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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    Indian Origin Leaders, Immigrants and the Global Ecosystem Debate

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News? 

    An opinion piece reflects on the rise of Indian origin CEOs in Fortune 500 firms and questions whether their success is due to Indian upbringing, organisational loyalty, or the enabling ecosystem of immigrant driven economies like the United States.

    Indian Origin CEOs: The Numbers

    • 11 Indian origin CEOs in Fortune 500 companies in 2025.
    • Previously 13 in 2024 and 16 in 2023.
    • 28 Indian origin CEOs in Forbes 2000 list.
    • Examples include: Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella, Shantanu Narayen, and Arvind Krishna
    • However, this represents roughly 2 percent or less of total Fortune 500 leadership.

    Immigrant Founders and CEOs in the U.S.

    • Around 46 percent of Fortune 500 companies in 2025 were founded by immigrants or their children.
    • Of the 14 new companies entering Fortune 500 in 2025, 10 were immigrant founded.

    Diaspora Economic Impact

    Data from Migration Policy Institute shows:

    • 74 percent labour force participation among Indian immigrants in the U.S.
    • Higher representation in management, business, science and arts roles.
    • Median annual income of Indian immigrant households in 2023: $166,200
    • Compared to $78,700 for all immigrant households and $77,600 for native households.

    Remittances

    • India received $135 billion in remittances last year.
    • 27 percent came from Indians working in the U.S.
    [2019] In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis? 1. The foreign currency earnings of India’s IT sector 

    2. Increasing the government expenditure 

    3. Remittances from Indians abroad 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

    (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • MGNREGA Scheme

    PIL Challenging VB-G RAM G Act, 2025

    Prelims Only | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Poverty & Hunger,Schemes For Vulnerable Sections

    Why in the News?

    A Public Interest Litigation has been filed before the Madras High Court challenging key provisions of the Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission Gramin Act, 2025, which replaced the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.

    Background

    • The earlier law, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, provided a statutory right to 100 days of wage employment to rural households and was regarded as one of the world’s largest social protection programmes.
    • The new Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act has altered the funding pattern, administrative control and implementation structure.
    • The matter is likely to be heard by a Division Bench of the Madras High Court.

    Key Issues Raised in the PIL

    • Change in Cost Sharing Ratio

        • Earlier under MGNREGA: Centre and States shared costs in 90:10 ratio.
        • Under new Act: 90:10 only for Northeastern and Himalayan States
        • 60:40 for other States
        • Petitioner argues this increases fiscal burden on States and weakens federal balance.

    • Reduction in Panchayat Autonomy

        • MGNREGA made Gram Panchayats principal implementing authority.
        • Linked to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment which strengthened local self government.
        • Allegation that the new Act dilutes decentralisation guarantees.

    • Constitutional Challenge

        • The petition claims certain provisions violate:
        • Article 14: Equality before law
        • Article 16: Equality of opportunity
        • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
        • Argument: Right to livelihood is part of Article 21 jurisprudence.

    • Specific Sections Challenged

      • Sections 3(1), 4(5), 5(1), 6(2), 22, 30, 34 and 37 of the new Act are alleged to be unjust and anti federal.
      • Section 3(1): Requires States to frame schemes consistent with the Act within six months of commencement.
    [2011] Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households 

    (b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households 

    (c) Adult members of households of all backward communities 

    (d) Adult members of any household

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  • Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Sector – M-SIPS, National Policy on Electronics, etc.

    India’s Power Generation Capacity Update

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Why in the News?

    India has added 52,537 MW of electricity generation capacity in the current financial year up to January 31, 2026. This is the highest ever annual capacity addition, taking total installed capacity to 5,20,510.95 MW.

    Key Data

    1. Total capacity addition (FY 2025-26 till Jan 31): 52,537 MW
    2. Previous record: 34,054 MW in FY 2024-25
    3. Total installed capacity (Jan 31, 2026): 5,20,510.95 MW
    4. Growth over last FY: More than 11 percent increase

    Breakup of Installed Capacity

    1. Renewable Energy:
      • 2,63,189.33 MW
      • Around 50.5 percent of total capacity
      • Solar: 34,955 MW added this year
      • Wind: 4,613 MW added
    2. Fossil Fuel Based:
      • 2,48,541.62 MW
      • Around 48 percent of total
    3. Nuclear Energy:
      • 8,780 MW
      • Around 1.6 percent

    Important Concepts for Prelims

    • Installed Capacity: Maximum electricity that can be generated under ideal conditions.
    • Renewable Energy Sources: Solar, wind, hydro, biomass etc.
    • Energy Mix: Composition of different energy sources in total generation capacity.

