Archives: News

Start-up Ecosystem In India

Nearly 44,000 startups registered in 2025, highest since the launch of Startup India

Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Why in the News

India registered nearly 44,000 startups in 2025, the highest annual addition since the launch of Startup India in 2016, marking a decisive acceleration in entrepreneurial activity. The Prime Minister announced that India now hosts over 2 lakh startups and nearly 125 unicorns, reflecting a structural shift from a risk-averse economy to one driven by innovation, capital formation, and job creation. This scale-up positions India as the third-largest startup ecosystem globally, indicating a transformation in growth drivers over the past decade.

How has Startup India altered the scale of entrepreneurship in India?
1. Startup Proliferation: Expanded from fewer than 500 startups a decade ago to over 200,000 registered startups, indicating ecosystem maturity.
2. Annual Acceleration: Addition of 44,000 startups in 2025 alone, the largest single-year increase since inception.
3. Global Standing: Establishes India as the third-largest startup ecosystem, enhancing economic visibility and investor confidence.
What does the rise in unicorns indicate about ecosystem depth?
1. Unicorn Expansion: Growth from four unicorns in 2014 to nearly 125 active unicorns, reflecting scale viability.
2. Capital Maturity: Transition of unicorns towards initial public offerings (IPOs) signals capital market integration.
3. Employment Generation: Scaling startups contribute to job creation beyond traditional sectors, supporting inclusive growth.
How has societal perception of risk-taking changed?
1. Cultural Shift: Risk-taking normalised and respected, replacing preference for fixed-salary employment.
2. Entrepreneurial Aspiration: Acceptance of ideas previously considered fringe, strengthening innovation culture.
3. Labour Market Impact: Encourages self-employment and venture creation as mainstream career choices.
What role has state-backed risk capital played?
1. Fund of Funds (FoF): Over ₹25,000 crore invested through government-backed FoF mechanisms.
2. Capital Crowding-In: Public capital reduces early-stage risk, enabling private investment participation.
3. Policy Signalling: Demonstrates long-term state commitment to entrepreneurship.
Why is deep tech now a strategic priority?
1. FoF 2.0 Corpus: ₹10,000 crore approved in April 2025, with targeted deployment.
2. Sectoral Focus: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Quantum Technologies, Defence, Aerospace.
3. Gestation Support: Addresses long proof-of-concept cycles and capital intensity in frontier technologies.
4. Strategic Autonomy: Aligns startup policy with national security and technological self-reliance goals.
Conclusion:

A decade of Startup India demonstrates a decisive shift in India’s growth strategy from capital-scarce, risk-averse entrepreneurship to a scale-oriented, innovation-driven ecosystem. The record surge in startups, expansion of unicorns, and targeted deep-tech financing indicate that startups are increasingly complementing MSMEs and manufacturing, strengthening employment creation, capital formation, and India’s long-term economic resilience.

Value Addition

Startup India Mission
1. Launch Year: 2016
2. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (DPIIT)
3. Core Objective: Enables innovation-led entrepreneurship through regulatory easing, funding access, and ecosystem support.
4. Policy Significance: Shifts India’s growth model from job-seeking to job-creating; strengthens formalisation and innovation capacity.
PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2023] Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.

Linkage: This question directly links to GS III (Economic Growth, Industrial Policy, MSMEs) by examining manufacturing-led growth as a driver of jobs and productivity. Government initiatives like Startup India, PLI schemes, and Fund of Funds strengthen MSME manufacturing, capital access, and scale-up, addressing this requirement.
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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Global Risks Report 2026

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Why in the News?

The World Economic Forum released the Global Risks Report 2026, based on the Global Risks Perception Survey of over 1300 global experts, highlighting geoeconomic confrontation as the most severe near term global risk.

About the Report

21st edition of the Global Risks Report
Analyses risks across three time horizons
- Immediate term: 2026
- Short to medium term: up to 2028
- Long term: up to 2036
Survey respondents from academia, business, government, international organisations and civil society
Released ahead of the annual WEF meeting in Davos

Top Risks in 2026

Geoeconomic confrontation ranked number one
- Use of tariffs, sanctions, investment restrictions and control over critical minerals
Followed by State based armed conflict
Reflects retreat from multilateral cooperation and rise of economic weaponisation

Economic Risks Trend

Economic risks show the sharpest rise in rankings
Economic downturn up to rank 11
Inflation rose to rank 21
Asset bubble burst moved to rank 18
Driven by debt stress, financial fragility and geopolitical rivalry

