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  • Civil Aviation Sector – CA Policy 2016, UDAN, Open Skies, etc.

    Ministry of Civil Aviation launches UDAN 5.1

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    udan

    Central Idea

    • The Ministry of Civil Aviation has launched UDAN 5.1, an extension of the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) – Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN), to enhance connectivity to remote areas of India.

    What is UDAN 5.1?

    • This round specifically focuses on helicopter routes, aiming to achieve last mile connectivity.
    • It allows operators to operate routes where one of the origin or destination locations is in a priority area, such as hilly regions, islands, or North East states.

    Features of the scheme

    • Expanded Scope of Operations: Operators can now operate routes where one of the origin or destination locations is in a priority area, compared to the previous requirement of both points being in priority areas.
    • Reduced Airfare Caps: Airfare caps for helicopter flights have been reduced by up to 25%, making flying in helicopters more affordable for passengers.
    • Increased Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Caps: VGF caps for operators using single and twin-engine helicopters have been substantially increased to enhance the financial viability of operating the awarded routes.
    • Coverage Expansion: UDAN 5.1 aims to cover a significantly larger number of routes compared to previous rounds, further extending the benefits of air connectivity to unserved regions.

    Importance of UDAN 5.1

    • Democratization of Air Travel and Last-Mile Connectivity: UDAN 5.1 reflects the deeper democratization of air travel, with a focus on providing last-mile connectivity to remote regions of India.
    • Consultations and Stakeholder Engagement: The current version of the scheme has been designed after extensive consultations with all stakeholders, including helicopter operators.

    Way Forward

    • Successful Implementation: Ensure effective implementation of UDAN 5.1, considering the expanded scope of operations, reduced airfare caps, and increased VGF caps.
    • Collaboration with Operators: Foster collaboration and engagement with helicopter operators to optimize last-mile connectivity and promote the growth of the helicopter segment in the civil aviation industry.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a robust monitoring and evaluation mechanism to assess the impact of UDAN 5.1 on remote regions, air travel affordability, and economic development.
    • Promoting Tourism: Leverage the increased helicopter penetration to boost tourism in remote areas, thereby supporting the hospitality industry and local economies.
    • Future Expansion: Continuously assess the potential for further expansion of the UDAN scheme, considering new routes and modes of transportation to improve connectivity to underserved regions of India.

     

    Back2Basics:All Versions of UDAN Scheme

    Launch Date Focus Category Distance Length Cap Viability Gap Funding Cap Exclusivity Period
    UDAN 1.0 April 27, 2017 Category 1 (19-78 Seats) 500 km 70% for Cat-1, 90% for Hilly States, J&K, Ladakh, NE and Island regions 3 years 10 years
    UDAN 2.0 November 16, 2018 Category 1 (19-78 Seats) 500 km Same as UDAN 1.0 3 years 10 years
    UDAN 3.0 November 8, 2019 Category 1 (19-78 Seats) 800 km Same as UDAN 1.0 3 years 10 years
    UDAN 4.0 December 3, 2020 Category 1 (19-78 Seats) 1,200 km Same as UDAN 1.0 1 year 10 years
    UDAN 5.0 September 1, 2021 Category 2 (20-80 Seats) and 3 (>80 Seats) No restriction 60% for Priority Areas, 20% for Non-Priority Areas 1 year 10 years

     

     

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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction: G20’s Role and Priorities

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Central Idea

    • The G20 nations, representing a population of 4.7 billion people, are exposed to significant risks from natural disasters and face substantial vulnerabilities. In the World Risk Index, four G20 countries are among the top 10 most vulnerable nations. The economic impact of disasters in the G20 countries alone amounts to an estimated annual average loss of $218 billion. It is imperative to prioritize disaster risk reduction measures to mitigate these losses and protect development gains.

    G20’s Role in Driving Global Goals

    • Platform for International Cooperation: The G20 provides a platform for international cooperation and collaboration among the world’s major economies. It brings together leaders from diverse nations to discuss global challenges, share best practices, and coordinate efforts to address common goals.
    • Influence and Economic Power: The G20 nations represent a significant share of the global economy, accounting for approximately 85% of global GDP and two-thirds of the world’s population. Their collective influence and economic power give them the capacity to drive global initiatives and mobilize resources to address pressing issues.
    • Promoting Policy Coherence: The G20 promotes policy coherence by fostering dialogue and coordination among its member nations. Through discussions, agreements, and joint statements, the G20 seeks to align policies and actions to address global challenges, including those related to disaster risk reduction.
    • Innovative Financing Mechanisms: The G20 has the ability to explore and promote innovative financing mechanisms for global goals. This includes mobilizing financial resources from governments, multilateral institutions, capital markets, insurance companies, philanthropies, and communities. By maximizing the impact of financial resources, the G20 can support initiatives related to disaster risk reduction and other priority areas.
    • Advancing International Frameworks and Agreements: The G20 plays a vital role in advancing international frameworks and agreements related to disaster risk reduction. For instance, the G20 can support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, which provides a global roadmap for reducing disaster risks and enhancing resilience.
    • Sharing Best Practices and Lessons Learned: Through the G20 platform, member countries can share best practices, experiences, and lessons learned in disaster risk reduction. This exchange of knowledge and expertise contributes to the development of effective strategies, policies, and approaches that can be replicated and scaled up globally.
    • Driving Innovation and Research: The G20 can drive innovation and research by promoting investment in research and development related to disaster risk reduction. This includes supporting scientific advancements, technological innovations, and data-driven approaches that enhance understanding, preparedness, and response to disasters.
    • Influencing Global Agendas: As major economies, the G20 nations have significant influence on global agendas. By prioritizing and advocating for specific issues, such as disaster risk reduction, the G20 can shape global discourse, policies, and actions, mobilizing international attention and resources towards addressing these challenges

    The vulnerability of G20 countries to disasters

    • Geographic Location: Several G20 countries are located in regions prone to specific hazards. For instance, countries like Japan, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkey are situated in seismically active zones, making them vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis. Coastal nations, including the United States, China, India, Brazil, and Australia, face the risks of tropical cyclones, storm surges, and coastal flooding.
    • Climate Extremes: G20 countries experience a wide range of climate-related hazards. For instance, Canada and Russia face risks associated with extreme cold, while Australia and Brazil are susceptible to wildfires and droughts. Heatwaves and heavy rainfall leading to floods pose significant risks in countries like India, Germany, and South Korea.
    • Population Density: Several G20 countries have high population densities, increasing their vulnerability to disasters. The concentration of people and infrastructure in urban areas amplifies the potential impacts of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and storms. Cities like Tokyo, Mexico City, Mumbai, Istanbul, and Shanghai face unique challenges due to their large populations and exposure to multiple hazards.
    • Infrastructure and Urbanization: Rapid urbanization and inadequate infrastructure planning can exacerbate vulnerability to disasters. Poorly constructed buildings, inadequate drainage systems, and improper land use practices can heighten the impacts of hazards. G20 countries with rapid urban growth, such as China and India, face challenges related to resilient urban development.
    • Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, inequality, and limited access to resources can increase vulnerability to disasters. Countries with significant disparities in wealth distribution, such as India, Brazil, and South Africa, often face challenges in adequately addressing disaster risks and providing timely response and recovery.
    • Environmental Degradation: G20 countries also grapple with environmental degradation, which can exacerbate vulnerability to disasters. Deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of wetlands and natural buffers diminish the ability of ecosystems to mitigate and absorb the impacts of hazards. This is particularly relevant for countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and Russia, which are home to ecologically sensitive regions