    Significance

    • India’s renewable share has crossed 50 percent of installed capacity.
    • Indicates progress toward climate commitments and energy transition goals.
    • Strengthens energy security and reduces fossil fuel dependence in long term.
    [2025] Consider the following statements about ‘PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana’: I. It targets installation of one crore solar rooftop panels in the residential sector. 

    II. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy aims to impart training on installation, operation, maintenance and repairs of solar rooftop systems at grassroot levels. 

    III. It aims to create more than three lakhs skilled manpower through fresh skilling and up-skilling, under scheme component of capacity building. 

    Which of the statements given above are correct? 

    (a) I and II only (b) I and III only (c) II and III only (d) I, II and III

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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    AI Impact Summit 2026

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India is hosting the AI Impact Summit 2026 from February 16 to 20 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The Prime Minister is inaugurating the India AI Impact Expo 2026, with participation from global tech leaders and representatives from nearly 100 countries.

    About AI Impact Summit 2026

    1. Edition: 4th AI Impact Summit.Previous editions were held in the U.K., South Korea and France. First time hosted in a Global South country.
    2. Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Same complex that hosted the G20 Leaders’ Summit 2023.
    3. Theme Structure: Organized around three thematic chakras People, Planet and Progress

    Key Highlights

    • Participation of global tech CEOs including: Sundar Pichai, Sam Altman, Demis Hassabis, Dario Amodei and Brad Smith
    • Attendance by global leaders including: Emmanuel Macron, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and António Guterres
    • Bilateral engagements on the sidelines.
    • Dedicated all women hackathon.
    • Leaders’ summit and Tech CEO roundtable.
    [2025] Consider the following statements regarding AI Action Summit held in Grand Palais, Paris in February 2025: I. Co-chaired with India, the event builds on the advances made at the Bletchley Park Summit held in 2023 and the Seoul Summit held in 2024. 

    II. Along with other countries, the US and UK also signed the declaration on inclusive and sustainable AI. 

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

    (a) I only (b) II only (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    India tested, from U.S sanctions to one sided trade deal

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2019] “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self- esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples.

    Linkage: It tests India-U.S. strategic divergence under GS II. It directly links to tariff pressure and U.S. demands on Russian oil, highlighting friction between U.S. global strategy and India’s strategic autonomy.

    Mentor’s Comment

    India’s strategic autonomy faces renewed scrutiny amid U.S. tariff diplomacy and sanctions-linked trade conditionalities. The episode raises core questions of sovereignty, regulatory fairness, executive overreach, and balance-of-power politics. 

    Why in the News?

    India and the U.S. have concluded an Interim Trade Agreement after the U.S. imposed 25% tariffs in August 2025. The tariffs were linked to India’s Russian oil imports, which had peaked at ~40% in 2024 before falling to ~25% by late 2025. The episode shows how trade is increasingly tied to strategic and energy considerations.

    Does U.S. Tariff Diplomacy Undermine Rules-Based Trade Governance?

    1. Unilateral Executive Action: Links tariff reduction to geopolitical compliance rather than WTO-consistent trade negotiations; weakens multilateral dispute mechanisms.
    2. Punitive Tariffs: Imposed 25% duties in August 2025 on Indian goods; subsequently rescinded through executive orders.
    3. Conditional Market Access: Seeks expanded U.S. access to Indian markets while pressing for reduction of Russian oil imports.
    4. Institutional Accountability: Bypasses negotiated reciprocity; shifts balance from institutional trade frameworks to executive discretion.

    How Does the Issue Impact India’s Strategic Autonomy Doctrine?

    1. Strategic Autonomy Principle: Preserves independent decision-making in defence, energy, and diplomacy.
    2. Energy Diversification: Russian oil share rose to ~40% of imports in 2024; reduced to 25% by late 2025.
    3. Defence Alignment Pressure: Trade terms implicitly linked with broader security cooperation including Indo-Pacific posture.
    4. BRICS Signalling: Constrains India’s credibility among BRICS members and Global South partners.

    Does Energy Security Justify Continued Russian Oil Imports?

