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Type: DOMR

  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    Govt. releases Provisional GDP Estimates

    DOMRPrelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released two important data sets on May 30, 2025 — one for India’s GDP growth in Q4 (January–March) FY25, and another for the provisional estimates for the entire FY25 (2024–25).

    How is Economic Growth measured?

    • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures economic growth by adding all expenditures in the economy — including private, government, and business spending. It shows demand-side performance.
    • Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the supply-side. It calculates how much value is added by each sector of the economy.
    • GDP and GVA are related:
      GDP = GVA + (Taxes) – (Subsidies)
    • MoSPI reports both in:
      • Nominal terms: Includes current prices.
      • Real terms: Adjusted for inflation to reflect true growth.

    Why are these Estimates called “Provisional”?

    • GDP estimates are revised in stages:
      • January: First Advance Estimates (FAE)
      • February: Second Advance Estimates (SAE)
      • May: Provisional Estimates (PE)
    • Final figures come later:
      • First Revised Estimate: After 1 year
      • Final Estimate: After 2 years
    • FY25’s final numbers will come in 2026 and 2027.

    Key Takeaways from FY25 Data

    • India’s Economy Size:
      • India’s economy is now worth ₹330.7 lakh crore or $3.87 trillion.
      • GDP grew by 9.8%, which is slower than in previous years.
    • Real GDP Growth:
      • After removing inflation, real GDP grew by 6.5%.
      • This is slower than the 9.2% growth seen last year (as mentioned in the Provisional Estimates). (Disputed: India’s real GDP growth rate was 8.2% in FY 2023-24 as per Economic Survey.)
    • Sector Performance:
      • Agriculture grew well at 4.6%.
      • Manufacturing grew only 4.5%, which is a concern.
      • Construction was strong with 9.4% growth.
      • Services grew by 7.2%.
    • Manufacturing Worry:
      • Manufacturing is growing slower than agriculture.
      • This is affecting urban jobs, especially for youth.
    • Best Growth in Jan–Mar 2025 (Q4):
      • GDP growth was 7.4% in Q4 — the highest for the year.
      • Construction grew fastest at 10.8%.
      • Agriculture and Services also did well.
    • Spending Trends:
      • People spent more — household spending rose 7.2%.
      • Investment in assets grew 7.1%, slower than last year.

     

    [UPSC 2015] With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements:

    (1) The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic product has steadily increased in the last decade. (2) The Gross Domestic product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    [pib] Changes in Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) from 2025

    DOMRPIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced major changes to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).

    About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):

    • Purpose: To measure employment and unemployment nationwide.
    • Conducted by: National Statistical Office (NSO) under the MoSPI, it has been active since 2017.
    • Estimate 3 core indicators: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
    • Frequency: It provides Quarterly estimates for Urban areas and Annual estimates for both Rural and Urban areas.
    • Methodology: Employment is measured using 2 reference periods — Usual Status (activity in the last 365 days) and Current Weekly Status (activity in the last 7 days).
    Note:

    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): It is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
    • Worker Population Ratio (WPR): It is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
    • Unemployment Rate (UR): It is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
    [UPSC 2022] In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments and lay-offs in factories employing workers?

    Options: (a) Central Statistics Office (b) Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (c) Labour Bureau * (d) National Technical Manpower Information System

     

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  • Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

    Highlights of the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 Report

    DOMR | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Population & Associated Issues

    Why in the News?

    According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 report, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India remains unchanged at 2.0 children per woman, the same as in 2020.

    Also, the annual crude birth rates for Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Kerala are declining at 2x the rate of the national average.

    About Sample Registration System (SRS) 2021 Report:

    • The SRS survey is released by the Registrar General of India (RGI).
    • It covered 8,842 sample units and a population of 84 lakh across all states.
    • Despite the delay in the national Census (last held in 2011), the SRS remains India’s primary source for annual fertility and mortality statistics.

    Important Highlights of the SRS, 2021:

    [A] Birth Rate Trends :

    • India’s crude birth rate in 2021 was 3, declining at 1.12% annually between 2016 and 2021.
    • Fastest declines were seen in Tamil Nadu (2.35%), Delhi (2.23%), and Kerala (2.05%).
    • Other states with above-average decline: Maharashtra (1.57%), Gujarat (1.24%), Odisha (1.34%), Himachal Pradesh (1.29%), Haryana (1.21%), J&K (1.47%).
    • Slowest declines: Rajasthan (0.48%), Bihar (0.86%), Chhattisgarh & Jharkhand (0.98%), Assam & MP (1.05%), West Bengal (1.08%), UP (1.09%).
    • Rise in registered births noted in 11 regions, including Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, J&K, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland.