    India’s Leadership in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

    • Initiating a New Workstream in G20: India has taken a proactive step by initiating a new workstream within the G20 focused on disaster risk reduction. This highlights India’s recognition of the importance of international collaboration and concerted efforts to address disaster risks at a global level.
    • Five Priorities Outlined in the Working Group: In the first meeting of the G20 working group on disaster risk reduction, India put forth five priorities to guide the group’s efforts. These priorities include universal coverage of early warning systems, emphasis on disaster and climate-resilient infrastructure, improving financing frameworks, enhancing response capabilities, and applying ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk.
    • Transforming Disaster Financing: India has spearheaded efforts to transform the way governments finance disaster risk reduction. Recognizing the limitations of traditional budget allocations, India has explored innovative financing tools and mechanisms. This includes creating reserve funds, dedicated lines of credit, and leveraging global resources to support disaster-resilient infrastructure development.
    • Targeted Efforts to Reduce Losses: India has made targeted efforts to reduce losses from disasters through comprehensive risk management strategies. By focusing on areas such as flood risk management, India has implemented measures to minimize the impacts of extreme weather conditions, protect lives, and enhance disaster preparedness.
    • Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI): India and the United States currently co-chair the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. The CDRI aims to promote investments in resilient infrastructure and foster international collaboration to enhance disaster resilience globally. India’s leadership in this coalition reflects its commitment to driving resilience-building efforts.
    • Implementation of Sendai Framework: India has aligned its disaster risk reduction efforts with the Sendai Framework, a global framework for DRR. The 10-point agenda outlined by India’s Prime Minister after the adoption of the Sendai Framework guides the country in the implementation of comprehensive DRR strategies.

    Key Themes for Future Action

    • Reimagining Financing for Disaster Risk Reduction: Explore innovative financing tools, including reserve funds, dedicated lines of credit, and global resource mobilization. While green financing has gained momentum, greater attention should be given to disaster risk financing, especially for countries like India with increasing capital expenditure.
    • Differential Strategies for Extensive and Intensive Risks: Develop targeted approaches to reduce losses from frequent but moderate impact events (extensive risks) such as heatwaves, lightning, floods, and landslides. These events accumulate significant losses and necessitate specific risk reduction measures.
    • Convergence of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Integrate efforts to address both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Analytical and implementation capacities for disaster risk reduction should support climate change adaptation, ensuring synergies between flood management structures and adaptation efforts.
    • Priority Access to Early Warning Systems: Early warning systems, such as cyclone early warnings, should be treated as global public goods, accessible to all populations irrespective of their economic strength. The G20 can lead by example, setting up mechanisms to ensure universal access to early warning systems in line with the UN Secretary General’s initiative.
    • Multi-tiered and Multi-sectoral Effort: Disaster risk reduction requires an integrated approach across levels and sectors. Integration from local to global levels and horizontal collaboration across sectors will enhance readiness to manage unknown risks, considering the interlinkages and interdependence of the world

    Need for Convergence of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

    • Shared Risks and Drivers: Both DRR and CCA address risks associated with natural hazards and climate change impacts. Disasters are often exacerbated by climate change, while climate change can intensify the frequency and severity of disasters. Converging efforts allows for a comprehensive and integrated approach to address these shared risks and underlying drivers.
    • Synergies in Solutions: DRR and CCA strategies share common elements and can leverage synergies in their solutions. For example, building disaster-resilient infrastructure can contribute to climate change adaptation by considering future climate scenarios. Similarly, nature-based solutions, such as protecting and restoring ecosystems, can provide benefits for both disaster risk reduction and climate resilience.
    • Efficiency and Resource Optimization: Converging DRR and CCA efforts allows for the efficient use of resources, avoiding duplication and maximizing the effectiveness of interventions. Instead of implementing separate and parallel initiatives, integrated approaches can streamline efforts, optimize funding, and improve overall outcomes.
    • Integrated Risk Management: Combining DRR and CCA enables a holistic approach to risk management. By integrating climate projections, vulnerability assessments, and disaster risk assessments, decision-makers can develop comprehensive risk management strategies that address both current and future risks.
    • Co-benefits for Sustainable Development: Integrating DRR and CCA contributes to sustainable development goals. By reducing disaster risks and enhancing climate resilience, communities can protect livelihoods, preserve ecosystems, ensure food security, and promote social well-being. This integrated approach aligns with the broader agenda of sustainable development.
    • Policy and Institutional Integration: Convergence of DRR and CCA necessitates policy coherence and institutional coordination. Aligning strategies, frameworks, and institutions responsible for DRR and CCA facilitates better integration of risk reduction and adaptation measures. This coordination strengthens governance structures and enhances implementation effectiveness.
    • Adaptive Capacity Building: Addressing the interconnected challenges of disasters and climate change requires enhancing adaptive capacities at various levels. By combining efforts, stakeholders can work collaboratively to build capacities for disaster response, early warning systems, community engagement, and climate-resilient practices, thereby enhancing overall resilience.

    Conclusion

    • Disaster preparedness has been a priority of India for last few years. India has taken significant steps in transforming disaster risk reduction financing and targeted loss reduction efforts. Chairing the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure alongside the United States, India’s commitment to disaster preparedness is reflected in the creation of a new workstream under the G20. By leveraging their economic power, promoting policy coherence, and fostering international cooperation, the G20 can contribute to building a safer, more resilient, and sustainable world.

    Also read:

    India’s G20 Presidency and Disaster Risk Management

     

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  • RBI Notifications

    Evaluating the RBI’s Recent Currency withdrawal Decision

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Currency

    Central Idea

    • When discussing the value of a currency, the focus often revolves around its exchange rate and purchasing power. However, there is a more fundamental aspect to consider is the confidence citizens have in its acceptance and stability as a medium of exchange and store of value. This confidence is deeply rooted in the trust placed in the central bank, such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

    Rationale behind the decision to withdraw ₹2,000 notes from circulation while keeping them legal tender

    • Promoting Clean Note Policy: The withdrawal is part of the RBI’s initiative to promote a cleaner currency system. By encouraging the exchange of soiled or damaged notes, the RBI aims to improve the overall quality of currency in circulation.
    • Curbing Black Money: The decision is aimed at curbing the hoarding of black money, as higher denomination notes are often associated with illicit activities. By limiting the usage of ₹2,000 notes, the RBI intends to discourage the accumulation of unaccounted wealth.
    • Enhancing Transparency: The withdrawal is expected to increase transparency in financial transactions. By reducing the availability of high-value currency, the RBI aims to encourage a shift towards digital payments and traceable transactions.
    • Addressing Counterfeit Concerns: The withdrawal may help mitigate the risks associated with counterfeit currency. High-denomination notes are often targeted by counterfeiters, and by withdrawing ₹2,000 notes, the RBI aims to combat counterfeiting and maintain the integrity of the currency.
    • Managing Currency Supply: The withdrawal allows the RBI to better manage the supply and circulation of currency. By gradually replacing ₹2,000 notes with lower denomination currency, the RBI can ensure an adequate availability of notes for day-to-day transactions.
    • Aligning with Majority Usage: The decision is based on the observation that a significant majority of transactions in India involve lower monetary values. By withdrawing ₹2,000 notes, which are predominantly used for high-value transactions, the RBI aims to align the currency with the needs of the majority of the population.