    1. Energy Affordability: Discounted Russian crude lowered import bills amid global price volatility.
    2. Supply Stability: Ensures diversified sourcing amid Middle East uncertainty.
    3. Import Adjustment: Purchases already declining since November 2025; December 2025 imports at 38-month low.
    4. National Interest Standard: Foreign policy decisions aligned with economic stability rather than bloc politics.

    What Are the Implications for Federal Economic and Institutional Governance?

    1. Trade Policy Centralisation: Executive-level negotiation limits parliamentary scrutiny.
    2. Economic Sovereignty: Conditional trade concessions affect domestic regulatory autonomy.
    3. Chabahar Port Concerns: U.S. push to reduce Iranian linkage impacts India’s connectivity strategy to Central Asia.
    4. Policy Credibility: Abrupt compliance may weaken India’s long-term negotiation leverage.

    Does Compliance Strengthen or Weaken India’s Global Standing?

    1. Global South Leadership: India previously resisted unilateral sanctions pressure; retreat affects credibility.
    2. Multi-Alignment Strategy: Balances U.S., Russia, and developing nations; over-compliance narrows options.
    3. Precedent Risk: Accepting trade-linked geopolitical conditions institutionalises coercive diplomacy.
    4. Long-Term Diplomacy: Undermines perception of India as an independent pole in emerging multipolar order.

    How Does This Episode Reflect Changing U.S. Trade Strategy?

    1. Economic Statecraft: Uses tariffs as instruments of geopolitical leverage.
    2. Integrated Pressure Model: Links trade, sanctions, defence, and energy policies.
    3. Executive-Centric Diplomacy: Social media and executive orders shape negotiation narrative.
    4. Transactional Framework: Replaces value-based partnership rhetoric with outcome-based compliance metrics.

    Conclusion

    The India-U.S. interim trade agreement may have eased immediate tariff tensions, but it underscores a deeper structural shift in global politics, where trade, energy, and strategic alignment are increasingly intertwined. For India, the core challenge lies in safeguarding strategic autonomy while deepening economic engagement with the West. The durability of this partnership will depend not on transactional concessions, but on mutual respect for sovereign decision-making within an evolving multipolar order.

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  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    How hate groups and terrorist organizations use gaming platforms to recruit children

    Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Why in the News?

    Extremist organisations are using mainstream gaming platforms such as Roblox and Minecraft to recruit children. Counter-terrorism agencies in the United States, Australia, and Europe have documented cases of minors being radicalised through simulated violent worlds. The problem is expanding: investigations across 40 countries reveal a sharp rise in terror-linked online activity since 2021.

    How are gaming platforms being exploited for extremist recruitment, and what governance gaps enable this shift?

    1. Immersive Simulation: Enables recreation of real-world terror attacks within game environments; example: simulation of the Christchurch mosque shooting.
    2. Private Servers: Facilitates closed-group indoctrination without public scrutiny; platforms allow creation of restricted-access worlds.
    3. Gamified Propaganda: Embeds violent extremist narratives within interactive gameplay.
    4. Algorithmic Reinforcement: Promotes similar content once initial extremist content is accessed.
    5. Weak Age Verification: Allows minors aged 9-12 to access unmoderated spaces.

    What constitutional and child protection obligations arise in regulating online radicalisation of minors?

    1. Right to Protection (Article 21): Ensures state obligation to protect life and personal liberty of minors from digital harm.
    2. Best Interest Principle: Strengthens state responsibility under child protection jurisprudence.
    3. Freedom of Speech Limits (Article 19(2)): Permits reasonable restrictions on incitement to violence.
    4. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Enables state intervention where minors are victims of online grooming, exploitation, or psychological harm through digital platforms.
    5. Information Technology Act, 2000 and Intermediary Guidelines, 2021: Mandate due diligence by platforms to ensure safe digital ecosystems and removal of unlawful or harmful online content.

    How effective are existing regulatory mechanisms in addressing platform-enabled extremism?

    1. Platform Moderation Tools: Provides content filtering and AI-based detection but remains reactive.
    2. Encryption Barriers: Limits proactive monitoring in private chats and servers.
    3. Cross-border Jurisdiction Issues: Weakens enforcement due to global server locations.
    4. Law Enforcement Intervention: Includes arrests such as UK-based cases involving bomb manuals.
    5. Regulatory Gaps: Fails to anticipate gaming ecosystems as recruitment hubs.

    What institutional accountability mechanisms must platforms adhere to under digital governance norms?

