Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Justice Fathima Beevi
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Justice Fathima Beevi, the first woman judge of the Supreme Court of India (also the first Muslim woman Judge of SC), passed away at the age of 96 in Kerala’s Kollam.
Who was Justice Fathima Beevi?
- Early life: Born in 1927, Justice Beevi was the eldest of eight children and came from a family where her father, Annaveetil Meera Sahib, encouraged his daughters’ education despite societal norms.
- Decision for Law: Her father persuaded her to pursue law instead of post-graduation in Chemistry, inspired by the story of Anna Chandy, the first woman judicial officer in Travancore.
- Breaking Barriers: She made history by graduating in law in 1950, becoming the first woman law graduate to receive the gold medal from the Bar Council.
A Symbol of Women’s Empowerment
- Pioneering Achievement: Justice Fathima Beevi’s appointment as the first Muslim woman judge of the Supreme Court was a milestone in India’s legal history.
- Role Model: She became an icon of women’s empowerment, encouraging women to pursue careers in the legal field.
- Recognition for Kerala: Kerala gained recognition as the state that contributed the first female judge to the country through her appointment.
A Trailblazing Legal Career
- Junior Advocate: She began her legal career as a junior advocate at Kollam district court, facing resistance from orthodox elements due to her headscarf.
- Barrier Breaker: Despite initial challenges, Justice Beevi rose through the ranks, eventually joining the judicial service as a munsiff in 1958.
- Remarkable Achievements: She continued to break barriers, becoming the district sessions judge in 1974 and getting elected as a munsiff through a competitive exam.
Political Career
- Judicial Ascension: Justice Beevi’s journey continued as she was appointed as a judge of the Kerala High Court in 1983, and later elevated to the Supreme Court in 1989.
- Champion of Equality: In the Supreme Court, she advocated for equality in significant verdicts, including cases related to reservation and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary state authority.
- Governor of Tamil Nadu: Justice Beevi served as the governor of Tamil Nadu from 1997 to 2001, making headlines for her role in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case and political developments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has made a crucial recommendation to designate the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, adjacent to the Bandipur Tiger Reserve, as a core critical tiger habitat.
Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary
- Location: It is situated in H.D. Kote taluk of Mysuru district, Karnataka.
- Geographic Area: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary encompasses a 30.32 sq km expanse and was officially declared a Wildlife Sanctuary by the State.
- Unique Geography: The sanctuary includes the backwaters of Nugu dam on its western side and shares borders with Alaganchi State Forest, a part of Bandipur TR, on the southwest side.
- Flora and Fauna: Despite recovering from past degradation, the flora of Nugu shares similarities with Bandipur. The sanctuary supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, including elephant, tiger, leopard, wild dog, striped hyena, sloth bear, gaur, sambhar, chital, and four-horned antelope.
- Riverine Wildlife: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is also home to two important riverine wildlife species: the smooth-coated otter and the marsh crocodile, emphasizing its rich biodiversity.
Conservation Efforts
- Buffer Area: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and serves as a buffer area for Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
- Ecological Significance: This sanctuary offers an inviolate and ideal habitat for tigers and elephants, making it a prime candidate for Core/Critical Tiger Habitat status within Bandipur TR.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Space Station (ISS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- This 20th November marked the 25th anniversary of the launch of the International Space Station (ISS), the largest man-made object in the solar system.
- Since its launch on November 20, 1998, the ISS has stood as a testament to the power of international cooperation and has space research.
About the International Space Station (ISS)
- Orbital Marvel: The International Space Station (ISS), orbiting 430 kilometers above Earth, completes 16 orbits daily, witnessing 16 sunrises and sunsets.
- Speed: The ISS orbits Earth every 90 minutes at 8 kilometers per second.
- Size: Spanning 109 meters, it’s almost as long as an American football field.
- Living Quarters: The ISS includes 6 sleeping areas, two bathrooms, a gym, and a panoramic view bay window.
- Solar Array and Wiring: Its solar array wingspan is 109 meters, and the station houses about 13 kilometers of electrical wiring.
Inception and Key Milestones
- Launch of Zarya: The ISS’s journey began on November 20, 1998, with Russia’s Zarya Control Module.
- Unity Node 1: The U.S. added the Unity Node 1 module on December 4, 1998, marking the start of a functional space lab.
- 42 Assembly Flights: The station evolved into its current form after 42 assembly flights.
- Continuous Habitation: Since its inception, the ISS has been continuously inhabited, hosting astronauts from various countries for groundbreaking research.
Key Activities
- Scientific Research: Astronauts conduct unique experiments, leading to significant discoveries.
- Spacewalks and Maintenance: Regular spacewalks are essential for station upgrades and repairs.
- Health Regimen: Astronauts follow strict routines to combat muscle and bone loss in microgravity, providing valuable data for future space missions.
Scientific Contributions
- Medical Advances: Research on the ISS has enhanced our understanding of diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer.
- Drug Development: Space research has expedited drug development processes.
- Technological Innovations: Innovations in water purification and food production have emerged from ISS experiments.
Future of the ISS
- Current Uncertainties: The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022 casts doubt on the ISS’s future.
- Global Space Ambitions: Countries like Japan, China, and India are aiming for independent space capabilities.
- Continued Commitment: The US and Europe plan to support the ISS through 2030, with NASA focusing on lunar exploration and ESA developing the Starlab space station.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Materialism's Names in India
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- This article explores materialism’s origins, its various cultural names, and its ethical implications.
Introduction to Materialism
- Philosophy as a Life Theory: Known as ‘Darshan’ in Sanskrit, philosophy seeks to explain the universe and guide human actions with a comprehensive worldview.
- Materialism – Bhautikvad: This perspective, called ‘Bhautikvad’ in Sanskrit, views everything as fundamentally material, dismissing the supernatural and valuing empirical observation and perception for knowledge.
Origins of Materialism
- Ancient Beginnings: Materialism has deep roots and appears in different forms across cultures.
- Indian Lokāyata: In India, materialism, known as Lokāyata, was championed by thinkers like Brhaspati, Ajita, and Jābāli. It focused on the physical world, rejecting theism.
