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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    [5th March 2026] The Hindu OpED: Climate risks must prompt international legal reforms

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    PYQ Relevance
    [UPSC 2017] ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How will Himalayan and coastal states of India be affected by climate change?Linkage: This question relates directly to the article’s discussion on sea-level rise, climate displacement, and governance challenges. It highlights the global and regional impacts of climate change, which underpin debates on international legal frameworks and climate justice.

    Mentor’s Comment

    Rising sea levels and climate-induced migration are exposing major gaps in international law, particularly regarding statehood, refugee protection, and maritime boundaries. Vulnerable small island states and forums like the Pacific Islands Forum (2023) have raised concerns that existing frameworks such as the Montevideo Convention, UNCLOS, and the 1951 Refugee Convention do not adequately address climate-driven territorial loss and displacement, prompting calls for international legal reforms.

    What is Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR)?

    1. Concept: Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR) is a principle of international law that affirms the sovereign right of states and peoples to control, use, and exploit natural resources within their territory in accordance with national development priorities.
    2. Legal Origin: The principle was formally articulated in UN General Assembly Resolution 1803 (1962) on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, adopted during the decolonisation period.
    3. Core Objective: Ensures that newly independent and developing countries retain control over their natural resources, preventing external exploitation by foreign powers or multinational corporations.
    4. Developmental Dimension: Recognises that control over resources such as minerals, fossil fuels, forests, and water is essential for economic growth, industrialisation, and poverty reduction.
    5. State Authority: Grants governments the right to regulate extraction, nationalise resources, and determine terms of foreign investment in the resource sector.
    6. Climate Governance Tension: Global climate goals requiring phasing out fossil fuels create tensions with PSNR, as states traditionally retain the sovereign right to exploit hydrocarbons within their territory.
    7. Relevance to Climate Debate: The emerging idea of a Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty and discussions at COP28 and COP30 raise questions about whether global climate obligations can limit a state’s sovereign control over fossil resources.

    How does climate change challenge the principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR)?

    1. Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR): Developing countries rely on PSNR to extract fossil fuels above and below ground.
    2. Developmental Imperative: Enables developing states to pursue economic independence and development through resource exploitation.
    3. Climate Mitigation Pressure: Global efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C require reducing fossil fuel extraction, creating tension with PSNR.
    4. Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Proposal: Suggests keeping large portions of fossil fuels unexploited to limit emissions.
    5. COP Negotiations: Discussions at COP28 (Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, Dubai 2023) and COP30 (Belém, Brazil 2025) indicate growing momentum toward phasing out fossil fuels, even outside formal negotiation agendas.
    6. Equity Debate: Developing countries may accept limited obligations only if developed nations provide finance and transfer carbon-neutral technologies.

    How does sea-level rise threaten the concept of statehood under international law?

    1. Montevideo Convention (1933): Defines statehood through four criteria, territory, permanent population, government, and capacity to enter relations with other states.
    2. Territorial Requirement: Statehood traditionally requires a defined territory.
    3. Sea Level Rise (SLR): Rising oceans threaten to submerge low-lying island states, raising questions about whether a state can continue to exist without territory.
    4. State Continuity Doctrine: Customary international law generally presumes that once established, statehood continues despite territorial loss.
    5. International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion: Suggests disappearance of one element of statehood does not automatically end statehood.
    6. Pacific Islands Forum (2023): Declared that international law does not yet address the extinction of states due to climate change.
    7. Legal Ambiguity: Scholars note that no minimum territorial threshold exists for statehood, leaving the issue unresolved.

    How does climate change create gaps in international refugee protection?

    1. 1951 Refugee Convention: Defines refugees as persons fleeing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion.
    2. Legal Gap: Climate-displaced persons do not fall within this definition.
    3. Climate Migration: Sea-level rise and environmental degradation are expected to cause large-scale cross-border displacement.
    4. Loss of Rights: Climate migrants may lose protections and benefits linked to citizenship in their home country.
    5. Proposal for New Protocol: Suggests creating a separate legal regime under the UNFCCC to recognise and protect climate refugees.
    6. Institutional Support: A protocol under the UNFCCC could build on political commitments from the Paris Agreement and COP negotiations.