    1. Due Diligence Obligations: Requires proactive removal of unlawful content.
    2. Transparency Reporting: Ensures disclosure of extremist content removal statistics.
    3. Risk Assessment Protocols: Mandates evaluation of systemic risks to minors.
    4. Design Accountability: Requires embedding child-safety safeguards in platform architecture.
    5. Coordination with Counter-Terror Agencies: Facilitates intelligence sharing.

    How does digital radicalisation of children alter the nature of internal security challenges?

    1. Decentralised Recruitment: Eliminates dependence on physical contact networks.
    2. Early-age Indoctrination: Reduces threshold age of radicalisation to below 12 years.
    3. Loneliness Exploitation: Targets socially isolated minors.
    4. Gamification of Violence: Normalises extremist ideology through interactive immersion.
    5. Low-cost Global Reach: Enables transnational propaganda dissemination.

    Conclusion

    Gaming ecosystems now function as recruitment spaces for extremist organisations. The shift from physical indoctrination to immersive digital radicalisation lowers age thresholds and expands cross-border risks. Regulatory frameworks must integrate child protection, platform accountability, and counter-terror coordination to address this evolving threat landscape.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2024]  Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem.

    Linkage: Gaming-based radicalisation of minors reflects the expanding misuse of digital platforms and gaps in cyber regulation.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Bangladesh

    ​A decisive mandate: On Tarique Rahman, the BNP, the Bangladesh result

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    The 2026 parliamentary elections in Bangladesh marked a decisive political transition. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), led by Tarique Rahman, secured a parliamentary majority after the Bangladesh Awami League was barred from contesting. The episode raises questions of democratic restoration, institutional neutrality, and strategic implications for South Asia.

    How Did the 2026 Parliamentary Election Alter the Political Power Structure?

    1. Electoral Outcome: The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) secured a parliamentary majority and formed the government.
    2. Power Alternation: Marks a shift from prolonged Awami League dominance to opposition-led governance.
    3. Turnout Increase: Approximately 62-65% voter participation compared to ~40% in 2024.
    4. Public Mandate Signal: Higher participation indicates re-engagement of the electorate.

    What Are the Democratic Implications of the Awami League’s Exclusion?

    1. Party Disqualification: The Bangladesh Awami League was barred from contesting due to regulatory and legal action during transition.
    2. Competitive Neutrality Question: Absence of the principal rival affects level playing field.
    3. Institutional Scrutiny: Raises concerns regarding electoral fairness and regulatory independence.
    4. Legitimacy Debate: Procedural legality must be assessed alongside inclusiveness.

    How Will the Regime Change Impact Institutional Accountability?

    1. Parliamentary Oversight: New ruling party faces responsibility to ensure executive accountability.
    2. Judicial Role: Courts must maintain independence in handling cases involving former regime actors.
    3. Bureaucratic Neutrality: Administrative machinery must function beyond partisan alignment.
    4. Media Environment: Political transition may expand space for public debate.

    What Governance Challenges Confront the BNP Government?

    1. Economic Stabilisation: Inflation control and debt management remain immediate priorities.
    2. Youth Employment: Demographic pressures demand labour-intensive growth.
    3. Minority Protection: Political transition must not trigger retaliatory targeting.
    4. Law and Order: Ensures stability during post-transition consolidation.

    What are the regional geopolitical implications of Bangladesh’s regime change?

    1. Strategic Realignment: Alters South Asian power balance amid Chinese and U.S. influence expansion.
    2. Economic Diplomacy: Strengthens Bangladesh’s bargaining leverage in regional trade agreements.
    3. Security Architecture: Impacts BIMSTEC and sub-regional cooperation frameworks.
    4. Migration Governance: Influences cross-border population and minority protection debates.
    5. Hasina Factor: Complicates bilateral diplomacy due to her status as a fugitive in Dhaka and presence in Delhi.

    How Does the 2026 Transition Affect India-Bangladesh Relations?

    1. Diplomatic Reset: Facilitates re-engagement after ties declined under interim leadership.
    2. Security Cooperation: Ensures protection of Indian missions and cross-border intelligence coordination.
    3. Trade Restoration: Revives disrupted connectivity, trade corridors, and supply chains.
    4. Strategic Competition: Reclaims space ceded to Pakistan, the U.S., and China post-Hasina era.
    5. Bay of Bengal Strategy: Bangladesh remains central to maritime security architecture.

    Does Political Alternation Guarantee Democratic Consolidation?

