Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.
About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)
It is a bi-national project between India and Nepal, aimed primarily at energy production and enhancing irrigation in both countries.
It involves the construction of a 315-meter high dam across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India).
It forms an 80 km long reservoir with a surface area of 116 km square and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion cubic meters.
Once completed, the PMP is expected to have a capacity of 5,040 megawatts (MW) and will be among the tallest dams globally, with an estimated cost ranging from Rs. 401.84 billion to Rs. 500 billion.
The project’s objectives include energy productionandirrigation enhancement, but environmentalists have raised concerns about its potential impact on the region’s ecology and local communities.
This project underscores the progress of the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 between India and Nepal includes provisions for the integrated development of the Mahakali River basin.
Obstacles to Progress
Benefit Sharing: Disagreements arise over the distribution of benefits, with India receiving a larger share of irrigation benefits while Nepal emphasizes the value of water as a precious resource.
Political and Bureaucratic Challenges: Political considerations, including impending elections in India and domestic political fragility in Nepal, hinder progress. Bureaucratic concerns further impede consensus-building.
Back2Basics: Mahakali Treaty
Details
Mahakali River
Also known as Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.
Joins Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganga.
Signatories and Date
Signed between Nepal and India on February 12, 1996.
Objective
Aimed at the integrated development of the Mahakali River, including projects like the Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage, and Pancheshwar Project.
Ratification Process
Required a two-thirds majority in the combined session of both houses of the Nepalese parliament.
Faced opposition and scrutiny from parliamentarians during the process.
Establishment of Commission
Provision for the establishment of a Mahakali River Commission to oversee and regulate matters outlined in the treaty.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jacaranda Trees
Mains level: Impact of climate change on plants blossoms
Introduction
Mexico City’s iconic jacaranda trees, known for their stunning purple blooms in spring, are experiencing an unusual phenomenon this year, with some trees blooming as early as January instead of their typical spring awakening.
AboutJacaranda Trees
Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, with some species found in the Caribbean and Africa.
Known for its stunning clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of purple, blue, or white, Jacaranda trees are prized as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes worldwide.
Jacaranda trees hold cultural significance in various regions, such as Brazil, where their blooming heralds the arrival of spring, and South Africa, where they are commonly planted in urban areas.
Some species of Jacaranda produce valuable timber, prized for its lightweight nature, durability, and attractive grain pattern, suitable for furniture and decorative woodworking.
While generally not invasive, Jacaranda trees can become weedy in introduced regions, though their ornamental value often outweighs any negative impacts, making them well-tolerated in urban landscapes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Asia and arising conflict;
Mains level: Recent Geopolitical issues in news;
Why in the News?
Recently, there are evolving dynamics surrounding Palestinian statehood, including global perspectives, Israeli leadership positions, and the potential implications for the region w.r.t two-state solution.
What are the Global Dynamics and Israeli Opposition towards Palestinian Statehood?
Global Expectations:Western nations and Arab States are hopeful for Israel to act sensibly amidst the challenging situation in Gaza. The UK and France express readiness to recognize a Palestinian state independently of an agreement with Israel, prompting speculation about US involvement.
Israeli stance: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu openly opposes a two-state solution and advocates for Israeli control over the entire area west of the Jordan River.
Netanyahu rejects international pressure and warns against unilateral recognition, citing concerns about terrorism and his political standing.
Netanyahu’s opposition to a Palestinian state without negotiations reflects his political strategy and the challenges within his ruling coalition.
Netanyahu’s plan echoes sentiments previously condemned when expressed by Hamas, raising concerns about Israel’s intentions.
Global Response to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
UN Secretary-General’s Call: UN emphasizes the importance of acknowledging Palestinian statehood and condemns the loss of life in Gaza.
Hearings at ICJ: The International Court of Justice began hearing arguments concerning the legal status of a Palestinian state.
Mixed Signals: The U.S.’s support for Israel’s security contradicts its calls for a two-state solution, as demonstrated by voting against a UN resolution regarding Israeli settlements. World leaders previously have largely neglected the Palestinian cause during the tenure of former Israeli PM Netanyahu and post-Abraham Accords era.
Sudden Interest from various Nations: Recently, there has been renewed interest in a two-state solution following Israel’s military actions in Gaza and increasing pressure from international bodies. The U.S. too have imposed sanctions on individual settlers rather than addressing broader issues related to settlements and violence.
Domestic Pressures: King Abdullah II of Jordan, along with Egypt, France, and Germany, issued a joint statement opposing Israel’s annexation plans. The U.S., EU, and Arab States face mounting pressure to address the crisis, hoping for positive changes within Israel’s leadership.
Saudi Demand: Saudi Arabia demands an immediate peace process for a Palestinian state before resuming normalization talks with Israel.
Threatening Proposal: Israel’s latest plan suggests dissolving the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which would compromise the two-state solution
BEYOND EDITORIAL:Â
What are Abraham Accords?
The Abraham Accords, established in September 2020, represent a series of bilateral agreements aimed at normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab nations: the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.Â
These agreements marked a departure from traditional Arab League policies, which historically required resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict before establishing formal ties with Israel.
How Abraham Accords have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Despite not directly involving parties in active conflict, the Abraham Accords have influenced the broader context in several ways:
Normalization without Resolution: The Accords sidestepped the Palestinian issue, allowing Arab states to establish normalized relationships with Israel without addressing core issues like Palestinian self-determination and statehood
Domestic Repercussions: The Accords led to internal conflicts within Arab societies, as some citizens felt betrayed by their leadership’s decision to prioritize normalization over Palestinian rights
Regional Stability: While the Accords were promoted as increasing stability, critics argue that they have done little to address underlying causes of instability, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict itself
Critical Analysis of Accords towards the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:
Critics argue that the Accords have failed to bring lasting peace or stability, instead serving as a means of authoritarian conflict management that ignores the root causes of the conflict
Supporters contend that the Accords offer opportunities for cooperation and economic growth, although these benefits may come at the expense of Palestinian rights.
The Abraham Accords have altered the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by shifting focus away from the centrality of Palestinian rights and towards normalization between Israel and select Arab states. Despite initial optimism, the Accords have faced challenges in achieving sustainable peace and stability, and their success remains a subject of debate.
What is the feasibility of a Single-State Solution?
If the two-state solution fails given recent developments and Israeli leadership positions, then:
Equal Rights: In a single-state scenario, Israel must provide equal rights to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to remain a democracy. Providing equal rights would reduce the percentage of Jews below 50%, challenging Israel’s identity as a Jewish state.
Apartheid or Ethnic Cleansing: Without equal rights, Palestinians risk becoming second-class citizens, resulting in either apartheid or ethnic cleansing.
Preservation of Status Quo: Continuing the present conditions would perpetuate the occupation and deny Palestinians self-determination.
Driving Out Palestinians: An alternative to providing equal rights might involve expelling Palestinians from the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem.
Decline of Support: Increasingly, Israelis have distanced themselves from developments in the Occupied Territories, reducing support for a two-state solution.
Rise of Right Wing: The growth of right-wing parties in Israel has led to the demise of groups supporting the Oslo Accords.
Shifting Attitudes: Following attacks by Hamas, support for a two-state solution has dwindled, leaving Israelis questioning whether Palestinians truly desire peace.