    Potential Impact of this move on Business and Economy

    • Uncertainty and Business Sentiment: The move to withdraw ₹2,000 notes may create uncertainty among businesses, as sudden changes in the currency system can disrupt economic activities. This uncertainty can affect business sentiment and decision-making, potentially leading to a cautious approach in investments and expansion plans.
    • Cash-dependent Sectors: Certain sectors that heavily rely on cash transactions, such as small businesses, informal sectors, and rural areas, may face challenges in adjusting to the withdrawal. The availability of lower denomination notes to replace ₹2,000 notes and the need for individuals to exchange their existing notes can temporarily disrupt cash flow in these sectors.
    • Digital Payment Adoption: With the reduction in the availability of high-value currency, there may be a push for increased adoption of digital payment methods. The withdrawal can potentially accelerate the ongoing shift towards digital transactions, as individuals and businesses seek alternatives to cash transactions.
    • Impact on Consumption: The withdrawal can have implications for consumer spending patterns. If individuals perceive a scarcity of high-value currency, it may affect their spending behavior, particularly for larger purchases. This could lead to a short-term dampening of consumer demand and impact certain sectors of the economy, such as real estate and luxury goods.
    • Counterfeit and Black Money: The withdrawal of ₹2,000 notes aims to combat counterfeiting and curb the hoarding of black money. If successful, it can contribute to enhancing the integrity of the currency and promoting a more transparent financial system. However, the actual impact on eliminating black money and counterfeit currency will depend on the effectiveness of enforcement measures and the adoption of alternative means for illicit transactions.
    • Financial Inclusion: The withdrawal may pose challenges for individuals who have limited access to banking services or digital payment infrastructure. Efforts will be needed to ensure that the transition does not hinder financial inclusion and that adequate support is provided to vulnerable segments of the population.

    Concerns and arguments over the central bank’s reputation

    • Demonetization Fallout: The implementation of demonetization in 2016, where high-value currency notes were invalidated, received mixed reactions. Critics argue that the RBI’s involvement in the decision-making process and its execution raised questions about the central bank’s independence and its ability to manage the country’s monetary policies effectively.
    • Inflation Management: The RBI’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability and control inflation. However, the central bank has faced challenges in achieving its inflation targets consistently. Critics contend that the RBI’s monetary policy framework and communication strategies could be improved to ensure better alignment with its objectives and boost its reputation in inflation management.
    • Banking Sector Oversight: The RBI is responsible for overseeing the banking sector and maintaining financial stability. Some argue that the central bank could have been more proactive in detecting and addressing issues related to non-performing assets (NPAs) and the overall health of banks. The perceived delays in taking corrective measures and addressing governance issues have raised concerns about the effectiveness of the RBI’s regulatory oversight.
    • Communication and Transparency: The RBI’s communication and transparency have been points of discussion. Critics argue that the central bank could enhance its communication strategies, ensuring clearer and more consistent messaging about policy decisions and their objectives.
    • Autonomy and Independence: The reputation of the RBI rests heavily on its autonomy and independence from external influences. Concerns have been raised over potential encroachments on the central bank’s independence, such as the invocation of certain provisions of the RBI Act and debates around the RBI’s relationship with the government. Preserving the RBI’s autonomy is seen as crucial for maintaining its reputation as a credible and independent institution.

    What measures RBI must take to restore and maintain its reputation?

    • Transparency and Communication: The RBI should prioritize transparency in its operations and decision-making process. It should provide clear and timely communication regarding policy decisions, objectives, and the rationale behind its actions. Regular and effective communication can help build public trust and enhance understanding of the RBI’s role in maintaining a stable and resilient financial system.
    • Independence and Autonomy: The RBI should emphasize its independence from political interference. It should ensure that its decision-making process remains free from external pressures and is based on sound economic principles. Upholding its autonomy strengthens the perception of the RBI as a credible and reliable institution.
    • Consistency and Predictability: A clear and consistent approach to monetary policy, regulation, and supervision fosters stability and confidence in the financial system. Avoiding abrupt shifts or reversals in policy direction can enhance the RBI’s reputation for sound decision-making.
    • Accountability and Oversight: The RBI should establish robust mechanisms for accountability and oversight. This includes effective internal controls, external audits, and appropriate checks and balances to ensure that the RBI’s policies and actions align with its mandate and serve the best interests of the economy. Accountability helps maintain public confidence in the RBI’s operations.
    • Economic Stability and Financial Inclusion: The RBI should prioritize its mandate of maintaining economic stability while promoting financial inclusion. By implementing effective monetary policies, managing inflation, and ensuring a resilient financial system, the RBI can contribute to sustainable economic growth and reduce income disparities.
    • Continuous Learning and Adaptation: The RBI should emphasize continuous learning, research, and adaptation to evolving economic and financial challenges. Staying informed about global best practices, monitoring emerging risks, and proactively addressing new challenges will enable the RBI to enhance its effectiveness and reputation as a forward-looking institution.

    Conclusion

    • The recent actions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), including the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note and the aftermath of the 2016 demonetization, have cast doubt on the RBI’s judgment and ability to uphold public trust. By aligning its actions with the long-term interests of the Indian economy, the RBI can preserve the value of the currency and ensure stability in the financial system. Only then can the RBI regain its reputation and fulfill its role as a trustworthy and effective central bank

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    Also read:

    RBI to pull out ₹2000 notes from active circulation

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  • Human Rights Issues

    GANHRI defers accreditation of India’s NHRC

    | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    india nhrc ganhri

    Central Idea

    The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI), a UN-recognized organization, has deferred the accreditation of India’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC-India) for the second time in a decade.

    GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)
    Purpose Promote and protect human rights globally
    Year Established 1993
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Members National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from various countries
    Key Functions – Promoting and strengthening NHRIs worldwide

    – Advocating for human rights at national, regional, and global levels

    – Facilitating cooperation and sharing of best practices among NHRIs

    – Providing capacity-building support to NHRIs etc.
    Organizational Structure – President: Elected from GANHRI members for a specified term

    – Bureau: Assists the President in overseeing GANHRI’s work

    – Sub-Committees: Focused on specific thematic or regional issues
    Key Documents – Paris Principles: Provide guidance for the establishment and operation of NHRIs

    – GANHRI Strategy: Outlines the organization’s strategic objectives and actions

     

    Reasons for India’s Deferment

    The GANHRI’s letter to the NHRC cited several reasons for the deferment of accreditation, including:

    • Political Interference: The NHRC-India faced objections related to political interference in appointments, compromising its independence.
    • Police Involvement: Involving the police in probes into human rights violations raised concerns about impartiality and fair investigations.
    • Lack of Cooperation: The NHRC’s poor cooperation with civil society was criticized, hindering its effectiveness in protecting human rights.
    • Lack of Diversity: The GANHRI highlighted the lack of diversity in staff and leadership positions within the NHRC.
    • Insufficient Protection of Marginalized Groups: The NHRC was found to have taken insufficient action to protect marginalized groups, contrary to the U.N.’s principles on national institutions (the ‘Paris Principles).