    [B] Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Demographic Shifts:

    • India’s TFR in 2021 stayed at 0, unchanged from 2020.
    • Highest TFR: Bihar (3.0); Lowest TFR: Delhi and West Bengal (1.4).
    • States below or at replacement level:
      • TFR 1.5: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab
      • TFR 1.6: Himachal Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
      • TFR 1.8: Odisha, Uttarakhand
      • TFR 2.0: Gujarat, Haryana
      • TFR 2.1: Assam
    • Age Structure Shift (1971–2021):
      • Children (0–14): declined from 41.2% to 24.8%
      • Working-age (15–59): rose from 53.4% to 66.2%
      • Elderly (60+): increased from 6.0% to 9.0%
      • Aged 65+: grew from 5.3% to 5.9%
    • Highest elderly population: Kerala (14.4%), Tamil Nadu (12.9%), Himachal Pradesh (12.3%)
    • Lowest elderly population: Bihar (6.9%), Assam (7.0%), Delhi (7.1%)
    • Mean female marriage age rose from 3 years (1990) to 22.5 years (2021).
    [UPSC 2024] The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as:

    (a) the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year.

    (b) the number of children born to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.

    (c) the birth rate minus death rate.

    (d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age. *

     

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  • Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

    Kerala, MH, TN attain SDGs in MMR, U5MR, NMR

    DOMR | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) Report 2021, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu have successfully achieved the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR), and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR).

    About SDGs (related to MMR, U5MR, NMR):

    • Under SDG 3, the goals focus on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all.
    • Target 3.1 aims to reduce MMR to below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030, with no country exceeding 140.
    • Target 3.2 sets the goal to reduce U5MR to 25 or fewer per 1,000 live births and NMR to 12 or fewer per 1,000 live births.

    Key Highlights of the Report:

    • States meeting MMR target (≤70):
      • Kerala (20), Maharashtra (38), Tamil Nadu (49), plus Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
    • States/UTs meeting U5MR target (≤25):
      • Includes Kerala (8), Tamil Nadu (14), Delhi, Maharashtra, J&K, West Bengal, Karnataka, Punjab, Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
    • States/UTs meeting NMR target (≤12):
      • Includes Kerala (4), Tamil Nadu (9), Delhi, Maharashtra, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh.
    • National improvements:
      • MMR dropped from 130 (2014–16) to 93 (2019–21).
      • U5MR declined from 45 (2014) to 31 (2021).
      • NMR dropped from 26 (2014) to 19 (2021).
      • IMR declined from 39 (2014) to 27 (2021).
      • Sex Ratio at Birth improved from 899 to 913 (2014–2021).
      • Total Fertility Rate reached replacement level of 2.0 in 2021.
    • Compared globally (1990–2023), India achieved an 86% reduction in MMR (vs 48% globally), 78% in U5MR (vs 61%), 70% in NMR (vs 54%), and 71% in IMR (vs 58%).
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojna:

    1. It is safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments.

    2. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women.

    3. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women.

    4. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age.

    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) Only three (d) All four

     

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    [pib] Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), 2024

    DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Why in the News?

    The latest Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for the year 2024, covering the period from January to December, was released on April 8, 2025.

    About the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS):

    • Launched by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in April 2017, the PLFS provides frequent data on labour force indicators to track employment trends.
    • It estimates employment and unemployment indicators in rural and urban areas quarterly and annually, using Current Weekly Status (CWS) and Usual Status (ps+ss).
    • The PLFS Annual Reports offer national estimates on employment and unemployment, broken down by rural and urban areas.
    • The survey tracks indicators like Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR), helping policymakers understand employment dynamics.

    Key Terminologies Used:

    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR is the percentage of the population that is either working or actively seeking work. It measures the active engagement of the population in the labour market.
    • Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is the percentage of the population that is employed. It indicates the proportion of the population that is engaged in productive work.
    • Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is the percentage of individuals in the labour force who are unemployed. It provides insights into the efficiency of the labour market and the availability of employment opportunities.
    • Usual Status (ps+ss): This approach calculates a person’s employment status based on the activities they pursued over the past 365 days. It includes both their principal and subsidiary economic activities.
    1. Principal Status (ps): The main activity a person engaged in during the reference period.
    2. Subsidiary Status (ss): Any additional economic activities undertaken by a person for at least 30 days during the reference period.
    • Current Weekly Status (CWS): CWS measures a person’s employment status based on the activities they pursued in the past 7 days. It focuses on short-term employment fluctuations.

