to Pakistan continuously for over three decades. Eg: SIPRI data shows arms exports from Turkiye to Pakistan starting in the 1990s.
- Major focus on artillery systems: A significant part of the trade involves artillery like naval guns, howitzers, self-propelled guns, and multiple rocket launchers. Eg: Pakistan has received multiple rocket launchers and howitzers from Turkiye.
- Supply of armored vehicles: Turkiye exports tanks, armored cars, and personnel carriers to Pakistan’s military. Eg: Delivery of armored vehicles strengthens Pakistan’s ground forces.
- Mutual strategic and political support: Arms trade is supported by reciprocal backing in geopolitical issues such as Kashmir and Cyprus. Eg: Turkiye supports Pakistan on Kashmir; Pakistan supports Turkiye on Cyprus disputes.
- Strengthened ties during regional conflicts: The relationship deepened as Turkiye provided diplomatic and military backing to Pakistan in various geopolitical standoffs. Eg: Turkiye’s vocal support for Pakistan during Kashmir-related tensions.
Who stands to lose more economically if trade is banned?
- India’s low dependency on crude oil: The combined share of crude oil imports from these two countries is less than 1% of India’s total crude imports. Eg: Charts show less than 1% crude import share over the past six years.
- Azerbaijan’s significant reliance on India: India was Azerbaijan’s third largest destination for crude oil exports in 2023. Eg: Azerbaijan could face a bigger impact if India bans trade.
- Limited trade volume in machinery: Turkiye accounts for only about 1% of India’s total imports in machinery, including nuclear reactors and boilers. Eg: India relies more on countries like China and Germany for such equipment.
- India’s diversified import sources: India’s major imports come from several other countries, making it less vulnerable to a ban on trade with Turkiye and Azerbaijan. Eg: China and Germany are larger suppliers of machinery than Turkiye.
- Greater economic impact likely on Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan stands to lose more from India’s trade ban because India is a major crude oil buyer for them. Eg: India being the third largest market for Azerbaijan’s crude oil exports highlights this dependence.
Where has there been a notable rise in Indian tourism and student migration recently?
Indian tourism
- Significant increase in Indian tourists to Turkey: In 2024, about 330,000 Indian tourists visited Turkey, marking a 20.7% increase from the previous year. This growth was due to better air connectivity and Turkey’s appeal as a budget-friendly European destination.
- Rapid growth of Indian tourists in Azerbaijan: Indian tourist arrivals in Azerbaijan jumped from around 60,700 in 2022 to over 243,000 in 2024, fueled by affordability and rich cultural heritage.
Student migration
- Increase in Indian students in Turkey: Indian student numbers in Turkey have grown from less than 100 in 2017 to several hundreds by 2024, attracted by diverse programs and competitive costs.
- Rising Indian student in Azerbaijan: The number of Indian students in Azerbaijan also increased significantly, supported by institutions like Türkiye-Azerbaijan University established in 2024.
Note: This 2024 data is from before Operation Sindoor. The real effects on tourism and student migration will be seen later because it takes time for such events to show their impact. |
Way forward:
- Promote diplomatic dialogue: India should engage in sustained diplomatic efforts with Turkiye and Azerbaijan to address mutual concerns and reduce geopolitical tensions.
- Expand people-to-people and economic ties: Enhancing cultural exchanges, trade, and educational cooperation can build trust and diversify relations beyond political differences.
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Why in the News?
The release of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) Baseline Report 2022–23 in April 2025 marks a major milestone in India’s grassroots governance and data-driven policymaking.
Why does it mark a major milestone?
- Empowers Local Decision-Making: PAI presents complex data in an understandable way for Gram Panchayat leaders, enabling them to identify gaps and take targeted actions. Eg: A sarpanch can use PAI scores to improve health or education outcomes in their village.
- Links Data to Outcomes: It moves beyond raw data by connecting indicators to actual development results, helping stakeholders focus on measurable progress. Eg: PAI scores reveal if a Panchayat is truly “healthy,” guiding specific interventions to improve wellbeing.
What is the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)?
PAI is a composite index using 435 local indicators (331 mandatory, 104 optional) and 566 data points across nine themes of Localized SDGs (LSDGs).
Why is it significant?