- Greek Atomism: Greek philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus adopted materialism, with Democritus introducing the idea of atoms as reality’s basic elements.
Materialism’s Names in India
- Lokāyata: Meaning ‘worldly philosophy’, it emphasizes worldly objects and entities.
- Chárváka: From ‘charv’, meaning ‘to chew’, it highlights materialism’s hedonic aspects.
- Bhautikvad: From ‘Bhautika’, meaning ‘physical or material’, it underscores the importance of materiality.
- Jadavāda: Focuses on the ‘jada’ or essence of existence.
- Dehātmavāda: Highlights the unity of the self (‘atman’) with the body (‘deha’).
Materialist Ontology
- Perception as Knowledge Basis: Materialists view perception as the cornerstone of knowledge.
- Use of Inference: Contrary to some beliefs, materialists did employ logical inference based on perceptual evidence.
- Disregarding Divine Agency: They dismissed the idea of divine providence and supernatural realms, focusing on the human world.
Ethics of Materialism
- Emphasis on Pleasure: Materialism is often linked with enjoying life’s pleasures.
- Living in the Present: The principle “yāvat jīvēt sukham jīvēt” advocates for a fulfilling present life.
- Human-Created Values: Materialists view values as human constructs, independent of divine morality.
- Action and Responsibility: They stress the impact of one’s actions on themselves and the world, highlighting ethical conduct.
Materialist Views on Heaven and Hell
- Earthly Heaven and Hell: Materialists redefined heaven and hell in worldly terms.
- Heaven as Earthly Enjoyment: Heaven was perceived as enjoying life’s luxuries, akin to the gods’ enjoyment in mythological heavens.
- Hell as Earthly Suffering: Hell was seen as earthly suffering, like diseases and hunger.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Bangladesh's Elections
Central Idea
- In recent months, Western nations, including the US, UK, and EU have been urging Bangladesh to hold free, fair, and participatory elections.
- These calls have been accompanied by pressure on the Sheikh Hasina government to step down and allow a neutral caretaker administration to oversee the upcoming parliamentary elections in January.
- While the US has eased its stance under Indian intervention, the EU continues to exert pressure.
This article explores the intricate dynamics of Bangladesh’s political landscape, the potential consequences of fair elections, and the global interests at stake.
Fair Elections vs. Radical Islamists
- Opposition Demands: The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) demands elections under a caretaker government, which the government has rejected.
- Potential Outcome: With the BNP unlikely to participate, the elections may result in a one-sided contest favoring the Awami League, returning Sheikh Hasina to power for the fourth time.
- Anti-Incumbency: After 15 years in power, the Awami League faces significant anti-incumbency, exacerbated by record-high inflation and economic challenges.
- Economic Crisis: Falling forex reserves, currency depreciation, and mounting external debt have created a looming debt crisis.
- Chinese Loans: Much of the infrastructure development relies on high-interest loans from China.
Authoritarianism and Islamist Influence
- Authoritarian Practices: The Awami League’s authoritarian measures, including arrests and harassment of opposition leaders, have fueled resentment among the masses.
- Corruption and Nepotism: Perceived corruption and nepotism within the Awami League have widened the gap between the government and the impoverished population.
- Islamist Influence: The Awami League’s encouragement of Islamist groups like Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh has created a toxic environment within the ruling party.
- Radicalization: Islamist organizations, through religious schools and mosques, have radicalized a significant portion of the population, especially the youth.
- Islamist Opposition: The Islamist parties, including Jamaat-e-Islami, Hefazat, and Islami Oikyo Jote, now fill the opposition space.
- Political Analyst’s Perspective: Political analysts argue that the Awami League’s crackdown on the BNP has inadvertently strengthened Islamist parties, which seek to implement strict Sharia laws and turn Bangladesh into an Islamic state.
Potential Outcomes of Equitable Elections
- Rise of Jihad: Fair and equitable elections may pave the way for radical Islamist parties to come to power.
- Jamaat-e-Islami: Despite being banned from contesting elections, Jamaat nominees may run as Independents or on tickets from other parties, potentially leading to their victory.
- Radicalists Victory: Political observers suggest that non-partisan elections would likely result in Islamist parties sweeping the polls and gaining power.
- Impact on India: The rise of Islamists in Bangladesh could negatively affect India, potentially aligning Bangladesh with Pakistan and China, and posing a threat to India’s interests.
- Global Concerns: An Islamist-controlled Bangladesh could become a breeding ground for jihadis and a potential failed state, posing a danger to global security.
World’s Interest in the Election Process
- Global Implications: Given the far-reaching consequences of Islamist rule in Bangladesh, the world has a vested interest in allowing the election process to proceed with limited interference.
- Focus on Future Actions: While the elections may be flawed or unfair, the priority should be to ensure that after returning to power, the Awami League commits to keeping China at bay, curbing Islamist forces, allowing a responsible and secular opposition to thrive, and cleansing the party of Islamist elements.
- Securing Bangladesh’s Future: Striking a balance between a flawed elections and securing Bangladesh’s democratic and secular future is essential for the world’s stability and security.
Conclusion
- The upcoming elections in Bangladesh present a complex dilemma for both the nation and the world.
- While free and fair elections could bring radical Islamists to power, their absence could lead to continued authoritarianism.
- Striking the right balance and securing Bangladesh’s future as a democratic and secular nation is paramount to global stability and peace.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Southern Annular Mode (SAM)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), a division under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has made a significant discovery regarding the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), a crucial climate pattern.
- Their research has revealed that SAM plays a pivotal role in influencing sea conditions across the Indian Ocean.
What is Southern Annular Mode (SAM)?
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Description
|
| Idea behind |
- Mode of atmospheric variability representing north-south movement of the westerly wind belt around Antarctica.
- Also known as Antarctic Oscillation (AAO).
|
| Phases |
- Positive Phase: Wind belt contracts towards Antarctica.
- Negative Phase: Wind belt expands towards the equator.
|
| Impact on Weather Patterns |
- Influences temperature, rainfall, and storm intensity in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Causes difference in the zonal mean sea level pressure at 40°S (mid-latitudes) and 65°S (Antarctica).
|
| Influence on Indian Ocean |
Affects ocean currents and sea surface temperatures, impacting regional weather and marine life. |
| Climate Change Connection |
Trend towards more positive phases in recent decades, influenced by human-induced climate change. |
| Effect on Antarctic Ice |
Impacts Antarctic ice sheets and sea ice extent through changes in wind patterns. |
| Global Climate Interaction |
Interacts with other climate phenomena like ENSO. |
| Predictability and Variability |
Exhibits seasonal predictability and interannual variability, important for long-term forecasting. |
| Marine Ecosystems |
Affects marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean, influencing productivity and species distribution. |
Role of Ocean Surface Waves
- Coastal Processes: Ocean surface waves are key players in shaping coastal processes, impacting shoreline erosion, sediment transport, coastal engineering, and recreational activities.
- Scientific Approach: The scientific team leveraged 40 years of data (1979 to 2018) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast.
Positive and Negative SAM Phases
- Positive SAM Phase: During a positive SAM phase, a cyclic pattern of warm sea surface temperature anomalies emerges, accompanied by strong winds that increase wave activity in the Indian Ocean. A new swell generation region along the east African coast contributes to heightened wave heights in the Arabian Sea.
- Negative SAM Phase: Conversely, during a negative SAM phase, the eastern tropical southern Indian Ocean becomes the primary region for generating swells, resulting in reduced wave heights in the Arabian Sea.
Significance of SAM
- Coastal Planning: Understanding SAM allows for better coastal planning, helping coastal communities prepare for the impact of changing sea conditions.
- Resource Management: SAM insights can aid in more efficient resource management, optimizing the utilization of marine resources.
- Disaster Preparedness: Knowledge of SAM patterns can enhance disaster preparedness efforts, enabling timely response to potential ocean-related disasters.
- Wave Predictions: The research contributes to improving wave predictions, offering advanced forecasting capabilities.
- Benefiting Stakeholders: Stakeholders in the blue economy, including shipping, maritime boards, and the oil industry, can optimize their multi-million-dollar operations at sea based on SAM insights.
Implications for Various Sectors
- Monsoon Season Impact: Typically, inland vessel operations and oil exploration activities face restrictions during the monsoon season.
- Fair Sea State Windows: Predicting SAM phases through the Ocean Forecasting System can identify “Fair Sea state windows” during monsoons.
- Impact on Blue Economy: These fair windows can be leveraged by oil and shipping industries, making a significant contribution to blue economy activities along the Indian coast
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojna.
Mains level: India's ambitious pursuit of a $5 trillion GDP by 2028
Central idea
The article critically examines India’s ambitious pursuit of a $5 trillion GDP by 2028, juxtaposing it with Japan’s economic trajectory. It highlights concerns about wealth disparity, inclusivity in high-tech sectors, and questions the impact on marginalized citizens.
Key Highlights:
- Extension of Welfare Scheme: Prime Minister Modi’s announcement to extend the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojna by five years.
- Concerns about Hunger: Raised concerns about persistent hunger despite the ambitious target of achieving a $5 trillion GDP by 2028.
- Japan’s Economic Challenges: Comparison with Japan’s economic growth and the social challenges faced, including suicide rates and social withdrawal.
- Reliance on GDP Growth: Emphasis on India’s economic growth relying on capital, productivity, and labor.
- Wealth Disparity: Identification of significant wealth disparity, with 1% of the population owning a substantial portion of the nation’s wealth.
- Government’s Economic Tools: Government’s identification of sectors and tools, such as the digital economy, fintech, and climate change initiatives.
Key Challenges:
- Impact on Marginalized Citizens: Expressing concerns about the potential adverse impact on marginalized citizens in the race towards a $5 trillion economy.
- Wealth Inequality: Highlighting the wealth disparity issue, with 1% of the population owning a significant portion of the nation’s wealth.
- Inclusivity in High-Tech Sectors: Concerns about the ability of a large segment of the population to participate in cutting-edge sectors such as AI, data science, and fintech.
- Lack of Per Capita Income Estimates: Criticism regarding the absence of estimates on India’s per capita income at the $5 trillion GDP mark.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojna: Specific welfare scheme providing free foodgrains.
- Hikikomori: Term referring to severe social withdrawal in Japan.
- Kodokushi: Japanese term for lonely deaths.
- GST (Goods and Services Tax): Mention of the significant contribution from the bottom 50% of the population.
- Inclusive Growth: Government’s emphasis on growth that includes all segments of society.
- Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code: Part of the identified tools for achieving the $5 trillion goal.
- Make in India: Mention of one of the identified sectors for economic growth.
- Start-Up India: Highlighting a sector emphasized for achieving economic targets.
- Production Linked Incentives: Part of the government’s strategy for economic growth.
Key Examples and References:
- Japan’s Societal Challenges: Referring to suicide rates, social withdrawal, and lonely deaths in Japan as examples.
- Wealth Distribution Statistics: Citing wealth distribution statistics from Oxfam.
- Minister Chaudhri’s Identification: Referring to the government’s identification of tools and sectors for achieving the $5 trillion goal.
- Per Capita Income Comparison: Comparing per capita income between Japan, China, and India.
Key Facts and Data:
- Welfare Scheme Extension: Mentioning the extension of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojna.
- Japan’s Economic History: Referring to Japan’s economic history and challenges post-2008.
- Wealth Distribution Data: Citing wealth distribution data from Oxfam.
- GST Contribution: Highlighting the significant contribution of different income groups to GST.
Critical Analysis:
- Societal and Economic Impact: Analyzing the potential impact of the $5 trillion goal on marginalized citizens and society.
- Wealth Disparity and Inclusive Growth: Critical evaluation of wealth distribution and the need for inclusive economic policies.
- Capability Mismatch: Examining the mismatch between targeted sectors/tools and the capabilities of a significant population segment.
- Per Capita Income Concerns: Critically assessing the absence of estimates on per capita income and concerns about the inequality index.
Way Forward:
- Addressing Wealth Disparity: Emphasizing the need to address wealth disparity through inclusive economic policies.
- Ensuring Inclusive Growth: Focusing on ensuring that economic growth benefits all segments of the population.
- Skill Development and Education: Highlighting the importance of skill development and education to enable participation in emerging sectors.
- Regular Assessment and Recalibration: Emphasizing the need for regular assessment and recalibration of economic goals to align with societal well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian Inflation
Mains level: Economic Resilience and Stability
Central idea
The article discusses positive economic indicators in India, including potential GDP growth, easing inflation, and successful festive season trading. It emphasizes the need for careful monitoring of oil prices, external demand, political developments, and continued policy coordination to sustain economic resilience and growth.
Key Highlights:
- Macroeconomic Positivity: November brings positive trends in India’s macroeconomic perspective, with optimism about second-quarter GDP growth.
- Geopolitical Developments: Ceasefire agreement between Israel and Hamas and a summit between U.S. President Joe Biden and China’s President Xi Jinping signal positive global geopolitical shifts.
- Inflation Trends: Global inflation rates, particularly in the U.S. and the European Union, ease, contributing to reduced bond yields and increased equity market performance.
- Indian Economic Signals: India experiences a decline in retail inflation and wholesale price index, with encouraging signals from festive season trading.
Key Challenges:
- Continued Monitoring: Factors such as oil prices, external demand, and political developments require continued monitoring for potential impacts on India’s economic trajectory.
- Global Trade Weakness: The global trade environment remains weak, with projections indicating a decline in world trade growth.
- Political Influences: Focus on general elections after state election results may influence government and private sector activities.
- Policy Coordination: Maintaining monetary and fiscal policy coordination is crucial, considering global risks and persistent inflation threats.
Key Terms:
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
- Inflation
- Bond Yields
- Geopolitics
- Macro and Financial Stability
- GST (Goods and Services Tax)
- Fiscal Deficit
- OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and allies)
Key Phrases:
- “Economic Resilience and Stability.”
- “Sequential Changes for Meaningful Analysis.”
- “Crucial Policy Coordination in a Shock-Prone World.”
Key Examples and References:
- Geopolitical Shifts: Ceasefire agreement between Israel and Hamas, U.S.-China summit.
- Global Inflation Trends: Positive trends in global inflation rates.
- Indian Economic Signals: Decline in retail inflation, wholesale price index, and record festive season retail trading.
Key Facts and Data:
- U.S. Inflation: Consumer price index at 3.2% in October.
- EU Inflation: Drops to 2.9% from 4.3%.
- Indian Inflation: Retail inflation at a four-month low of 4.9%.
- Expected GDP Growth: India’s GDP growth for Q2 expected to exceed 6.5%.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasis on Fundamentals: Need for sound macroeconomic fundamentals and close monitoring of economic indicators.
- Identification of Challenges: Recognition of potential challenges such as oil price fluctuations, weak external demand, and political uncertainties.
- Policy Coordination: Importance of monetary and fiscal policy coordination in navigating a complex economic environment.
Way Forward:
- Economic Resilience: Continued focus on maintaining economic resilience and stability.
- Monitoring and Response: Continuous monitoring and responsive measures for global and domestic economic challenges.
- Policy Emphasis: Continued emphasis on policy coordination for sustained growth.
- Preserving Global Standing: Importance of prudent economic management for preserving India’s relative global standing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaza strip
Mains level: education's potential to mitigate the impact of violent imagery children's minds.
Central idea
The article emphasizes the profound psychological impact of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on children, drawing insights from educational thinkers like Maria Montessori and Elias Canetti. It highlights challenges such as potential long-term repercussions, the failure of current education systems, and the need for inclusive educational initiatives.
Key Highlights:
- Montessori’s Perspective: Maria Montessori’s insights on the impact of childhood experiences, particularly exposure to violence, on the cycle of revenge and its contribution to the root causes of war.
- Canetti’s Argument: Elias Canetti’s exploration of the child’s mind, emphasizing the development of revengeful thoughts from violent experiences and its potential evolution into adult rebellion.
- Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The psychological aftermath of Israel’s assault on Gaza, with a focus on the predicted impact on Palestinian children, especially adolescents, facing forced displacement and an uncertain future.
- Educational Philosophies: Montessori’s pedagogic philosophy linking childhood experiences to major societal issues and the inter-war movement’s attempt to use education to combat the culture of war.
Key Challenges:
- Psychological Impact: Predicted long-term psychological repercussions on Palestinian children due to the trauma of conflict, displacement, and loss of childhood.
- Failure of Education Systems: Critique of current education systems worldwide for lacking the energy and focus needed to mitigate the political impact of dangerous ideologies and nurture peace.
- Historical Hostilities: The perpetuation of divisive ideas through education, contributing to the reinforcement of historical hostilities in contiguously located hostile nations.
- Political Ignorance: Leaders’ disregard for educational messages promoting peace, as exemplified by Israel’s leaders ignoring Montessori’s insights amid conflict.
Key Examples discussed in article for your value addition in answers:
- Reference to Maria Montessori’s classics, including “The Secret of Childhood” and “The Absorbent Mind.”
- Collection of Montessori’s war and peace lectures during the 1930s in the book titled “Education and Peace.”
- Elias Canetti’s insights in “Crowds and Power,” highlighting the impact of violence on the child’s mind and the development of revengeful thoughts.
- Montessori and Rabindranath Tagore’s involvement in an inter-war movement using education to combat the culture of war.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Cycle of Revenge: Montessori’s concept that a child’s encounter with violence sets off a cycle of revenge, identified as a root cause of war.
- Resistance to Social Norms: Canetti’s notion that violence experienced in childhood can lead to adult resistance, transforming into rebellion.
- Culture of War: The inter-war movement’s initiative, involving educators like Montessori and Tagore, aimed at using education to combat the culture of war.
- Impact of Dangerous Ideologies: Critique of education’s perceived inability to reverse the political impact of ideologies contributing to conflict.
Critical Analysis:
- Educational Potential: Acknowledgment of education’s potential to mitigate the impact of violent imagery, coupled with frustration over the perceived lack of energy in current education systems.
- Global Disappointment with Education: Growing disappointment with education’s ability to nurture basic good sense, exemplified by the failure to prevent conflicts in Russia, Israel, and the U.S.
- Focus on Politics: Critique of current discussions about the future of Gaza, primarily focused on politics, with a call to include considerations for the future of education in the region.
- Reinforcement of Divisive Ideas: Observation that education often reinforces and perpetuates divisive ideas, preparing the adult mind to accept such ideas as the only way forward.
Way Forward:
- Inclusive Educational Initiatives: Emphasis on inclusive educational initiatives to combat the culture of war and break the cycle of historical influences on children’s minds.
- Integration of Philosophical Perspectives: Advocacy for integrating educational and philosophical perspectives to pave the way for a more peaceful future, particularly in conflict-ridden regions.
- Global Reassessment of Education: Urgent need for a global reassessment of education’s power to inculcate basic good sense and contribute to peace-building.
- Educational Focus in Political Discussions: Call to include discussions about the future of education alongside political considerations in conflict-ridden regions like Gaza and Israel.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sutlej River, Tantalum
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Researchers from IIT-Ropar have found the presence of tantalum in Punjab’s Soil in Sutlej River Basin.
- Although the source of tantalum in Sutlej is not clear yet. It could be due to movement of tectonic plates in the Himalayan region that is likely to contain the rare metal.
Sutlej River
- Origin: Starts from Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, near Mount Kailash.
- Length: About 1,500 kilometres (930 miles); Longest of the five rivers of Punjab.
- Path: Flows through Tibet, India (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab), and Pakistan.
- Tributaries: Major tributary includes the Beas River in India.
- Indus River System: Part of this system, joins the Chenab River in Pakistan.
- Economic Role: Crucial for irrigation, and hydroelectric power (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam).
- International River: Governed by treaties like the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan.
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About Tantalum
- A Rare and Valuable Metal: Tantalum, with the atomic number 73, is a rare metal crucial in electronics and semiconductors. It is a dense, hard, gray metal, known for being one of the most resistant to corrosion.
- Exceptional Corrosion Resistance: Tantalum’s resistance to corrosion comes from its ability to form a protective oxide layer when exposed to air. This layer holds up even in very acidic environments.
- Flexible and Durable: Pure tantalum is ductile, meaning it can be stretched into thin wires without breaking. It resists chemical damage below 150°C but is vulnerable to hydrofluoric acid and certain other substances.
Historical Background
- Swedish Discovery: Tantalum was first identified by Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekenberg in 1802 in Ytterby, Sweden. Initially, it was confused with niobium, a similar element.
- Differentiating Tantalum and Niobium: In 1866, Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac established that tantalum and niobium are distinct elements.
- Behind the name: The metal is named after Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology, known for his eternal punishment of being unable to reach the water and fruit around him. The name reflects the metal’s property of being ‘tantalizingly’ insoluble in acids.
Uses of Tantalum
- Tantalum capacitors are key in electronics, known for their ability to store a lot of electricity in a small space with minimal leakage. They’re used in smartphones, laptops, and cameras.
- High melting point makes tantalum a substitute for platinum in various industries, including chemical and nuclear plants, aerospace, and missile systems.
- Its non-reactive nature makes it perfect for surgical tools and implants, like artificial joints.
- Tantalum carbide, when mixed with graphite, forms one of the hardest materials, used to enhance the cutting edges of high-speed machine tools.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Risk Weights
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently raised risk weights for unsecured loans, including credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans.
- Risk weights for bank lending to non-banking finance companies (NBFCs) serving this segment were increased to 125% from the existing 100%.
What are Risk Weights?
- Capital Implication: Every rupee lent by a bank has an impact on its capital position.
- Attribution to Risk: Risk weights are assigned to loans and assets based on their nature and associated risk.
- Capital Coverage: Banks must ensure that their capital is sufficient to cover these risk-weighted assets.
- Varying Risk Weights: Different asset classes have varying risk weights. For example, home loans may have risk weights ranging from 50% to 75%, while corporate loans are assigned 100% risk weight.
How does it impact Borrowers?
- Interest Rates: Lower risk weights result in lower interest rates for borrowers. This principle guides the pricing of loans.
- Examples: Home loans generally have lower interest rates due to their lower risk weights, while personal loans and credit cards carry higher interest rates due to their risk profile.
RBI Decision: Concerns about Consumer Loans
- Rising Share: Unsecured loans have seen rapid growth, constituting 10% of the banking system’s portfolio.
- Fastest-Growing Segment: This segment has been the fastest-growing in recent years.
- Unsecured Nature: Loans like consumer durable loans lack income-generating assets, making it challenging to ascertain borrowers’ true repayment capacity.
- Granular Nature: While small-ticket in nature, the significant growth in this segment has raised regulatory concerns.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-what-rbis-increase-in-risk-weights-mean-to-the-borrower/article67554070.ece
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ghol Fish
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Gujarat government’s decision to declare the ‘Ghol’ as the state fish highlights its uniqueness and economic value.
About Ghol Fish
- The Ghol fish or the Blackspotted Croaker, is a significant species in marine fisheries.
- It belongs to the family Sciaenidae and is scientifically known as Protonibea diacanthus.
- It is commonly found in the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from the Persian Gulf to Indonesia and north to Japan.
- The Ghol fish is characterized by its robust body, brownish color, and the presence of black spots on its sides.
- It has a large mouth and a slightly protruding lower jaw.
- This species can grow quite large, with some individuals reaching up to 1 meter in length and weighing around 25 kilograms.
Economic Value of Ghol
- The Ghol fish is highly valued, especially for its fish maw (dried swim bladder), which is a delicacy and used in traditional medicines, particularly in East Asian markets.
- The fish maw is believed to have various health benefits and is often used in soups and stews.
- It can fetch high prices in the market, sometimes as much as Rs 25,000 per kilogram.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofish
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In recent months, Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab have introduced mosquitofish to combat mosquito infestations.
- However, the unintended ecological consequences of introducing this invasive species have raised concerns.
Backgrounder: Vector Borne Diseases
- Global Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevalence: Mosquito-borne diseases affect over 150 countries and 500 million people worldwide.
- India’s Burden: India alone reports approximately 40 million cases of mosquito-borne diseases annually.
What is Mosquitofish?
- Introduction in the 1960s: In the 1960s, biological control methods were adopted to combat mosquitoes, including the introduction of mosquitofish (Gambusia species).
- Environmental Alternatives: These methods were considered environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, which posed health and environmental risks.
- Global Proliferation: Mosquitofish, originally from the U.S., have now become widespread globally, adapting to various environments with adverse ecological impacts.
Mosquitofish in India
- Historical Introduction: In 1928, Gambusia was introduced in India during British rule, mainly for malaria control.
- Multiple Authorities Involved: Various governmental and private organizations, including the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), municipal corporations, and health departments, introduced mosquitofish across India.
Ecological Impact
- Invasive Alien Species: Mosquitofish are considered among the hundred most detrimental invasive alien species.
- Negative Effects: They prey on native fauna, leading to the extinction of native fish, amphibians, and freshwater communities.
- Examples from Other Countries: Australia and New Zealand have reported similar ecological harm due to introduced mosquitofish.
- WHO’s Stand: The World Health Organization stopped recommending Gambusia for mosquito control since 1982.
Current Situation and Recommendations
- Enforcement Measures: Stringent enforcement measures are essential to prevent further introduction of mosquitofish and mitigate past introductions’ consequences.
- Alternative Solutions: Collaboration between mosquito biologists, entomologists, invasion ecologists, and fish taxonomists is suggested to identify native fish species capable of controlling mosquito larvae.
- Local Solutions: Local alternatives should be favored over invasive species to preserve indigenous aquatic biodiversity and native species’ well-being.
- National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC): The NCVBDC should remove its recommendation for the use of Gambusia and Poecilia (guppy) fishes for mosquito control.
Conclusion
- India faces a pressing ecological challenge with the unintended consequences of mosquitofish introduction.
- To safeguard the environment and native species, stringent enforcement and local solutions should replace invasive species in mosquito control efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India Taiwan Relations
Central Idea
- Recent reports of India and Taiwan considering a MoU to facilitate Indian workers’ employment in Taiwan have revealed underlying issues of racism and stereotypes.
- These negative perceptions have implications for both countries and the need for addressing such biases is paramount.
Racism in Taiwan and Stereotypes
- MoU Announcement: Reports of a MoU between India and Taiwan sparked racism in Taiwan towards Indian men.
- Negative Stereotypes: Taiwanese netizens labeled Indian men as dirty, uneducated, and even used derogatory terms like ‘rapists.’
- China-Backed Media: China-backed media amplified stereotypes, perpetuating narratives about women’s safety in India.
- Taiwan’s Response: Taiwan clarified that the news of Indian workers’ arrival was ‘inaccurate’ but acknowledged ongoing talks with India.
Reality of Indian Workers Globally
- Worldwide Presence: Indian workers, both blue-collar and white-collar, are present globally, contributing significantly to economies.
- Remittances: According to a World Bank report, Indian laborers remittances abroad reached a record USD 100 billion in 2021, highlighting their global acceptance.
Misconceptions and Global Gender Issues
- Misplaced Blame: Associating crimes and issues with specific nationalities hinders cooperation.
- Global Gender Inequality: Issues such as unequal pay, workplace harassment, and unfair work burdens affect women worldwide.
India-Taiwan Cooperation: Mutual Benefits
- Taiwan’s Aging Population: Taiwan faces an impending ‘super-aged’ society by 2025 and requires a younger workforce.
- India’s Labor Force: India can provide a youthful and skilled workforce to fill Taiwan’s labor gap.
- Economic Benefits: Such cooperation benefits both countries by addressing unemployment and boosting foreign remittances for India and supporting Taiwan’s economy.
Taiwan’s Focus on India
- Historical Perspective: Taiwan has traditionally focused on Europe and the US for economic growth, trade, and funding.
- Need for Attention: India, as an economic and strategic partner, deserves more attention for stronger ties.
Taiwan’s Racism Problem
- Past Instances: Taiwan has faced criticism for discriminatory policies against Southeast Asian workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.
- Exploitative Practices: Some foreign workers in Taiwan experience exploitative practices bordering on forced labor.
Taiwan’s Reputation and India’s Support
- Positive Image: Taiwan’s democratic credentials and resistance to China’s influence have earned it a positive image among Indians.
- India’s Support: India’s support for Taiwan enhances its international standing and challenges China’s efforts to isolate it.
Conclusion
- Addressing racism, stereotypes, and discriminatory policies is essential for nurturing the growing strategic and economic ties between India and Taiwan.
- Both nations must work towards fostering a friendly and inclusive environment to protect the investment made in their relationship and counteract divisive narratives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Auger technology, Drift technology
Mains level: Risks and challenges associated with the rescue operation
Central idea
The central idea focuses on the Silkyara Tunnel rescue in Uttarakhand, highlighting diverse worker representation and challenges in Himalayan geology. The strategic use of auger and drift technology plays a crucial role in the efficient rescue operation. The primary goal is the safe return of 41 trapped workers through a unified and adaptive approach.
Key Highlights:
- Silkyara Tunnel incident in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, sparks a coordinated effort by government and private agencies.
- 41 workers trapped in a partially collapsed tunnel, representing a diverse group from different states.
- Technological advancements, communication, and transportation are leveraged for the rescue operation.
- Involvement of multiple government bodies, including the Prime Minister’s Office and various ministries.
Key Challenges:
- Risks and challenges associated with the rescue operation, including the unpredictable nature of Himalayan geology.
- The need to balance urgency with caution in the rescue efforts.
- Varying degrees of difficulty in deploying machinery due to the risk factor and geological complexities.
Key Terms and Phrases for value addition:
- Silkyara Tunnel
- “All of government” approach
- Himalayan geology
- Simultaneity principle
- Auger technology
- Drift technology
- Convergence of capability
Auger Technology:
- Definition: Auger technology involves the use of a rotating metal shaft with a blade at the end.
- Application in Rescue: In the Silkyara Tunnel rescue, auger technology is deployed to scrape or cut debris and earth, creating a path for rescuers.
- Success: A portion of 22 meters has been successfully negotiated, demonstrating the effectiveness of auger technology.
- Challenges: Geological impediments have posed challenges, requiring restarting the effort.
Drift Technology:
- Definition: Drift technology involves scraping the sides of the tunnel to increase its size and create access.
- Application in Rescue: Used to widen the tunnel for easier access and maneuverability in the rescue operation.
- Timing: Top and side boring attacks on the tunnel alignment will commence in due course.
- Redundancy: Provides a redundant approach to ensure the success of the rescue operation.
Key Facts and Data:
- 41 workers trapped inside a partially collapsed tunnel.
- Efforts initiated by the Prime Minister’s Office, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Home Affairs, NDMA, and Uttarakhand SDMA.
- Five rescue approaches with time frames ranging from five-six days to eight weeks.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasis on the coordinated efforts involving various government bodies and private sectors.
- Recognition of the unpredictable nature of Himalayan geology and the associated challenges.
- Utilization of advanced technologies such as auger and drift technology to address the complexities.
- Highlighting the psychological and social impacts on workers and the provision of psycho-social specialists.
- Acknowledgment of the importance of enabling convergence of capability among competent agencies.
Way Forward:
- Continued focus on simultaneous approaches to expedite the rescue operation.
- Prioritizing the horizontal approach using auger technology and drift technology.
- Recognition of leadership from New Delhi as a crucial factor in ensuring effective coordination.
- Emphasizing the importance of the safe return of the trapped workers as the primary goal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: freebies
Central idea
Criticism surrounds politicians making empty promises for votes. The debate involves what’s genuinely good for the public versus just offering freebies. The solution suggests caution in promises, financial responsibility, and sticking to clear ideas for long-term success.
Key Highlights:
- The editorial criticizes political parties for making “reckless election promises” and engaging in competitive populism.
- Elite condemnation of “fiscally irresponsible freebies” is a recurring theme in national discourse.
- The Supreme Court has addressed the issue, expressing concern that freebies may hinder the state government’s ability to provide basic amenities.
- The RBI also identified the distribution of freebies as a new risk to state finances.
Key Challenges:
- The challenge of mass communication in electoral politics is highlighted, emphasizing the need for simple and easily communicable messages.
- Governance for development is complex, with political and economic contingencies affecting the ability to showcase tangible progress.
- Excessive reliance on direct benefits erodes the party platform and may lead to a transactional relationship with voters.
Key Terms and Phrases for adding value to answer:
- Reckless election promises
- Competitive populism
- Fiscally irresponsible freebies
- Basic amenities
- Mass communication in electoral politics
- Governance for development
- Political economy
- Direct benefits
- Transactional arrangement
Key Facts and Data:
- The Supreme Court held hearings on a petition to bar parties from promising “irrational freebies from public funds.”
- The RBI highlighted the “growing preference for distribution of ‘freebies'” as a new risk to state finances.
Critical Analysis:
- The editorial raises questions about the definition of public good versus freebies, emphasizing the need for a democratic contestation of these concepts.
- The challenge of mass communication is explored, pointing out the reliance on simple messages like slogans during political campaigns.
- Governance for development is considered complex, with obstacles such as time constraints and political economy dynamics.
- Excessive reliance on direct benefits is criticized for eroding the party platform and creating a transactional relationship with voters.
Way Forward:
- The editorial suggests that while direct benefits are a legitimate aspect of building political mandates, party leaders should be cautious not to let these benefits supplant the broader party platform.
- Emphasizes the importance of maintaining a coherent ideological framework to avoid the depletion of the party platform.
- Calls for a comprehensive review of relevant trade-offs in state finances to ensure responsible fiscal policies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GDP growth
Mains level: non-monetized contributions within families and communities.
Central idea
India faces an income stagnation crisis despite overall GDP growth, with inadequate job quality. The global economic landscape calls for a paradigm shift towards sustainability and localized enterprises. Recognizing and valuing informal caregiving is crucial for a more equitable and economically inclusive future.
Key Highlights:
- Indian Economic Landscape: In the Indian economic landscape, the primary issue lies in the stagnation of incomes, not a lack of growth. Despite favorable GDP figures, there is a growing demand for job reservations, transcending caste and religion.
- Debates and Doubts in Economic Discourse: Economists are embroiled in a debate over job creation, casting doubts on the authenticity of government data. The discourse extends to attributing the current job challenges to the policies of the present government.
- U.S. Economic Discontent: The U.S. economy, despite positive headline numbers, faces widespread dissatisfaction among citizens. This discontent takes center stage in the lead-up to the presidential elections, with concerns about fair wages and executive compensation.
- Call for a Paradigm Shift: A paradigm shift is urged, emphasizing a departure from conventional growth metrics to address environmental and social concerns. The call for local, green, and organic initiatives signals a quest for a sustainable economic future.
- Recognition of Caregiving: There is a notable plea to recognize the economic and societal value of caregiving, challenging the prevailing economic paradigm that overlooks the contributions of informal work, particularly by women.
Key Challenges:
- Quality Jobs in India: The transition from agriculture to manufacturing in India lacks the creation of quality jobs. The prevalent scenario involves insecure, temporary employment with insufficient pay across various sectors.
- Global Economic Landscape at a Crossroads: The global economic landscape is at a crucial juncture, necessitating innovative economic ideas. The preference for local economic webs over extensive global supply chains is indicative of a shift towards sustainability.
- Undervaluation of Caregivers: Caregivers, predominantly women, continue to be undervalued economically. The informal caregiving sector lacks acknowledgment, perpetuating societal disparities.
- Distortion in Economic Measurements: The distortion of economic measurements rooted in 20th-century concepts poses a challenge. The fixation on GDP growth eclipses the diminishing value of human care, leading to a skewed representation of economic health.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- “Economies of Scope”: Emphasizes a shift towards determining enterprise viability based on diversity rather than scale, promoting local businesses’ adaptability.
- “Social Enterprises”: Underscore businesses contributing to social value alongside economic efficiency, reflecting a desire for a more holistic approach to economic success.