    Key Highlights of the Recent Report (2024):

    Details
    Sample Size and Survey Coverage Surveyed 12,749 Field Survey Units (FSUs) across 6,982 villages and 5,767 urban blocks with 1,01,957 households and 4,15,549 individuals.

    Labour Force Indicators (CWS)
    LFPR (Urban)
    • Urban male LFPR increased from 74.3% to 75.6%, and female LFPR from 25.5% to 25.8%, resulting in an overall increase from 50.3% to 51.0%.
    • Shows gradual improvement in workforce participation, especially among males.
    WPR (Urban)
    • Urban WPR increased from 47.0% to 47.6%, while national WPR remained stable at 53.4% to 53.5%.
    • Indicates a slight improvement in the share of employed people in urban areas.
    Unemployment Rate (UR)
    • Rural unemployment decreased from 4.3% to 4.2%, and urban female unemployment decreased from 8.9% to 8.2%.
    • Indicates small improvements in employment opportunities, especially in rural and female urban sectors.
    Decline in Unpaid Helpers
    • Reduced number of unpaid helpers in rural households led to a decline in WPR and LFPR for rural females.
    • Fewer women are engaged in unpaid family work, which may indicate an increase in formal employment.

    Labour Force Indicators (PS+SS)
    LFPR (National)
    • National LFPR slightly decreased from 59.8% in 2023 to 59.6% in 2024.
    • Shows a slight decrease in overall workforce participation at the national level.
    WPR (National)
    • National WPR slightly decreased from 58.0% to 57.7%, indicating a small drop in employment despite stable participation rates.
    • Reflects a slight decline in the proportion of the population employed.
    Unemployment Rate (UR)
    • National UR slightly increased from 3.1% to 3.2%, reflecting a small rise in unemployment.
    • A minor increase in unemployment, suggests potential challenges in creating enough jobs for the growing population.

     

    [UPSC 2013] Disguised unemployment generally means:

    (a) large number of people remain unemployed (b) alternative employment is not available (c) marginal productivity of labour is zero (d) productivity of workers is low

     

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  • Financial Inclusion in India and Its Challenges

    RBI’s Financial Stability Report (FSR) 2024 and Rising Household Debt

    DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Mobilization Of Resources

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Financial Stability Report

    Why in the News?

    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Financial Stability Report (FSR), 2024 has highlighted an increasing household debt burden and a concerning rise in consumption-based borrowing.

    About Financial Stability Report (FSR):

    • The FSR is published biannually (June & December) by the RBI.
    • It reflects the collective assessment of the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC – headed by the Governor of RBI) on risks to financial stability and the resilience of the financial system.
    • The Report also discusses issues relating to the development and regulation of the financial sector.

    RBI’s Financial Stability Report (FSR) 2024 and Rising Household Debt

    Key Highlights of the Financial Stability Report (FSR) 2024:

    • Rising Household Debt-to-GDP Ratio:
      • Household debt-to-GDP ratio: 36.6% (June 2021) → 42.9% (June 2024).
      • Household assets declined: 110.4% (June 2021) → 108.3% (March 2024), indicating more borrowing for consumption.
    • Credit Growth Trends:
      • Total credit growth (March 2024): 15.4% YoY.
      • Prime & Super-Prime borrowers: 66% of total loans, reducing risky lending.
      • Super-prime borrowers mainly borrow for asset creation, while sub-prime borrowers rely on loans for consumption.
    • Rising Unsecured Loans & Financial Stress:
      • 50% of sub-prime loans are for consumption; 64% of super-prime loans are for asset creation.
      • Credit card delinquencies: 1.8% (Sept 2023) → 2.4% (Sept 2024).
      • Personal loan defaults: 3.2% (Sept 2023) → 3.9% (Sept 2024).
      • Low-income households rely more on credit cards & personal loans than secured loans.
    • RBI’s Measures to Curb Consumer Borrowing:
      • September 2023: RBI raised risk weights on unsecured loans, slowing credit expansion.
      • Auto loan growth fell: 18.2% (March 2023) → 14.5% (March 2024) due to tighter lending norms.
    • Consumption Loans & Economic Impact:
      • More borrowing for consumption, less for housing, education, or business investment.
      • Rising debt repayment reduces spending, weakening GDP growth.
    • NPA Risks from Consumer Credit:
      • Unsecured loans growing faster, raising default risks.
      • Half of borrowers with credit card/personal loans also have home/auto loans—defaulting on one triggers loan classification as NPA.
    • Fintech’s Role in Rising Debt:
      • Digital lending & BNPL schemes enable easy credit but increase financial vulnerability.
      • Regulatory oversight needed to prevent excessive debt accumulation.