    How could sea-level rise unsettle maritime zones and ocean governance?

    1. Baseline Concept: The baseline represents the legal starting point for measuring maritime zones under international law.
    2. UNCLOS Maritime Zones: Baselines determine territorial sea, contiguous zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and continental shelf.
    3. Shifting Coastlines: Rising sea levels may alter baselines, potentially changing maritime boundaries.
    4. Strategic Implications: Changes in baselines may affect control over marine resources, fisheries, and seabed minerals.
    5. Pacific Island States Initiative: Some states propose declaring existing baselines as permanent to prevent loss of maritime zones.
    6. Ambulatory Baseline Approach: UNCLOS traditionally allows baselines to shift with coastline changes.
    7. Interpretation Challenge: Accepting either approach would require reinterpretation or amendment of UNCLOS provisions.

    Why must international legal frameworks adapt to climate risks?

    1. Institutional Gap: Existing international law was designed without anticipating climate-induced territorial and demographic disruptions.
    2. Systemic Risk: Climate change now affects statehood, migration, sovereignty, and maritime governance simultaneously.
    3. UNFCCC Platform: Provides a global forum through Conference of Parties (COP) to discuss legal adaptation.
    4. Equitable Governance: Legal reforms must incorporate equity, responsibility sharing, and technological support.
    5. Global Stability: Updating legal frameworks ensures predictability and protection for vulnerable states and populations.

    Conclusion

    Climate change is increasingly exposing structural gaps in international law related to statehood, sovereignty, migration, and maritime governance. Addressing these challenges requires adaptive legal frameworks, equitable climate cooperation, and stronger multilateral coordination to protect vulnerable states and ensure stability in the evolving global order.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Why carbon capture is key to achieving net-zero goal

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget has, for the first time, made a large, dedicated fiscal commitment of ₹20,000 crore to carbon capture, utilisation and storage. This marks a shift from pilot-driven experimentation to scale-oriented deployment. The urgency is underscored by global data showing 1 billion tonnes of annual CO₂ capture required by 2030, while only 50 million tonnes are currently captured worldwide. India’s net-zero pathway increasingly depends on CCUS as emissions from cement, steel and chemicals cannot be eliminated through renewable energy substitution alone.

    What is Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage?

    1. It refers to technologies that capture CO₂ from industrial processes, transport it, and either store it in geological formations or convert it into useful products.
    2. Process Stages: CCUS involves capturing carbon dioxide (via post-combustion, pre-combustion, or oxy-fuel combustion), transporting it, and either using it for industrial applications or storing it permanently
    3. Role in Climate Change: It is essential for decarbonizing “hard-to-abate” sectors, including steel, cement, and chemical production, which account for significant global emissions.
    4. Carbon Removal: CCUS enables negative emissions through technologies like Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Direct Air Capture (DACCS).
    5. Challenges: High capital costs, energy intensity (high auxiliary power consumption), safety concerns, and infrastructure needs for transport are major bottlenecks.

    What Does Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Involve?

    1. Carbon Capture: Enables separation of CO₂ from industrial exhaust streams in cement, steel, power and refining operations.
    2. Carbon Storage: Facilitates long-term containment of CO₂ in geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs.
    3. Carbon Utilisation: Supports conversion of captured CO₂ into chemicals and industrial inputs, reducing fresh fossil use.

    Why Is CCUS Critical for Achieving Net-Zero?

    1. Hard-to-Abate Emissions: Addresses emissions that arise from chemical reactions in cement and steel, not from fuel combustion.
    2. Limits of Renewables: Recognises that shifting to renewable electricity does not eliminate process emissions in heavy industry.
    3. Climate Mitigation: Enables deep emissions reduction without compromising industrial output and economic growth.

    What Is the Current Global Status of Carbon Capture?