- “Informal Work Undervaluation”: Critique highlights economists’ oversight of the economic significance of informal caregiving, emphasizing the need for a broader perspective.
- “Paradigm Shift in Policy”: Advocates for inclusive policymaking, centering on the voices of marginalized communities to address systemic issues.
Key points:
- Indian Workforce Transition: Concerns about the quality of jobs in India are substantiated by a significant workforce transition from agriculture to labor-intensive sectors, marked by temporary and insecure employment.
- U.S. Economic Dissatisfaction: In the U.S., despite positive economic indicators, dissatisfaction among citizens remains a pressing issue. Presidential engagement with autoworkers underscores concerns about fair wages and wealth distribution.
Critical Analysis:
- Economic Paradigm Distortion: The economic paradigm distortion reveals a prioritization of GDP growth over the diminishing societal value of caregiving. This recognition sets the stage for a necessary reevaluation of economic priorities.
- Reforming Economic Measurements: The call for reforms in economic measurements underscores the urgency of adapting metrics to reflect the desired forms of work and enterprises for the future.
- Neglect of Informal Caregiving: Neglecting the economic value of informal caregiving underscores the need for a paradigm shift in acknowledging the non-monetized contributions within families and communities.
Way Forward:
- Transition to Local Economic Webs: The emphasis on transitioning from global supply chains to local economic webs signals a shift towards sustainability, environmental responsibility, and community-focused practices.
- Reforming Economic Measurements: Reforming economic measurements is essential to align with a broader understanding of valuable work, moving beyond GDP as the sole indicator of economic health.
- Recognition of Caregivers: Advocating for the recognition and valuation of caregivers indicates a need for societal and economic perspectives to evolve, appreciating the importance of caregiving.
- Inclusive Policymaking: Inclusive policymaking, with a focus on marginalized voices, is pivotal for addressing systemic issues and fostering a more equitable economic landscape. Listening to the diverse experiences of workers, farmers, entrepreneurs, and women should guide future policy formulations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA is set to launch the Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) to investigate how Earth’s weather influences Space weather.
What is AWE Mission?
- As part of NASA’s Heliophysics Explorers Program, the AWE mission aims to shed light on the interactions between Earth’s weather and Space weather.
- Mounted on the International Space Station (ISS), AWE will observe Earth’s airglow bands from an exceptional viewpoint.
- AWE will analyze airglow in the mesopause region (about 85-87 km above Earth) to understand AGW behavior and its influence on Space weather.
- The mission includes the Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (ATMT) to precisely map temperature variations in the mesopause, revealing airglow dynamics.
Space Weather Explained
- Space weather, much like Earth’s weather, is influenced by solar activities like flares and emissions, and it impacts the surrounding cosmic environment.
- Variations in Space weather can disrupt essential services on Earth, including satellite communications, GPS systems, and power grids.
- Interestingly, Earth’s own weather conditions also significantly affect Space weather, creating a complex interplay between our planet and the cosmos.
How do Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) impact space weather?
- Nature’s Oscillations: AGWs are similar to ripples caused by a stone thrown into a pond. They are vertical waves generated by sudden atmospheric changes or extreme weather, causing air to move up and down.
- Various Sources: AGWs originate from events like thunderstorms and hurricanes, and they travel from the lower atmosphere to Space, influencing Space weather.
- Thriving in Stability: AGWs are most prominent in stable atmospheric conditions, where they create wave-like patterns due to temperature differences in rising air.
- Vital Atmospheric Profiling: To fully understand AGWs and their impact on terrestrial and Space weather, detailed data on the atmosphere’s vertical profile is essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eclipses
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- While Eclipses are intriguing, one might wonder why eclipses do not occur with every new and full moon.
What are Eclipses?
- Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
- There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
- A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
- Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Visit this page to read more about Eclipses:
What are Eclipses?
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
Ans. Moon’s Unique Orbit
- Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
- Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
- Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
- Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
- Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Eclipse Pairs and Seasons
- Eclipse Pairs: Solar and lunar eclipses typically occur in pairs, with one following the other within a two-week period.
- Eclipse Seasons: Eclipse seasons, lasting around 34 to 35 days, usually feature two eclipses – one solar and one lunar. Occasionally, three eclipses may occur in a single season.
- Frequency: Contrary to common perception, there are more eclipses than expected, with the 21st century witnessing 224 solar eclipses and 230 lunar eclipses.
Understanding the Lunar Nodes and Eclipses
- Eclipse Seasons: Eclipse seasons take place approximately every 173 days when the lunar nodes precisely align with the Earth and the sun.
- Moon’s Progression: The moon’s phases shift about 30 degrees along the zodiac every month concerning the nodes.
- Future Eclipses: After a pair of eclipses, the next pair usually occurs nearly 6 calendar months later.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Vajra Prahar
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recently, the 14th edition of the Vajra Prahar 2023 exercise, a joint venture between India and the USA Special Forces, concluded in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh. Here are the key highlights:
Exercise Vajra Prahar
- Vajra Prahar is an annual exercise alternately hosted by the Special Forces of India and the United States.
- These Special Forces units are dedicated to covert operations, counterterrorism, and other specialized military tasks.
- It is crucial for addressing the security challenges both nations face in the current global context.
- It has reinforced the friendship and defence cooperation between the Special Forces of India and the USA.
Objectives
- The 21-day joint exercise aimed to enhance skills in Airborne Operations, Special Operations, and Counter Terrorism under the United Nations Charter.
- It was divided into two stages:
-
- The initial stage focused on combat conditioning and tactical special mission training.
- The second stage involved a 48-hour validation exercise to assess the training received in the first phase.
Other Joint Exercises between India and the USA
- Yudh Abhyas: Annual army exercise focusing on enhancing military cooperation and understanding.
- Malabar Exercise: Naval exercise, also including Japan and Australia, focusing on complex maritime operations.
- Cope India: Air force exercise aimed at improving interoperability and mutual understanding between air forces.
- Tiger Triumph: Tri-service amphibious exercise focusing on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.
- Red Flag: Advanced aerial combat training exercise involving the U.S. Air Force and international participants, including India.
- Spartan Shield: Army exercise aimed at building operational capacity in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism.
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