Technological Risks

Misinformation and disinformation ranked 2nd in short term
Cyber insecurity ranked 6th in short term
Adverse outcomes of AI technologies
- Rank 30 in 2 year outlook
- Rank 5 in 10 year outlook
Concerns include job disruption, social harm, mental health impacts and military use of AI

Societal Risks

Rising political and social polarisation
Weakening trust in institutions
Inequality identified as the most interconnected global risk for second consecutive year
Growth of street versus elite narratives challenging democratic resilience

Environmental Risks

Short term deprioritisation
- Extreme weather fell from rank 2 to 4
- Pollution dropped from rank 6 to 9
- Biodiversity loss and earth system change declined sharply
Long term dominance
- Environmental risks occupy half of top 10 risks
- Extreme weather ranked as the top long term risk
Environmental category viewed with highest pessimism over 10 year horizon

Global Order Transition

Movement toward a multipolar and fragmented world
68 percent respondents expect a contested multipolar order over next decade
Only 6 percent expect revival of a unipolar rules based system
Institutions rooted in Bretton Woods Conference under strain

[2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:

(a) International Monetary Fund

(b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(d) World Bank

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Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

NITI Aayog Report on MSME Scheme Convergence

Schemes | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

Why in the News?

In January 2026, NITI Aayog released a report proposing convergence of MSME schemes to reduce duplication, improve efficiency and strengthen last mile delivery.

About the Report

Title: Achieving Efficiencies in MSME Sector through Convergence of Schemes
Prepared by Administrative Staff College of India
Analyses 18 centrally administered MSME schemes
Recommends information convergence and process convergence
Focus on better coordination, outcomes and resource utilisation

Key Facts about MSME Sector

GDP contribution about 29 to 30 percent
Employment over 28.7 crore, second only to agriculture
Share in exports about 45 to 46 percent
Total MSMEs more than 6.3 crore
Around 51 percent located in rural areas
Government MSME budget increased sharply from 2019–20 to 2023–24, raising efficiency concerns

Why Convergence is Needed

Multiple schemes with overlapping objectives
Fragmented implementation across ministries
High compliance burden for MSMEs
Duplication of resources and limited outreach
Weak translation of spending into outcomes

Framework for Convergence

Information Convergence

Integration of central and state government data
Enables evidence based policymaking
Improves coordination and governance

Process Convergence

Alignment and rationalisation of schemes
Merging similar components
Collaboration across ministries and states
Creation of a unified MSME support ecosystem

[2023] With reference to India, consider the following statements:

1. According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, the ‘medium enterprises’ are those with investments in plant and machinery between Rs. 15 crore and Rs. 25 crore

2. All bank loans to the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

Project Suncatcher

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T,Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

Google Research unveiled Project Suncatcher, a research initiative exploring AI datacentres in low Earth orbit powered entirely by solar energy, aimed at addressing the rapidly rising electricity demand of advanced AI systems.

What is Project Suncatcher

A concept and research programme
Proposes placing AI datacentres in Low Earth Orbit
Datacentres operate continuously on solar power
Designed to handle energy intensive AI workloads
Developed under Google Research

Objectives

Reduce the energy footprint of AI
Enable round the clock clean solar power
Decouple AI compute growth from
- Terrestrial power grids
- Land constraints
- Water intensive cooling systems
Support long term scalability of AI infrastructure

Prelims Pointers

Orbit used: Low Earth Orbit
Power source: Solar energy only
Developed by: Google Research
Key orbit type: Sun synchronous orbit
Core challenge addressed: AI energy demand
Emphasis on inter satellite communication over Earth links

[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?

1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units

2. Create meaningful short stories and songs

3. Disease diagnosis

4. Text-to-Speech Conversion

5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

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Electoral Reforms In India

Indelible Ink

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

During municipal corporation elections in Maharashtra, Opposition parties alleged that the indelible ink mark on voters’ fingers was easily removable, raising concerns over possible electoral malpractice. The issue gained traction after videos showed ink marks fading when marker pens were used.

What is Indelible Ink

Applied on a voter’s finger after casting the vote
Ensures one person votes only once
Designed to remain visible for several days
Removal is possible only as the outer skin layer sheds

When did India start using it

Introduced in 1962
Used for the first time in India’s third General Election
Decision taken by Election Commission of India
Has been in continuous use since then

Who Manufactures the Ink

Manufactured exclusively by Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited
Karnataka government undertaking
Supplies ink under contract with
- Election Commission of India
- Union Ministry of Law and Justice

Note: Exported to countries like Afghanistan, Cambodia, Kenya, Mongolia, Nepal and Nigeria.

