Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to Internet
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Internet serves as a vital source of information, entertainment, healthcare, education, and livelihood.
- However, the rampant instances of Internet suspension in India, often without public disclosure, raise concerns about constitutional rights and economic losses.
Constitutional Provisions for Right to Internet
| Landmark Case |
Constitutional Provision |
Explanation |
| Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. (2020) |
Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression under Article 19(1)(a) |
Grants the right to freedom of speech and expression, which encompasses access to information and the Internet. |
| Faheema Shirin RK vs. State of Kerala and others (2019) |
Right to Education under Article 21A |
Guarantees the right to education for children aged 6 to 14;
Internet access is crucial for modern education. |
| K.S. Puttaswamy (Privacy) vs. Union of India (2017) |
Right to Privacy under Article 21 |
Protects the fundamental right to privacy, and Internet access is often used for secure communication. |
| Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. |
Freedom to Practice Any Profession or Carry on Any Trade, Business, or Occupation under Article 19(1)(g) |
Ensures the freedom to conduct various trades, businesses, and professions, often requiring Internet access. |
Mechanisms allowing Internet Shut-downs
| Mechanism |
Authorities |
Purpose |
| Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 |
Home Departments in the states, state government review committee, central government (under this law, but rarely used) |
Enforces shutdowns for public emergency or safety reasons. |
| Section 144 of the CrPC |
Local law enforcement authorities |
Enables shutdowns, particularly before 2017, to maintain public order and safety. |
| The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, Section 5(2) |
Home Secretary of the Union or state governments |
Allows blocking of messaging during a public emergency, safeguarding public safety, or protecting sovereignty and integrity. |
Landmark Precedence: Anuradha Bhasin Judgment (2020)
- Supreme Court’s Ruling: In January 2020, the Supreme Court of India recognized access to the Internet as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution.
- Restrictions Guidelines: The Court mandated that any government-imposed Internet restrictions must be temporary, limited, lawful, necessary, and proportionate. It also emphasized judicial review.
Unfulfilled Promises and Ongoing Restrictions
- Broken Promises: Despite the Anuradha Bhasin judgment, Internet shutdowns increased in India, making it the leader in global Internet suspensions.
- Recent Examples: The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Haryana have imposed Internet restrictions without timely publication of orders.
- Compliance Issues: Lack of publication erodes public trust and limits the ability to challenge the legality of restrictions.
Need for Transparency
- Publication’s Significance: Non-disclosure of orders hinders legal challenges and perpetuates illegal restrictions.
- Statutory Recognition: The government’s failure to give statutory recognition to the Supreme Court’s directions creates awareness issues.
- Economic Impact: In 2020, India suffered $2.8 billion in losses due to 129 Internet shutdowns affecting 10.3 million individuals.
Widespread Impact
- Economic, Psychological, and Social Harm: Internet suspensions harm the economy and disrupt daily life, education, healthcare, and communication.
- Democratic Right to Protest: Restrictions on Internet access hinder the democratic exercise of the right to protest.
- Verifying Information: The Internet helps verify rumors and disseminate the truth during emergencies.
Socio-economic Disparities
- Mobile-Dependent Users: The majority of Internet users rely on mobile data services, making Internet restrictions detrimental to lower socio-economic groups.
- Broadband Accessibility: Limited access to broadband Internet exacerbates the impact of shutdowns.
Conclusion
- To uphold constitutional rights and unlock the full potential of Digital India, the government must adhere to the Supreme Court’s guidelines, ensuring transparency and legality in Internet shutdowns.
- Addressing compliance issues and minimizing restrictions can benefit the nation’s economic and social well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nitrogen Hypoxia
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Alabama’s recent execution of a prisoner by nitrogen hypoxia has stirred debate and controversy, marking a historic shift in execution methods after four decades.
- While some argue for the method’s effectiveness, others condemn it as cruel and inhumane.
Science behind Nitrogen Hypoxia
- Nitrogen Inhalation: Smith, 58, underwent execution by inhaling pure nitrogen, depriving the body of oxygen needed for vital functions.