    Concerns highlighted against India

    • Many NGOs such as Amnesty International, Front Line Defenders etc. wrote a joint letter to GANHRI expressing their objections to NHRC India’s ‘A’ rank.
    • They highlighted the commission’s failure to protect marginalized communities, religious minorities, and human rights defenders.
    • The letter emphasized that the NHRC’s functioning has regressed since 2017, undermining its independence and adherence to the Paris Principles.

    Paris Principles and Accreditation Criteria

    The United Nations’ Paris Principles, adopted in 1993, serve as international benchmarks for accrediting National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs). The Paris Principles outline six main criteria that NHRIs must meet:

    • Mandate and Competence: NHRIs should have a clear mandate and the necessary expertise to protect human rights effectively.
    • Autonomy from Government: NHRIs must operate independently from government influence or control.
    • Independence: NHRIs should have their independence guaranteed by a statute or constitution.
    • Pluralism: NHRIs should ensure diversity and inclusivity in their staffing and leadership positions.
    • Adequate Resources: NHRIs should have sufficient resources to carry out their mandated functions effectively.
    • Powers of Investigation: NHRIs should possess adequate investigative powers to address human rights violations.

    Background of NHRC-India

    • The NHRC-India was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act enacted by Parliament in 1993.
    • It has held ‘A’ status accreditation since the beginning of the NHRI accreditation process in 1999, which it retained in 2006, 2011, and 2017, despite a previous deferment.
    • This status allows participation in the work and decision-making of GANHRI, the Human Rights Council, and other U.N. mechanisms

    Response from India

    • The NHRC clarified that the deferment by the Sub Committee on Accreditation (SCA) does not affect its current ‘A’ status accreditation and associated privileges.
    • The reaccreditation process is still ongoing, and the SCA has recommended advocating with the government and Parliamentarians for legislative amendments to improve compliance with the Paris Principles.
    • The NHRC assured that they have addressed most of the issues raised by the SCA and will submit a response shortly as part of the ongoing process.

    Way Forward

    To address the concerns raised by GANHRI and human rights organizations, the NHRC-India should take the following steps:

    • Strengthen Independence: Ensure that the NHRC operates independently without political interference, safeguarding its credibility and effectiveness.
    • Promote Diversity: Take measures to enhance diversity in staffing and leadership positions within the NHRC to ensure a broader representation of society.
    • Improve Protection of Marginalized Groups: Develop comprehensive strategies and policies to provide effective protection and support to marginalized communities, religious minorities, and human rights defenders.
    • Address Legislative Amendments: Actively engage with the government and Parliamentarians to advocate for necessary legislative amendments that align with the Paris Principles and enhance compliance with international human rights standards.

    Conclusion

    • By implementing these measures, the NHRC-India can strengthen its functioning, regain the confidence of GANHRI and human rights organizations, and ensure the effective protection of human rights in India.

     

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  • WTO and India

    WTO reforms a top priority: India

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    wto

    Central Idea

    • India has stressed the urgent need for prioritizing reforms within the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
    • India has been advocating for WTO reforms and improved dispute settlement mechanisms during G20 discussions.

    About WTO

    Functions and Principles
    Establishment 1 January 1995
    Functions
    • Negotiating trade agreements
    • Enforcing trade rules
    • Providing technical assistance and capacity building
    • Sharing trade-related information and conducting research
    Fundamental principles
    • Non-discrimination
    • Reciprocity
    • Transparency
    • Predictability and stability
    Membership 164 member countries representing over 98% of global trade
    Decision-making
    • Decisions made by consensus among member countries
    • General Council is the highest decision-making body

     

    Prioritizing WTO Reforms

    • India’s Push for Reforms: India has been actively advocating for reforms within the World Trade Organisation.
    • Better Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Alongside reforms, India is pushing for improved dispute settlement mechanisms within the WTO.
    • Reaffirming Foundational Principles: The discussions aim to reaffirm the principles enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement and the multilateral trade agreements, emphasizing the importance of an open, fair, inclusive, and transparent WTO.

    Reforms that India is seeking

    • Structural Reforms: There is an urgent need for reforms within the WTO to address issues such as transparency, shorter time frames, the establishment of a permanent panel body, and special and differential treatment for developing countries.
    • Benefit for Developing Countries: Developing countries, including India, can benefit from these reforms if proposals specific to their needs are accepted.
    • Trade Facilitation for Services: While the WTO has made progress with the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) concerning goods, there is a need for reforms in trade facilitation for services. India, as a major service provider, stands to benefit from improved cross-border movement of people.
    • Inclusivity: It is crucial to establish procedures and practices that are more inclusive, particularly for developing countries.
    • Peace Clauses: Adoption of “peace clauses” for developing countries’ implementation of current agreements can formalize commitments by major trading powers to allow grace periods and exercise due restraint.
    • Evolving Negotiation Modes: The single package approach used in the Uruguay Round is not effective in the Doha Round, necessitating the exploration of new negotiation modes.
    • Strengthened Dispute Settlement Mechanism: The dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO requires strengthening and expediting to enhance its effectiveness.
    • Separation of Political and Human Rights Issues: There is a need to separate political and human rights issues from trade disputes under Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) norms.

    Crossroads for WTO

    • Stalled Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The multilateral trade negotiations, including the Doha Round, have reached an impasse, with limited progress in overall rule-making.
    • Challenges from Alternative Trade Pacts: Alternative trade pacts, such as mega-regional arrangements, have emerged and posed challenges to the position of trade multilateralism.
    • Disagreements on Market Access and Protection: The impasse in the Doha Round primarily stems from differences between highly industrialized countries and large developing countries regarding market access and protection of vulnerable economic sectors.

    Importance of Addressing WTO Reforms

    • Vital Role of WTO: The Minister emphasized that addressing WTO reforms is of utmost importance as the organization plays a crucial role in ensuring fairness and transparency in global trade.
    • Backbone of Multilateral Trading System: The WTO forms the backbone of the multilateral trading system and its reforms are necessary to strengthen its functioning.

    India’s Aspirations in International Trade

    • Global Leadership Ambition: India has expressed India’s aspiration to emerge as a global leader in the international trade landscape.
    • E-commerce Market Potential: India is poised to become the world’s second-largest e-commerce market, reflecting its transformation driven by open markets, global integration, and a strong entrepreneurial spirit.

    Way Forward

    • The urgent need for WTO reforms necessitates concerted efforts and global attention to ensure the fairness, transparency, and effectiveness of the multilateral trading system.
    • India’s active participation in advocating for reforms, along with its ambition to become a global leader in international trade, reflects its commitment to fostering a thriving and inclusive global trade environment.
    • It is essential for countries to collaborate and engage in constructive dialogue to address the challenges and opportunities in the evolving global trade landscape.

    Back2Basics: WTO Agreements and Accords

    • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): The GATT is the predecessor to the WTO and was in effect from 1948 to 1994. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote international trade through negotiations and tariff concessions.
    • Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): This agreement aims to establish fair and market-oriented agricultural trading systems. It addresses issues such as market access, domestic support, and export subsidies related to agricultural products.
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): The TRIPS agreement sets minimum standards for protecting intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): This agreement prohibits certain investment measures that restrict trade or are inconsistent with the GATT’s principles.
    • Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): The SPS agreement sets out rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards to ensure that countries do not use sanitary and phytosanitary measures as unjustified trade barriers.
    • Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT): The TBT agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
    • Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM): The SCM agreement regulates the use of subsidies and provides a framework for countervailing measures to address unfair trade practices arising from the use of subsidies.
    • Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA): The TFA aims to simplify and streamline customs procedures, enhance transparency, and improve efficiency in international trade, with a focus on reducing trade costs and facilitating cross-border trade.