Prelims Pointers

Indelible ink introduced in 1962
Key chemical silver nitrate
Developed by National Physical Laboratory
Manufactured by Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited
Ink visibility on nail can last up to four weeks
Marker pens allowed in local body elections since 2011

[2017] Consider the following statements:

1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body

2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections

3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Thiruvalluvar Day

Prelims Only | Art and Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Why in the News?

On Thiruvalluvar Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to Thiruvalluvar, highlighting the timeless relevance of his ideals and urging people to read the Tirukkural.

About Thiruvalluvar

Celebrated Tamil poet philosopher of the Sangam age
Believed to have lived around 2000 years ago
Associated with Mylapore in present day Chennai
Also known as Valluvar
Revered as a saint across South India
In some traditions regarded as an incarnation of Brahma

Social and Religious Context

Lived during a period when Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism coexisted
Scholars associate him with Jainism or Hinduism
Demonstrated that householder life can lead to spiritual excellence
Rejected the necessity of renunciation for moral and spiritual attainment

Prelims Pointers

Tirukkural has 1330 couplets
Official birth year recognised as 31 BCE
Associated with Sangam literature
Emphasised ethics, governance, and social harmony
Revered across religious traditions

[2020] Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?

(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture

(b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets

(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

The message in India’s late entry to US-led groupings

Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India
Why in the News?

India has joined Pax Silica, a US-led effort to reshape global supply chains for semiconductors and critical technologies. However, India entered after the initiative was largely designed, similar to its late entry into the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP). This matters because Pax Silica prioritises strong manufacturing capacity, advanced processing, and ready technology ecosystems, areas where India still lags. The episode highlights a clear pattern: India is valued for strategic reasons but lacks technological leverage, limiting its bargaining power in US-led economic security groupings.

What is Pax Silica?
1. It is the U.S Department of State’s flagship effort on AI and supply chain security, advancing new economic security consensus among allies and trusted partners.
2. Strategic concept: Spanning critical minerals → energy → advanced manufacturing → semiconductors → AI infrastructure → logistics
3. Core Objectives:
  1. Reduce coercive dependencies
  2. Partner to secure global tech supply chains, address AI supply chain opportunities and vulnerabilities, and explore joint investment
  3. Protect sensitive technologies and build trusted digital infrastructure
4. Long Term Framework:
  1. Unite countries hosting advanced tech companies to unleash the economic potential of the new AI age
  2. Establish a durable economic order to drive AI-powered prosperity across partner nations
What does India’s late entry into Pax Silica indicate?
1. Timing disadvantage: Signals entry after agenda-setting was completed, limiting India’s ability to shape rules or priorities.
2. Pattern repetition: Reflects earlier experience with MSP, where India joined after core structures were in place.
3. Diplomatic signalling: Indicates conciliatory outreach by the US rather than proactive Indian leverage.
Why does Pax Silica matter?
1. Strategic objective: Restructures semiconductor and advanced manufacturing supply chains away from China.
2. Economic coercion control: Reduces vulnerability to Chinese leverage in global chip production.
3. Technology governance: Aligns partner countries on standards for AI, semiconductors, and digital infrastructure.
Why is India seen as lacking a ‘critical edge’?
1. Manufacturing depth: Absence of large-scale advanced semiconductor fabrication capacity.
2. Processing capability: Limited expertise in high-end chip processing and precision manufacturing.
3. Ecosystem gaps: Weak integration of research, fabrication, and supply-chain logistics.
How does Pax Silica compare with other member countries?
1. Japan and South Korea: Strong semiconductor fabrication and equipment manufacturing base.
2. Taiwan: Global leadership in advanced chip manufacturing.
3. Singapore: Critical logistics, processing hubs, and supply-chain integration.
4. Israel and UK: Advanced innovation ecosystems and high-end R&D capabilities.
5. India: Emerging manufacturing base but insufficient scale and specialization.
What does this reveal about US strategic intent?
1. China containment: Sidelines China from high-end technology and semiconductor supply chains.
2. Selective inclusion: Prioritises countries with immediate technological deliverables.
3. Geopolitical balancing: Includes India for strategic depth, not technological indispensability.
Why does this matter for India’s foreign and economic policy?
1. Reduced bargaining power: Late inclusion weakens India’s ability to demand concessions.
2. Capability-first diplomacy: Demonstrates that geopolitical alignment alone is insufficient.
3. Strategic lesson: Economic security partnerships increasingly reward technological readiness, not political intent.
Conclusion

India’s entry into Pax Silica underscores a structural challenge in its external engagement: strategic relevance without commensurate technological capacity. The episode reinforces that future influence in global groupings will depend less on diplomatic goodwill and more on domestic manufacturing strength, processing expertise, and ecosystem maturity.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2024] “The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.” Explain this statement with examples.