- NIOSH-Approved Respirator: The state of Alabama used an industrial-grade respirator, specifically a “NIOSH-approved Type-C full facepiece supplied air respirator,” delivering nitrogen to the inmate.
- Deprivation of Oxygen: While nitrogen is harmless in normal air composition, inhaling it exclusively leads to oxygen deprivation, causing eventual death.
Execution Duration
- Unexpected Prolongation: Despite claims that nitrogen gas would cause unconsciousness within seconds and death within minutes, Smith’s execution took approximately 22 minutes.
- Witness Accounts: Onlookers reported distressing scenes of Smith writhing, convulsing, and gasping for air during the extended execution.
Legal and Ethical Questions
- Constitutional Concerns: Smith’s lawyers attempted to halt the execution, arguing it violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
- Experimental Execution Method: Critics contended that Smith was being used as a test subject for an untested method, highlighting the lack of adequate research and procedures.
- Federal Court Rulings: Despite legal challenges, federal courts, including the US Supreme Court, rejected attempts to block the execution, raising concerns about the state’s approach.
Death Penalty Landscape in the US
- Highly Charged Issue: The death penalty remains a polarizing political topic in the United States, drawing contrasting views on its justice, deterrence, and ethical considerations.
- Questionable Deterrence: Research indicates no conclusive evidence that capital punishment acts as a deterrent to crime, challenging one of its main justifications.
- Execution Methods’ Challenges: Lethal injection, the most common method, faces controversies, from botched executions to reliability issues.
- Racial and Economic Bias: Critics argue that capital punishment carries a risk of wrongful prosecution, with studies revealing racial and economic biases in its application.
Conclusion
- As the United States witnesses the first nitrogen hypoxia execution, the controversy surrounding the method raises broader questions about the ethics, constitutionality, and efficacy of capital punishment.
- With legal battles ongoing and public opinion divided, the execution of Kenneth Smith serves as a focal point for re-evaluating the nation’s approach to the death penalty and the methods employed.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh, Gilgit Baltistan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The socio-political landscape of Ladakh is witnessing ongoing dialogues and demands on Gilgit-Baltistan, primarily presented by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
- The demands encompass a range of issues, including territorial control expansion, restoration of statehood, special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, and exclusive rights over recruitment.
Ladakh’s Current Status
- Formation as Union Territory: Ladakh, spanning 59,146 square kilometers, became a Union Territory on August 5, 2019, following the abrogation of Article 370.
- Governance: Unlike Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh does not have a legislature but is governed by two elected hill councils, LAHDC-Kargil and LAHDC-Leh.
- Population and Demographics: Ladakh, with a population of 2.74 lakh (2011 census), is a Muslim-majority UT, with Buddhists dominating Leh district and Shia Muslims in Kargil. The region witnessed varied reactions to the abrogation of Article 370, with Leh supporting UT status and Kargil expressing a desire for reunification with Kashmir.
Latest Demands of the Region
- Protests against UT Status: Over the past two years, both Leh and Kargil initiated protests against the UT status without a legislature, advocating for the restoration of statehood.
- Special Status under Sixth Schedule: There is a collective demand for special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, similar to other northeastern states, to preserve the region’s ecological fragility and limit external influences.
- Exclusive Recruitment Rights: Ladakh seeks exclusive rights over recruitment, proposing the establishment of the Ladakh Public Service Commission for gazetted jobs and empowering hill councils for lower rung staff recruitment.
Territorial Control Expansion
- Historical Context: The memorandum underlines Ladakh’s historical connection to Gilgit-Baltistan, part of the pre-1947 Ladakh district now under Pakistan’s occupation.
- Territorial Control Demand: Ladakh demands an extension of territorial control up to Gilgit-Baltistan, advocating for attempts to include this area into Ladakh. Reservation of seats for Gilgit-Baltistan is sought once a legislature is granted.