- Scale: Covers over 2.16 lakh gram panchayats; data from 11,000+ GPs excluded for non-validation.
- Participatory & Understandable: Designed for grassroots actors—sarpanchs, ward members—enabling self-assessment and goal-setting.
- States’ Response: While 25 States/UTs provided almost complete data, Uttar Pradesh reported only 40% GPs, raising concerns about governance bottlenecks.
- Outcome-Oriented: Data is now tied directly to outcomes—e.g., identifying gaps in a GP’s health indicators helps drive targeted intervention.
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What are the main limitations in evidence-based decision-making?
- Delayed and Inaccessible Data: Lack of timely and accessible data hinders informed planning and policy formulation. Eg: The delay in conducting the Census and not releasing its data restricts effective resource allocation in sectors like health, education, and welfare schemes.
- Poor Data Usability and Visualization: Data made available is often in complex formats, making it difficult for citizens and policymakers to interpret and act upon. Eg: On data.gov.in, datasets are vast but lack adequate visualization tools, overwhelming even trained researchers.
- Top-Down Data Flow: Data is often generated at the grassroots but is primarily used by officials at the state or national level, not by local decision-makers. Eg: Gram Panchayat data is collected but rarely used by local elected representatives due to lack of access or interpretation tools.
Who are the stakeholders expected to benefit from the PAI?
- Gram Panchayat Representatives: Sarpanches and ward members can understand their Panchayat’s performance and take action to improve local governance.
- State and District Level Officials: Block Development Officers and District Collectors can use PAI data to plan and monitor development programs more effectively.
- Elected Legislators: Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) can identify local gaps and use funds from MPLADS/MLALADS accordingly.
- Line Departments and Frontline Workers: Departments like health, education, and rural development can coordinate efforts better using specific PAI indicators.
- Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Academia: NGOs and Unnat Bharat Abhiyan institutions can support Panchayats by interpreting data and suggesting local interventions.
- Citizens and Local Communities: Residents can be made aware of their Panchayat’s status and engage in participatory planning and accountability.
How can they contribute to achieving the LSDGs (Localisation of Sustainable Development Goals)?
- Targeted Planning and Implementation: Stakeholders can use PAI data to identify local gaps and implement focused interventions aligned with LSDGs. Eg: A Panchayat noticing low scores in sanitation can prioritize toilet construction and awareness drives under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
- Resource Optimization and Fund Allocation: Elected representatives and officials can direct funds more effectively to areas needing urgent attention. Eg: An MLA can use MLALAD funds to improve access to clean drinking water in a low-scoring GP on the “Safe Drinking Water” indicator.
- Community Mobilization and Accountability: Civil society and academic institutions can raise awareness and ensure community involvement in achieving development goals. Eg: An NGO working with local residents can organize meetings to explain their PAI score and co-develop action plans to improve education or health indicators.
Where does data submission fall short, and why is it concerning?
- Incomplete data: Undermines the reliability of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI). Eg: Without full data from Uttar Pradesh, true development gaps remain hidden.
- Policy gaps: Poor data coverage leads to misinformed decisions, leaving underperforming areas unaddressed. Eg: GPs excluded from PAI may not receive adequate funds or interventions.
- Inequality: Skewed data causes unequal resource allocation and widens regional disparities. Eg: States with full data submissions benefit more from schemes aligned with LSDGs.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP), 2012: The government made non-sensitive data publicly available in open, accessible formats to promote transparency. Eg: Data is shared through portals like https://data.gov.in.
- Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI): A composite index was developed to analyze and present data from over 2.16 lakh Gram Panchayats to help local leaders understand and act on development goals. Eg: PAI links data to outcomes like health, enabling targeted interventions at the grassroots.
- Use of Technology and Portals: The government created online platforms like the PAI portal (www.pai.gov.in) for easy access and report generation by officials and representatives. Eg: MPs and MLAs can generate constituency-wise reports to plan specific development actions.
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Way forward:
- Improve Data Accessibility and Visualization: Develop user-friendly dashboards and visualization tools to make data easily understandable for all stakeholders, including elected representatives and citizens.
- Strengthen Data Validation and Coverage: Ensure complete and accurate data submission from all states and Gram Panchayats through rigorous validation and support mechanisms.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] “To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots ?
Linkage: The governance landscape at the grassroots and the impact of decentralization. Evaluating this impact necessitates a detailed understanding of the local reality and changes brought about by devolving power – precisely what “getting the micropicture” seeks to achieve.
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Why in the News?
In May 2025, Saudi Arabia led OPEC+ to reverse previous production cuts, sparking a full-fledged oil price war—a new form of global conflict fought aggressively over barrels of crude oil rather than through military aggression.
What is OPEC+?
OPEC+ is a group consisting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) plus several non-OPEC oil-producing countries that coordinate their oil production policies to manage global oil supply and influence prices.
Key points about OPEC+:
- OPEC: A cartel of 13 major oil-exporting countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, UAE, Nigeria, and others.
- The “+”: Includes major non-OPEC producers like Russia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Oman, and others.
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What led OPEC+ to increase oil production in May 2025?
- Ineffectiveness of previous cuts: Despite voluntary output cuts of 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd) by eight members in 2023 (including a collective cut of 5 million bpd earlier), oil prices kept declining.
- Oversupply & competition: New producers (e.g., Brazil, Guyana, shale oil players) increased their market share, reducing OPEC+’s control.
- Saudi frustration: Overproduction by OPEC+ members like Kazakhstan, Iraq, UAE, and Nigeria undermined collective output discipline.
- Market flooding strategy: To discipline overproducers and regain market share, Saudi Arabia led a reversal in strategy, increasing output (411,000 bpd) starting June 2025.
- Preemptive move: Anticipating return of major sanctioned producers (Iran, Venezuela, Russia), OPEC+ may be frontloading production before supply increases further.
Why is Saudi Arabia called a “swing producer”?
- Large spare production capacity: It can increase or decrease output swiftly to influence global oil prices.
- Stabilizing role: Prefers stable and moderately high prices to ensure consistent oil revenue.
- Historical precedence: Has previously launched price wars (1985–86, 1998, 2014–16, 2020) to discipline the market and punish overproducers.
- Current context: Took the largest voluntary cut (3 million bpd) in 2024, but shifted to increasing output as a strategic move to reassert influence.
Who are the key oil producers under U.S. sanctions?
- Russia: Sanctioned due to the Ukraine conflict and other geopolitical reasons.
- Iran: Sanctioned for its nuclear program and regional activities.
- Venezuela: Sanctioned for political repression and economic mismanagement.
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How does the oil price war affect India’s economy?
- Lower Import Bill and Fiscal Savings: Falling oil prices reduce India’s import costs significantly. Eg: In 2024–25, India spent $137 billion on crude imports. A $1 drop in global oil prices can save India roughly $1.5 billion annually.
- Reduced Export Earnings from Petroleum Products: India exports refined petroleum products, a top export item. Lower crude prices reduce global demand and margins for these exports. Eg: Refinery margins decline, affecting companies like Reliance Industries and Indian Oil Corporation, and reducing foreign exchange earnings.
- Negative Impact on Gulf Economies and Remittances: Gulf countries face revenue drops, leading to reduced infrastructure spending and job losses for Indian expatriates. Eg: Over 9 million Indians work in the Gulf, sending home more than $50 billion in remittances annually. Job losses or salary cuts can hurt India’s balance of payments.
- Lower Tax Revenues from Oil Sector: As oil prices drop, the government earns less in excise duties, royalties, and other taxes from oil and gas sales. Eg: The petroleum sector contributes significantly to India’s tax base—lower prices reduce collections, affecting fiscal planning and public spending.
- Strained Bilateral Economic Ties with Oil Exporters: Economic decline in oil-exporting countries (like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Nigeria) affects India’s project exports, bilateral trade, and inbound investments. Eg: Indian companies working on infrastructure projects in Gulf countries may face payment delays or cancellations due to budgetary constraints in host nations.
Way forward:
- Diversify Energy Sources and Boost Renewables: Reduce dependency on crude oil imports by accelerating adoption of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and alternative fuels like hydrogen and biofuels to enhance energy security.
- Strengthen Economic Resilience and Diplomatic Engagement: Build strategic petroleum reserves, improve fiscal buffers, and deepen diplomatic ties with diverse energy suppliers to better manage supply shocks and geopolitical risks.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources doesn’t appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.
Linkage: It focuses on the potential of unconventional sources like shale oil/gas within India, which could impact its energy security and reduce dependence on imports influenced by global price tensions.
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Why in the News?
The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status of a notable British-Indian academic has been cancelled due to involvement in anti-India activities.
About Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI):
- Launch: Introduced in August 2005 to give Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) a long-term connection to India.
- Eligibility: Open to those who were citizens of India on/after January 26, 1950, or eligible for Indian citizenship on that date.
- Nature: OCI is not full citizenship but offers lifelong visa and residency benefits.
- Benefits: Includes a multiple-entry, lifelong visa and exemption from police registration.
- Administered by: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
- Global Numbers (2023): Over 45 lakh OCI holders from 129 countries — top sources include the USA (16.8 lakh), UK (9.34 lakh), Australia (4.94 lakh), and Canada (4.18 lakh).
Who are the Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)?
- The PIO category was abolished in 2015 and merged with the OCI category. However, existing PIO cards are valid till December 31, 2023.
- PIO referred to a:
- Foreign citizen (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal) who at any time held an Indian passport, or
- Who or either of their parents/ grandparents/great grandparents was born and permanently resided in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935, or
- Who is a spouse of a citizen of India or a PIO.
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Rules, Amendments & Privileges:
- 2021 Rule Change: Special permission required for visiting restricted areas, conducting research, journalism, or religious work.
- FEMA Status: Treated as foreign nationals under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (2003).
- Earlier Privileges:
- 2005: Life-long visa, no FRRO (Foreigners Registration Office) registration
- 2007: Parity with NRIs for adoption, domestic airfare
- 2009: Parity for monument entry and access to regulated professions
Limitations and Ineligibility:
- Not Eligible:
- Individuals with parents/grandparents from Pakistan or Bangladesh
- Foreign military personnel, active or retired
- Spouse Clause: Foreign spouse eligible if legally married for at least two years.
- No Political Rights: OCI holders cannot vote, contest elections, hold constitutional posts (President, Vice President, or Supreme Court/High Court Judge), or work in Indian government services.
| [UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
1.There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
2.A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
3.A foreigner, once granted citizenship, cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2025 has revealed that more than 295 million people in 53 countries and territories faced acute hunger in 2024.
About the Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC):
- Publication: The GRFC has been published every year since 2016 by the Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC).
- Supporting Organisations: It is backed by the Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and includes input from UN agencies, the EU, and various NGOs.
- Purpose: Provides a consensus-based analysis of acute food insecurity and malnutrition worldwide.
Key Highlights from GRFC 2025:
- Scope: The 2025 report covers 65 countries, with complete data for 53. India was not included in the analysis.
- Global Hunger Level: In 2024, 295 million people faced acute food insecurity, up 13.7 million from 2023 — the sixth consecutive year of rising hunger.
- Severity: 23% of the analysed population experienced food insecurity, remaining above 20% for five years.
- Catastrophic Hunger: A record 1.9 million people were in Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Phase 5—catastrophic levels of hunger.
| [UPSC 2023] Which of the following countries has been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in the news in the recent past for its very severe famine?
Options: (a) Angola (b) Costa Rica (c) Ecuador (d) Somalia * |
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Why in the News?
As of February 2025, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protected a record 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha.
About Operation Olivia:
- Launch: Operation Olivia is an annual conservation mission by the Indian Coast Guard, started in the early 1980s.
- Main Objective: It aims to protect Olive Ridley turtles during their nesting season, from November to May.
- Primary Locations: The operation focuses on Odisha’s coast, especially Gahirmatha Beach, Devi River mouth, and Rushikulya River mouth.
- Turtle Nesting Scale: Over 8 lakh turtles arrive annually at these sites to nest.
- Surveillance Efforts: The Coast Guard has conducted more than 5,387 surface patrols and 1,768 aerial missions.
- Community Engagement: Fishermen are encouraged to use Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) that allow turtles to escape fishing nets.
About Olive Ridley Turtles:
- Appearance: Named for their olive-green shell, or carapace.
- Diet: They are Omnivores, though feeding mainly on jellyfish, crustaceans, and molluscs.
- Nesting Behaviour: Known for Arribada, a phenomenon where thousands of females come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs.
- Habitat Range: Found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
- Major Nesting Sites in India:
- Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, Odisha (largest site)
- Devi River mouth (discovered in 1981)
- Rushikulya River mouth (discovered in 1994)
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- IUCN Red List: Listed as Vulnerable.
- CITES: Included in Appendix I, banning international trade.
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I, offering the highest legal protection in India.
| [UPSC 2002] The sea coast of which one of the following states has become famous as a nesting place for the giant Olive Ridley turtles from South America?
Options: (a) Goa (b) Gujarat (c) Odisha* (d) Tamil Nadu |
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Why in the News?
Scientists now believe the Moon’s near side looks different from its far side due to its internal structure and volcanic past, revealed by NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission.
About the GRAIL Mission:
- Launch: NASA launched the GRAIL mission in 2011 to study the moon’s internal structure.
- Spacecraft Used: It used two spacecraft, Ebb and Flow, flying in tandem to detect gravity variations.
- Objectives: The mission measured tiny changes in distance between the two spacecraft caused by differences in the moon’s gravitational field.
- Scientific Outcome: The data revealed important details about the moon’s crust thickness, interior composition, and subsurface features.
Key Findings: Reasons for the Moon’s Asymmetry
- Tidal Deformation: The nearside bends more than the farside due to Earth’s gravity, a process called tidal deformation.
- Internal Activity: The nearside is geologically warmer and more active, suggesting internal structural differences.
- Volcanic History: Ancient volcanic activity on the nearside formed large basaltic plains, while the farside remained rugged and less active.
- Heat Distribution: Elements like thorium and titanium accumulated on the nearside, making it 100–200°C hotter than the farside.
- Crust Thickness: The nearside has a thinner crust, allowing magma to escape, while the farside’s thicker crust trapped heat and blocked eruptions.
- Thermal Contrast: The thinner crust also allowed more heat-producing elements to concentrate, increasing the temperature gap between the two sides.
Why do these findings matter?
- Support for Lunar Missions: Insights from GRAIL help design better navigation and timing systems for future lunar operations.
- Applications: GRAIL’s method can be applied to other moons like Enceladus and Ganymede, which may hold potential for life.
| [UPSC 2007] NASA’S Deep Impact space mission was employed to take detailed pictures of which comet nucleus?
Options: (a) Halley’s Comet (b) Hale-Bopp (c) Hyakutake (d) Tempel 1 * |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2017] Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
Linkage: NJAC Act was struck down (the Collegium system) had its detailed guidelines laid down by the Supreme Court in the Third Judges case, which itself was a Presidential reference made under Article 143. Therefore, understanding the advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 and its outcome in the Third Judges case is essential background for critically examining the NJAC judgment. |
Mentor’s Comment: The Supreme Court recently set time limits for Governors to decide on state bills, so they can’t delay action forever—a practice often called a “Pocket Veto.” The Court said Governors must act within one or three months, based on the case. This raised doubts about the Court’s powers under Article 142, so President Murmu asked for its advice under Article 143.
Today’s editorial talks about Article 143 of the Constitution, where the President has asked the Supreme Court for its opinion on the powers and responsibilities of the President and Governors. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (Indian Polity) in the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
President Droupadi Murmu has used Article 143 of the Constitution to ask the Supreme Court for its opinion on some important questions about the powers and duties of the President and Governors, especially related to how and when they should act on state bills.
What are the provisions?
- Article 143(1): The President may refer any matter to the Supreme Court for its opinion. In the first case, the Supreme Court may tender or may refuse to tender its opinion to the president.
- Article 143(2): Allows the President to refer disputes arising from pre-Constitution agreements, including state-related matters, for the Supreme Court’s opinion. The Supreme Court must tender its opinion to the President. The Supreme Court’s opinion is advisory—not binding or precedent-setting—but carries strong persuasive value.
- Article 145: Such references must be heard by a bench of at least five judges.
Note: The President makes these references based on the Cabinet’s advice.
What is the historical context?
The advisory jurisdiction of India’s Supreme Court under Article 143 originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which gave the Governor-General the power to refer important legal questions to the federal court for opinion.
What were past instances?
- Delhi Laws Act Case (1951): Clarified the scope of delegated legislation by the legislature to the executive.
- Kerala Education Bill (1958): Interpreted the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, especially regarding minority education rights under Article 30.
- Berubari Union Case (1960): Held that ceding Indian territory to another country requires a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
- Special Courts Bill (1978): Stated that references must be specific and that the Court may decline to answer vague or political questions.
- Third Judges Case (1998): Laid down detailed guidelines for the appointment of judges and established the collegium system.
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What is the significance of Article 143 and its colonial legacy?
- Provides Advisory Role to the Executive: Allows the President to seek the Supreme Court’s opinion on complex legal or constitutional issues, helping the executive navigate difficult questions. Eg: President referred the question on delegated legislation in the Delhi Laws Act case (1951).
- Ensures Constitutional Clarity: Helps resolve ambiguities or uncertainties in law, thus guiding governance and preventing conflicts. Eg: The Berubari case (1960) clarified constitutional procedures for ceding Indian territory.
- Maintains Separation of Powers: The advisory nature avoids direct judicial interference in executive functions while still providing legal guidance. Eg: The Supreme Court may decline vague or political questions, as in the Special Courts Bill reference (1978).
What key issues are raised in the latest Article 143 reference?
- Judicial Review of Executive Discretion: The reference questions whether the judiciary can review the discretionary powers of the President and Governors, particularly regarding the assent to bills under Articles 200 and 201.
- Imposition of Timelines on Constitutional Authorities: It seeks clarity on whether the Supreme Court can prescribe timelines for the President and Governors to act on bills, given that the Constitution does not specify such timeframes.
- Concept of ‘Deemed Assent’: The reference challenges the Supreme Court’s introduction of the ‘deemed assent’ concept, questioning its compatibility with the constitutional framework.
- Scope of Article 142 Powers: Article 142 gives the Supreme Court power to pass orders to do “complete justice”, but it must be within constitutional bounds. In the present reference questions whether this provision allows the Court to create new rules not found in the Constitution.
- Justiciability of Executive Actions Pre-Legislation: The reference probes whether actions of the President and Governors concerning bills can be subjected to judicial review before the bills become law.
- Impacts Federalism and Democratic Functioning: The Supreme Court’s opinion will influence the Centre-State power dynamics and safeguard democratic processes. Eg: The Cauvery dispute advisory opinion (1992) that reinforced limits on the Court’s advisory role to respect federalism.
How does India’s advisory jurisdiction compare globally?
|
India |
Canada |
United States |
| Origin / Legacy |
Inherited from Government of India Act, 1935 |
Similar colonial legacy |
No advisory jurisdiction |
| Nature of Opinion |
Non-binding but persuasive |
Non-binding but persuasive |
No advisory opinions given |
| Who Can Refer |
President on Union Council of Ministers’ advice |
Federal and provincial governments |
Not applicable |
| Judicial Approach |
Supreme Court may decline to give opinion |
Supreme Court provides opinions on request |
Strict separation of powers, no advisory role |
| Example (Eg) |
Article 143 references (e.g., Berubari case) |
Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998) – clarified constitutional secession rules |
In Muskrat v. United States (1911), the Supreme Court rejected advisory jurisdiction |
Way forward:
- Clarify Constitutional Timelines: Amend or clarify constitutional provisions to explicitly define timelines for presidential and gubernatorial actions on bills, reducing ambiguities and potential conflicts.
- Strengthen Centre-State Dialogue: Promote cooperative federalism through regular dialogue and dispute resolution mechanisms to prevent politicization of constitutional functions and ensure smooth governance.
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Why in the News?
A protest has erupted in Goa after a scientific paper on water availability and diversion in the Mahadayi basin reignited its long-standing dispute with Karnataka.
About the Mahadayi River:
- Origin: The Mahadayi River (Mhadei in Goa) originates in Bhimgad, Karnataka, in the Western Ghats.
- Length and Flow: It flows 81 km, passing through Karnataka (35 km), Goa (45 km), and Maharashtra (1 km) before reaching the Arabian Sea.
- Basin Area: Covers 2,032 sq km—78% in Goa, 18% in Karnataka, and 4% in Maharashtra.
- Significance: Forms the Mandovi River, essential for drinking water, agriculture, and navigation in Goa.
- Tributaries: Kalasa Nala, Surla Nala, Haltar Nala, Poti Nala, Mahadayi Nala, Pansheer Nala, Bail Nala, Andher Nala and many more. It has a catchment area of 2032 sq.km.
- Topography: Elevation ranges between < 0m and > 980m w.r.t Mean Sea Level, slope of the catchment varies up to 150%. Very high slope we observed in the Ghats (Braganja Ghats).
- Waterfalls: Variations in the terrain has led to formation of various water falls such as the Doodhsagar falls,Vajra poha falls etc.
- Ecology: Supports rich biodiversity, including the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary.
- Mineral Ores found: Iron, limestone, bauxite, quartz, limestone, sand, clay, lime shell, Manganese, Asbestos, Mica, Lead, Cadmium.
Mahadayi Water Dispute:
- Karnataka’s Project: Proposed the Kalasa-Banduri Nala to divert water to the Malaprabha basin.
- Tribunal Setup: The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal (2010) addressed disagreements.
- 2018 Verdict:
- Karnataka: 13.42 tmcft (1.72 from Kalasa, 2.18 from Bhandura).
- Goa: 24 tmcft (plus 9.395 tmcft for existing use).
- Maharashtra: 1.33 tmcft.
- Concerns: Goa feared impacts on Mandovi navigation; the tribunal cited tidal flow ensures stability.
- Legal Status: Both states have challenged the verdict in the Supreme Court.
Controversy Over CSIR-NIO Report:
- Study Findings: Claimed Karnataka’s diversions would have minimal impact on Goa’s water or estuarine navigation.
- Institutions: Report authored by CSIR-NIO (Goa) and INCOIS (Hyderabad).
- Recommendations: Suggested check dams and a Tillari-style agreement for shared water use and ecological balance.
Tap to read more about Interstate Water Disputes in India.
| [UPSC 2013] Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. |
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Why in the News?
Chinese researchers found that A-to-I mRNA editing, once considered random, plays a key role in development, especially in the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum.
About A-to-I mRNA Editing:
- mRNA: Our cells use DNA as a guide to make proteins. First, they copy DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- A-to-I editing: This is a process where the letter adenosine (A) in mRNA is changed to inosine (I) by special enzymes called ADARs. The cell reads inosine as guanine (G), which can change the protein being made.
- Why it matters:
- It helps the cell make different versions of proteins without changing the DNA.
- It can remove early stop signals, allowing full proteins to be made.
- It helps the cell adapt to different conditions or stages of life.
What did scientists discover in the fungus?
- Fungal Discovery: Scientists found that the fungus edits over 26,000 mRNA sites during reproduction, not during normal growth.
- Development Role: This editing fixes early stop signals in key genes, helping the fungus develop and reproduce properly.
- Stress Adaptation: Some genes work better unedited under stress, showing the fungus edits only when needed for survival.
Does this happen in humans?
Yes, A-to-I editing is common in humans:
- In the brain: It helps with brain growth, memory, and learning.
- In the immune system: It helps fight infections and control inflammation.
Health Implications:
- Health Risks: Faulty editing is linked to epilepsy and certain cancers.
- Therapeutic Potential: Understanding this process can lead to new treatments and improve gene-editing technologies.
| [UPSC 2016] In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to:
Options: (a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing (b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism * (c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression (d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells |
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Why in the News?
The RBI may transfer a record ₹2.5–₹3 lakh crore surplus for 2024–25 after its recent review of its Economic Capital Framework (ECF).
About Surplus Transfer by RBI:
- Legal Basis: Under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934, the RBI must transfer its net surplus to the central government.
- Tax Exemption: As per Section 48, the RBI is exempt from income tax and direct taxes.
- Timeline: RBI has recently changed its accounting year from June-July to April-May.
- Recent Transfers: In 2023–24, RBI transferred a record ₹2.11 lakh crore; estimates for 2024–25 range between ₹2.5 and 3 lakh crore.
- Reserve Allocation: Some surplus may be set aside for contingency or asset development funds.
- Policy Debate: The government often seeks higher transfers, while the RBI stresses on maintaining financial stability and autonomy.
- Past Disagreements: Tensions have occurred but are usually resolved through mutual agreement.
How does the RBI generate its surplus?
- Foreign Investments: RBI earns returns from investing in foreign government bonds, treasury bills, and deposits with other central banks.
- Domestic Bonds: It receives interest on Indian government securities (G-secs) held in its portfolio.
- Bank Lending: Income is earned by lending short-term funds to commercial banks via repo operations.
- Commission Services: The RBI charges commissions for managing borrowings and public debt for the central and state governments.
- Main Expenditure: Costs include printing currency, staff salaries and pensions, bank commissions, and dealer fees.
- Net Surplus: The surplus is what remains after expenses, provisions, and reserves are accounted for.
Back2Basics: Economic Capital Framework (ECF)
- Purpose: The ECF guides how much capital RBI must retain and how much surplus can be transferred.
- Y.H. Malegam Committee (2013): It reviewed the adequacy of reserves and surplus distribution policy in 2013, recommended a higher transfer to the government.
- Introduction: Finalised in 2019, based on a committee led by Bimal Jalan.
- Goal: Seeks to balance government funding needs with RBI’s financial resilience.
- Reserve Components: Defines key buffers like the Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB), Revaluation Reserves, and Asset Development Fund.
- Minimum CRB: Requires at least 5.5% of RBI’s balance sheet to be held as contingency reserve.
- Transfer Stability: Allows for more consistent surplus transfers when RBI’s earnings are strong.
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| [UPSC 2021] In India, the central bank’s function as the ‘lender of last resort’ usually refers to which of the following:
1.Lending to trade and industry bodies when they fail to borrow from other sources.
2.Providing liquidity to the banks having a temporary crisis.
3.Lending to governments to finance budgetary deficits.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only * (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only |
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Why in the News?
The onset of cool, moisture-laden monsoon winds offers not just relief but also a significant opportunity for wind energy generation.
About the Indian Monsoon:
- Origin: The word “monsoon” comes from Arabic ‘mausin’ or Malayan ‘monsin,’ meaning “season”.
- Seasonal Wind Shift: Monsoons are seasonal winds that reverse direction with changing seasons.
- Types:
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- Southwest Monsoon: Blows from sea to land, bringing rainfall across most of India.
- Northeast Monsoon: Blows from land to sea, bringing rain mainly to southeast India.
- Role of Tibet: The Tibetan Plateau heats up in summer, creating low pressure that draws in moist winds.
- Ocean Influence: A high-pressure system in the southern Indian Ocean helps drive the southwest monsoon.
- Atmospheric Factors: Influencers include the Subtropical Jet Stream, Tropical Easterly Jet, and ITCZ.
- Other Drivers: The Somali Jet, Somali Current, Indian Ocean Dipole, and Walker Cell also affect monsoon behaviour.
How does monsoon impact wind variability?
- Changing Wind Speeds: Monsoon wind speeds vary in strength and direction over time and place.
- Energy Planning: Wind behaviour prediction is crucial for renewable power management, especially wind energy.
- Agricultural Demand: Kharif crops planted in June depend on monsoon, raising seasonal energy demand.
- Wind Energy Output: In areas like the Western Ghats, 70% of wind energy is generated June–September.
- Forecasting Tools: Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models provide high-resolution wind forecasts.
- AI Models: Tools like Google’s MetNet3 use satellite and radar data to predict wind in remote areas.
India’s Wind Energy: Capacity, Growth & Challenges
- India became the 3rd largest wind and solar producer in 2024, after China and the US.
- Installed wind capacity: 50 GW as of March 31, 2025.
- In 2024, wind and solar contributed 10% of electricity—solar 7%, wind 3%; hydro added 8%, totalling 22% from clean sources.
- Solar capacity grew by 24 GW in 2024, doubling 2023’s figure; wind grew by 3.4 GW.
- Leading wind additions: Gujarat (1,250 MW), Karnataka (1,135 MW), Tamil Nadu (980 MW).
- Top wind states: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra; targets: 140 GW wind and 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030.
- Land Use & Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF): Wind farms occupy just 2% of land, allowing agriculture on the rest; CUF ranges between 16%–19%, with peak generation during monsoon months.
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| [UPSC 2014] The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of:
Options: (a) Equatorial climate (b) Mediterranean climate (c) Monsoon climate * (d) All of the above climates |
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