Linkage: It reflects Western strategy to de-risk supply chains and counter China through selective partnerships with India. Contemporary Linkage: Pax Silica and MSP show India’s geopolitical value, but late entry highlights capability-based inclusion.
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Electoral Reforms In India

Fake news, deepfakes, influencers-Elections 2026

Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters,Parliament & State Legislatures,Representation Of People’s Act
Why in the news

India is approaching the 2026 election cycle amid unprecedented digital disruption of democratic processes. Electioneering has decisively shifted from rallies and manifestos to WhatsApp, influencers, and AI-generated content. This marks a sharp departure from earlier elections where television and print dominated political messaging. The scale is significant, with over 900 million internet users, 90 crore television viewers, and 65% of Indians relying on social media for news, creating fertile ground for misinformation, manipulation, and synthetic political content.

How has electioneering fundamentally changed?
1. Digital-first campaigning: Replaces ground mobilisation with podcasts, WhatsApp channels, and algorithm-driven platforms.
2. WhatsApp-first political communication: BJP’s launch of India’s first “WhatsApp Elections” in 2024 institutionalised private messaging as a campaign tool.
3. Attention-driven narratives: Rewards sensationalism over verification due to speed and virality.
What exactly constitutes fake news in the Indian context?
1. Undefined legal status: Lacks a formal definition under Indian law.
2. Comparative clarity: Australia’s eSafety Commissioner defines fake news as “fictional news stories tailored to support certain agendas.”
3. Sensational amplification: Algorithmic platforms magnify emotional and polarising content.
Why is fake news proliferating at scale?
1. Platform dependence: 65% of Indians view social media as a primary news source.
2. High trust deficit: 40% believe fake news shapes political views.
3. Electoral sensitivity: Fake news increasingly targets polarising political themes.
4. Verification collapse: Speed of dissemination outpaces fact-checking mechanisms.
Where does fake news spread most rapidly?
1. Encrypted platforms: WhatsApp and Telegram enable rapid, untraceable circulation.
2. Algorithmic ecosystems: X (Twitter), Instagram, and Facebook reward engagement over accuracy.
3. Regional language media: Hindi and regional newspapers retain higher credibility, creating selective trust asymmetries.
4. Television saturation: India hosts nearly 900 private TV channels, amplifying narrative competition.
Who are the new political intermediaries?
1. Influencers as opinion brokers: Gen Z reliance stands at 13% globally and over 8% for certain influencers.
2. Algorithmic reach: Influencer visibility often exceeds that of traditional journalists.
3. State engagement: Government engagement with influencers through events like “Mann Ki Baat.”
4. Institutional penetration: Influencers empanelled in 2023 under a CEO-led initiative.
What role do deepfakes play in electoral manipulation?
1. Synthetic media proliferation: AI-generated audio and video increasingly mimic political leaders.
2. Documented misuse: Deepfake videos surfaced during recent Lok Sabha elections.
3. Low-cost production: Reduces barriers for political disinformation.
4. Cross-party vulnerability: Affects ruling and opposition parties alike.
How prepared is the regulatory system?
1. Delayed response: Model Code of Conduct provisions activated late in election cycles.
2. Enforcement deficit: Difficulty tracing encrypted or AI-generated content.
3. Partial institutional awareness: Meta approved 14 AI-generated electoral ads, signalling scale but weak deterrence.
4. Reactive governance: Regulation follows disruption rather than anticipating it.
Conclusion

India’s electoral democracy is entering a phase where technological speed, anonymity, and algorithmic incentives overpower institutional safeguards. The convergence of fake news, influencer politics, and deepfakes represents not a temporary challenge but a systemic risk. Without anticipatory regulation and voter literacy, elections risk becoming contests of manipulation rather than mandate.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2022] Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct.

Linkage: The Model Code of Conduct expanded the Election Commission’s role beyond conducting elections to enforcing ethical political behaviour. Digital campaigns, misinformation, and deepfakes now test the ECI’s regulatory capacity under the MCC.
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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

Bio Safety Level 4 Containment Facility in Gandhinagar

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T,Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Why in the News?