- Strategic and Stability Considerations: The memorandum emphasizes that empowering locals will enhance stability in the region, especially in the context of Ladakh’s volatile Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Centre’s Response and Committees Formed
- Committees Formed: In response to street protests, the Centre formed committees in 2022 and 2024, led by Ministers G. Kishan Reddy and Nityanand Rai, respectively, to engage with LAB and KDA members.
- Assurance and Ongoing Talks: The Centre assured finding appropriate solutions to language, culture, and land conservation issues in Ladakh. Ongoing talks are aimed at addressing the demands and fostering a structured dialogue between New Delhi and Ladakh.
Conclusion
- Ladakh’s socio-political dialogue continues, reflecting the diverse sentiments and demands of its residents.
- The region’s historical context, strategic considerations, and ecological concerns play a crucial role in shaping the ongoing negotiations.
- As Ladakh awaits resolutions to its demands, the dialogue remains a critical component in navigating the complex dynamics between the Centre and this unique Union Territory.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: Chinese inroads in Africa
Introduction
- China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi, embarked on a diplomatic tour across four African nations—Egypt, Tunisia, Togo, and the Ivory Coast.
- Marking his 11th annual visit to Africa, Wang Yi’s trip aimed at bolstering economic and security cooperation, aligning with the outcomes of the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue and setting the stage for the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2024.
China’s FM Visit: Key Objectives
- Implementation of Dialogue Outcomes: Execute initiatives from the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue, focusing on industrialization, agricultural modernization, and talent development support.
- Peace Mediation in Gaza: In Egypt, Wang Yi expressed China’s global mediation intentions, urging an “immediate and comprehensive ceasefire” in Gaza.
Historical Significance of Sino-African Relations
- Roots in Cold War Era: Sino-African relations date back to the 1950s, with China supporting African liberation movements during the Cold War.
- FOCAC Initiatives (2000): The first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000 marked a shift towards diplomacy, investment, and trade, evolving into a robust partnership.
- Belt and Road Initiative (2013): China’s Belt and Road Initiative strengthened ties with 52 African countries, making China Africa’s largest trading partner.
China’s Objectives in Africa
- Resource Access: Securing key resources, with Africa supplying 90% of global cobalt, platinum, and 75% of coltan, crucial for China’s tech industry.
- Geopolitical Influence: Leveraging Africa’s role as the largest bloc in the UN General Assembly to support China’s stances on issues like the South China Sea.
- Yuan Strengthening: Encouraging Africa to trade in the Chinese currency (RMB) for economic advantages and debt restructuring.
- Commercial Opportunities: Utilizing Africa’s markets for Chinese exports, benefiting from a young population and a cost-effective labor force.
Impact on Africa
- Investment, Trade, and Development Aid: Africa receives vital investment, trade benefits, and development aid from China, fostering a ‘win-win partnership.’
- Infrastructure Development: Chinese-built infrastructure and industrial parks contribute to employment opportunities, making ‘Made in Africa’ a reality.
- Agricultural Advancements: Chinese support in advancing hybrid crops enhances Africa’s agricultural sector.
- Non-Interference Approach: China’s non-interference policy in development aid garners trust, contrasting with Western practices and offering African nations autonomy.
Challenges and Controversies
- Debt Trap Concerns: Some view Chinese investments as potentially leading to debt traps, although not all African nations have poorly managed their debt.
- Authoritarian Leverage: China’s ‘non-interference’ stance may empower authoritarian regimes in Africa, raising concerns about governance and political stability.
Conclusion
- Wang Yi’s African tour signifies China’s commitment to strengthening its multifaceted partnership with the continent, addressing mutual concerns, and laying the groundwork for collaborative ventures in the years to come.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's knowledge economy
Introduction
- The recent government guidelines on regulating the coaching industry have stirred debate and raised questions about the state of education in India.
- This article delves into the reasons behind the need for these guidelines and the potential impact on various stakeholders.
Coaching Chaos: What’s the Issue?
- Early Enrolment Scrapped: The government’s guidelines stipulate that students below 16 years of age should not be enrolled in coaching centers, restricting enrolment to post-secondary school (standard 10) examination.