    1. Operational Capacity: Includes 45 commercial CCUS facilities worldwide.
    2. Captured Volume: Accounts for only 50 million tonnes of CO₂ annually, far below climate targets.
    3. 2030 Requirement: Indicates a need for 1 billion tonnes of CO₂ capture per year by 2030 to align with net-zero pathways.
    4. Deployment Gap: Highlights a sharp mismatch between climate targets and present technological scale.

    What Is the Status of CCUS Technologies in India?

    1. Pilot Projects: Includes initiatives by Tata Steel, Dalmia Cement, NTPC, ONGC, focusing on capture feasibility.
    2. Research Ecosystem: Involves dozens of research groups working on capture materials and processes.
    3. Institutional Leadership: Anchored by Centres of Excellence at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, focusing on indigenous CCUS solutions.
    4. Readiness Gap: Indicates laboratory-level maturity but limited field-scale testing.

    How Does the Union Budget Change the CCUS Landscape?

    1. Fiscal Allocation: Provides ₹20,000 crore for CCUS technology development and deployment.
    2. Scale Transition: Signals movement from pilot projects to industrial demonstration.
    3. Cost Reduction: Aims to address high capital and operational costs that restrict commercial viability.
    4. Industrial Adoption: Targets steel, cement, refineries and chemicals as early adopters.

    Why Are Certain Industries Central to CCUS Deployment?

    1. Cement Sector: Generates CO₂ as an inherent by-product of limestone calcination.
    2. Steel Sector: Emits carbon through coke-based reduction processes.
    3. Chemical and Refining Industries: Produce process emissions independent of energy source.
    4. Competitiveness: Aligns emission reduction with global trade requirements, including carbon border measures.

    What Are the Economic and Strategic Benefits of CCUS?

    1. Industrial Continuity: Enables emission reduction without relocating or shutting down core industries.
    2. Global Competitiveness: Reduces exposure to mechanisms such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.
    3. Technology Leadership: Positions India as a developer, not just adopter, of CCUS technologies.
    4. Cost Containment: Prevents loss of competitiveness from carbon-intensive exports.

    Conclusion

    CCUS is not a substitute for renewable energy but a necessary complement for India’s net-zero strategy. The Budget’s ₹20,000 crore allocation marks a decisive shift from experimentation to scale. However, success depends on rapid field deployment, cost reduction, and industry integration to ensure CCUS delivers measurable emissions reduction by 2030.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2025] What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change? 

    Linkage: This question is directly linked to GS III (Environment, Climate Change, Clean Technologies), reflecting UPSC’s focus on technological pathways for achieving net-zero and decarbonising hard-to-abate industries.

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    NDMA’s first ever guidelines for identification of disaster victims

    Explained | Geography | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Why in the News

    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has issued India’s first Standard Operating Procedures for Disaster Victim Identification. This comes after several recent mass fatality incidents such as the Air India plane crash in Ahmedabad, the chemical factory explosion in Sanand, floods in Dharali, and the Balrampur earthquake.

    Earlier, India did not have a uniform national system to identify disaster victims. Identification was often ad hoc, poorly coordinated, and slow, causing logistical problems and long delays for families. The new guidelines shift India from fragmented local practices to a standardised, scientific, and dignity-based national framework for handling disaster victims.

    Why were Disaster Victim Identification Guidelines Needed?

    1. Absence of Standardisation: Lack of a national protocol resulted in inconsistent identification methods across States.
    2. Operational Gaps: Shortage of forensic experts, poor inter-agency coordination, and logistical constraints delayed identification.
    3. Humanitarian Deficit: Families faced prolonged uncertainty due to delayed or incorrect identification of remains.
    4. Rising Mass Fatality Events: Increase in industrial accidents, floods, fires, earthquakes, and aviation disasters heightened systemic risk.

    What is the Scope of the NDMA Guidelines?

    1. Applicability: Covers identification of victims in mass fatality incidents across natural and man-made disasters.
    2. Geographical Reach: Designed for uniform adoption across States, districts, and local administrations.
    3. Lifecycle Coverage: Extends from disaster site management to final handover of identified remains to families.

    What Forensic and Scientific Methods are Prescribed?

