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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    How Sir Syed reconciled Faith with Reason?

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Why in the News?

    March 27 is the death anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a prominent 19th-century reformer and educationist who significantly advanced the social and educational development of Muslims.

    How Sir Syed reconciled Faith with Reason?

    About Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)

    • Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi, into a renowned Muslim family.
    • He received education in Persian and Arabic and was well-versed in Islamic studies from an early age.
    • Public Service and Recognition:
      • He joined the British government’s judicial service in 1876 and was exposed to Western education and ideas, significantly influencing his later reforms.
      • He served as a member of the Viceregal Council (1878-1883), the Lieutenant Governor’s Council of the North-Western Province (1887), and was involved in educational reforms as part of the Imperial Education Commission (1888) and the Royal Public Service Commission (1886).
      • He was knighted by the British in 1888 for his contributions to social and educational reforms.
    • Role During British Rule:
      • After the 1857 revolt, Sir Syed helped change the British perception of Muslims, utilizing British support to improve Muslim progress.
      • He focused on education and cultural reform within the British framework to improve Muslim society.

    Key Contributions:

    • Educational Reforms:
      • Sir Syed founded Madrasatul Uloom in 1875, which later became Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College in 1877, laying the foundation for Aligarh Muslim University (AMU).
      • He encouraged English education, believing it was essential for India’s progress. His visit to England in 1869-1870 further convinced him of its importance.
    • Promotion of Critical Thinking and Modernity:
      • Sir Syed advocated for the reconciliation of Islamic faith with modern scientific thought and believed Islamic principles could coexist with modernity and science.
      • He emphasized reason and critical thinking, opposing blind tradition.
    • Social and Religious Reforms:
      • He supported women’s education, opposed purdah and polygamy, and advocated for easier divorce laws.
      • He criticized the Piri and Muridi System and promoted self-discipline and independent thought.
    • Political Views:
      • While involved in governance, Sir Syed was cautious about direct political engagement to avoid hostility from the British.
    • Literary Contributions:
      • Sir Syed launched 3 bilingual periodicals — The Loyal Mohammedans of India (1860), The Aligarh Institute Gazette (1866), and Tehzibul Akhlakh (1870) — to promote modernity, rational thought, and cultural pluralism, combating sectarianism and bigotry.
    • Hindu-Muslim Unity:
      • He once famously described Hindus and Muslims as “two eyes of the beautiful bride, that if any of the eyes hurt, made the bride ugly.” He had declared in 1884 at Gurdaspur that the Hindus and Muslims should try to become one heart and soul and act in unison.
    • The Aligarh Movement:
      • It aimed to modernize the Muslim community by promoting modern education while preserving Islamic values.
      • It led to social reforms such as the abolition of purdah and polygamy, and the promotion of widow remarriage and women’s education.
    [UPSC 2000] Consider the following pairs:

    Institution – Founder

    1. Sanskrit College at Benaras – William Jones

    2. Calcutta Madarsa – Warren Hastings

    3. Fort William College – Arthur Wellesley

    4. Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh – Syed Ahmad Khan

    How many of the above are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

     

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  • Gold Monetisation Scheme

    Govt discontinues Gold Monetization Scheme

    Schemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Investment Models

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has decided to discontinue the Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) starting from March 26, 2025, considering evolving market conditions.

    The short-term deposits (1-3 years) will continue at the discretion of individual banks based on commercial viability, highlighting a shift towards flexible, shorter-term options.

    About Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) and its Features

    • The GMS was launched in November 2015 as an enhanced version of the Gold Deposit Scheme (GDS) and Gold Metal Loan (GML) Scheme.
    • The main goal was to mobilize idle gold from households and institutions into the formal economy, thereby reducing the country’s reliance on gold imports and improving the current account deficit (CAD).
    • Objectives: Aimed at mobilizing gold, reducing gold imports, and utilizing gold to generate interest as a financial asset, thereby strengthening the economy.
    • The GMS included three deposit options:
      • Short-Term Gold Deposit (STGD): 1-3 years
      • Medium-Term Gold Deposit (MTGD): 5-7 years
      • Long-Term Gold Deposit (LTGD): 12-15 years
    • Interest and Redemption:
      • Short-Term Deposits: Interest rates determined by individual banks; redemption could be in cash or gold.
      • Medium- and Long-Term Deposits: Fixed interest rates at 2.25% (medium-term) and 2.5% (long-term), with cash redemption only.
    • Eligibility Criteria:
      • Open to individuals, institutions, and government entities.
      • Gold tendering accepted only at designated Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTC) or through GMS Mobilisation Agents.
      • Deposits were accepted only if the value exceeded ₹1 lakh.