- A Shift in Education: This rule has caused concern as coaching centers have evolved into an alternative education pathway. Students as young as 10-12 years old are prepared for highly competitive exams, such as engineering, medical, and civil service, with low success rates.
- Proliferation of Coaching Centers: Coaching centers are especially popular in states like Bihar, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh.
The Need for Regulation: Why?
- Rising Student Suicides: The alarming increase in student suicides, with 26 reported cases in Kota alone in 2023, underscores the immense pressure on schoolchildren.
- Government’s Concerns: The Department of Higher Education, under the Ministry of Education, expressed the need for regulations in light of issues like student suicides, fire incidents, inadequate facilities, and teaching methodologies.
- Emergence of ‘Dummy Schools’: The rise of ‘dummy schools’ linked to coaching centers, where physical attendance is not mandatory, has raised concerns. Parents often uproot their families and take loans to relocate to coaching hubs in pursuit of quality education.
Wider Implications: Who Else Will Be Affected?
- Ecosystem Impact: Coaching hubs like Kota have an entire ecosystem supporting institutes, students, and families, including middlemen, hostels, and hotels. All of these entities stand to lose out.
- Real Estate Implications: Families relocating to coaching hubs contribute to local real estate income. Regulation may impact this aspect.
- Impact on ‘Dummy Schools’: Dummy schools will face closure due to the new regulations.
Perspectives from the Coaching Centers
- Coaching Federation of India’s Response: The Coaching Federation of India (CFI), representing over 25,000 coaching institutes, may legally contest the minimum age requirement, seeking a reduction from 16 years to 12 years.
- Competitive Stress Concerns: Large coaching institutes express concerns that the regulations may intensify competitive stress among students, offering them less time for preparation.
- Regulatory Effectiveness: There is apprehension that the regulations may not effectively oversee smaller private coaching centers, making it challenging to monitor mom-and-pop establishments.
Education’s Dependent Dynamic
- Coaching Dependency: The guidelines shed light on the prevailing reliance on coaching institutes. They supplement students’ regular schooling and often require additional hours of study outside the classroom.
- Misleading Promises: The guidelines also highlight how institutes sometimes make misleading promises or guarantee high scores, emphasizing that ranks and marks have eclipsed holistic student development.
Conclusion
- The government’s new guidelines have ignited a critical discussion about the coaching industry and its role in the Indian education landscape.
- The regulations aim to address pressing concerns while acknowledging the evolving dynamics of education in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: K-Shaped Recovery
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Economic Research Department of the State Bank of India (SBI) recently released a study titled “Debunking K-shaped recovery,” addressing the ongoing debate about the post-pandemic recovery in India and its alleged K-shaped nature.
- This debate has significant implications for the country’s widening inequality.
What is K-Shaped Recovery?
- A K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession, different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes.
- This is in contrast to an even, uniform recovery across sectors, industries, or groups of people.
- A K-shaped recovery leads to changes in the structure of the economy or the broader society as economic outcomes and relations are fundamentally changed before and after the recession.
- This type of recovery is called K-shaped because the path of different parts of the economy when charted together may diverge, resembling the two arms of the Roman letter “K.”
SBI Challenging Conventional Wisdom
- Controversial Message: The report’s key message suggests a potential “conspiracy” against India’s growth, raising eyebrows about the credibility and intent of the economic evaluation.
- Message Summary: It questions the validity of the K-shaped recovery concept, calling it “flawed” and driven by certain vested interests who are uncomfortable with India’s ascendancy on the global stage.
Re-evaluating Economic Well-Being
- Parameters under Scrutiny: The report challenges traditional parameters used to assess economic well-being.
- New Considerations: It highlights patterns in income, savings, consumption, expenditure, and policy measures designed to empower the masses through technology-driven solutions, questioning the reliance on outdated indicators like 2-wheeler sales or land holdings.
Shaping a Narrative
- Polarized Environment: In a time of heightened polarization and India’s emergence as a major economy, the report’s language, including phrases like “fanning interests” and “renaissance of the new global south,” appears to align with current political narratives.