     

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  • Judicial Reforms

    CJI criticizes Forum Shopping Practice

    | Ethics | Mains Paper 4: Ethics

    Central Idea

    • The CJI, DY Chandrachud expressed his disapproval of forum shopping, a practice in which litigants or lawyers deliberately choose a specific judge or court that they believe will provide a more favorable judgment.

    Understanding Forum Shopping

    • Forum shopping refers to the intentional selection of a court or judge by litigants or lawyers with the expectation of obtaining a favourable outcome.
    • It involves strategically moving a case to a particular jurisdiction based on a perception of better judgment.
    • Lawyers consider the appropriate forum as part of their litigation strategy, sometimes opting for higher courts like the Supreme Court to gain wider attention for their case.
    • However, deliberately avoiding a specific judge or manipulating the process to obtain favourable treatment is generally discouraged.

    Concerns and Criticisms

    The practice of forum shopping raises several concerns, including:

    • Injustice to the Other Party: Forum shopping can result in unfair treatment and injustice to the opposing party, as it undermines the principle of impartiality and equal access to justice.
    • Overburdening Certain Courts: Concentrating cases before specific judges or courts can overload their workload, causing delays and hindering the judicial process.
    • Interference with Judicial Process: Forum shopping interferes with the smooth functioning of the judicial system, as cases may be filed and refiled in multiple jurisdictions, leading to unnecessary duplication of efforts.

    Approaches in Common Law Countries

    • Countries following the common law tradition, including the US and UK, have criticized forum shopping and adopted measures to discourage or prohibit the practice.
    • One such measure is the principle of “forum non-conveniens,” which grants courts discretionary powers to refuse jurisdiction when another court or forum would be more appropriate to hear the case.
    • This allows the court to dismiss a case in the interest of justice and fairness, redirecting it to the appropriate venue.
    • The Supreme Court, in its ruling in ‘Chetak Construction Ltd. vs. Om Prakash (1988),’ emphasized that a litigant should not be allowed to choose the forum and called for stern action against any attempt at forum shopping.

    Supreme Court’s View on Forum Shopping

    • In a 2022 ruling, the Supreme Court reiterated its condemnation of forum shopping, citing its previous 2017 ruling in ‘Union of India & Ors. vs. Cipla Ltd.’
    • The court established a “functional test” to determine whether forum shopping is occurring.
    • The test considers the functional similarity between different courts or whether a litigant is employing subterfuge to manipulate the system.

    Way Forward

    To address the issue of forum shopping, it is essential to:

    • Create Awareness: Raise awareness among litigants, lawyers, and the general public about the negative consequences of forum shopping and the importance of upholding judicial integrity and fairness.
    • Strengthen Ethical Standards: Emphasize the ethical obligations of lawyers to uphold the integrity of the legal profession and discourage forum shopping practices.
    • Streamline Jurisdictional Rules: Develop clear guidelines and rules regarding jurisdictional issues to prevent unnecessary disputes and ensure cases are heard by the appropriate courts.
    • Judicial Training and Monitoring: Provide training and guidance to judges on identifying and addressing instances of forum shopping, while also monitoring court proceedings to detect any potential manipulation.

    Conclusion

    • By implementing these measures, the legal system can discourage forum shopping, uphold the principles of justice and fairness, and maintain the integrity of the judicial process.

     

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    Historic ‘Sengol’ to be installed in new Parliament

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    sengol

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister is set to install the ‘Sengol,’ a historical sceptre from Tamil Nadu, in the new Parliament building, which will be inaugurated on May 28, 2023.

    What is Sengol?

    • Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
    • Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance.
    • In the Chola era, the transfer of power from one king to another was sanctified with the sceptre being handed over as a symbol of authority and the responsibility to rule with fairness and justice.
    • It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence.

    History: Traditional Chola Practice and Symbolism

    • Historical Practice: The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
    • Symbol of Justice and Good Governance: The Sengol, a symbol of justice and good governance, holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.

    Sengol’s recent context and creation

    • Lord Mountbatten’s Question: Prior to Independence, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, asked Nehru about the ceremony that should symbolize the transfer of power.
    • Inspiration from Chola Dynasty: Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India, suggested a ceremony from the Chola dynasty, where the transfer of power was sanctified and blessed by high priests.
    • Manufacturing the Sengol: Rajagopalachari approached Thiruvaduthurai Atheenam, a renowned Shaivite mutt in Tamil Nadu’s Tanjore district, which commissioned the creation of the Sengol from Chennai-based jewellers, “Vummidi Bangaru Chetty.”
    • Craftsmanship: Vummidi Ethirajulu and Vummidi Sudhakar skillfully crafted the five-foot-long Sengol, featuring a symbolic ‘Nandi’ bull representing justice.

    Significance of the ‘Sengol’

    • Symbolic importance: Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” the ‘Sengol’ represents a significant historical symbol of Independence.
    • Marks Transfer of Power: On August 14, 1947, Pandit Nehru, the first PM, received the ‘Sengol’ from the Adhinam of Tamil Nadu, marking the shift of power from the British to the Indian people.

    The Handover Ceremony

    • Arrival of the Sengol: Three individuals, including the deputy high priest of the Adheenam, a Nadaswaram player, and an Oduvar (singer), brought the newly made Sengol from Tamil Nadu.
    • The Ceremony: On August 14, 1947, the Sengol was handed over to Lord Mountbatten during a procession, and later taken to Jawaharlal Nehru’s house, where it was officially presented to him.
    • Sacred Song and Attendees: A special song composed by the 7th-century Tamil saint Tirugnana Sambandar, as specified by the high priest, accompanied the ceremony. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first president, and other dignitaries were present during the event.

    Ceremonial Procession and Tamil Traditions

    • Grand Procession: The Sengol will be ceremoniously transported to the House in a grand procession.
    • Musical Ensemble: Traditional Nadaswaram musicians, playing Tamil Nadu’s iconic instrument, will lead the procession, and PM is expected to walk alongside them, embracing Tamil culture.
    • Adheenams and Sanctification: Adheenams, priests from Shaivite mutts in Tamil Nadu, will be present in the Lok Sabha’s Well. They will sanctify the Sengol with holy water after Prime Minister Modi greets them, honoring Tamil traditions.
    • Oduvars and Sacred Recitation: Tamil temple singers known as Oduvars will recite the “Kolaru Padhigam” lyrically, while the Nadaswaram musicians enchant with their soulful music.

    Conclusion

    • The Sengol continues to be revered as a representation of India’s independence and serves as a tangible reminder of the country’s rich cultural heritage and the values it upholds.
    • Its installation in the new Parliament building further emphasizes its importance and aims to educate and inspire people about this historical event and the principles it embodies.

     

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  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    India to triple Supercomputing capabilities

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    super

    Central Idea

    • India is set to significantly enhance its supercomputing capabilities by installing an 18-petaflop system this year.
    • This development aims to improve complex mathematical calculations, particularly in weather forecasting, by providing greater processing power and accuracy.

    Understanding Supercomputers

    • A supercomputer is a high-performance computer capable of processing massive amounts of data at extraordinary speeds.
    • Performance is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) rather than million instructions per second (MIPS).
    • Supercomputers have the ability to perform trillions (peta) of FLOPS.

    India’s Journey in Supercomputing

    • India’s supercomputing journey began in the late 1980s when the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was established in response to technology embargoes imposed by the United States.
    • Since then, India has steadily progressed, unveiling the PARAM 800 in 1991, which was the world’s second-fastest supercomputer at the time.
    • The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), launched in 2015 with a budget of ₹4,500 crore, has been instrumental in propelling India’s supercomputing capabilities.
    • The mission aims to create a network of supercomputers across academic and research institutions in the country, supporting academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups.

    Current Supercomputing Infrastructure

    • India’s most powerful civilian supercomputers, Pratyush and Mihir, have a combined capacity of 6.8 petaflops.
    • Pratyush is located at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune, while Mihir is housed at the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) in Noida.
    • These supercomputers became operational in 2018 after an investment of ₹438 crore.
    • Both institutions are affiliated with the MoES.

    Acquisition of New Supercomputers

    • The new supercomputers, sourced from French corporation ATOS, were procured as part of a deal signed between the Indian and French governments in December 2018.
    • The Government aims to acquire high-performance computers worth ₹4,500 crore by 2025, with an estimated cost of ₹900 crore for the new earth-sciences Ministry computers.

    Enhanced Capabilities and Future Outlook

    • Upgrading the supercomputing systems every 4-5 years is essential to improve performance.
    • The new system will enhance resolution from the current 12×12 km to 6×6 km, providing greater clarity and accuracy in local weather forecasts.
    • The ultimate goal is to represent areas using 1 km-square grids, enabling the prediction of rapidly evolving weather phenomena such as cloudbursts.
    • The current fastest high-performance computing system in the world is the Frontier-Cray system at Oakridge National Laboratory in the United States, with a peak speed of 1 exa-flop (equivalent to 1,000 petaflops).

    Way forward

    To further enhance India’s supercomputing capabilities and maintain technological advancements, the following steps can be considered:

    • Continued investment in research and development to stay at the forefront of supercomputing technology.
    • Collaboration with international partners and organizations to leverage global expertise.
    • Encouraging academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups to utilize the supercomputing infrastructure for scientific breakthroughs and innovation.
    • Strengthening the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) by expanding its network and providing adequate resources.
    • Regularly upgrading supercomputing systems to keep up with evolving computational demands and maintain competitiveness on a global scale.

    Also in news

    Recently, India’s AI Supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’ has been ranked at No. 75 in the world at the International Supercomputing Conference (ISC 2023) in Germany.

    About Airawat

    • The supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’ has recently been named in the 61st edition of the Top 500 Global Supercomputing List.
    • Installed at C-DAC in Pune, ‘AIRAWAT’ is an AI supercomputer implemented under the National Program on AI by the Government of India.
    • The manufacturer of ‘AIRAWAT’ is Netweb Technologies.
    • ‘AIRAWAT’ PSAI stands out as India’s largest and fastest AI supercomputing system, boasting an impressive speed of 13,170 teraflops.

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  • BRICS Summits

    The Paradox of BRICS: Prospects for Expansion and Internal Imbalance

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Central Idea

    • Mysterious are the ways in which multilateral groupings prosper and wither away. The case of BRICS grouping is truly remarkable. Despite initial achievements, BRICS has started losing its sparkle due to various global and regional challenges. However, the paradox lies in the fact that numerous nations are eager to join the group, showcasing the continuing appeal of BRICS.

    BRICS’s Origins and Evolution

    • Conception of BRIC: The term BRIC was coined by economist Jim O’Neill in a 2001 research paper, identifying Brazil, Russia, India, and China as emerging economies with significant growth potential.
    • Formalization of BRIC: The first formal meeting of BRIC leaders took place in 2009 on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Russia, marking the group’s establishment as a platform for cooperation and dialogue.
    • Addition of South Africa: In 2011, South Africa was invited to join BRIC, expanding the group to BRICS. China advocated for South Africa’s inclusion, seeking broader representation in Africa and increasing the group’s diversity.
    • Economic Focus: Initially, BRIC was primarily an economic grouping, emphasizing the rising influence of these countries in the global economy due to their large populations, expansive territories, and rapid economic growth rates.
    • Geopolitical Cooperation: Over time, BRICS evolved to include geopolitical cooperation and joint positions on global issues. Leaders began discussing political matters and advocating for a more equitable international order.
    • Annual Summits: BRICS started holding annual summits where leaders from member countries gather to discuss and coordinate their positions on various global challenges and explore avenues for cooperation

    Key achievements of the BRICS

    • Economic Cooperation: BRICS has fostered economic cooperation among member countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and business opportunities. The group has launched initiatives to expand trade and investment cooperation, promoting economic growth and development.
    • New Development Bank (NDB): BRICS established the New Development Bank, also known as the BRICS Bank, which provides financial assistance for infrastructure projects and sustainable development initiatives in member countries and other emerging economies. The NDB has committed significant funds to various projects, contributing to infrastructure development and regional connectivity.
    • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): The CRA, established by BRICS, acts as a financial mechanism to provide liquidity support during times of financial stress and protect against global liquidity pressures. This arrangement has helped member countries mitigate potential financial crises and enhance financial stability.
    • Geopolitical Influence: BRICS has projected a non-western perspective on global and regional issues, strengthening the world’s march towards multipolarity and curbing the dominating influence of the West. The group has articulated common positions on various global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and global governance reform.

    Facts for prelims

    New Development Bank (NDB)

    • Establishment: The NDB was established by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2014.
    • Headquarters: The NDB’s headquarters are located in Shanghai, China.
    • Objectives: The bank aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging economies and developing countries.
    • Authorized Capital: The initial authorized capital of the NDB is set at $100 billion.
    • Governance Structure: The NDB operates on the principle of equal representation, with each member country having an equal say in decision-making. It is governed by a Board of Governors, a Board of Directors, and a President.
    • Funding: The NDB’s funding comes from the contributions of its member countries. Each BRICS member contributes an equal share to the bank’s capital.
    • Sustainability Focus: The NDB places a strong emphasis on sustainability and green finance. It aims to allocate a significant portion of its lending portfolio to projects that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

    Internal Imbalance and Challenges withing BRICS

    • Diverse Economic Systems: BRICS member countries have diverse economic systems, ranging from state-controlled economies to market-based economies. These differences in economic models can lead to variations in policy priorities, approaches to trade and investment, and economic challenges, creating potential frictions within the group.
    • Varying Levels of Development: BRICS member countries represent a wide spectrum of development stages. While China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, other members like Brazil, India, Russia, and South Africa face developmental challenges and socioeconomic disparities. These differing levels of development can result in differing priorities and resource allocation, potentially straining cooperation within BRICS.
    • Geopolitical Ambitions and Rivalries: BRICS member countries have their individual geopolitical ambitions and interests. As emerging powers, they may compete for influence and resources in certain regions, leading to potential rivalries or divergent approaches to geopolitical issues. These geopolitical dynamics can complicate decision-making and alignment within BRICS.
    • Political and Governance Differences: BRICS comprises countries with varying political systems and governance structures. While some members uphold democratic values, others have different approaches to governance and human rights. These differences can result in divergent perspectives on political and human rights issues, potentially creating challenges in reaching consensus on certain matters.
    • Economic Vulnerabilities: BRICS member countries are susceptible to economic vulnerabilities, including structural issues, external shocks, and fluctuations in commodity prices. Economic challenges, such as high inflation, fiscal imbalances, and currency volatility, can strain the economic cooperation and stability within BRICS.
    • Coordination and Decision-Making Processes: BRICS operates as a consensus-based grouping, requiring agreement among member countries on various issues. Coordination and decision-making can be complex due to the diverse interests, priorities, and institutional frameworks of member countries. Reaching consensus on critical matters can be time-consuming and challenging.
    • Institutional Development: The institutional development within BRICS, such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, requires effective governance structures, operational frameworks, and decision-making processes. Establishing and managing these institutions while addressing the diverse needs and interests of member countries can pose institutional challenges.

    The demand for expansion in BRICS

    • Global Influence: Many countries see BRICS as a prominent grouping that holds influence on the global stage. Joining BRICS would provide an opportunity for countries to enhance their global influence and have a voice in shaping global agendas.
    • Economic Opportunities: BRICS represents a significant portion of the world’s population and economy. Joining the group could potentially provide countries with access to a large market and increased economic cooperation, including trade and investment opportunities among member countries.
    • Limited Options: Some countries may see BRICS as an attractive option for collaboration and engagement, particularly if they face limited opportunities to join other major multilateral groupings or regional blocs.
    • South-South Cooperation: BRICS is seen as a platform for South-South cooperation, promoting dialogue and collaboration among countries in the Global South. Joining BRICS allows countries to strengthen ties with like-minded nations and contribute to a collective voice for the interests of developing countries.
    • Counterbalance to Western Influence: The demand for expansion in BRICS can also stem from a desire to counterbalance the dominance of Western powers in global affairs. By joining BRICS, countries may seek to align themselves with a grouping that projects a non-western perspective and advocates for a more equitable international order.

    Prospects for expansion of BRICS and the criteria for new member admission

    1. Prospects for Expansion:
    • There is a growing interest from several countries in joining BRICS, indicating the perceived significance and appeal of the group.
    • As of now, 19 countries, including Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, UAE, and Bangladesh, have expressed their desire to become members of BRICS.
    • The interest in expansion stems from various factors such as the desire to enhance global influence, the fear of missing out on membership in a prominent group, limited options for joining other groupings, and the aspiration to create a substantial forum for the Global South.
    1. Criteria for New Member Admission
    • Economic Size and Potential: Potential new members should have a significant and growing economy, demonstrating the potential to contribute to the group’s economic strength and cooperation.
    • Regional Representation: BRICS has aimed to have diverse regional representation, as seen with the inclusion of South Africa to represent Africa. New members could be considered based on their regional representation and the desire to ensure a broader geographic scope.
    • Political Stability and Compatibility: Political stability and compatibility with the values and principles of BRICS, including democracy, human rights, and governance, could be important considerations in the admission process.
    • Commitment to Cooperation: Prospective members should demonstrate a genuine commitment to international cooperation, multilateralism, and the principles and objectives of BRICS.
    • Mutual Benefits: The admission of new members should be mutually beneficial for both the existing members and the prospective members, contributing to enhanced economic cooperation, geopolitical influence, and the achievement of common goals.
    • Consensus Among Existing Members: Consensus among the existing BRICS member countries would be crucial in determining the admission of new members. The existing members would need to agree on the expansion and the specific countries to be admitted.

    The Future of BRICS: Key aspects

    • Economic Collaboration: BRICS has the potential to deepen economic collaboration and promote intra-BRICS trade and investment. By leveraging their collective market size and resources, member countries can explore new areas of economic cooperation, such as digital economy, technology, sustainable development, and infrastructure investment.
    • Institutional Development: The New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) are key institutions established by BRICS. The group can focus on further developing and expanding the role of these institutions to effectively address financial challenges and support sustainable development projects.
    • Geopolitical Influence: By coordinating their positions on global governance, security, and geopolitical issues, member countries can amplify their collective voice and influence international discussions and decision-making processes. BRICS can also foster South-South cooperation and advocate for the interests of developing countries in global forums.
    • Expansion and Outreach: The interest from other countries to join BRICS presents an opportunity for expansion and outreach. The group can carefully consider the admission of new members, ensuring that the expansion aligns with the group’s objectives, principles, and criteria. By including new members, BRICS can broaden its geographic representation and potentially strengthen its collective influence.
    • Innovation and Technology Cooperation Member countries can collaborate in areas such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, space exploration, and digital governance. Sharing expertise, research, and best practices can propel the group’s technological advancement and foster mutual growth.
    • Adaptation to Global Challenges: BRICS should collectively address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and sustainable development. By coordinating efforts, sharing knowledge, and pooling resources, the group can contribute to finding solutions and shaping global agendas on critical issues.

    Conclusion

    • The paradox of BRICS lies in its diminishing allure while attracting numerous nations eager to join. Despite facing internal tensions, BRICS has made significant contributions to the world’s multipolarity and economic cooperation. By addressing internal imbalances, seizing opportunities for growth, and staying responsive to global dynamics, BRICS can continue to play a significant role in shaping the international order and promoting the interests of emerging economies and the Global South.

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    Also read:

    Understanding the “China’s BRICS” game

     

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  • Delhi Full Statehood Issue

    Power Struggle in Delhi: Balancing Democracy, Governance, and Accountability

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    Power Struggle

    Central Idea

    • In recent times, we have witnessed a significant development in the power struggle between the Delhi government and the Central government. The Supreme Court’s unanimous recognition of the Delhi government’s control over administrative services marked an emancipation of the people’s will. However, the subsequent promulgation of an ordinance by the Central government to nullify the court’s decision has subverted the Delhi government’s power and handed it back to Central government appointees.

    The Delhi government’s struggle for control

    • Stripping of Control: In 2015, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs took away the elected Delhi government’s control over administrative services and handed it to the Lieutenant Governor (LG), an appointee of the Union government. This decision severely impeded the functioning of the Delhi government.
    • Day-to-Day Problems: The transfer of control over services resulted in day-to-day problems in the functioning of important departments. Secretaries were frequently changed, leading to a lack of continuity, vision, and efficiency in governance.
    • Frequent Transfers of Officials: The Delhi government witnessed frequent transfers of officials, hindering their ability to familiarize themselves with the departments they were working in. This constant reshuffling minimized the potential for effective governance and hindered the government’s relief efforts during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Lack of Functional Control: As the elected government had no functional control over services, it faced challenges in punishing errant officers and addressing issues such as vacancies, vigilance enquiries, and corruption cases. The government also witnessed a high number of vacancies in crucial positions due to mismanagement by the Lieutenant Governor.
    • Conflicting Directives: Officials faced a dilemma in following directives as they felt duty-bound to honor the will of the elected government expressed by the people, while also staying under the functional control of the LG. This created confusion and hindered effective decision-making.
    • Lack of Answerability: The Services Department, under the control of the LG, refused to answer questions raised by Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the Vidhan Sabha. This limited transparency and accountability, preventing MLAs from obtaining crucial information related to vacancies, corruption cases, and other issues.
    • Penalization of Officials: Honest and efficient officials were often penalized for their merits and subjected to punishment postings. This created an environment of uncertainty and discouraged officials from performing their duties effectively.