Union Home Minister Amit Shah laid the foundation stone of a Bio Safety Level 4 Containment Facility in Gandhinagar, describing it as a national health shield and a major step towards advanced health security and biotechnology.

What is a BSL-4 Facility?

Bio Safety Level 4 is the highest level of biological containment
Designed to handle extremely dangerous and lethal pathogens
Pathogens are often
- Highly infectious
- Transmitted via air or contact
- Without proven vaccines or treatments
Work conducted under strict international biosafety protocols
Scientists wear positive pressure suits and work in sealed environments

Pathogens to be Studied at Gandhinagar Facility

Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus, Kyasanur Forest Disease virus, and Nipah virus

BSL Facilities in India

Only civilian BSL 4 lab currently operational at National Institute of Virology
Defence BSL 4 lab established by DRDO in Gwalior in 2024
High security animal disease labs
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases with ABSL 3 plus
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease with ABSL 3Ag

Prelims Pointers

BSL 4 is the highest biosafety level
Handles lethal and exotic pathogens
Gandhinagar lab is
- Second civilian BSL 4 in India
- First fully state funded BSL 4 facility
Supports One Health approach linking human and animal health
Enhances India’s pandemic readiness and biotech capacity

[2021] Consider the following:

1. Bacteria

2. Fungi

3. Virus

Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Land Reforms

Karnataka Land Revenue Amendment and Jamma Bane System in Coorg

Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

Why in the News?

The Karnataka government has amended its land revenue law to modernise the Jamma Bane land record system in Coorg. The Karnataka Land Revenue (Second Amendment) Act, 2025 received assent from Governor Thawarchand Gehlot on January 7, 2025.

About Jamma Bane Lands

A distinct land tenure system prevalent only in Kodagu district
The word Jamma means hereditary
Lands were granted between 1600 and 1800
- By erstwhile Coorg kings
- Later by British administration
Granted in return for military service
Associated closely with the Kodava community

Nature of Jamma Bane Holdings

Consist of two land types
- Wetlands used for paddy cultivation
- Forested highlands converted into coffee plantations
Ownership recorded in the name of the original pattedar
Names of successors added but primary ownership never changed
Resulted in
- No clear title for current owners
- Difficulty in sale or purchase of land
- Problems in securing bank loans
- Frequent inheritance disputes

[2024] With reference to the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme, consider the following statements:

1. To implement the scheme, the Central Government provides 100% funding

2. Under the Scheme, Cadastral Maps are digitised

3. An initiative has been undertaken to transliterate the Records of Rights from local language to any of the languages recognized by the Constitution of India

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Archives: News

Why in the News

How has Startup India altered the scale of entrepreneurship in India?

What does the rise in unicorns indicate about ecosystem depth?

How has societal perception of risk-taking changed?

What role has state-backed risk capital played?

Why is deep tech now a strategic priority?

Conclusion:

Value Addition

Startup India Mission

PYQ Relevance

Why in the News?

About the Report

Top Risks in 2026

Economic Risks Trend

Technological Risks

Societal Risks

Environmental Risks

Global Order Transition

Why in the News?

About the Report

Key Facts about MSME Sector

Why Convergence is Needed

Framework for Convergence

Why in the News?

What is Project Suncatcher

Objectives

Prelims Pointers

Why in the News?

What is Indelible Ink

When did India start using it

Who Manufactures the Ink

Prelims Pointers

Why in the News?

About Thiruvalluvar

Social and Religious Context

Prelims Pointers

Why in the News?

What is Pax Silica?

What does India’s late entry into Pax Silica indicate?

Why does Pax Silica matter?

Why is India seen as lacking a ‘critical edge’?

How does Pax Silica compare with other member countries?

What does this reveal about US strategic intent?

Why does this matter for India’s foreign and economic policy?

Conclusion

PYQ Relevance

Why in the news

How has electioneering fundamentally changed?

What exactly constitutes fake news in the Indian context?

Why is fake news proliferating at scale?

Where does fake news spread most rapidly?

Who are the new political intermediaries?

What role do deepfakes play in electoral manipulation?

How prepared is the regulatory system?

Conclusion

PYQ Relevance

Why in the News?

What is a BSL-4 Facility?

Pathogens to be Studied at Gandhinagar Facility

BSL Facilities in India

Prelims Pointers

Why in the News?

About Jamma Bane Lands

Nature of Jamma Bane Holdings

Join the Community