- Narrative Shift: The report introduces a new narrative, emphasizing the reduction of inequality in India.
Claims on Inequality
- Inequality Reduction: The report asserts that income inequality has decreased, citing the Gini coefficient of taxable income, which fell from 0.472 to 0.402 between FY14 and FY22.
- Limited Sample: However, the research relies on “taxable income” from a small fraction (around 5%) of the population, primarily those paying income tax, making it less representative of the informal workforce and the broader economy.
- Food Orders as Proxy: The study also uses Zomato food orders, primarily from semi-urban areas, to challenge claims of economic distress.
Representativeness Concerns
- Focus on Formal Sector: The SBI research primarily centers on the formal sector, which represents a privileged minority within the Indian economy.
- Inequality Debate: This focus mirrors the crux of the inequality debate, where those excluded from economic growth continue to lag behind, while those already well-off experience significant growth.
A Different Perspective
- Contrasting Reports: In 2022, another report, “The State of Inequality in India,” commissioned by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, highlighted rising inequality in the country.
- Unimaginable Disparities: It noted that an individual earning a monthly wage of Rs 25,000 was among the top 10% of earners, underscoring the stark income disparities.
Conclusion
- While the SBI research provides a unique perspective on India’s economic recovery and inequality, its focus on a limited sample from the formal sector raises concerns about its representativeness.
- The broader discourse on inequality remains critical, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse economic landscape in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BSF's Jurisdiction
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In October 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs made a significant move by extending the jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF) in certain states, leading to a legal dispute between the central government and the affected states.
- This article examines the recent developments and the key issues surrounding the expansion of BSF’s jurisdiction.
Expansion of BSF Jurisdiction
- Border Security Force (BSF): The BSF is India’s border guarding organization, tasked with securing the borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Notification: The Ministry of Home Affairs issued a notification in October 2021, expanding the BSF’s jurisdiction in specific states.
- Changes in Jurisdiction:
-
- In Punjab, West Bengal, and Assam, the BSF’s jurisdiction was extended from 15 km to 50 km inland from the border.
- In Gujarat, the jurisdiction was reduced from 80 km to 50 km.
- Rajasthan’s jurisdiction remained unchanged at 50 km.
Legal Frameworks
- Border Security Force Act: The Ministry of Home Affairs invoked the Border Security Force Act of 1968 to delineate the BSF’s jurisdiction.
- Powers Exercised: The BSF’s jurisdiction extension applies only to specific powers granted under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, and Passport Act, 1967.
Rationale behind BSF’s Jurisdiction Expansion
- Historical Context: The BSF was established in 1965 to secure India’s borders. At that time, border regions were sparsely populated, and police stations were scarce.
- Trans-Border Crimes: To combat trans-border crimes effectively, the BSF was empowered to arrest and search individuals within its jurisdiction.
- Manpower Constraints: Despite the establishment of police stations near the border, staffing remained inadequate.
Issues Surrounding Border Regions
-
- Encroachment
- Illegal incursion
- Drug and cattle smuggling
- Complementary Role: Expanding BSF’s jurisdiction was intended to complement the efforts of local police, enhancing cooperative measures rather than displacing state police authority.
Criticisms and Legal Challenges
- Federalism Concerns: States argued that the extension of BSF’s jurisdiction encroached upon their powers related to police and public order, asserting their rights under the Constitution.
- Lack of Consultation: The states also contended that the central government issued the notification without consulting the affected states.
- Original Suit: The state of Punjab filed an ‘original suit’ against the central government in the Supreme Court under Article 131 of the Constitution, which grants the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between the central government and states.
- Approach: Punjab argued that the expansion compromised its legislative authority on policing matters and public order, emphasizing that a significant portion of its cities and towns would now fall within the 50-kilometre jurisdiction.
Ongoing Legal Battle
- Exclusive Challenge: While West Bengal initially expressed opposition to the notification, currently, only Punjab’s challenge is tagged with the Supreme Court.