    1. Forensic Archaeology: Supports recovery and documentation of remains at disaster sites.
    2. Forensic Odontology: Enables identification through dental records.
    3. DNA Profiling: Facilitates identification when bodies are fragmented or decomposed.
    4. Anthropology and Pathology: Assists in age, sex, and injury profiling.
    5. Medical Records Integration: Enables cross-verification using antemortem data.

    How do the Guidelines Address Operational Challenges?

    1. Inter-Agency Coordination: Defines roles of police, forensic teams, health authorities, and district administration.
    2. Logistical Planning: Addresses gaps in storage, transport, and preservation of remains.
    3. Administrative Clarity: Reduces jurisdictional overlaps between local, State, and Central agencies.
    4. Capacity Constraints: Acknowledges shortage of forensic branches and specialists across States.

    How is Sensitivity Towards Victims’ Families Ensured?

    1. Cultural Sensitivity: Mandates respect for community customs during handling of remains.
    2. Counselling Support: Emphasises emotional support for affected families.
    3. Transparent Communication: Ensures timely and accurate dissemination of identification status.
    4. Dignified Handling: Treats victim identification as both a technical and humanitarian exercise.

    Who Drafted the Guidelines and How Were They Developed?

    1. Institutional Leadership: Drafted under NDMA’s Joint Advisor.
    2. Expert Committee: Included specialists in forensics, archaeology, odontology, and pathology.
    3. Learning from Past Disasters: Incorporated lessons from earthquakes, floods, industrial accidents, and aviation crashes.
    4. Consultative Process: Involved State governments and central agencies over multiple years.

    Conclusion

    The NDMA’s Disaster Victim Identification guidelines institutionalise scientific rigour, administrative clarity, and humanitarian ethics in post-disaster management. By standardising procedures nationwide, they strengthen disaster governance, enhance public trust, and ensure dignity and closure for affected families.

    PYQ Relevance 

    [UPSC 2018] Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘ Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?

    Linkage: The question relates to GS-III disaster management, highlighting India’s shift from relief-based response under Hyogo to risk reduction and institutional accountability under the Sendai Framework. Sendai embeds ethics in disaster governance by stressing human dignity, compassion, and state responsibility in disaster response.

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    Morbi Ceramic Industry Faces Shutdown Risk

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News

    The ceramic industry in Morbi, Gujarat may face a shutdown due to disruptions in natural gas and propane supplies following escalating conflict in West Asia and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.

    Importance of Morbi Ceramic Cluster

    • Morbi is India’s largest ceramic manufacturing hub.
    • Around 600 ceramic units operate in the region.
    • The industry employs 2–4 lakh workers directly and indirectly.
    • Produces tiles, sanitaryware and vitrified products exported globally.

    Why the Industry is Affected

    • Dependence on Gas-Based Fuel
      • Ceramic units rely heavily on propane and natural gas for: Firing kilns and Drying processes. About 80% of units use propane as the main fuel.
    • Disruption of Energy Supplies
      • Gas shipments from Gulf countries are stuck due to tensions involving Iran, Israel, and the United States. Closure or disruption in the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global shipping route, has interrupted supplies.
    • Limited Fuel Stocks
      • Propane stocks: 2–4 days.
      • Natural gas (CNG) supplies: about one week.
      • If supplies do not resume soon, the industry may suspend operations within 7–10 days.
    [2024] Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Sumed pipeline is a strategic route for Persian Gulf oil and natural gas shipments to Europe. Statement-II: Sumed pipeline connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

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  • Monsoon Updates

    El Niño Likely to Develop After July 2026: WMO

    Prelims Only | Geography | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Why in the News

    The World Meteorological Organization has indicated high chances of the development of El Niño in the second half of 2026, after the current **La Niña conditions weaken and transition to ENSO-neutral.

    What is El Niño?

    • El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
    • It is a periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
    • This warming disrupts global atmospheric circulation and affects weather patterns worldwide.