    The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Delhi government’s struggle for control

    • Recognition of Delhi Government’s Control: The Supreme Court, in a landmark decision, recognized the control of the Delhi government over administrative services. A five-judge Bench unanimously upheld the government’s authority, ensuring that decisions on appointments and transfers would be made by the elected government.
    • Restoration of Chain of Accountability: The Court’s judgment restored the chain of accountability involving the people, the legislature, the government, and the bureaucracy. It reinforced the principle that elected governments have the power to govern and make decisions regarding the bureaucracy.
    • Empowerment of the Elected Government: The Supreme Court’s decision empowered the elected Delhi government to make appointments and transfers based on performance and merit. It allowed the government to take action against errant officials and implement its policies effectively.
    • Efficient and Compassionate Bureaucracy: The Court’s ruling paved the way for an efficient, honest, responsive, accountable, and compassionate bureaucracy. It provided clarity on the roles and responsibilities of officials, enabling them to work towards the development of Delhi and the welfare of its people.
    • Clarification on Services Department: The Court’s intervention brought clarity regarding the Services Department, which had previously refused to answer questions raised by MLAs in the Vidhan Sabha. The judgment ensured that the elected government had functional control over the department, enabling transparency and answerability.
    • Encouragement for Overhauling the Bureaucracy: The Delhi government, empowered by the Court’s decision, planned to overhaul the bureaucracy. It sought to establish a skilled administration model, leveraging the success of its health and education models.

    The significance of the Supreme Court judgment

    • Upholding Democratic Principles: The Supreme Court judgment recognizing the control of the Delhi government over administrative services upholds democratic principles. It affirms the importance of elected governments in decision-making and governance, ensuring that the will of the people expressed through their votes is respected.
    • Restoration of Accountability: The judgment restores the chain of accountability involving the people, the legislature, the government, and the bureaucracy. It clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the elected government and the bureaucracy, fostering transparency and answerability.
    • Empowering Elected Government: By recognizing the control of the elected Delhi government, the Court empowers the government to make appointments and transfers based on performance. It enables the government to take action against errant officials and implement its policies effectively, leading to improved governance.
    • Strengthening Good Governance: The judgment paves the way for an efficient, honest, and responsive bureaucracy. It ensures that officials work towards the development of Delhi and the welfare of its people. It promotes vision, consistency, and efficiency in governance, fostering good governance practices

    Impact of the ordinance issued by the Central government on the power dynamics in Delhi

    • Shift of Control: The ordinance has effectively shifted control over services in Delhi back to the Lieutenant Governor (LG), appointed by the Central government. This overturns the Supreme Court’s decision recognizing the control of the elected Delhi government over administrative services. It diminishes the authority of the elected government and centralizes power in the hands of the LG.
    • Undermining Democratic Process: The ordinance undermines the democratic process by disregarding the elected government’s role in matters of services. It reduces the value of the citizen’s vote and weakens the accountability of officers to the elected representatives. This move goes against the principles of cooperative federalism and disempowers opposition-run governments.
    • Disruption of Policy Implementation: The ordinance hampers the implementation of policies and initiatives by the elected government. It allows the LG to exercise sole discretion in matters of services, potentially leading to conflicting views and hindrances in executing the government’s policies. This can result in delays, inefficiencies, and a lack of coordination in governance.
    • Disempowerment of Elected Government: The ordinance disempowers the elected Delhi government by granting the LG significant decision-making powers. It limits the government’s ability to appoint officers who align with its policies and goals, undermining the concept of an accountable and responsive administration.
    • Potential for Discord and Inefficiency: The ordinance introduces the possibility of discord between the LG and the elected government, as the LG can veto the Chief Minister’s views. This can create conflicts and hinder effective decision-making and cooperation between the two entities. The lack of coordination and cooperation can lead to bureaucratic delays, inefficiencies, and an inability to address the needs of the people.
    • Centralization of Power: The ordinance reflects a trend of centralizing power in the hands of the Central government and the LG. It institutionalizes the use of the Governor/LG position to undermine democratically elected non-BJP governments and weaken their authority. This concentration of power challenges the principles of federalism and decentralization.

    Power Struggle

    Facts for prelims

    The constitutional provisions related to the ordinance powers

    • Article 123: It grants the President of India the power to issue ordinances during the recess of Parliament. The President can promulgate ordinances when both Houses of Parliament are not in session if they deem it necessary to take immediate action. The ordinances have the same force and effect as an act of Parliament but must be laid before both Houses for approval.
    • Article 213: It grants similar powers to the Governor of a state to issue ordinances during the recess of the state legislature. The Governor can promulgate ordinances when the state legislature is not in session if they believe it is necessary to take immediate action. Like in the case of the President, the ordinances issued by the Governor must be laid before the state legislature for approval.
    • Article 123(3) and Article 213(3): These provisions require that any ordinance promulgated by the President or the Governor, respectively, must be laid before both Houses of Parliament or the state legislature, as the case may be, as soon as it reconvenes. The ordinance ceases to operate if it is not approved within a specified period or if both Houses pass resolutions disapproving it.
    • Article 213(2)(a): This provision states that an ordinance issued by the Governor will have the same force and effect as an act of the state legislature but is subject to the power of the state legislature to pass an act inconsistent with the ordinance

    The way forward

    • Respect for Judicial Decisions: It is crucial for all stakeholders to respect and abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court. Upholding the rule of law and the independence of the judiciary is essential for a functioning democracy. Any further legal challenges should be pursued through proper legal channels.
    • Dialogue and Collaboration: It is important for the Central government and the elected Delhi government to engage in constructive dialogue and collaboration. Both entities should work towards finding common ground and resolving their differences through discussions and negotiations. This will help establish a cooperative and inclusive approach to governance.
    • Clarity on Roles and Responsibilities: There should be a clear delineation of roles and responsibilities between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor. This will help avoid conflicts and ensure effective coordination in decision-making and policy implementation. Establishing transparent guidelines for the exercise of power and cooperation is essential.
    • Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: Both the Central government and state governments, including the government of Delhi, should uphold the principles of cooperative federalism. This involves respecting the autonomy and authority of elected state governments and promoting meaningful collaboration for the benefit of the people.
    • Effective Governance Mechanisms: Efforts should be made to establish effective governance mechanisms that promote transparency, accountability, and efficiency. This includes streamlining administrative processes, ensuring timely appointments and transfers, and implementing performance-based evaluation systems for officials.
    • Public Participation and Engagement: Engaging the public in decision-making processes and policy formulation can foster a sense of ownership and enhance the quality of governance. Platforms for public participation, such as citizen feedback mechanisms and public consultations, should be established to ensure the voices of the people are heard.
    • Strengthening Institutions: The strengthening of democratic institutions, including the judiciary and administrative bodies, is crucial. Upholding their independence, ensuring merit-based appointments, and promoting professionalism and accountability within these institutions will contribute to effective governance.
    • Focus on Development and Welfare: Irrespective of the power dynamics, the primary focus should be on the development and welfare of the people of Delhi. Efforts should be made to deliver essential services, address pressing issues, and implement policies that cater to the needs and aspirations of the citizens.

    Conclusion

    • The battle for control in Delhi between the elected government and the Central government has witnessed both the emancipation and subversion of the people’s will. It is crucial for all parties involved to prioritize the well-being of the citizens and work together to establish a cooperative and inclusive governance framework. By doing so, Delhi can overcome the challenges posed by the power struggle and strive towards effective governance that caters to the needs and aspirations of its people.

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