    Reasons for Discontinuation  

    • The Finance Ministry discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Deposits due to changes in the gold market.
    • Gold prices surged by 41.5% from ₹63,920 per 10 grams in January 2024 to ₹90,450 per 10 grams by March 2025.
    • This rise in gold value reduced the attractiveness of schemes like GMS for both depositors and the government.
    • With the closure of the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, the government aims to shift towards more market-oriented solutions for gold-related financial products.
    [UPSC 2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of the Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?

    1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.

    2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector

    3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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  • Government Budgets

    What is Finance Bill?

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    Initiating the debate on the Finance Bill in the Lok Sabha, Shashi Tharoor said south Indian States have been the engines of growth and revenue but don’t get their due share from the Central pool of revenue.

    About Financial Bills:

    • Article 117 of the Constitution governs financial bills. It stipulates special provisions for the introduction of financial bills, outlining their requirements and procedures.
    • According to Rule 219 of the Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha, a Finance Bill is typically introduced to give effect to the financial proposals for the next financial year or to address supplementary financial proposals.
    • A Finance Bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha after the annual budget has been presented.
    • The Bill does not include provisions as per Article 110 but still involves expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • It follows the same legislative process as an ordinary bill, where:
      • Rajya Sabha can reject or amend it.
      • In case of a deadlock, a joint sitting of both Houses may be convened.
    • The President can either assent to the Bill or return it for reconsideration.
    • All money bills are financial bills, but not all financial bills are money bills.
    • Only bills that exclusively deal with matters listed in Article 110 (such as taxes, borrowing, or the management of Consolidated Fund of India ) qualify as money bills.

    Types of Financial Bills:

    • Type-I: Financial Bills under Article 110
      • These bills contain provisions related to matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (f), which include taxation, borrowing, and the expenditure of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI).
      • These bills are a combination of both money bills and ordinary bills. They are treated like money bills but also include non-financial matters that do not strictly fit into Article 110.
    • Type-II: Financial Bills under Article 117(3)
      • These bills involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India but do not fall under the money bill category.
      • They follow the same legislative procedure as an ordinary bill and may be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha. In the case of disagreement between the two Houses, the President can call a joint sitting to resolve the deadlock.
    [UPSC 2022] With reference to Finance Bill and Money Bill in the Indian Parliament, consider the following statements:

    1. When the Lok Sabha transmits Finance Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it can amend or reject the Bill.

    2. When the Lok Sabha transmits Money Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it cannot amend or reject the Bill, it can only make recommendations.

    3. In the case of disagreement between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, there is no joint sitting for Money Bill, but a joint sitting becomes necessary for Finance Bill.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

     

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  • Indian Missile Program Updates

    DRDO tests Vertically Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM)

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

    Why in the News?

    The DRDO has successfully tested the Vertically- Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM) for the Indian Navy.

    About VLSRSAM

    • The VLSRSAM is a ship-borne surface-to-air missile designed to counter various aerial threats, particularly at short ranges.
    • The missile is intended for neutralizing airborne threats at close ranges, including aircraft, helicopters, drones, and other incoming missiles, which are critical for naval defence operations.
    • The VLSRSAM weighs around 170 kg and is powered by a solid propellant.
    • The missile can reach a maximum speed of Mach 4.5.
    • The missile can reach altitudes of 16 km and has a range sufficient to engage high-speed targets.
    • Guidance System:
      • Mid-course phase: The missile uses a fibre-optic gyroscope-based inertial guidance system, ensuring stable flight towards the target.
      • Terminal phase: It switches to active radar homing for precise target acquisition and guidance, ensuring that it can engage targets with high accuracy even at low altitudes.