    ENSO Phases

    • El Niño (Warm Phase)
      • Warmer Pacific Ocean temperatures.
      • Often linked to weaker monsoon rainfall in India.
    • La Niña (Cool Phase)
      • Cooler-than-normal Pacific waters.
      • Often associated with stronger monsoon rainfall in India.
    • ENSO Neutral
      • Neither El Niño nor La Niña conditions.
    • Currently, La Niña is weakening, and neutral conditions are expected soon.

    Impact on India

    • India receives over 70% of annual rainfall during the southwest monsoon (June–September).
    • July and August alone contribute more than 50% of seasonal rainfall.
    • If El Niño develops after July, it could reduce monsoon rainfall and affect agriculture, water supply, and food production.

    Key Prelims Points

    • ENSO occurs in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
    • El Niño years often correlate with weaker Indian monsoon, though not always.
    • Monitoring agencies include IMD and WMO.
    • ENSO affects temperature, rainfall, cyclones, and global climate patterns.
    [2011] La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from EI Nino? La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian ocean whereas EI Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. EI Nino has an adverse effect on the southwest monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Return of 16th Century Bronze Statue of Thirumangai Alvar

    Prelims Only | Art and Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News

    The Ashmolean Museum has returned a 16th century bronze statue of Thirumangai Alvar to the Government of India after provenance research confirmed that the idol originally belonged to the Sundararaja Perumal Temple in Tamil Nadu.

    Key Facts

    • The statue was handed over to the Indian High Commission in London.
    • The Ashmolean Museum had acquired the idol in 1967 from a private collector J.R. Belmont.
    • Provenance research linked the statue to a 1957 photograph from the temple archives preserved by the Institut Français de Pondichéry and the École française d’Extrême-Orient.
    • In 2020, the temple authorities filed a police complaint after discovering that the original idol had been replaced with a replica.
    About Thirumangai AlvarOne of the 12 Alvars, the Tamil poet-saints devoted to Lord Vishnu.Associated with the Bhakti movement in South India.His hymns are part of the Divya Prabandham, an important Vaishnavite devotional text.

    Significance of the Repatriation

    • Restoration of stolen cultural heritage to its original religious context.
    • Demonstrates growing global cooperation against illicit trafficking of antiquities.
    • Strengthens India’s efforts to recover temple idols and artefacts smuggled abroad.

    Prelims Pointers

    • Alvars: Tamil Vaishnavite saints who composed devotional hymns to Vishnu.
    • Major Alvar texts compiled in Nalayira Divya Prabandham.
    • Idol repatriation often occurs through provenance research and diplomatic negotiations.
    [2022] The world’s second tallest statue in sitting pose of Ramanuja was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India at Hyderabad recently. Which one of the following statements correctly represents the teachings of Ramanuja? (a) The best means of salvation was devotion. (b) Vedas are eternal, self-existent and wholly authoritative. (c) Logical arguments were essential means for the highest bliss. (d) Salvation was to be obtained through meditation.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran

    Iran War Impact: Rice Exports Disrupted and Fertilizer Prices Rising

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News

    Escalating conflict involving Iran, Israel and the United States has disrupted trade routes and raised global energy prices. This has affected India’s rice exports and increased fertilizer prices such as urea and DAP.

    Impact on India’s Rice Exports

    • Suspension of Shipments
      • Export of basmati rice to West Asia has been halted.
      • Ships carrying rice are stranded at ports or at sea.
    • Importance of West Asia for Basmati
      • India exports about 6 million tonnes of basmati rice annually.
      • 70–75% goes to West Asian markets.
      • About 1 million tonnes exported to Iran alone.
    • Major buyers include: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and UAE
      • Exports are usually highest between October and March.

    Rising Shipping and Logistics Costs

    • Ship fuel price jumped from $480 to $925 per barrel in a few days.
    • Container and bulk vessel availability reduced.
    • Exporters advised to avoid new CIF contracts and prefer FOB terms.
    • Basmati wholesale prices have already risen 10–15%.

    Fertilizer Prices Increasing

    Global energy price rise has pushed up fertilizer costs.

    • Urea
      • Could exceed $1000 per tonne if conflict continues.
      • Used extensively during India’s sowing season.
    • DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate)
      • Expected to rise from about $850 to $1000 per tonne (FOB).