Recognition of Two-State Solution: Even Hamas once acknowledged a two-state solution based on 1967 borders, although this position has weakened over time.
How can be the ‘Afghan Model’ solution towards this issue?
The Afghan model refers to the acceptance of the Taliban’s return to power despite reservations. As the world grapples with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, comparisons have emerged between the Taliban’s ascension in Afghanistan and potential shifts in Hamas’ role in Palestine.Â
Similarity between both cases: Both sides require transformative leadership changes. Israel needs to embrace a two-state solution, and Palestine requires an inclusive and representative leadership encompassing Gaza and the West Bank.Â
What are the Challenges and Implications if Afghan model is applied?
Political stance: Centrist Israeli politicians have lost popularity due to their perceived inaction on the Palestinian issue. In short, replacing them as champions of a two-state solution is challenging.
Hamas’ inclusion in Palestinian governance structures would necessitate significant ideological shifts and concessions, which may prove difficult.
The international community’s reluctant approach to the two-state solution raises questions about their commitment to promoting meaningful change in the Middle East.
Conclusion:Â
The ‘Afghan model,’ while imperfect, offers insights into the possibilities and limitations of accommodating hard-line forces within mainstream political processes. Ultimately, the success of such efforts depends upon the ability of all stakeholdersâincluding Israel, Palestine, and the international community to overcome deeply ingrained mistrust and pursue genuine reconciliation.
Prelims PYQs:
The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018)
China
Israel
Iraq
Yemen
Mains PYQs:
Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.â Discuss the statement in the light of USâ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being âanti-Israel biasâ (UPSC CSE 2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: need for eco-friendly elections
Mains Pyq: âSimultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the governmentâs accountability to the peopleâ Discuss.
Prelims Pyq:Â
Consider the following statements :â
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.â
2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.â
3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.â
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?â
a.1 only
b.2 onlyâ
c.1 and 3
d. 2 and 3
Why is it in news?
Amidst the climate crisis, shifting to sustainable practices across every sphere of human activity has become inevitable and urgent. In August 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in five States, the Election Commission of India (ECI) voiced its concern over the environmental risks associated with the use of non-biodegradable materials in elections.
What is the Concept of Green Elections?
Green elections involve adopting eco-friendly practices throughout the electoral process, including campaign materials, rallies, and polling booths.
Transitioning to sustainable alternatives can mitigate the environmental impact and promote citizens’ health.
Why there is need of Green Elections?
Given that the conduct of every election results in an avoidable carbon footprint, there is a need for eco-friendly elections, which would be a boost to environmental stewardship alongside civic participation.
Sri Lanka and Estonia, for instance, have conducted environmentally-conscious elections. As India, the worldâs most populous democracy, gears up for the next general election, environmental considerations must be prioritised, paving the way for âgreen electionsâ.
Environmental Impact of Elections:
In the 2016 US presidential elections, emissions from campaign flights of just one candidate equaled the annual carbon footprint of 500 Americans.
Traditional election methods involve energy-intensive activities like rallies, use of loudspeakers, PVC flex banners, hoardings, and disposable items, contributing to environmental degradation.
India’s massive elections involving crores of voters and large political rallies exacerbate the environmental impact.
Paper-based materials and energy-intensive campaign practices further escalate the environmental footprint.
Challenges in India for green elections:
Technological Challenges: Implementing electronic and digital voting systems requires robust infrastructure, especially in rural areas, to ensure reliable access to technology. Measures to prevent hacking and fraud must be put in place to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
Access and Training: Ensuring fair access to new voting technologies for all voters, including marginalized communities, poses a significant challenge. Training election officials and voters alike on the use of new technologies is essential to facilitate smooth adoption.
Financial Constraints: Governments may face substantial upfront costs for acquiring eco-friendly materials and implementing new technology, which could deter financially constrained administrations from pursuing such initiatives.
Cultural and Behavioural Hurdles: Overcoming cultural inertia and the perception of physical presence at polling booths as sacrosanct poses a behavioural challenge. Public scepticism towards new approaches and concerns about compromises to vote security must be addressed to gain widespread acceptance.
Transparency and Auditing: Ensuring transparency in the adoption of new technologies and implementing effective auditing mechanisms are crucial to building trust in environmentally-friendly election practices.
Research Findings for mains answer value addition:
Research by Willemson and Krips from Estonia (2023) identified transportation of voters and logistics to and from polling booths as the primary source of carbon emissions during elections.
The running of polling booths constitutes the secondary source of emissions.
Transitioning to digital voting systems could potentially reduce the carbon footprint by up to 40%.
Successful examples of green elections
Kerala:
Campaigning Restrictions: During the 2019 general election, the Kerala State Election Commission urged political parties to avoid single-use plastic materials.
Ban on Non-Biodegradable Materials: The Kerala High Court imposed a ban on flex and non-biodegradable materials in electioneering, promoting the use of alternatives like wall graffiti and paper posters.
Collaboration for Green Elections: Government bodies collaborated with the district administration in Thiruvananthapuram to ensure eco-friendly elections, including conducting training sessions for election workers in villages.
Goa:
Eco-Friendly Election Booths: In 2022, the Goa State Biodiversity Board introduced eco-friendly election booths for the Assembly elections, utilizing biodegradable materials crafted by local traditional artisans.
Sri Lanka:
Carbon-Sensitive Campaign: The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) party launched the worldâs first carbon-sensitive environmentally friendly election campaign in 2019.
Carbon Emission Measurement: SLPP measured carbon emissions from vehicles and electricity used during political campaigns and compensated for them by planting trees in each district through public participation.
Estonia:
Digital Voting Initiative: Estonia pioneered digital voting as an online alternative, promoting voter participation while reducing the environmental footprint of traditional paper-based elections.
Robust Security Measures: The success of Estoniaâs digital voting system demonstrates that accompanying robust security measures can ensure both eco- and electorate-friendly elections.
Suggested blueprint and Way-forward for Green elections
Involving All Stakeholders: The green transition must involve all stakeholders, including political parties, Election Commissions, governments, voters, the media, and civil society.
Integration of Directives: Success lies in integrating top-level directives with grassroots initiatives to foster a green transition effectively.
Leadership Role: Political parties should take the lead in enacting legislation mandating eco-friendly electoral practices.
Legislative Initiatives: This involves campaigning through digital platforms or door-to-door campaigning, reducing energy-intensive public rallies, and encouraging the use of public transportation for election work.
Supporting Local Alternatives: Incentivizing the replacement of plastic and paper-based materials with sustainable local alternatives for polling booths, such as natural fabrics, recycled paper, and compostable plastics, aids waste management and supports local artisans.
Advocacy for Digital Voting: The ECI can push for digital voting, despite the need for training and capacity building of officials.
Ensuring Equal Participation: To ensure equal participation of all voters in the digital electoral process, the government must educate and support voters and ensure equitable access to digital technology.
Catalyst Role: Civil society should act as a catalyst in promoting eco-conscious electoral practices.
Mediaâs Crucial Role: The media can emphasize the environmental impact of conventional election methods and shed light on innovative eco-friendly alternatives.
Setting an Example: Embracing eco-conscious electoral practices can help India set an example for other democracies around the world.
1. âThere arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.â Evaluate the statement. (2021)
2. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the worldâs economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2015)
Prelims PYQs
âGlobal Financial Stability Reportâ is released by which organization? (2016)
a)Â Â Â Â Â Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
b)Â Â Â Â Â World Economic Forum
c)Â Â Â Â Â Â World Bank
d)Â Â Â Â Â World Trade Organization (WTO)
Note4Students:
Relevance: GS II(International Relation)
Prelims: United Nations and Security Council;
Mains: Global Order and Challenges; Major International Organizations; United Nations;
Mentor Comments:UPSC has been known to ask questions about âhow things are at present vs. how things should be ideallyâ across subjects like IR, Science and Technology, governance, or Economy. This op-ed is useful for analyzing the recent ongoing dynamics at the geopolitical level which is affecting the power play among the significant multilateral organizations.
So, Let’s Learn.
Why in the News?
Recently, at the 55th regular session of the Human Rights Council, Antonio Guterres (UN Secretary-General), has expressed growing pessimism about the organization’s future due to the “lack of unity” among members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Context:
During the 2020s, the United Nations-led system, although traditionally the default option, is presently facing significant challenges.
There is an urgent need for reform within the UN due to existing divisions, as superficial changes may not be sufficient to address the underlying issues to revitalize its effectiveness.
 Is this the end of the road for the current global order?
1) The Evolution and the shift in Global world order w.r.t United Nations System:
The UN’s foundation dates back to January 1942 when 26 Allied nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations, endorsing the Atlantic Charter of 1941 that outlined the war aims of the US and UK.
Evolution of the UN and Power Dynamics:
The UN was created to uphold sovereignty and equalityamong nations through collective security principles but faced challenges within the Security Council due to the dominance of its five Permanent Members.
Post-1942 negotiations led to a structure where major Allied powers were granted permanent veto power, resembling early 19th-century European power dynamics.
The Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944 established key financial institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (later WTO) to create an international economic order focused on post-war reconstruction and global trade liberalization.
Shifts in Power and Economic Order:
The creation of the IMF marked a shift in power dynamics as imperial Britain’s debt burden led to the US emerging as a dominant force in global finance.
Britain had to relinquish its imperial trade preferences, symbolizing a transition from sterling to dollar dominance in international financial systems
2) Controlling Power Structures:
Influence of old power structures: The governance of the World Bank and IMF reflects old power structures, with an American heading the World Bank and Europe nominating the IMF head.
Voting rights: Voting rights in the IMF remain stagnant, favoring major economies like the US, UK, and G-7 nations, giving them significant influence.
For Example, currently the percentage voting rights for, say, the original BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are 2.22, 2.59, 2.63, 6.08, and 0.63. The U.S. alone commands 16.5; add to it the votes of the U.K.
Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Special Drawing Rights allocation and major reforms require an 85% majority vote, effectively granting the US a powerful veto within the IMF.
The IMF maintains global stability by promoting financial stability, offering advice, and providing funds to countries in financial difficulty, as long as they accept conditions set by the leadership of the Fund.
What are the significant challenges in maintaining UN’s role in global governance and international peace and security?
Global Events and Geopolitical Constraints: The geopolitical constraints on the UN are intensifying, with deep rifts among major powers affecting the organization’s effectiveness in addressing global crises.
The 2020s have exposed vulnerabilities within the global system, with events like COVID-19 border closures disrupting cooperation and shared prosperity ideals. Secondly, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted the disregard for rules by powerful nations, undermining the system’s integrity.
New Fault Lines and Declining Political Influence: The UN’s political influence is decreasing due to political divisions and resource gaps, requiring new strategies to mobilize its strengths for peace.
For Example, presently, the conflict in Gaza revealed divisions between developed and developing nations, questioning support for the UN and exposing underlying tensions over human rights and historical injustices. Further, the crisis in West Asia is pushing the UN to the sidelines as key players challenge its authority, testing their commitment to fundamental UN principles.
Major-Power Divisions: Divisions among major powers are shrinking the space for multilateral cooperation, impacting the UN’s ability to manage international peace and security.
For Example, the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) aimed to challenge the World Bank but faces resistance, highlighting ongoing power struggles in global governance.
Security Council Paralysis: The Security Council has been slow and indecisive in reacting to crises, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine posing a serious challenge to international security and highlighting the need for more effective collective solutions.
Moreover, developing countries struggled to overcome Security Council vetoes and Bretton Woods Institutions’ voting structures.
Silver Lining:
Existing organizations outside the UN, like ASEAN, EU, G-7, G-20, and NATO, serve specific interests rather than universal values, lacking the binding legal framework of the UN. These organizations operate as clubs or regional security alliances, and can be more effective considering global governance structure.
 Way Forward:
Need for an Inclusive Global Cooperation: There is a growing need for more effective and inclusive global cooperation, emphasizing the importance of reforming international financial institutions and strengthening the role of the General Assembly within the UN system.
Need for Pragmatic Approach: In light of these challenges, there is a consensus on the necessity for flexibility, and adaptability within the UN to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics and effectively address global issues while restoring trust and reigniting global solidarity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Criminality of Politicians, Vote Bank Dynamics
In the news
The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.
Context:
Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.
Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?
Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.
Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:
Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.
Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics
[A] Legislative Interventions
Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.
[B] Establishment of Special Courts
Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.
[C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)
Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.
[D] Election Commission Initiatives
Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.
Major Judicial Interventions
Background
Key Outcome
Significance
Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002)
Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records.
Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details.
Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005)
Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates.
Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more.
Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013)
Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more.
Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013)
Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA.
Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs).
Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.
Way Forward
Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.
Try this question from CS Mains 2017:
Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Science Day
Mains level: RD ecosystem in India
In the news
National Science Day is commemorated on Feb 28 every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir CV Raman.
AboutNational Science Day 2024
Theme: “Science for Sustainable Development” underscores India’s commitment to leveraging science and technology for long-term socio-economic progress.
Key Driver: Science and technology play pivotal roles in India’s journey toward achieving developed nation status by 2047, aligning with global sustainability goals.
The Current Scenario: R&D Spending in India
Low Expenditure: India’s expenditure on research and development (R&D) stands at a mere 0.64% of GDP, a concerning figure for a nation aspiring for technological advancement.
Stagnant Growth: Despite calls to double R&D spending, India’s allocation for fundamental research has seen a decline in recent years, highlighting the need for enhanced investment in scientific endeavours.
Comparative Analysis with Developed Nations
Global Benchmarks: Developed nations typically allocate 2-4% of their GDPs to R&D, showcasing a stark contrast to India’s minimal spending. Moreover, even Nations like South Korea have shown significant growth in R&D expenditures, averaging 10.9% annually over 2000â10 and 7.8% for 2010â19.
Private Sector Contribution: In economically advanced countries, the private sector contributes significantly to R&D investment, unlike India, where public funding dominates. In leading economies, the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), while in India, its share is only 37%. This disparity highlights the need for increased private sector investment in R&D in India.
What is the significance of Sustainable Funding for India’s ‘Science Power’ Ambition?
Low Corporate Sector Investment: The primary reason for India’s low R&D expenditure is the inadequate investment by the corporate sector. While leading economies see two-thirds of R&D funding coming from corporations, in India, this share is only 37%. Increasing corporate investment in R&D is essential to boost innovation and technological progress.
Underestimation of GERD Data: There is evidence suggesting that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data may be underestimated. The current method of data collection relies on surveys and secondary sources like annual reports and databases like Prowess. However, this method may not capture all R&D-performing enterprises, leading to incomplete statistics
Foreign Investment Discrepancy: Foreignmultinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in R&D spending in India. However, the latest statistics indicate that foreign MNCs’ R&D spending in India is only about 10% of what U.S. firms report spending in the country. Encouraging higher foreign investment in R&D can contribute to India’s scientific growth.
Challenges in Data Collection: Collecting accurate data from the private corporate sector poses a challenge due to factors like firms’ reluctance to disclose information and the limitations of existing databases like DSIR and Prowess. Enhancing data collection methods is crucial to obtaining a comprehensive picture of R&D activities in the country.
Challenges Faced by India in Achieving ‘Science Power’ Ambition:
Limited Research Workforce: India faces a shortage of high-quality universities and appropriate job opportunities for graduates, which impedes the expansion of its research workforce. To enhance scientific capabilities, there is a critical need to establish more top-tier educational institutions and create avenues for skilled professionals in the field.
Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic red tape in India poses a significant challenge to research and innovation. Delays in fund disbursement, lengthy recruitment processes, and administrative inefficiencies hamper the pace of scientific advancements. Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing efficiency are essential to foster a conducive environment for research.
Lack of International Collaboration: India has relatively low levels of international collaboration compared to other developing nations, limiting its exposure to global scientific advancements and partnerships. Strengthening ties with international counterparts can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
Inadequate Funding: India’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP is significantly lower than other emerging nations like China and Brazil, as well as established economies like the United States and Europe. Insufficient funding limits the capacity for research and innovation, hindering India’s progress in the scientific domain.
Infrastructure and Technological Challenges: The development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor manufacturing requires robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. India’s limited investment in science and technology, coupled with bureaucratic hurdles and outdated procurement systems, hinders the adoption of global best practices and impedes research progress.
Way forward
Sustainable funding: India is committed in making progress towards becoming a developed country by 2047 through sustainable means, including R&D funding.
Streamline bureaucracy: India needs to streamline its bureaucratic processes to enhance efficiency and reduce delays in funding and project approvals.
Increase R&D spending: India aims to increase its Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% of GDP, which is a national goal for some time.
Improve infrastructure and technology: India needs to improve its infrastructure and technological capabilities to drive innovation and research progress.
Increase in International collaboration: India aims to increase its international collaboration to facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
Conclusion
As India commemorates National Science Day under the theme of sustainable development, addressing the imperative of sustainable funding for science emerges as a critical priority.
By fostering a conducive ecosystem for R&D investment and optimizing budget utilization, India can pave the way for transformative scientific advancements and sustainable socio-economic progress.
Back2Basics: CV Raman and Ramanâs Effect
Details
Birth
Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency on 7 November 1888.
Appointment in IISc
Appointed as Director of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933, served until retirement in 1948.
Initial Research
Published first research paper, “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture”, in 1906 while still a graduate student.
Raman Effect
Discovered phenomenon where light changes wavelength and frequency upon traversing transparent material, known as Raman Effect.
Acoustics
Worked on theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments, studied acoustics of various musical instruments including Indian ones.
Colour of Sea Water
Conducted observations on sea water using spectroscope,
Concluded blue color not due to Rayleigh scattering, studied water color attribution.
Spectroscopic Behaviour
Investigated behavior of crystals spectroscopically, studied composition and characteristics of diamonds and colorful materials.
Angular Momentum
Discovered light photons have angular momentum, shifted to atoms that absorb them.
Scientific Institutions
Established Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru in 1949, became its first director.
Awards and Recognition
Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman Effect, first Indian and Asian to win Nobel in sciences.
Elected member of Royal Society of London in 1924.
Honored with Indiaâs highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1954.
Received Lenin Peace Prize, Franklin Medal, and Hughes Medal in 1930.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), Melanism in Tigers
Mains level: NA
In the news
The Odisha government’s estimation of the tiger population in its forests has been reported to be 30 Royal Bengal Tigers, while the All India Tiger Estimation-2022 report has found only 20 tigers present.
About All Odisha Tiger Estimation:
The State tiger census was conducted by the State Forest Department.
According to the census, the State has 30 Tigers out of which Similipal Tiger Reserve recorded 27 tigers in the wild.
The remaining three belong to Hirakud wildlife division (Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary), Paralakhemundi territorial division and Keonjhar territorial and wildlife division.
Methodology: The census was conducted using camera-trapping exercises.
About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
Concerned over the sizeable number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in its Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), largely due to inbreeding, the Odisha government has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to consider introducing female tigers from other landscapes to the reserve.
Details
Location and Size
Located in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj District, spanning 2750 sq km.
Surrounded by high plateaus and hills;
Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks reach 1515 m.
History
Initially a hunting ground, designated as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in 1973,
Later declared a wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
Flora and Fauna
Rich biodiversity includes tigers, leopards, elephants, gaur, diverse bird species, King cobras, orchids, and medicinal plants.
Tribes
Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, with traditional conservation practices.
UNESCO Recognition
UNESCO listed it as a Biosphere Reserve in May 2009 due to its ecological significance.
Recent Events
A significant fire in 2021 posed a threat to the reserve’s biodiversity, highlighting ongoing conservation challenges.
Global Recognition
Recognized as a Global Network of Biospheres site since 2009.
Melanism in Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
Genetic Anomaly: Melanism, a genetic condition, results in increased melanin production, leading to black or nearly black skin, feathers, or hair in animals.
Pseudo-Melanism: The royal Bengal tigers of Similipal boast a unique lineage with elevated melanin levels, resulting in black and yellow interspersed stripes on their coats, making them pseudo-melanistic rather than entirely black.
Genetic Mutation: Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
Inbreeding and Isolation: Genetic analyses suggest that Similipal’s black tigers may have originated from a small founding population, leading to inbreeding due to isolation from other tiger populations.
What are the Population Dynamics and Conservation Efforts made by Odisha Govt?
High Frequency: Approximately 37% of tigers in Similipal Tiger Reserve exhibit pseudo-melanistic traits, highlighting the prevalence of this unique phenotype.
Conservation Measures: Odisha plans to establish a melanistic tiger safari near Similipal, aiming to raise awareness about tiger conservation and provide visitors with an opportunity to observe these rare big cats up close.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under âCritical Tiger Habitatâ?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaganyaan Mission
Mains level: Significance of manned space mission for India
In the news
Prime Minister announced the astronaut designates for India’s inaugural crewed spaceflight, Gaganyaan, slated for a 2025 launch.
About Gaganyaan Mission
The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s initiative to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 members into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
It aims to demonstrate India’s indigenous capability in undertaking human space flights, with an immediate goal of executing a manned mission.
GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will be used as a launch vehicle in Gaganyaan mission.
Technological Requirements
Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 serves as the launch vehicle, equipped with Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module to ensure crew safety.
Orbital Module (OM):
Crew Module (CM): Provides a habitable space for crew members, featuring a double-walled rigid construction and essential life support systems.
Service Module (SM): Supports the Crew Module in orbit, housing propulsion, thermal, and power systems.
Crew Escape System (CES): Facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission, ensuring their safety.
Life Support System: Ensures a conducive environment for crew members in space, addressing physiological needs and emergency provisions.
Phases of Gaganyaan Mission
Testing Phase: Included Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT), crucial for validating safety mechanisms and system performance.
Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission, involving advanced tests and flight trials. Vyommitra AI humanoid underwent tests for this mission.
Manned Mission: Culminates in executing the human spaceflight module of Gaganyaan, following successful unmanned missions.
Significance of the Mission
Technological Advancement: Propels India towards future technological capabilities, fostering affordable space programs and scientific exploration.
Youth Inspiration: Inspires youth towards careers in science and technology, igniting innovation and creativity in space science.
Diplomatic Collaboration: Opens avenues for international cooperation in space exploration, enhancing diplomatic ties and knowledge exchange.
Scientific Breakthrough: Enables groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, material science, and biology through microgravity experiments.
Economic Growth: Stimulates economic development, technology spin-offs, and job creation, contributing to India’s overall progress.
Challenges Associated
Indigenous Technology: Reliance on indigenous technology necessitates complex research and development efforts, ensuring program safety.
Space Transportation Vehicle: Development of customized launch vehicles poses challenges due to payload constraints and weight limitations.
Training and Simulation: Lack of critical space training facilities necessitates dependence on other space agencies, augmenting challenges.
Regenerative Environment: Creation of self-sustaining life support systems in space remains a daunting task, requiring innovative solutions.
Crew Safety: Mitigating risks associated with crew safety, including psychological and physiological effects of space travel, is imperative.
Conclusion
The Gaganyaan Mission epitomizes India’s leap towards space exploration, encapsulating aspirations of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and international collaboration.
Amidst challenges and complexities, India stands poised to script a new chapter in its space odyssey, inspiring generations and propelling towards the frontiers of the cosmos.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genome India Project
Mains level: NA
In the news
The completion of the ‘10,000 genome’ mapping under the Genome India Project marks a significant milestone in India’s quest to establish a comprehensive reference database of whole-genome sequences, representing the diverse genetic makeup of its population.
About the Genome India Project
Details
Initiative
Launched in 2020 by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and ISRO
Aim
To sequence 10,000 Indian genomes for a reference genome.
Objective
Understand Indian genetic variations for predictive diagnostics.
Scope
Involves 20+ institutions to collect samples and create a reference grid.
Significance
Addresses India’s genetic diversity for personalized healthcare.
Applications
Advances biotech, agriculture, and healthcare for diseases like diabetes and cancer.
What is Genome Sequencing?
Genome sequencing involves deciphering the complete set of genetic instructions contained within an organism’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
It entails determining the sequence of the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
The human genome comprises over 3 billion of these genetic letters, but current DNA sequencing methods can only handle short stretches at a time.
While human genomes consist of DNA, viruses can have genomes composed of either DNA or RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
Notably, viruses like the coronavirus possess RNA genomes.
Each organism possesses a unique genome sequence, making genome sequencing a vital technique for understanding genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.
Outcomes of the Genome India Project
Population Complexity: India’s vast population, comprising over 4,600 distinct groups, exhibits significant genetic diversity, owing to factors such as endogamy.
Unique Variations: Various disease-causing mutations are amplified within specific population groups, highlighting the importance of understanding India’s genetic landscape.
Future Implications
Insight into Population Diversity: The project aims to provide deeper insights into India’s genetic diversity, facilitating improved diagnostic methods and medical counselling.
Personalized Medicine: Identifying genetic predispositions to diseases and developing personalized drugs are envisioned outcomes, enhancing healthcare interventions.
Biobank Establishment: A biobank housing 20,000 blood samples, located at the Centre for Brain Research, IISc, supports genome sequencing efforts.
Data Archiving: Data archiving at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), set up by the DBT at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, underscores the project’s commitment to transparency and collaboration.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obelisks, Viroids
Mains level: NA
In the news
Recently identified by scientists at Stanford University, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
What are Obelisks?
Novel Discoveries: Recently identified, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
Genetic Diversity: Comprising diverse RNA molecules, obelisks have pervaded both human and global microbiomes, yet remained unnoticed until now.
Distinctive Characteristics:
Structural Symmetry: Named after the rod-like, highly symmetrical structures formed by their twisted RNA strands.
Genetic Makeup: Obelisks boast compact genetic sequences of approximately 1,000 nucleotides, devoid of known similarities to other biological agents.
Size Disparity: Significantly larger than conventional genetic molecules like plasmids, which are primarily composed of DNA.
Taxonomic Position: Positioned between viruses and viroids, obelisks constitute a unique class of organisms with intriguing properties.
Host Interaction: While the hosts of certain obelisks remain unidentified, bacterial associations are speculated, hinting at a broader ecological significance.
Spatial Distribution: Various types of obelisks inhabit diverse regions within the human body, highlighting their pervasive presence and potential physiological roles.
Understanding Viroids: Nature’s Tiny RNA Loops
Genetic Cousins: Viroids are compact loops of RNA, closely related to DNA, primarily infecting plant organisms.
Discovery: In 1971, Theodor Diener identified viroids during research on potato spindle tuber disease, revealing naked RNA entities devoid of protein coats or lipid layers.
Unique Features:
Lack of Encapsulation: Unlike larger RNA viruses, viroids lack protective shells, relying solely on their RNA structure for stability.
Genetic Composition: Viroid RNA does not encode protein-building instructions, contrasting with viruses that carry genetic blueprints for their replication machinery.
Host Interactions: Viroids exploit host enzymes for replication, highlighting their parasitic nature within plant cells.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Permament Commission vs Short Service Commission, Indian Coast Guard
Mains level: Women in Armed Forces
In the news:
The Supreme Court emphasized the need for the Indian Coast Guard to grant Permanent Commission to women officers. Further, CJI too directed the Indian Coast Guard to consider it, indicating the court’s willingness to intervene if necessary.
Context:
Attorney-General highlighted operational difficulties in implementing permanent commissions for Short Service Commission Officers.
AG suggested to limit permanent commission for women to 10%, stressing that women should not be considered inferior.
About the Indian Coast Guard
 The Indian Coast Guard was established on August 1, 1978, as an armed force of the Union.
Its mission is to protect India’s maritime and national interests within its maritime zones. It enforces laws related to customs, immigration, poaching, and pollution at sea.
 It conducts round-the-year real-life operations at sea, despite being relatively small in size.
The Indian Navy operates globally, while the ICG is restricted to territorial waters extending out to 30 nautical miles from the coast.
The Indian Navy protects Indian ships and ports from external threats, while the ICG enforces maritime laws, ensures safety, and preserves the marine environment within territorial waters.
Significance of the Permanent Commission for Women:
Gender Equality: Permanent Commission for Women in the Armed Forces removes gender discrimination.
Secure Employment: It provides increased job security and extended tenure for women officers. It can also grant equal entitlements as men, including pension benefits after 20 years of service.
Fostering Opportunities: Ensures economic opportunities, and improves social conditions, and dignity for women.
Behavioral change in the Society: It can encourage more women to join the Armed Forces, expanding the talent pool and addressing officer shortages.
What are the challenges faced by Women Officers in the Indian Armed Forces?
Gender Bias and Discrimination: Women face biases from male officers who question their commitment due to marriage or family responsibilities. Biases exist among both genders, affecting the perception of women officers’ capabilities.
Limited Career Opportunities: Women officers have historically faced restrictions in combat roles, limiting their career advancement. Challenges in obtaining commanding positions due to gender norms and lack of representation in leadership roles.
Work Environment Issues: Lack of gender-sensitive facilities like separate toilets for women officers at certain postings. Unequal treatment and expectations, such as proving themselves more than male counterparts for recognition is a major challenge.
Societal and Cultural Barriers: Traditional societal norms hinder the acceptance of women in combat roles and leadership positions. The need for a shift in societal attitudes towards viewing women as equals in the armed forces.
Recruitment and Retention Challenges: Recruitment and retention rates in the armed forces are affected by the lack of a strong mixed-gender force. The Indian Army’s decision not to allow women in commanding roles impacts recruitment and retention efforts.
What can be the Balanced Approach for Women in the Armed Forces (Way Forward)?
Acceptance of Gender-specific Rights: Acknowledge and incorporate gender-specific rights like maternity and child care leave into the policies of the armed forces.
Equality in Physical Fitness Standards: Physical fitness standards should be role-based, not gender-based, to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all officers.
Need to go with Merit-based Promotion: Women officers should compete on merit without any preferential treatment or discrimination, following a merit-driven approach for promotions.
Developing of Pragmatic Policies: The armed forces need to adopt a pragmatic policy for the gradual inclusion of women in all ranks and disciplines, shedding patriarchal attitudes and creating necessary infrastructure.
Need for the Codification of Rules and Regulations: Codify terms of service for women officers considering organizational interests, establish military laws to address gender crimes, and ensure that only volunteer women meeting psychological and physical fitness standards join combat roles.
Try this PYQ from CS Mains 2021:
Q. âThough women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.â Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items
Mains level: NA
In the news
The EU has sanctioned Si2 Microsystems, an Indian tech company for its connections with Russia.
It has faced previous sanctions, including being banned by the US from transferring “dual-use” technology.
What are Dual-Use Items?
Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1)Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
India is not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
Indiaâs in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following countries
China
France
India
Israel
Pakistan
Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Mains level: Controversies associated with the Jurisdiction of CBI, ED
In the News:
The Supreme Court witnessed a clash between the Tamil Nadu government and the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) concerning the jurisdiction of the ED to probe “illegal” sand mining activities in the state.
TN contested the ED’s authority to investigate sand mining under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), asserting that sand mining offenses were not scheduled under the PMLA.
Why did the ED step in?
Whenever any offence is registered by a local police station, which has generated proceeds of crime over and above âš1 crore, the investigating police officer forwards the details to the ED.
Alternately, if the offence comes under the knowledge of the Central agency, they can then call for the First Information Report (FIR) or the chargesheet if it has been filed directly by police officials.
This will be done to find out if any laundering has taken place.
About Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Details
Establishment
May 1, 1956
Initially set up as an âEnforcement Unitâ
Nodal Agency
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Jurisdiction
Nationwide
Functional Focus
Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities
Investigative Powers
Attachment, confiscation, and arrest
Conduct raids and searches
Summon and question individuals
Collaboration
Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks
Reporting Authority
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Corruption Investigations
Has a separate Economic Offenses Division
Notable Cases
Vijay Mallya extradition
PNB fraud case
Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam
International Cooperation
Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF)
Public Interface
Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses
Transparency and Accountability
Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies
Legal Authority of the ED
Description
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974
To sponsor cases of preventive detention related to contraventions of FEMA.
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
ED to investigate suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, adjudicate and impose penalties, and
Trace assets derived from proceeds of crime.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002
ED to investigate, trace assets derived from proceeds of crime, provisionally attach property, and
Ensure prosecution and confiscation by Special Court (PMLA Court under Section 4 of PMLA).
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), 2018
ED to enforce provisions related to attachment and confiscation of properties belonging to FEOs who have fled India to evade the legal process.
This newscard is an excerpt from an original article published in the TIE.
What are Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)?
The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were rolled out as part of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCCin 2014.
These are basically emission scenarios that depict pathways of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions resulting from human activities over time, crucial for climate modelling and forecasting.
These pathways were introduced to provide a consistent set of GHGs concentration trajectories for climate modelling and research purposes.
The RCPs were officially selected and defined based on their total radiative forcing levels in the year2100.
These pathways describe various climate change scenarios based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
RCP 2.6: Limits global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels while also attempting to keep ocean acidification under control. Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly compared to current levels.
RCP 4.5: Reflects an intermediate scenario where emissions peak around 2040 and then gradually decrease. Global mean temperature rise is projected to reach approximately 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
RCP 6: Stabilizes radiative forcing at 6 watts per square meter (W/m²) after 2100 following peaking around mid-century. It aims to achieve a lower level of global warming but does not exclude temporary overshoots beyond 2°C.
RCP 8.5: Presents a high-emission scenario characterized by increasing radiative forcing throughout the century. By 2100, it results in a global mean temperature increase of over 4°C above pre-industrial levels.
Back2Basics:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Description
Establishment
Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP
Membership
195 member countries.
Objective
Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options.
Main Activity
Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations.
Scientific Research
Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions.
Working Groups
Comprises three groups:
I (climate physics),
II (impacts/adaptation), and
III (mitigation)
Reports
Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2018:
“Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Qubits, Quantum Mechanics etc.
Mains level: NA
In the news
Quantum computing holds immense potential, yet many systems operate only at extremely low temperatures, making them costly and commercially unfeasible.
Researchers are exploring alternative technologies to drive down costs and enhance the commercial viability of quantum computers.
Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is a paradigm of computation that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to process information.
In quantum mechanics, particles exhibit wavelike properties, and their behavior is governed by the Schrodinger equation, which describes how these waves behave.
Key Concepts:
Wave-Particle Duality: Quantum objects, like electrons and photons, exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties simultaneously, known as wave-particle duality.
Superposition: Objects in quantum science can exist in superposition states, where their quantum state is a combination of multiple states until measured. This concept allows qubits to represent multiple states simultaneously.
Quantum States and Qubits: Qubits are the fundamental units of quantum information, representing a two-state quantum system that can be in a superposition of 0 and 1 until measured.
Quantum Gates: Quantum computers use quantum gates to manipulate qubits through reversible unitary transformations, enabling complex computations based on algorithms.
Entanglement: Quantum entanglement is a unique property where multiple qubits can be correlated in such a way that the state of one qubit is dependent on the state of another, allowing for powerful computational capabilities.
Understanding Qubits and their Fragility
Classical vs. Quantum: Similar to classical computers, which rely on bits with two states (0 and 1), quantum computers operate using qubitsâphysical systems with two quantum states.
Unique Feature: Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist not only in one of the two states but also in a superposed state, where they simultaneously hold both states. However, this superposition is fragile and prone to disruption from external interactions.
Challenges in Qubit Implementation
Requirement for Identical Qubits: A collection of qubits is necessary for a quantum device, each needing to be identicalâa challenge due to manufacturing imperfections.
Controllability and Robustness: Qubits must be controllable, allowing manipulation and interaction, while also being robust enough to maintain quantum features at room temperature over extended durations.
Exploring Qubit Systems
Diverse Options: Various physical systems serve as qubits, including superconducting junctions, trapped ions, and quantum dots. However, these systems typically require low temperatures or vacuum conditions for operation.
High Cost Barrier: The necessity for such conditions renders quantum computers based on these technologies expensive, prompting research into simpler, cost-effective alternatives.
Breakthrough in Room-Temperature Qubits
Metal-Organic Framework (MOF): In a recent collaborative study reported in Science Advances, researchers in Japan achieved qubits at room temperature within a metal-organic framework.
Composition: The MOF consists of repeated molecular arrangements, with zirconium as the metal component and an organic molecule containing the chromophore pentacene bridging the metal atoms.
Singlet Fission Mechanism: Singlet fission, facilitated by interaction between chromophores within the porous MOF networks, generates two triplet excited chromophores from a singlet excited state.
Enhanced Stability: The rotation of chromophores within the MOF networks modulates interactions, ensuring long-lived coherence of triplet states even at room temperature.
Just as the sporting world anticipates the Olympics every four years, the cryptocurrency community eagerly awaits its own quadrennial event: the Bitcoin halving.
Scheduled for April, this event marks a crucial milestone in the world of Bitcoin mining and trading.
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital currency created in 2009 by an unknown person or group using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.
It operates on a decentralized distributed ledger called blockchain, which records all transactions.
The blockchain acts as a public ledger where each new set of verified transactions (a “block”) is added to the existing chain, creating an unalterable history of all Bitcoin transactions.
The process of verifying these blocks, referred to as mining, requires solving complex mathematical problems, which not only secures the network but also rewards miners with newly minted Bitcoins.
What is Bitcoin Halving?
Reward Reduction: Bitcoin halving entails a 50% reduction in the reward paid to Bitcoin miners for successfully processing cryptocurrency transactions. This reduction aims to maintain the scarcity of Bitcoin and regulate its supply.
Mining Process: Bitcoin miners utilize advanced computer equipment to solve complex mathematical puzzles through a process called ‘Proof of Work,’ crucial for expanding Bitcoin’s blockchain.
Blockchain Integrity: The halving mechanism ensures the integrity and security of the Bitcoin blockchain by adjusting the rate at which new coins are created, maintaining a controlled inflation rate.
Analogical Explanation
Grocery Store Contest: Analogous to a group of cashiers competing to tally up items in a grocery store, Bitcoin miners race to solve cryptographic puzzles to claim rewards.
Equipment Advantage: Cashiers with superior equipment have a higher chance of winning the contest, akin to Bitcoin miners with cutting-edge technology.
Economic Incentives: The analogy highlights the economic incentives driving both miners and cashiers to optimize their resources for maximum efficiency and profitability.
Implications for Crypto Investors
Scarcity and Value: Bitcoin halving reduces the rate at which new coins are released, enhancing Bitcoin’s scarcity and potentially driving up its value, similar to gold.
Historical Context: Bitcoin halving occurs approximately every four years, with past events influencing market dynamics and investor sentiment.
Market Speculation: Investors often speculate on the impact of halving events, with some anticipating price surges while others remain cautious due to the unpredictability of market reactions.
Impact on Mining and Market Dynamics
Corporate vs. Individual Miners: Corporate miners may prioritize maximizing rewards before the halving, while individual traders and investors may strategize based on market trends.
Geopolitical Factors: Shifts in mining operations across different countries, driven by factors like regulatory changes and electricity costs, influence Bitcoin’s ecosystem.
Technological Advancements: The evolution of mining hardware and techniques plays a significant role in determining mining efficiency and profitability, especially in the lead-up to halving events.
Market Volatility: Despite attempts to predict market movements, Bitcoin’s journey remains highly volatile, influenced by factors beyond halving events.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.
The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.
Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybodyâs permission.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Theyyam Dance, Its unique features
Mains level: NA
In the news
This newscard is an excerpt from an image published in todayâs edition of TH.
About Theyyam
Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic performance art form native to the northern region of Kerala.
It is believed to have evolved over centuries, combining elements of music, dance, and drama to honor various Hindu deities, especially Goddess Kali.
Key Features
Unique format: Theyyam performances take place at village shrines or in joint-family homes rather than on stages.
Lengthy duration: Performances can span from 12 to 24 hours, reflecting their importance within the community.
Ritual: The chief dancers live near the shrine during the entire event and do not eat after sunset.
Masks and costumes: Various types of masks and face paints are used, characterized by vibrant colors.
Musical accompaniment: Traditional Kerala instruments like chenda (drum), tuti (flute), kuzhal (wind instrument), and veekni (percussion instrument) support the dancers.
Dance steps: Specific dance steps called “Kalaasams” follow a structured sequence.
Religious influence: Certain aspects of Theyyam, such as abstaining from eating after sunset, indicate religious influences from Jainism and Buddhism.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2017:
Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements:
It is a song and dance performance.
Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN Convention to Combat Desertification
Mains level: Land management practices
Mains Pyq:Â Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (UPSC CSE 2016)
Prelims Pyq: With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct? (UPSC CSE 2019)
The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.Â
Context:
Land is central to all human activities. It provides ecological, economic, social, and cultural services. But this multi-dimensional character of land is often overlooked in land management practices, resulting in excessive stress, land degradation, and environmental draw down.
What do various reports highlight about land degradation and management?
Global Losses Due to Land Degradation: The annual losses of ecosystem services due to land degradation have been estimated at a staggering $6 trillion globally. This highlights the significant economic impact of neglecting land management.
UN Convention to Combat Desertification (COP14): The COP14 held in New Delhi in 2019 focused on discussing the problem of land degradation experienced by different countries. It emphasized the need to achieve land degradation neutrality, indicating the urgency of addressing this issue on a global scale.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report: The IPCC’s special report on ‘Climate Change and Land’ in 2019 underscored the importance of country-level stocktaking of land management practices. It recommended near- and long-term actions aimed at reducing competition for land while maximizing co-benefits and minimizing negative impacts on key ecosystem services.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Report: The FAO’s report titled ‘State of the Worldâs Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: The System at Breaking Point’ in 2021 emphasized the urgent need to prioritize land, soil, and water management. It highlighted the neglected area of public policy and human welfare, stressing the importance of caring for the long-term future of land resources.
What are the challenges in land management in India?
Limited Geographical Area, High Population Density: Despite having only 2.4% of the worldâs geographical area, India accommodates more than 17% of the world population. This high population density exacerbates land management issues, increasing pressure on available land resources.
Degraded Land: Approximately 30% of India’s total geographical area is degraded land. This degradation reduces agricultural productivity, diminishes ecosystem services, and contributes to environmental issues such as soil erosion and desertification.
Competition for Arable Land: With around 55% of India’s total geographical area classified as arable land, there is intense competition among farmers and various sectors for access to agricultural land. This competition is further fueled by the demand for land due to rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and industrial expansion.
Urbanization and Infrastructure Development: Rapid urbanization and infrastructure development are leading to the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas, resulting in the loss of fertile land and natural habitats. This trend contributes to land use conflicts, escalating land prices, and changing land rights.