    Strategic Significance

    • With advanced guidance systems, the VLSRSAM demonstrates agility and precision in targeting, ensuring it is highly effective even against fast-moving, low-flying aerial threats.
    • The missile has been tested for reliability and accuracy, successfully engaging targets at close range and low altitudes.
    • It is seen as a force multiplier for the Indian Navy, significantly enhancing its air defence capabilities, particularly in protecting high-value assets in the maritime domain.
    [UPSC 2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news ?

    (a) An Israeli radar system

    (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

    (c) An American anti-missile system

    (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

     

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  • Judicial Reforms

    [26th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: How is an in-house inquiry conducted?

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    PYQ Relevance:

    Question: Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? (UPSC 2024)

    Reason: This question discusses the role and power of the Supreme Court. Understanding the mechanisms the court has developed for internal accountability, like the in-house inquiry, provides a more complete picture of its functioning.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Understanding the in-house inquiry process is essential for GS Paper 2  as it highlights judicial accountability and self-regulation. The inquiry against Justice Yashwant Varma underscores concerns over transparency, delays, and the lack of external oversight in handling judicial misconduct. This article helps aspirants analyze judicial independence, the need for reforms, and ways to enhance public trust, making it valuable for Mains questions on judicial accountability.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    A three-member committee will investigate the allegations of cash found at the official residence of Delhi High Court Judge Yashwant Varma.

    What is the current issue involving Justice Yashwant Varma? What led to the in-house inquiry against him?

    • Fire Incident and Discovery of Cash: A fire broke out at Justice Yashwant Varma’s residence (Delhi High Court) on March 14. Fire-control personnel discovered huge piles of burnt cash in a storeroom. Example: Similar cases in the past, like Justice Soumitra Sen’s impeachment (2011), highlight concerns over judicial integrity.
    • Preliminary Inquiry and Response: The Chief Justice of Delhi High Court conducted a preliminary inquiry and recommended a deeper probe to the Chief Justice of India (CJI). Justice Varma denied any knowledge of the cash, stating that neither he nor his family had placed it in the storeroom. Example: In Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case (2011), allegations of corruption led to an investigation and resignation.
    • Formation of an In-House Inquiry Committee: The CJI constituted a three-member committee as per the Supreme Court’s in-house procedure. Justice Varma’s judicial work was withdrawn, and he was transferred to the Allahabad High Court. Example: In 2019, Justice S.N. Shukla (Allahabad HC) was found guilty of misconduct by an in-house committee, leading to his removal process.

    Why is there a need for reforms in the judicial inquiry process? 

    • Lack of Transparency in In-House Inquiries: The findings of judicial misconduct inquiries are not made public, reducing accountability and eroding public trust. The Supreme Court should disclose key findings to instill confidence in the process. Example: The Justice S.N. Shukla (2019) case remained confidential despite serious allegations of misconduct.
    • Absence of Criminal Liability for Judges: Judges found guilty of misconduct are only asked to resign or face impeachment, with no criminal proceedings initiated. Judges found guilty of corruption or abuse of power should face legal prosecution, like other public officials. Example: Justice Soumitra Sen (2011) was impeached for financial misconduct but did not face any criminal charges.
    • Collegium System’s Lack of Oversight: The current system of judges appointing judges lacks external accountability, making disciplinary actions inconsistent. A broad-based Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) should oversee both appointments and misconduct inquiries. Example: The NJAC (2015) was struck down by the Supreme Court, keeping the opaque collegium system intact.
    • No Independent Body for Judicial Discipline: India lacks an independent statutory authority to investigate judicial misconduct, leading to delays and conflicts of interest. Establishing a Judicial Conduct Investigations Office, similar to the UK’s model, would ensure impartial investigations.Example: The UK’s Judicial Conduct Investigations Office ensures independent scrutiny of complaints against judges.
    • Slow and Ineffective Inquiry Process: Judicial misconduct cases often drag on for years, allowing judges to retire without consequences. Setting strict timelines for inquiries and fast-tracking disciplinary actions would improve efficiency. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case (alleged land grabbing) took years, and he resigned before impeachment proceedings could conclude.

    What is the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (JCIO)?

    The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (JCIO) is an independent body in the United Kingdom responsible for handling complaints of judicial misconduct. It ensures that judges, magistrates, and tribunal members adhere to ethical standards.

    What is the In-House Inquiry Process? 

    • The In-House Inquiry Process is an internal disciplinary mechanism used by the judiciary to investigate allegations of misconduct against sitting judges.
    • The In-House Inquiry Process is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution. Instead, it was formulated by the Supreme Court of India in 1997 as an internal mechanism to investigate allegations of misconduct against sitting judges.

    How does the in-house inquiry process compare to international practices, such as the UK’s Judicial Conduct Investigations Office?

    • Independence of Inquiry Process: The in-house inquiry is conducted by sitting judges, which may lead to conflicts of interest. The JCIO is an independent statutory body, separate from the judiciary, ensuring impartiality. Example: In India, inquiries against judges often lack external oversight, whereas in the UK, the JCIO investigates complaints independently.
    • Transparency in Investigation and Findings: In-house inquiries are confidential, and findings are rarely made public. The JCIO publishes key details of misconduct cases, fostering transparency and public trust. Example: The dismissal of a UK judge for inappropriate behavior was publicly reported, whereas similar cases in India remain undisclosed.
    • Consequences for Judicial Misconduct: Indian Judges found guilty may be asked to resign or face impeachment, but rarely face criminal action. The JCIO can recommend removal from office, financial penalties, or disciplinary actions, and misconduct can lead to legal prosecution. Example: In India, Justice Soumitra Sen was impeached but faced no criminal charges, whereas in the UK, judges have been removed for misconduct.
    • Public Accessibility and Complaint Mechanism: In India, complaints against judges go through the Chief Justice and are not directly accessible to the public. UK Citizens can file complaints directly with the JCIO through an online portal, ensuring accessibility. Example: In the UK, public complaints against judges are reviewed transparently, while in India, the process is internal and often delayed.
    • Time-bound investigation and Action: In India, no fixed timeline for in-house inquiries, leading to delays in disciplinary actions. In the UK, JCIO follows a structured timeline for investigations and ensures timely resolution. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran’s case in India dragged on for years, whereas JCIO inquiries in the UK conclude within months.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish an Independent Judicial Oversight Body: Create a statutory authority to investigate judicial misconduct, ensuring impartiality and timely resolution. Example: A model similar to the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office would enhance accountability.
    • Enhance Transparency and Public Trust: Publish key findings of judicial inquiries and introduce structured timelines for investigations. Example: Releasing redacted reports on judicial misconduct can improve public confidence.

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    Growth in most Southern States is concentrated in a few districts

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    Economic growth in southern states lagged behind India’s overall growth in 2023-24. Despite a large working population, unemployment rates in these states remain a major concern, as seen in their Budget and Economic Surveys.

    Growth in most southern States is concentrated in a few districts

    What are the key reasons behind the economic growth of southern states lagging behind India’s overall growth in 2023-24?

    • Lower Growth Rates Compared to National Average – While India’s economy grew at 9.2%, southern states like Tamil Nadu (8.2%) and Telangana (7.4%) recorded slower growth, with Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh growing at over 6%.
    • Regional Income Disparities – Economic advantages are concentrated in select districts, limiting broad-based growth. For example, only 8 of 38 districts in Tamil Nadu and 3 of 33 in Telangana had higher per capita income than their state averages.
    • Unemployment and Labour Force Challenges – Despite a significant working population, labour force participation rates (LFPR) in Tamil Nadu (58.8%), Karnataka (56.8%), and Kerala (56.2%) were below the national average of 60.1%, affecting economic output.
    • Shift Towards Self-Employment – There is a decline in casual labour and an increase in self-employment, often in household enterprises, leading to a lack of stable wage employment. Example: In Telangana, self-employment rose by 8% to 55.9%, while casual labour fell by 5.7% to 18.7%.
    • Slower Industrial and Manufacturing Growth – Despite industrial pushes, manufacturing contributes less than 20% of southern states’ economies, limiting their overall economic expansion.

    Which southern state has the most equitable distribution of per capita income across its districts? 

    • More Even Income Spread: Kerala has 7 out of 14 districts with a per capita income above the state average, making it the most balanced among southern states. In contrast, Tamil Nadu (8 out of 38), Telangana (3 out of 33), and Karnataka (4 out of 31) show higher income concentration in a few districts.
    • Unlike Telangana, where Rangareddy district’s per capita income is more than three times the state average, Kerala’s income distribution is less skewed, ensuring better regional development and social welfare across the state.

    Why is this significant?

    • Reduced Regional Disparities: A more balanced income distribution ensures that economic benefits are spread across districts, preventing excessive wealth concentration in urban centers. Example: Unlike Telangana, where Rangareddy dominates income levels, Kerala’s development is more uniform, reducing economic inequalities.
    • Better Social and Human Development Indicators:  Equitable income distribution translates into better education, healthcare, and infrastructure across all districts, improving overall quality of life. Example: Kerala consistently ranks high in Human Development Index (HDI) due to its statewide access to education and healthcare.
    • Sustainable and Inclusive Growth: A well-distributed economy supports long-term stability by ensuring that no district lags significantly behind, leading to lower migration pressures and balanced urbanization. Example: Unlike Tamil Nadu, where Chengalpattu’s income is double the state average, Kerala’s economy avoids overburdening specific urban hubs, leading to sustainable development.

    Why is unemployment still a pressing concern in southern states?

    • Higher Labour Force Participation but Fewer Job Opportunities – While more people are seeking work, the availability of stable, well-paying jobs remains limited. Example: In 2023-24, Tamil Nadu (58.8%), Karnataka (56.8%), and Kerala (56.2%) had labour force participation rates lower than the national average (60.1%), indicating fewer employment opportunities relative to job seekers.
    • Shift from Casual Labour to Self-Employment Without Formal Jobs Growth – More people are moving away from casual labour towards self-employment, but the growth of regular salaried jobs remains stagnant. Example: In Telangana, the self-employed workforce increased by 8% (to 55.9%), while casual labour declined by 5.7%, reflecting a lack of structured employment.
    • Dominance of the Services Sector with Limited Manufacturing Growth – The services sector contributes over 50% of economic output, but it often lacks the capacity to absorb large numbers of workers, especially in lower-income groups. Example: In Tamil Nadu, despite an industrial push, manufacturing has not significantly increased its share in the state economy, limiting job creation in this sector.

    What role does the services sector play in the economies of southern states?

    • Primary Driver of Economic Growth – The services sector contributes over 50% of economic output in most southern states, making it the main engine of economic expansion. Example: In Karnataka and Telangana, the IT and software services industry significantly boosts state GDP, with Bengaluru and Hyderabad being major global tech hubs.
    • Uneven Job Creation Across Skill Levels – While the services sector creates high-value jobs in IT, finance, and healthcare, it does not generate enough employment for lower-skilled workers, contributing to persisting unemployment. Example: Kerala, despite its strong service-driven economy (tourism, healthcare, remittances), struggles with high unemployment rates due to a lack of blue-collar service jobs.

    Way forward: 

    • Diversify Economic Growth Beyond Services – Strengthen manufacturing and industrial sectors to create stable, large-scale employment opportunities, especially for lower-skilled workers. Example: Expanding MSMEs and industrial corridors in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka can boost job creation.
    • Enhance Skill Development and Labour Market Reforms – Improve vocational training and upskilling programs to align with industry demands, ensuring better job-market absorption. Example: Kerala can integrate its educated workforce into high-value sectors like healthcare and renewable energy.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India? (UPSC 2024)

    Reason: This question’s demand is directly linked with the regional inequality, which explains why economic growth is concentrated in certain parts of a state. Understanding this helps us see why some districts develop faster than others.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Afghanistan

    The ‘Great Abandonment’ of Afghanistan

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the News?

    The U.S. and Europe have stepped back from Afghanistan’s issues, and India should be concerned about losing influence among Afghans.

    What are the key reasons behind India’s shift in its engagement policy with the Taliban government in Afghanistan?

    • Geopolitical Realism and Regional Stability: India recognises that the Taliban regime is a reality and is engaging pragmatically to safeguard its interests.Example: India reopened its “technical mission” in Kabul (2022) to oversee humanitarian aid and maintain limited diplomatic channels.
    • Countering Pakistan and China’s Influence: Pakistan and China have deepened their engagement with the Taliban, influencing Afghanistan’s policies. Example: China signed agreements with the Taliban on infrastructure and rare earth mining, pushing India to maintain a strategic foothold.
    • Security Concerns and Terrorism Threats: Engagement allows India to monitor Taliban factions and ensure they do not support anti-India terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). Example: India’s quiet diplomacy with Taliban leaders like Sher Abbas Stanekzai helps in intelligence-sharing on terrorist threats.
    • Economic and Infrastructure Interests: India has invested over $3 billion in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and Zaranj-Delaram Highway. Example: Talks on reviving Chabahar port connectivity and resuming development projects indicate India’s strategic economic interests.
    • Humanitarian Assistance and People-to-People Ties: India’s aid and engagement help maintain goodwill among Afghan citizens, which could be useful in the long run. Example: India has sent 50,000 metric tonnes of wheat and medical supplies to Afghanistan despite diplomatic tensions.

    Why is India hesitant to provide visas to Afghan refugees?  

    • Security Concerns and Risk of Infiltration: India fears that some refugees could have ties to terrorist groups like the Haqqani Network, LeT, or JeM, posing a national security risk. Example: Indian intelligence agencies raised concerns that Taliban-linked elements could exploit the visa process for entry.
    • Political and Ideological Considerations: The government is cautious about allowing large-scale migration of Afghan refugees, aligning with its broader immigration policy.Example: India has prioritized granting visas to Hindus and Sikhs from Afghanistan while restricting others.
    • Lack of a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, and its refugee policies are ad hoc and politically driven. Example: Unlike Germany or Canada, India lacks a legal framework for recognizing and resettling Afghan refugees.
    • Diplomatic Calculations and Taliban Relations: India does not want to openly oppose the Taliban by granting asylum to its critics, as it seeks to maintain diplomatic engagement with the regime. Example: Unlike during the Northern Alliance era, India has not offered safe passage to anti-Taliban leaders.
    • Economic and Logistical Constraints: Providing visas and long-term support for a large refugee influx would require financial and administrative resources that India is reluctant to allocate. Example: During the 2021 Taliban takeover, thousands of Afghans, including students and former Indian allies, applied for emergency visas, but only a small fraction were granted entry.

    How can India balance its strategic interests in Afghanistan while ensuring support for Afghan civil society and opposition groups?

    • Dual Engagement Strategy: India should maintain diplomatic ties with the Taliban government for security and economic interests while also engaging with Afghan opposition groups and civil society. Example: India’s past engagement with the Northern Alliance in the 1990s, alongside its outreach to the Afghan Republic (2001-2021), showcases a balanced approach.
    • Humanitarian and Development Aid: Continuing humanitarian assistance such as food, medical supplies, and education programs can support Afghan civilians without directly endorsing the Taliban. Example: India has provided wheat, vaccines, and essential medicines to Afghanistan through international organizations like the UN.
    • Support for Afghan Refugees and Students: Granting visas and scholarships to Afghan students, women, and activists can help sustain Afghanistan’s civil society and ensure long-term goodwill. Example: India’s ICCR scholarship program for Afghan students helped many pursue higher education in India before 2021.
    • Leveraging Regional and International Partnerships: Engaging with like-minded countries (e.g., Iran, Russia, Central Asian nations) and multilateral forums (e.g., UN, SCO) to ensure a collective approach toward Afghan stability. Example: India’s participation in the Moscow Format Talks and its collaboration with Iran on the Chabahar port for trade connectivity.
    • Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Hosting Afghan cultural events, supporting Afghan media in exile, and fostering connections between Afghan intellectuals and Indian institutions can preserve historical ties. Example: India has previously hosted Afghan leaders and artists, maintaining its soft power influence despite regime changes.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Strategic and Humanitarian Engagement: India should expand its humanitarian assistance through trusted international organizations while exploring avenues for economic cooperation that align with its security interests.
    • Institutionalizing a Long-Term Afghanistan Policy: India should formulate a structured Afghanistan policy that balances security, economic, and humanitarian interests while ensuring protection for Afghan civil society.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition. (UPSC 2024)

    Reason: The demand of the question directly linked with the “why India’s relations with its neighbors are crucial for regional stability and its own security” for example the situation in Afghanistan after the “Great Abandonment” affects stability in the region, and India’s approach to its neighbors should be understood in this larger context.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Revival of Vikramshila University

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    A decade after the resurgence of Nalanda University, the Government of Bihar is now focusing on the revival of Vikramshila University.

    About Vikramshila University

    • Vikramshila University was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty in the 8th-9th century AD in Bhagalpur district, Bihar, near the Ganges River.
    • It was established to address the decline in academic standards at Nalanda University.
    • The university specialized in Tantric Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Subjects taught included philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and tantras.
    • Notable scholars like Atisa Dipankara and Naropa were associated with Vikramshila.
    • It housed over 1,000 students and employed more than 100 teachers.
      • The university had 208 monastic cells, where monks studied and meditated.
    • Administration was managed by a Kulpati, or Mahasthavir, overseeing both academics and operations.
    • Key Features:
      • The university’s iconic cruciform brick stupa stood at 15 meters.
      • It also had a library with a unique cooling system to preserve manuscripts.
      • The architecture included a square layout with gates at four cardinal directions and surrounding votive stupas.
    • Decline and Destruction:
      • It thrived for about 400 years before being destroyed by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1193 AD.
      • The decline was due to the rise of Hinduism, the fall of Buddhism, and foreign invasions.

    Cultural Significance of Vikramshila University

    • Vikramshila was a major centre for Tantric and Vajrayana Buddhism, focusing on esoteric practices and rituals.
    • The Cakrasamvara Tantra was developed here, with scholars like Buddhajnanapada contributing to its spread.
    • The teachings from Vikramshila spread Buddhism across the Himalayas, Central Asia, and the Far East.
    • Vikramshila represented the zenith of Buddhist scholarship in India and contributed significantly to Buddhist texts, some of which survived through Tibetan manuscripts.
    [UPSC 1998] Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

    I. Lothal: Ancient dockyard

    II. Sarnath: First Sermon of Buddha

    III. Rajgir: Lion capital of Asoka

    IV. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) I, II, III and IV (b) III and IV (c) I, II and IV (d) I and II

     

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  • Banking Sector Reforms

    RBI revises Priority Sector Lending (PSL) guidelines

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Mobilization Of Resources

    Why in the News?

    The RBI has issued revised guidelines for Priority Sector Lending (PSL), effective from April 1, 2025, to improve the targeting of bank credit to key sectors of the economy.

    About Priority Sector Lending (PSL)

    What is it?
    • PSL refers to the portion of bank lending that must be directed to specific sectors identified as priorities for national development.
    • The RBI mandates that banks must allocate a specified portion of their credit to these sectors to ensure inclusive growth.

    Origin of PSL:

    • PSL was introduced in India in the late 1960s.
    • The term “priority sector” was first used in 1967 by Morarji Desai, then Deputy Prime Minister, and it led to legislative measures for social control over banks.
    • In 1972, the RBI formally defined priority sectors, focusing initially on agriculture and small-scale industries.
    Which Banks are Covered Under PSL? 1. Domestic Scheduled Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, and Foreign Banks: 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent Amount of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBSE), whichever is higher.

    2. Small Finance Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): 75% of ANBC or CEOBSE, whichever is higher.

    3. Payment Banks: NOT subject to PSL targets.
    Priority Sector Categories • Agriculture • Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) • Export Credit • Education • Housing • Social Infrastructure • Renewable Energy

    • Others, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Persons with Disabilities.

    • Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) offering loans to individuals and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are also eligible for PSL classification.
    Consequences of Failing to Meet PSL Norms 1. Investment in Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): Banks falling short of PSL targets may be required to invest in the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), managed by NABARD, or other designated funds like those managed by SIDBI and NHB.

    2. Purchase of PSL Certificates: Banks can purchase Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs) to meet their PSL targets.
    Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs)
    • Tradable certificates issued against priority sector loans by banks.
    • Banks can purchase PSLCs to meet PSL targets if they fall short, while incentivizing surplus banks to lend more to these sectors.

    Revised PSL Guidelines for 2025:

    • Revised PSL guidelines for 2025 will enhance the targeting of bank credit to priority sectors.
    • Loan limits for housing have been increased, with differentiated limits based on population size: ₹50 lakh (population ≥ 50 lakh), ₹45 lakh (population 10-50 lakh), and ₹35 lakh (population < 10 lakh).
    • Renewable energy loans: Up to ₹35 crore for power generators and public utilities, and ₹10 lakh for individual households.
    • Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) have a revised PSL target of 60% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC).
    • Weaker Section borrowers expanded and the cap on loans to individual women beneficiaries has been removed.
    [UPSC 2012] The basic aim of Lead Bank Scheme is that the –

    (a) big banks should try to open offices in each district

    (b) there should be stiff competition among the various nationalized banks

    (c) individual banks should adopt particular districts for intensive development

    (d) all the banks should make intensive efforts to mobilize deposits

     

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  • Differentiated Banks – Payment Banks, Small Finance Banks, etc.

    NPCI Launches BHIM 3.0 with Enhanced Features

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    NPCI BHIM Services Ltd. (NBSL), a subsidiary of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), launched BHIM 3.0 with new features aimed at enhancing the user experience and providing new offerings for businesses and banks.

    About BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money):

    • BHIM is a mobile payment app developed by NPCI, based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), aimed at promoting cashless transactions and digital payments directly through banks.
    • Launched on December 30, 2016, BHIM facilitates instant money transfers between over 170 member banks using IMPS infrastructure.
    • Unlike mobile wallets, BHIM transfers money directly between bank accounts, ensuring quick transactions at any time, including holidays.
    • BHIM now supports Aadhaar-based authentication for easier digital payments.
    • BHIM is available in more than 20 Indian languages and is designed to work effectively in areas with low or unstable internet connectivity.
    • BHIM employs a robust three-factor authentication (3FA) process to ensure the security of transactions:
      1. Device ID and Mobile Number: The app binds with the user’s device ID and mobile number to verify the device.
      2. Bank Account Link: Users must sync their bank account (UPI-enabled or non-UPI-enabled) to the app for transactions.
      3. UPI PIN: A unique UPI PIN is required for completing transactions, which adds an extra layer of security.
    • NPCI does not charge any fee for transactions between ₹1 and ₹100,000.
      • Banks may charge fees for UPI or IMPS transfers, but there is no official information on BHIM-specific charges.

    Key Features of BHIM 3.0

    • Split Expenses: Users can now divide bills for shared expenses (e.g., rent, dining, group purchases) and settle payments instantly.
    • Family Mode: Users can onboard family members, track shared expenses, and assign specific payments for better financial management.
    • Spends Analytics: A new dashboard provides a detailed breakdown of monthly expenses, automatically categorizing them for easier budgeting.
    • Action Needed Alerts: BHIM 3.0 includes reminders for pending bills, activation of UPI Lite, and low Lite balance alerts to help users stay updated.
    • BHIM Vega: This feature allows merchants to accept in-app payments directly within the BHIM app, streamlining transactions without needing third-party apps.
    [UPSC 2018] With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements:

    1.BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.

    2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only  (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2  (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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