    Why Fertilizer Prices Are Rising

    1. Energy cost linkage
      • Urea production depends heavily on natural gas and LNG.
    2. Supply concentration
      • Morocco holds about 70% of global phosphate reserves.
      • Canada and Belarus dominate potash production.
    3. War-related supply disruptions
      • Transport and insurance costs rising.

    Fertilizer Situation in India

    • Urea sales (Apr–Dec 2025): 31.16 million tonnes (up 3.8%).
    • Domestic production: 22.44 million tonnes (down 3%).
    • Imports: 8 million tonnes (up 85.3%).
    • India remains heavily dependent on fertilizer imports.
    [2019] Among the following, which one is the largest exporter of rice in the world in the last five years? (a) China  (b) India  (c) Myanmar  (d) Vietnam

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  • India Ranks Second Globally in Childhood Obesity

    Prelims Only | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News

    The World Obesity Atlas 2026, released by the World Obesity Federation on World Obesity Day (March 4), reported that India ranks second globally in childhood obesity, after China.

    Key Findings

    Scale of Childhood Obesity in India (2025)

    • Children aged 5–9: ~15 million overweight or obese
    • Children aged 10–19: ~26 million overweight or obese

    High BMI figures among children:

    • China: 62 million
    • India: 41 million
    • United States: 27 million
    • India therefore ranks second globally in number of children with high BMI.

    Global Trend

    • 20.7% of children worldwide (ages 5–19) are overweight or obese.
    • This increased from 14.6% in 2010.
    • By 2040, about 507 million children globally may be overweight or obese.

    Major Risk Factors Identified in India

    • Low Physical Activity: 74% of adolescents (11–17 years) do not meet recommended physical activity levels.
    • Poor Nutrition: Increased consumption of sugary beverages among children.
    • Inadequate School Nutrition: Only 35.5% of school-age children receive school meals.
    • Sub-optimal Breastfeeding: 32.6% of infants (1–5 months) do not receive optimal breastfeeding.

    Health Risks Linked to High BMI

    By 2040, India may see rising cases of:

    • Hypertension
    • Hyperglycaemia
    • High triglycerides
    • Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)
      • These conditions increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases later in life.

    Recommended Policy Actions

    • Introduce taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages.
    • Restrict junk food marketing targeting children.
    • Promote healthy school meals and physical activity.
    • Strengthen nutrition and breastfeeding programmes.

    Prelims Pointers

    • BMI (Body Mass Index) = weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²).
    • World Obesity Day is observed on March 4.
    • Childhood obesity increases risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
    • MASLD refers to Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.
    [2016] Which of the following is/are the indicator/ indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global Hunger Index Report? Undernourishment Child stunting Child mortality Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    [3rd February 2026] The Hindu OpED: Israel, the U.S and a war to build a unipolar West Asia

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: The question directly connects U.S.-Iran tensions to India’s energy security, strategic autonomy, and diaspora interests, which are central to the current West Asia escalation. The evolving conflict and risks to the Strait of Hormuz mirror the same geopolitical and economic vulnerabilities highlighted in the article on a shifting regional power order.

    Mentor’s Comment

    This article analyses the strategic logic behind the escalating Israel-Iran conflict and the deepening U.S. involvement in West Asia. It examines whether the unfolding war marks a structural shift from multipolar contestation to a potential U.S.-Israel dominated unipolar regional order.

    Why in the News?

    Israel and the United States have launched coordinated strikes targeting Iran’s nuclear and military leadership, triggering direct Iranian retaliation across the Gulf region. Iran has expanded the conflict by striking U.S. bases and threatening closure of the Strait of Hormuz, through which nearly one-third of global oil supplies transit. The escalation signals a potential shift from limited confrontation to a broader attempt to restructure the regional balance of power in West Asia.

    Has the Conflict Shifted from Tactical Deterrence to Structural Power Reordering?