- Key Considerations: The Supreme Court will assess the validity of the notification, examining whether it was arbitrary or backed by legitimate reasons. It will also weigh the impact on states’ powers under the Constitution and determine if uniformity is required in setting local limits for BSF’s jurisdiction.
Conclusion
- The legal battle between the central government and the states over the expansion of BSF’s jurisdiction highlights the complex interplay between federalism, national security, and law enforcement.
- The Supreme Court’s decision will have far-reaching implications for the distribution of powers between the center and the states in matters related to border security and policing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karpoori Thakur
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- On January 23, the Indian government made a significant announcement, posthumously awarding the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, to Karpoori Thakur, the former chief minister of Bihar.
- Thakur, affectionately known as ‘Jannayak’ or the leader of the people, leaves behind a legacy of enduring policy decisions that continue to shape Bihar and the nation.
Karpoori Thakur: Life and Career
- A Leader of Contrasts: Thakur, born on January 24, 1924, in Bihar, emerged as the foremost backward caste leader in the state, despite hailing from the minority nai (barber) caste.
- Political Activism: He actively participated in the freedom struggle, enduring imprisonment for his convictions.
- Decades of Public Service: Thakur served as an MLA from 1952 until his passing in 1988, except for a brief period when he became an MP in 1977.
- Respected Clean Image: Despite holding public office for three decades, Thakur maintained a clean image and refrained from personal enrichment through government resources.
Landmark Policy Decisions
- Education Reform: Removed English as a compulsory subject for matriculation examinations, aiming to make education more accessible.
- Prohibition of Alcohol: Enforced a ban on alcohol consumption to address societal issues stemming from alcohol abuse.
- Job Opportunities for Engineers: Introduced preferential treatment for unemployed engineers in government contracts, leading to employment for approximately 8,000 engineers.
- Layered Reservation System: Implemented the ‘Karpoori Thakur Formula’ in June 1970, providing 26% reservation, including 12% for OBCs, 8% for economically backward OBCs, 3% for women, and 3% for economically disadvantaged individuals from upper castes.
Challenges and Consequences
- Immediate Opposition: Thakur’s reservation policy faced significant opposition, especially from upper castes, and his government fell due to its implementation.
- Polarization and Derogatory Remarks: His caste background led to derogatory slogans and polarization in society, despite his clean governance record.
- Political Fallout: Thakur’s decision to prioritize the reservation policy was perceived by some as hasty, unlike leaders who consolidated their positions before introducing similar policies.
Karpoori Thakur’s Enduring Legacy
- Mandal-Kamandal Politics: Thakur’s legacy remains influential in the ongoing Mandal-Kamandal political landscape.
- Recognition by Leaders: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar, himself from a numerically small EBC community, has closely associated himself with Thakur’s legacy.
- Political Continuation: Thakur’s policies continue to shape the agendas of political parties in Bihar, highlighting the lasting impact of his commitment to social justice.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASER 2023 Key Findings
Mains level: Gender Equity in Education
Introduction
- Education is a cornerstone of societal development, and addressing gender-related issues within it is crucial for progress
- While ASER 2023 data on learning outcomes may suggest gender equity, a closer look reveals persistent gender discrimination.
Gender Equity: Learning Outcomes Parity
- Gender Equity in Learning: Analysis of learning outcomes, such as test scores, shows parity between boys and girls in elementary and secondary classes across India.
- Example: In Classes 3 and 5, girls and boys score equally in mathematics, both at 63 and 53, respectively.
- Subject Scores: Gender differences in subject scores rarely exceed one percentage point.
Widening Gender Gap
- Increased Education: Girls in India are receiving more education than ever before, with the mean years of schooling nearly tripling from 1.7 years in 1990 to 4.7 years in 2018.
- Boys’ Progress: Boys have also seen educational improvements, with the average attainment increasing from 4.1 to 8.2 years.
- Growing Gender Gap: Despite girls making significant strides in education, the gender gap, measured as the difference in attainment between males and females, has grown over time, from 2.4 years to 3.5 years.
- