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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    India must reject the inequitable climate proposal

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    The article takes stock of India’s climate action and the issue of phasing out the use of coal.

    Context

    • The UN Secretary-General called on India to give up coal immediately and reduce emissions by 45% by 2030.

    State of India’s climate action

    • India’s renewable energy programme is ambitious and its energy efficiency programme is delivering, especially in the domestic consumption sector.
    • India is one of the few countries with at least 2° Celsius warming compliant climate action.
    • India is also among one of smaller list of countries on track to fulfilling their Paris Agreement commitments.
    • India’s annual emissions, at 0.5 tonnes per capita, are well below the global average of 1.3 tonnes.
    • In terms of cumulative emissions, India’s contribution by 2017 was only 4% for a population of 1.3 billion.

    How West is performing?

    • While talking about their phasing out of coal, the global North has obscured the reality of its continued dependence on oil and natural gas, both equally fossil fuels, with no timeline for their phaseout.
    • While it is amply clear that their commitments into the future set the world on a path for almost 3°C warming, they have diverted attention by fuzzy talk of “carbon neutrality” by 2050.
    • Environmentalists in developed countries, unable to summon up the domestic political support have turned to pressure the developing countries.
    • All of these are accompanied by increasing appeals to multilateral or First World financial and development institutions to force this agenda on to developing countries.

    Implications of ending coal investment for India

    •  Currently, roughly 2 GW of coal-based generation is being decommissioned per year.
    •  But meeting the 2030 electricity consumption target of 1,580 to 1,660 units per person per year, will require anywhere between 650 GW to 750 GW of renewable energy.
    • Unlike the developed nations, India cannot substitute coal substantially by oil and gas and despite some wind potential, a huge part of this growth needs to come from solar.
    • However, renewables at best can meet residential consumption and some part of the demand from the service sector.
    • Currently, manufacturing growth powered by fossil fuel-based energy is itself a necessity.

    Conclusion

    India must unanimously reject the UN Secretary General’s call and reiterate its long-standing commitment to an equitable response to the challenge of global warming.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Explained: Solar Cycle 25

    | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has announced the commencement of solar cycle 25.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q. Which one of the following reflects back more sunlight as compared to the other three?

    (a) Sand desert

    (b) Paddy cropland

    (c) Land covered with fresh snow

    (d) Prairie land

    What is the Solar Cycle?

    • Like seasons on Earth, the Sun follows a cycle of 11 years, during which solar activities fluctuate between solar minima and maxima.
    • Depending on the number of sunspots detected on the Sun, scientists term it is as solar maxima (highest number of sunspots) or solar minima (lowest number of sunspots).
    • Sunspots are small and dark, yet cooler areas formed on the solar surface, where there are strong magnetic forces.
    • They start appearing at Sun’s higher latitudes and later shift towards the equator as a cycle progresses.
    • In short, when the Sun is active, there are more sunspots in comparison to fewer sunspots during the lesser active phase.
    • Maxima or minima is not a specific time in the 11-year cycle but is a period that can last for a few years.

    How are solar cycles determined?

    • One of the important elements researchers look out for on the Sun’s surface is the number of sunspots.
    • A new cycle commences when the Sun has reached its lowest possible minima phase.
    • Every time the cycle changes, the Sun’s magnetic poles reverse.

    Monitoring solar cycles

    • Since the Sun is a highly variable star, data of sunspot formation and its progress need close monitoring.
    • Data of six to eight months are required to confirm whether the star has undergone a minima phase.
    • Traditionally, telescopes were used to record sunspots and recorded data since 1755 is available.
    • With the advance in technology in recent decades, satellites are also used to make real-time sunspot observations.
    • On this basis, scientists announced the completion of solar cycle 24, which lasted between December 2008 and December 2019.
    • With the Sun’s activities having reached its lowest minima between the two cycles, the new solar cycle 25 has now commenced.

    How has the transition between solar cycles 24 and 25 been?

    • The Sun’s activities were notably lesser during 2019 and early 2020. There were no sunspots for 281 days in 2019 and 181 days in 2020.
    • Since December 2019, the solar activities have slowly picked up, corroborating the beginning of the news cycle.
    • The panel termed solar cycle 25 to be a weak one, with the intensity similar to that of Solar cycle 24.

    What solar activities affect us on Earth?

    • Solar activities include solar flares, solar energetic particles, high-speed solar wind and Coronal Mass Ejections (CME).
    • These influence the space weather which originates from the Sun.
    • Solar storms or flares can typically affect space-dependent operations like GPS, radio and satellite communications, besides hampering flight operations, power grids and space exploration programmes.
    • CMEs pose danger to space weather. Ejections travelling at a speed of 500km/second are common during solar peaks and create disturbances in Earth’s magnetosphere, the protective shield surrounding the planet.
    • At the time of spacewalks, astronauts face a great health risk posed by exposure to solar radiation outside Earth’s protective atmosphere.

     

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  • Judicial Reforms

    What is Queen’s Counsel?

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    India has suggested Pakistan appointing a Queen’s Counsel for the Kulbhushan Jadhav case to ensure a free and fair trial.

    Queen’s Counsel

    • In the UK and in some Commonwealth countries, a Queen’s Counsel during the reign of a queen is a lawyer who is appointed by the monarch of the country to be one of ’Her Majesty’s Counsel learned in the law’.
    • The position originated in England.
    • Some Commonwealth countries have either abolished the position, or re-named it so as to remove monarchical connotations, for example, ’Senior Counsel’ or ’Senior Advocate’.
    • Queen’s Counsel is an office, conferred by the Crown that is recognised by courts.
    • Senior Advocate Harish Salve earlier this year has been appointed as Queen’s Counsel (QC) for the courts of England and Wales.

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  • Urban Transformation – Smart Cities, AMRUT, etc.

    Global Smart City Index, 2020

    IOCR | Governance | Mains Paper 1: Urbanization, Their Problems & Remedies

    Four Indian cities -New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Bengaluru – witnessed a significant drop in their rankings in the global listing of smart cities that was topped by Singapore.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business Index’?

    (a) Maintenance of law and order

    (b) Paying taxes

    (c) Registering property

    (d) Dealing with construction permits

    Global Smart City Index

    • The Institute for Management Development, in collaboration with Singapore University for Technology and Design, has released the 2020 Smart City Index.
    • Its key findings rest on how technology is playing a role in the Covid-19 era.
    • The 2020 Index was topped by Singapore, followed by Helsinki and Zurich in the second and the third place respectively.
    • Others in the top 10 list include Auckland (4th), Oslo (5th), Copenhagen (6th), Geneva (7th), Taipei City (8th), Amsterdam (9th) and New York at the 10th place.

    India’s performances

    • In the 2020 Smart City Index, Hyderabad was placed at the 85th position (down from 67 in 2019), New Delhi at 86th rank (down from 68 in 2019), Mumbai was at 93rd place (in 2019 it was at 78) and Bengaluru at 95th (79 in 2019).
    • This drop can be attributed to the detrimental effect that the pandemic has had where the technological advancement was not up to date.
    • From 15 indicators that the respondents perceive as the priority areas for their city, all four cities highlighted air pollution as one of the key areas that they felt their city needed to prioritise on.
    • For cities like Bangalore and Mumbai, this was closely followed by road congestion while for Delhi and Hyderabad it was basic amenities, the report said.

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  • New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

    Species in news: Kalinga Frog

    Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Indian scientists have reported a first-of-its-kind discovery of morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) in the Kalinga cricket frog.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Consider the following statements:

    1. Biodiversity hotspots are located only in tropical regions.
    2. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e., Eastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman and the Nicobar Islands.

    Which of the above statements is/ are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Kalinga Frog

    • The Kalinga Frog (Fejervarya Kalinga) was recently identified species which was documented in 2018.
    • The species was encountered several times during field expeditions in the Western Ghats. However, the physical characteristics vary entirely from the known species of Eastern Ghats.
    • However, it has been reported from the central Western Ghats, with the evidence of considerable MPP.
    • It was the only genetic analysis that helped prove that physically different-looking frogs from eastern and western ghats were the same.

    What is MPP?

    • The morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) is the ability of an organism to show drastic morphological (physical features) variations in response to natural environmental variations or stimuli.
    • The term “phenotype” refers to the observable physical properties of an organism, which include the organism’s appearance, development, and behaviour.

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  • Railway Reforms

    [pib] Kosi Rail Mahasetu

    PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    PM has dedicated to the nation the historic Kosi Rail Mahasetu (mega-bridge).

    Kosi Rail Mahasetu

    • The Kosi Mega Bridge line project was sanctioned during 2003-04.
    • The bridge is 1.9 km long. It is of strategic importance along the India-Nepal border.
    • In 1887, a meter gauge link was built in between Nirmali and Bhaptiahi (Saraigarh).
    • During the heavy flood and severe Indo Nepal earthquake in 1934, the rail link was washed away and thereafter due to meandering nature of river Kosi no attempt was made to restore this Rail link for long period.
    • The dedication of the mega-bridge is a watershed moment in the history of Bihar and the entire region connecting to the North East.

    About Kosi River

    • The Kosi is a trans-boundary river which flows through Tibet, Nepal and India.
    • The river crosses into northern Bihar, India where it branches into distributaries before joining the Ganges near Kursela in Katihar district.
    • Its unstable nature has been attributed course changes and the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season, and flooding in India has extreme effects.
    • It is also known as the “Sorrow of Bihar” as the annual floods affect about 21,000 km2 of fertile agricultural lands thereby disturbing the rural economy.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    Our larger China picture

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Context

    • After the skirmish at the border, Beijing started to concentrate troops, armoured vehicles and munitions opposite our posts in Aksai China at Galwan.

    2 interpretations of China’s move

    • First believes that the Chinese exercise was a territorial snatch in Aksai Chin, which they believe is entirely theirs.
    • The move was accompanied by a “lesson” to the Indians on aggressive Indian behaviour in not conceding Aksai Chin.
    • The second school of thought in India believes that territory has nothing to do with it.
    • They believe that, due to growing economic power, Beijing will lay down the rules of world governance.

    How it matters for India

    • India contest China’s entire southern border, refuse to join the Belt and Road initiative, create an anti-China maritime coalition, compete with them for influence in South East Asia and Africa.
    • India is also unsupportive of their crackdown on Taiwan, Hong Kong and Xinjiang and move ever closer to the United States.
    • When China assumes hegemonic power after 2030, India is going to get a nasty surprise.
    • Secularism, democracy and the rights of man will play no part in Chinese foreign policy.
    • China will overturn every international, financial, trade, diplomatic, arms control and nuclear agreement that the world has put together in seven decades.

    Way forward

    • We in India need to conduct a large and vociferous debate on Chinese intentions.
    • If the Chinese intention is to “teach us a lesson” we need a new national strategy, combining diplomatic and military means.
    •  If our national goal is to concentrate on the creation of wealth and growing GDP, let us proclaim it, tighten our belt, look down and avoid conflict.

    Conclusion

    What China wants is Indian acceptance of Beijing’s benign superiority, and that is a purely Chinese trait, not to be confused with the known rules of international diplomacy. Talking from a position of inferiority will not lead to an equitable solution. But first, a national debate.

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  • Languages and Eighth Schedule

    Nationalism and the crisis of federalism

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    The article analyses the challenges federalism in India faces and the important role played by the division of states based on the languages.

    Three conceptions of nationalism in India

    • Following three conceptions of nationalism were prevalent in India before independence.
    • The first, the idea that a community with a strongly unified culture must have a single state of its own.
    • The second saw the nation as defined by a common culture whose adherents must have a state of their own.
    • But this common culture was not ethno-religious.
    •  It conceives common culture in terms of a strong idea of unity that marginalises or excludes other particular identities.
    • A third nationalism accepts that communities nourished by distinct, territorially concentrated regional cultures have the capacity to design states of their own as also educational, legal, economic, and other institutions.
    • This may be called a coalescent nationalism consistent with a fairly strong linguistic federalism.
    • The central state associated with it is not multi-national.
    • At best, it is a multi-national state without labels, one that does not call itself so; a self-effacing multi-national state.

    Suspicion of linguistic identities

    • After Partition, the Indian ruling class began to view with suspicion the political expression of even linguistic identities.
    •  It was feared that federation structured along ethno-linguistic lines might tempt politicians to mobilise permanently on the basis of language.
    • The second fear was about an increase in the likelihood of inter-ethnic violence, encourage separatism and eventually lead to India’s break up.
    • Thus, when the Constitution came into force in 1950, India adopted unitary, civic nationalism as its official ideology.

    Formation of states on linguistic basis and its implications

    • A unitary mindset shaped by the experience of a centralised colonial state was resurrected.
    • The second tier of government was justified in functional terms, not on ethical grounds of the recognition of group cultures.
    • Following the Committee’s recommendations, States were reorganised in 1956.
    • India slowly became a coalescent nation-state, moving from the ‘holding together’ variety to what is called the ‘coming together’ form of (linguistic) federalism.
    • This meant that regional parties were stronger than earlier in their own regions and at the centre.
    • This let to more durable centre because it was grounded more on the consent and participation of regional groups that, at another level, were also self-governing.
    • Indian federalism also attempted to remove its rigidities by incorporating asymmetries in the relation between the Centre and different States.
    • Treating all States as equals required the acknowledgement of their specific needs and according them differential treatment.

    Conclusion

    Coalescent nationalism has served India well, benefiting several groups in India. True, it has not worked as well in India’s border areas such as the North-east and Kashmir. But their problems can only be resolved by deepening not abandoning coalescent nationalism.

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  • Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

    Agricultural reform bills introduced in Parliament

    | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Transport & Marketing Of Agricultural Produce

    Farmers in Punjab and Haryana have been protesting against three ordinances promulgated by the Centre back in June this year.  After the Monsoon Session of Parliament began this week, the government has introduced three Bills to replace these ordinances.

    Try this PYQ:

    The economic cost of food grains to the Food Corporation of India is Minimum Support Price and bonus (if any) paid to the farmers plus:

    (a) Transportation cost only

    (b) Interest cost only

    (c) Procurement incidentals and distribution cost

    (d) Procurement incidentals and charges for godowns

    What are these ordinances?

    The ordinances included:

    • The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance, 2020;
    • The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Ordinance, 2020; and
    • The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 (It is the Bill replacing the third that has been passed in Lok Sabha)

    The cause of discontent

    • While farmers are protesting against all three ordinances, their objections are mostly against the provisions of the first.
    • Their concerns are mainly about sections relating to “trade area”, “trader”, “dispute resolution” and “market fee” in the first ordinance.

    What is a ‘trade area’, as mentioned in the Bill?

    • Section 2(m) of The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance, 2020 defines “trade area” as any area or location, place of production, collection and aggregation.
    • It includes (a) farm gates; (b) factory premises; (c) warehouses; (d) silos; (e) cold storages; or (f) any other structures or places, from where the trade of farmers’ produce may be undertaken in the territory of India.
    • In effect, existing mandis established under APMC Acts have been excluded from the definition of trade area under the new legislation.
    • The government says the creation of an additional trade area outside of mandis will provide farmers with the freedom of choice to conduct trade in their produce.

    Why are farmers protesting?

    • The protesters say this provision will confine APMC mandis to their physical boundaries and give a free hand to big corporate buyers.
    • The APMC mandi system has developed very well as every mandi caters to 200-300 villages.
    • But the new ordinance has confined the mandis to their physical boundaries.

    What is ‘trader’ and how is it linked to the protests?

    • Section 2(n) of the first ordinance defines a “trader” as “a person who buys farmers’ produce by way of inter-State trade or intra-State trade or a combination thereof.
    • Thus, it includes processor, exporter, wholesaler, miller, and retailer.
    • According to the Ministry of the Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, “Any trader with a PAN card can buy the farmers’ produce in the trade area.”
    • In the present mandi system, arhatiyas (commission agents) have to get a licence to trade in a mandi.
    • The protesters say arhatiyas have credibility as their financial status is verified during the licence approval process.

    Why does the provision on ‘market fee’ worry protesters?

    • Section 6 states that no market fee or cess or levy, by whatever name called, under any State APMC Act or any other State law, shall be levied in a trade area.
    • Government officials say this provision will reduce the cost of the transaction and will benefit both the farmers and the traders.
    • Under the existing system, such charges in states like Punjab come to around 8.5% — a market fee of 3%, a rural development charge of 3% and the arhatiya’s commission of about 2.5%.
    • By removing the fee on trade, the government is indirectly incentivizing big corporates.

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  • Indian Ocean Power Competition

    India joins Djibouti Code of Conduct

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    India has joined the Djibouti Code of Conduct/ Jeddah Amendment (DCOC/JA) as Observer, following the high-level virtual meeting.

    Try this MCQ:

    Q.The Djibouti Code of Conduct is related to:

    (a) International trade in precious stones (b) Maritime Security (c) Data sharing on Terrorism related activities (d) Data Localization

    Djibouti Code of Conduct

    • DCOC/JA is a grouping on maritime matters comprising 18 member states adjoining the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, the East coast of Africa and Island countries in the IOR.
    • The DCOC, established in January 2009, is aimed at the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the Western Indian Ocean Region, the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea.

    Provisions of the code

    • The Code provides a framework for capacity building in the Gulf of Aden and Western Indian Ocean to combat the threat of piracy.
    • It is a partnership of the willing and continues to both deliver against its aims as well as attract increasing membership.
    • The Code was signed on January 29 by the representatives of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Somalia, the United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen.
    • Since the meeting, further countries have signed bringing the total to 18 countries from the 21 eligible.

    Significance for India

    • India joins Japan, Norway, the UK and the US as Observers to the DCOC/JA.
    • As an Observer at the DCOC/JA, India looks forward to working together with DCOC/JA member states towards coordinating and contributing to enhanced maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.
    • Delhi has been steadily increasing its strategic footprints in Western and Eastern Indian Ocean besides Eastern African coastal states.

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