    1. Nature of Earlier Conflict: The June 2025 12-day confrontation remained geographically contained and ended through calibrated escalation and ceasefire diplomacy.
    2. Limited Strategic Objectives: Earlier strikes were primarily signalling tools aimed at restoring deterrence rather than dismantling state structures.
    3. Expansion of Theatre: The present escalation includes cross-Gulf strikes, targeting of leadership structures, and threats to global energy chokepoints.
    4. Leadership Targeting: Direct strikes on senior Iranian officials indicate attempts at systemic destabilisation rather than symbolic retaliation.
    5. Shift in Strategic Intent: The transition reflects movement from deterrence management to possible restructuring of regional hierarchy.

    Is the Conflict Aimed at Regime Change in Iran?

    1. Regime Change Objective: Israeli leadership has consistently viewed Iran as an existential threat due to its missile programme and support for regional militias.
    2. Strategic Continuity: Opposition to the 2015 nuclear deal reflected concern that lifting sanctions would strengthen Iran’s conventional and regional influence.
    3. Decapitation Strategy: Targeted killings of senior officials indicate attempts to destabilize leadership structures.
    4. Historical Precedent: Regime change attempts in Iraq (2003) and Libya (2011) reshaped power balances but produced long-term instability.

    Does Iran’s Geopolitical Structure Prevent External Domination?

    1. Geographic Depth: Iran’s mountainous terrain and large territorial size complicate ground invasion.
    2. Military Capability: Advanced missile and drone networks enable retaliation across the region. For example, Iran has used precision-guided missiles and Shahed-series drones to target U.S. bases in the Gulf and Israeli-linked assets, and previously demonstrated long-range strike capability in attacks on U.S. facilities such as the Al Asad airbase in Iraq (2020).
    3. Asymmetric Warfare: Iran relies on proxy networks including Hezbollah and allied militias.
    4. Resilience After Initial Strikes: Despite decapitation attempts, Iranian leadership reorganized and expanded retaliation.

    Would a Fall of Tehran Create a Unipolar West Asia?

    1. Balance of Power Shift: Removal of Iran eliminates the primary revisionist actor challenging U.S.-Israel dominance.
    2. Regional Realignment: Arab monarchies dependent on U.S. security architecture may align more firmly.
    3. Strategic Vacuum Risk: Collapse of central authority could mirror Iraq and Libya scenarios, creating prolonged instability.
    4. Geopolitical Motivation: The conflict reflects strategic interests rather than ideological liberation narratives.

    How Does the Conflict Threaten Global Energy Security?

    1. Strait of Hormuz: Nearly one-third of global oil trade passes through this chokepoint.
    2. Economic Shock Risk: Closure disrupts global energy markets and affects inflation worldwide.
    3. Cross-Gulf Escalation: Strikes on bases in Qatar, UAE and Cyprus widen the theatre of war.
    4. Global Economic Linkage: Energy price spikes directly affect developing economies including India.

    Does Conventional Superiority Guarantee Victory?

    1. Military Asymmetry: U.S.-Israel possess superior air and missile defense systems.
    2. Attrition Dynamics: Sustained conflict exhausts missile defense shields.
    3. Guerrilla Doctrine: Iran’s strategy aims to prolong conflict rather than secure quick victory.
    4. Strategic Uncertainty: Decisive victory depends on clearly defined objectives, not merely military power.

    Conclusion

    The ongoing Israel-U.S.-Iran confrontation reflects more than episodic retaliation; it signals a possible attempt to reshape the strategic architecture of West Asia. However, regime destabilisation does not automatically translate into stable unipolarity, as historical precedents in Iraq and Libya demonstrate. While military superiority may secure tactical gains, sustainable regional order depends on political legitimacy, institutional continuity, and balance-of-power equilibrium. The unfolding crisis therefore represents not merely a regional war, but a critical inflection point in determining whether West Asia moves toward hegemonic consolidation or prolonged instability with global economic repercussions.

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Marriage as partnership: HC reframes role of ‘homemaker’

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Why in the News?