    PYQ:

    [2022] In India, which one of the following is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation?

    (a) Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance

    (b) Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)

    (c) NITI Aayog

    (d) Reserve Bank of India

     

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    [pib] Time Use Survey (TUS), 2024

    DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Time Use Survey (TUS), 2024

    Why in the News?

    The National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has released the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024, marking the second nationwide survey of its kind after 2019.

    What is the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024?

    • The TUS, 2024 is a nationwide survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
    • It is the second edition of the survey, following the first TUS conducted in 2019.
    • Purpose: TUS measures how individuals allocate their time across paid work, unpaid domestic work, caregiving, learning, leisure, and other daily activities.
    • India is among a few countries, including Australia, Japan, Korea, the US, and China, that conduct National Time Use Surveys.
    • Unlike traditional surveys that focus solely on employment, TUS captures both economic and non-economic activities, highlighting gender roles, social structures, and lifestyle changes.

    Key Highlights of TUS 2024:

    • 75% of males and 25% of females (aged 15-59 years) participated in employment-related activities in 2024.
    • In 2019, the participation rate was 70.9% for males and 21.8% for females, reflecting a 3.2% increase in female workforce participation.
    • Decline in unpaid domestic work for women from 315 minutes/day (2019) to 305 minutes/day (2024), indicating a shift towards paid employment.
    • 41% of women and 21.4% of men in the 15-59 age group engaged in caregiving.
    • Women spent 140 minutes/day, while men spent 74 minutes/day on caregiving.
    • Male involvement in child-rearing and elder care is rising, signaling changing gender roles.
    • 89.3% of children (6-14 years) participated in learning activities, dedicating an average of 413 minutes/day.
    • Leisure time has increased – People aged 6 years and above spent 11% of their daily time on cultural, leisure, mass media, and sports activities, compared to 9.9% in 2019.
    • 16.8% of people engaged in producing goods for personal use, spending 121 minutes/day.
    • In rural areas, 24.6% of individuals (15-59 years) participated in household production.
    • Unpaid domestic services participation: 81.5% of women, 27.1% of men.

    PYQ:

    [2013] Disguised unemployment generally means:

    (a) large number of people remain unemployed
    (b) alternative employment is not available
    (c) marginal productivity of labour is zero
    (d) productivity of workers is low

    [2023] Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.

     

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  • Financial Inclusion in India and Its Challenges

    Over 70% Farmers still use Cash to sell their Produce

    DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Read the attached story

    Why in the News?

    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) survey on agricultural transactions reveals that cash remains the primary mode of payment among farmers, although digital payments are gradually increasing. Despite the rise of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and mobile banking, over 70% of Indian farmers still rely on cash for selling their produce.

    Key Findings of the RBI Survey

    • In 2019, 88% of farmers used cash for transactions. By 2022, this figure dropped to 79% and further declined to 72% in 2024.
      • However, this transition is slow compared to other sectors of the economy.
    • The share of farmers using electronic payments has increased from 8% in 2019 to 18% in 2024.
    • Among traders, the adoption of digital payments has been faster, rising from 8% in 2019 to 31% in 2024.
    • Among retailers, the usage of electronic payments increased from 3% in 2019 to 22% in 2024.

    Reasons behind low Digital Adoption

    • 55% of farmers rely on traders to determine market prices, up from 47% in 2019. 47% depend on fellow farmers, while fewer than 10% use apps or websites to check market rates.
      • Despite the growth of agri-tech platforms, most farmers still depend on word-of-mouth rather than digital sources for price information.
    • Multiple intermediaries in the supply chain reduce farmers’ share in the final consumer price.
    • 64% of farmers reported crop damage during the 2023-24 rabi season. Unseasonal rainfall was cited as the top reason (37%), followed by heatwaves (30%).
    • As a result, 90% of farmers consider weather forecasts as the most important factor in crop-sowing/ harvesting decisions.

    PYQ:

    [2010] With reference to India, consider the following:

    1. Nationalisation of Banks
    2. Formation of Regional Rural Banks
    3. Adoption of village by Bank Branches

    Which of the above can be considered as steps taken to achieve the “financial inclusion” in India?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2016] Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion.

     

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    [pib] Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Quarterly Bulletin

    DOMRPrelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

    Why in the News?

    The latest edition of PLFS report (October-December 2024) has highlighted key labour market indicators.

    plfs

    About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

    • The PLFS is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) to assess employment and unemployment trends in India.
    • Launched in April 2017, PLFS provides quarterly estimates for urban areas and annual estimates for both rural and urban areas.
    • Key Indicators:
    1. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Percentage of people working or seeking jobs.
    2. Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Percentage of people employed.
    3. Unemployment Rate (UR): Percentage of job seekers unable to find employment.
    4. Current Weekly Status (CWS): Employment status based on work done in the last 7 days.
    • Survey Methodology:
      • Urban Areas: Rotational Panel Sampling (each household surveyed four times).
      • Data Collected (Oct-Dec 2024): 5,742 urban units surveyed, covering 1,70,487 individuals across 45,074 households.
      • Publication: Quarterly Bulletins for urban areas, Annual Reports for rural and urban regions.

    Key Highlights of PLFS (Oct-Dec 2024)

    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): 50.4% (↑ from 49.9% in 2023).
      • Male LFPR: 75.4% (↑ from 74.1% in 2023).
      • Female LFPR: 25.2% (↑ from 25.0% in 2023).
    • Worker Population Ratio (WPR): 47.2% (↑ from 46.6% in 2023).
      • Male WPR: 70.9% (↑ from 69.8% in 2023).
      • Female WPR: 23.2% (↑ from 22.9% in 2023).
    • Unemployment Rate (UR): 6.4% (↓ from 6.5% in 2023).
      • Male UR: 5.8% (unchanged).
      • Female UR: 8.1% (↓ from 8.6% in 2023).

    PYQ:

    [2023] Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.

    [2013] Disguised unemployment generally means:

    (a) large number of people remain unemployed

    (b) alternative employment is not available

    (c) marginal productivity of labour is zero

    (d) productivity of workers is low

     

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  • NITI Aayog’s Assessment

    NITI Aayog releases Fiscal Health Index, 2025

    DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Fiscal Health Index

    Why in the News?

    The NITI Aayog has launched the Fiscal Health Index (FHI), 2025 to provide a comprehensive assessment of the fiscal performance of 18 major states in India.

    What is the Fiscal Health Index (FHI)?

    • The FHI is an initiative by NITI Aayog to analyze the fiscal health of states and guide reforms for sustainable economic growth.
    • It evaluates states using a composite index derived from five key sub-indices:
    1. Quality of Expenditure
    2. Revenue Mobilization
    3. Fiscal Prudence
    4. Debt Index
    5. Debt Sustainability
    • The report uses data from the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) for the fiscal year 2022-23, supplemented by trends from 2014-15 to 2021-22.
    • FHI covers states contributing significantly to India’s GDP, demographics, public expenditure, and revenues.

    Key Highlights:

    • Top Performers:
      • Odisha: Ranked first (67.8), excelling in debt management and sustainability.
      • Chhattisgarh: Secured second position (55.2), showcasing strong fiscal prudence.
      • Goa: Achieved third place (53.6), reflecting balanced fiscal practices.
    • Underperformers:
      • Kerala: (29.7), struggling with poor debt sustainability and expenditure quality.
      • Punjab: (28.4), grappling with low revenue mobilization and high deficits.
      • West Bengal: (27.8), facing challenges in debt index and fiscal management.
      • Andhra Pradesh: (26.9), hindered by high fiscal deficits.
    • Regional Insights:
      • Southern States: Telangana leads (47.5), while Tamil Nadu (30.2), Kerala (29.7), and Andhra Pradesh (26.9) lag.
      • Developmental Expenditure: Top states allocate up to 73% of total expenditure to growth-focused activities.

    Significance

    • Promotes fiscal discipline through data-driven insights.
    • Guides state-specific reforms to address disparities.
    • Encourages healthy competition among states.
    • Supports cooperative federalism, aligning with “Viksit Bharat @2047”.
    • Tracks fiscal health annually to ensure continuous improvement.

    PYQ:

    [2015] The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace the (2015)

    (a) Human Rights Commission

    (b) Finance Commission

    (c) Law Commission

    (d) Planning Commission

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