    1. Procedural Democracy: Election conducted through constitutional mechanism.
    2. Substantive Democracy: Requires inclusive participation and institutional neutrality.
    3. Rule of Law: Application must remain non-selective.
    4. Long-Term Stability: Depends on balancing accountability with reconciliation.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement.

    Linkage: It tests India’s neighbourhood diplomacy, crisis response strategy, and balancing of strategic interests with regional stability. Similar to Bangladesh’s 2026 transition, it highlights how India must engage political crises in neighbouring states through calibrated support while safeguarding security

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Bangladesh

    BNP Returns to Power in Bangladesh

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    The Bangladesh Nationalist Party secured a landslide victory in Bangladesh’s parliamentary elections held on February 12. Party chief Tarique Rahman is set to form the next government, with transfer of power likely by February 17 or 18.

    Key Election Results

    • BNP led alliance won 212 seats, securing a two thirds majority in the Jatiyo Sangsad
    • 11 party alliance led by Jamaat-e-Islami won 77 seats
    • Independents won 8 seats

    National Referendum

    • 60.2 percent voters backed sweeping democratic reforms
    • Conducted alongside parliamentary elections
    • Signals mandate for institutional and governance reforms

    Transfer of Power

    • Interim government led by Muhammad Yunus to hand over power
    • Formal process after gazette notification by Election Commission
    • Oath taking to be legally validated following 2024 parliamentary dissolution

    International Reactions

    • Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated Tarique Rahman and reaffirmed India’s support for a democratic and inclusive Bangladesh
    • Congratulatory messages from US, China, Nepal and Maldives

    Political Context

    • 2024 mass uprising led to fall of previous government under Sheikh Hasina
    • Parliament was dissolved amid political unrest
    • Representation of women and minorities reportedly at a two decade low
    [2025] Consider the following countries: I. United Arab Emirates 

    II. France 

    III. Germany 

    IV. Singapore 

    V. Bangladesh 

    How many countries amongst the above are there other than India where international merchant payments are accepted under UPI? 

    (a) Only two (b) Only three (c) Only four (d) All the five

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Inauguration of Seva Teerth and Kartavya Bhavan

    Prelims Only | Art and Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister inaugurated the new Prime Minister’s Office complex named Seva Teerth and two Central Secretariat buildings called Kartavya Bhavan 1 and 2 in New Delhi. A commemorative stamp and coin were also released on the occasion.

    Key Highlights

    • New PMO named Seva Teerth
    • Two new Secretariat buildings named Kartavya Bhavan 1 and 2
    • Aim to reflect citizen centric governance and Viksit Bharat vision
    • Replaces space constrained functioning from North Block and South Block

    About the Architectural Context

    • Colonial Era Buildings: North Block and South Block.
    • Built during the British era when the capital shifted from Kolkata to Delhi in 1912. Designed to represent imperial authority.

    Features of the New Complex

    • Built using white and red sandstone inspired by Indian civic traditions
    • Domes inspired by Buddhist Stupa architecture
    • Entrance design draws from Chalukyan temple stone screen work
    • Plinth band inspired by the 12th century Chennakeshava Temple
    [2023] With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: 1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin. 

    2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics. 

    3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition. 

    How many of the statements given above are correct? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

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  • Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

    Medical Shabd Sindhu Initiative

    Prelims Only | Education | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    The Union Home Ministry has proposed compiling a standard English medical dictionary titled Medical Shabd Sindhu, which will be translated into 15 Indian languages to support medical education in regional languages under the National Education Policy 2020.

    About the Initiative

    • Led by the Department of Official Language under the Ministry of Home Affairs
    • Compilation of a standard English medical dictionary
    • At least 1,00,000 unique medical terms with explanations
    • Translation into 15 Indian languages in Phase I

    Languages include:

    • Hindi, Telugu, Assamese, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Bengali, Manipuri, Mizo and Konkani
    • Later expansion to remaining Indian languages

    Institutional Background

    • Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology under the Education Ministry has translated around 60,000 medical terms into Hindi so far
    • Madhya Pradesh became the first State to offer MBBS in Hindi in 2022
    • Initially, transliterated textbooks were provided in subjects such as anatomy, physiology and biochemistry

    Objectives

    • Promote medical education in mother tongue
    • Remove language barriers in professional courses
    • Strengthen regional language knowledge systems
    • Support NEP 2020 emphasis on multilingual education
    [2024] The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992 amends the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include which of the following languages? 1. Konkani 

    2. Manipuri 

    3. Nepali 

    4. Maithili 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4

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