    An issue arose from a wife’s plea for interim maintenance under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, after she left employment to care for the household and child. The trial court and appellate court denied relief, holding that her educational qualifications and certain bank transactions reflected financial independence. The Delhi High Court set aside these findings, holding that theoretical earning capacity cannot substitute proof of actual income and that unpaid homemaking constitutes a valid economic contribution within marriage.

    Does Homemaking Constitute Economic Contribution in Marriage?

    1. Recognition of Unpaid Labour: Treats household management, childcare, and relocation support as economic inputs sustaining earning spouse’s productivity.
    2. Reframing of Economic Partnership: Defines marriage as a partnership model with differently manifested contributions.
    3. Shift from Moral to Legal Recognition: Moves unpaid domestic work from social appreciation to enforceable legal entitlement.
    4. Enabling Function: Establishes that homemaker’s labour facilitates earning spouse’s professional continuity, including overseas employment.

    Can Educational Qualification Defeat a Maintenance Claim?

    1. Capacity vs Actual Income Distinction: Separates theoretical earning ability from proven earnings.
    2. Burden of Proof Principle: Requires evidence of stable taxable income to deny maintenance.
    3. Rejection of Assumptive Reasoning: Prohibits denial based solely on degrees or employability potential.
    4. Judicial Clarification: States that mere capability cannot ground refusal of maintenance.

    How Should Courts Evaluate Re-entry Barriers After Career Breaks?

    1. Career Disruption Recognition: Acknowledges difficulties in workforce re-entry after caregiving breaks.
    2. Gendered Labour Market Reality: Recognizes structural constraints affecting women’s employment continuity.
    3. Realistic Assessment Standard: Mandates evaluation based on present income, not hypothetical opportunities.
    4. Preventive Safeguard: Prevents penalization of spouses who left employment for household responsibilities.

    What Is the Scope of Maintenance under Section 125 CrPC and PWDVA?

    1. Social Justice Mandate: Ensures financial support for wives unable to maintain themselves.
    2. Interim Relief Provision: Enables monetary relief during pendency of proceedings.
    3. Fairness Mechanism: Treats maintenance as equitable adjustment within marital partnership.
    4. Protection Against Dependency Narrative: Rejects framing homemaking as voluntary economic withdrawal.

    Does the Judgment Reflect a Wider Judicial Trend?

    1. Comparative Precedents:
      1. Recognizes Kerala High Court view in Kannan Nair v. Kamala Amma, that acknowledged homemaking as a financial contribution during property rights disputes.
      2. Aligns with Delhi High Court ruling in Saurjan Saha v. Rumpa Saha, which rejected the demand for proof of negative income.
    2. Judicial Continuity: Consolidates recognition of unpaid domestic labour across maintenance and property jurisprudence.
    3. Doctrinal Evolution: Strengthens gender-sensitive interpretation of maintenance laws.

    How does recognition of unpaid domestic labour advance substantive gender justice within the institution of marriage?

    1. Structural Gender Inequality: Women disproportionately perform unpaid domestic labour, limiting financial independence and reinforcing economic dependency within marriage.
    2. Invisibility in Economic Metrics: Household and caregiving work remain excluded from GDP calculations despite enabling workforce participation of earning members.
    3. Substantive Equality Approach: Judicial recognition of homemaking as economic contribution advances Article 14-based equality beyond formal neutrality.
    4. Corrective Social Reform Role of Judiciary: Court intervention addresses entrenched patriarchal assumptions that equate worth with paid employment.
    5. Welfare-State Responsibility: Maintenance jurisprudence functions as a social justice mechanism ensuring dignity and economic security for non-earning spouses.

    Conclusion

    The ruling institutionalizes recognition of unpaid domestic labour within maintenance law. It separates earning potential from actual income and reinforces marriage as an economic partnership. The judgment strengthens substantive equality and aligns maintenance jurisprudence with constitutional guarantees of dignity and fairness.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2023] Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws.

    Linkage: The Delhi High Court judgment strengthens constitutional gender justice by recognizing unpaid domestic labour as an economic contribution under Articles 14, 15 and 21. It reflects judicial expansion of substantive equality through maintenance jurisprudence and case-law based interpretation.

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