Environmental Degradation and Loss of Ecological Functions: The encroachment on natural areas and degradation of land lead to the loss of ecological functions and biodiversity. This not only affects the livelihood opportunities of people dependent on environmental resources but also undermines the buffering capacity of natural ecosystems against disasters such as floods, droughts, and pollution.
Climate Change Impacts: Climate change exacerbates land management challenges by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, and contributing to temperature rise. These changes further stress land resources, exacerbating land degradation and impacting agricultural productivity.
What is the current status of land management in India?
Sectoral Approach and Administrative Complexity: Land management practices in India are predominantly sectoral, with different government departments implementing their own approaches. This fragmented governance structure leads to administrative complexity and coordination challenges among various stakeholders involved in land management.
State Government Jurisdiction: Land management falls under the purview of state governments in India. While this decentralization allows for localized decision-making, it can also lead to inconsistencies in policies and regulations across different regions.
Privately Owned Cultural Land: A significant portion of land in India, particularly cultural land, is privately owned. Land-use decisions are constitutionally vested with the owner, which further complicates the regulatory framework and implementation of land management practices.
Status of Adoption and Implementation Land management practices:
Knowledge Gaps: Limited understanding of sustainable land management practices and their implications.
Short-Term Planning Bias: Emphasis on short-term gains over long-term sustainability in land-use planning.
Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination among government agencies and stakeholders, leading to disjointed efforts in land management.
Lack of Action for Unforeseen Events: Inadequate preparedness and response mechanisms for unforeseen events such as natural disasters or climate change impacts.
Regulatory Barriers: Complex regulatory frameworks and bureaucratic hurdles that impede effective land management initiatives.
What suggestions does this article give for addressing land management challenges in India?
Establishment of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms: Setting up multi-stakeholder platforms at the district and sub-district levels to bring together farmers, land managers, policymakers, civil society organizations, business leaders, and investors. This collaborative approach aims to facilitate sectoral integration and collective decision-making in land management.
Activation of District Planning Committees:Utilizing Article 243ZD (1) of the Constitution, which provides for district planning committees, to consolidate plans from panchayats and municipalities. These committees can be activated to prepare comprehensive land management plans covering both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
Adoption of a Landscape Approach: Embracing a landscape approach to land management, which considers the interconnectedness of various land uses and ecosystems. This approach provides deep insights into the potential of land and facilitates the allocation and reallocation of land for appropriate uses. It also enables evaluation, negotiation, trade-offs, and decision-making processes.
Integration of Climate-Smart Strategies: Incorporating climate-smart strategies into land management practices to address climate objectives, enhance agricultural production, improve local livelihoods, and promote the conservation of biodiversity. This entails implementing measures that mitigate climate change impacts and enhance resilience in land use planning and management.
Case study of netherland for value additionÂ
Room for the River Program initiated by the Dutch government in 2006 to address flood risks.
Program adopts an integrated approach to water and land management, recognizing interconnectedness of river systems, floodplains, and landscapes.
Emphasizes nature-based solutions like creating floodplains, restoring wetlands, and constructing bypass channels.
Stakeholder engagement crucial for success, involving local communities, landowners, and stakeholders.
Aims for resilient landscapes, employing adaptive management for flexible responses to changing environmental conditions.
In conclusion, effective land management is paramount for sustainable development, global stability, and environmental resilience. By embracing integrated approaches, nature-based solutions, and community engagement, India can address its land management challenges and pave the way for a more sustainable future. It is imperative for policymakers to prioritize these strategies, fostering collaboration and adaptability to safeguard India’s landscapes for generations to come.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neuroscience
Mains level: Policies related to Science in India; âNo Garland Neuroscienceâ (NGN) model
Mains PYQs
âEffectiveness of the government system at various levels and peopleâs participation in the governance system are interdependent.â Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. (2016)
Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as business professions, engineering, or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)
Why in the News?
The persistence of outdated frameworks in the conduct of scientific meetings in India is affecting its scientific practice.
Context:
There is a need to revamp the traditional mode of scientific conferences in India to align with contemporary values of egalitarianism, diversity, inclusivity, accessibility, and sustainability.Â
By modernizing these conferences, India can enhance its position in the global science and technology research ecosystem.Â
The article emphasizes ââNo Garland Neuroscienceâ that science in India should reflect and promote these values in its practice and dissemination to support broader societal conversations.
How are the present scientific meetings held in India?
The Core groups of organizers are responsible for planning, inviting experts, disseminating info, and fundraising. It includes invited speakers and paid attendees sharing the latest research discoveries.
Scientific meetings, or conferences, are where researchers with similar or aligned areas of interest gather and serve as important avenues for the discussion and dissemination of science.
These meetings often include presentations or talks on contemporary research findings, along with expert interactions on topics of science and professional development.Â
Challenges associated with the Traditional âbouquet givingâ model:
Persistent outdated practices:
Persistent outdated practices perpetuate long-standing academic challenges and career-stage inequities.
For example, continued reliance on bureaucratic, hierarchical frameworks, prolonged opening speeches by science administrators, delayed commencement due to dignitary arrivals, and hierarchical seating arrangements.
Ignoring gender and diversity issues:
Inclusivity: Lack of gender and diversity awareness evidence lines up for the limited acknowledgment of wider diversity issues.
For example, all-male speakers or panelists and sessions such as âWomen in Scienceâ completely fail to account for larger diversity issues in science, such as historically marginalized groups and LGBTQIA+ scientists.
Scientific ecosystem:Â In light of demands for secular scientific practice, gender, and social inclusivity, it is essential to reassess the practices like – religiously symbolic conference materials (like lamp lightening) or devotional songs during inaugurations, and gifting rituals in the Indian context.
What is the âNo Garland Neuroscienceâ (NGN) model?
The annual meeting series of NGN, uses a simple, sustainable, and low-in-cost approach, while keeping the focus on the scientific content and discussions.
Initiated in 2009, the Young Investigatorsâ Meeting (YIM) series from India Bioscience has focused on scientific networking and mentorship among life scientists in India.Â
They have continued with âno-garlandâ featuresâ, for example, speaker lists in alphabetical order, round table seating, equal gender representation, open interactions among scientists who are in every stage of their careers.
Hence there is absence of religious symbolism, formal inaugural ceremonies, and salutations for speakers, and souvenir and bouquet distributions.
How âNo Garland Neuroscienceâ (NGN) model can be significant for Indian scientists?Â
Can counter the Traditional Framework: The contemporary implementation of NGN can counterbalance the long-standing issue of outdated frameworks in the conduct of the majority of scientific meetings in India.Â
The conduct of scientific meetings can make planning and budgetary room for improved practices such as hybrid and multi-hub conference formats.
Can Revamp the Ecosystem: Outdated practices fuel inequities and overlook diversity challenges. Hybrid conference formats, code of ethics, diversity inclusion, care caregiver support can propose towards new scientific ecosystem in India.
To enhance India’s position in the global science ecosystem a more equitable and progressive scientific community can be built using the capability of NGN model.
Conclusion: Revamping scientific conferences in India to align with modern values of inclusivity, diversity, and sustainability is crucial for fostering a more equitable and progressive scientific community. Embracing these changes can not only address current challenges but also position India as a leading player in the international science and technology research landscape.
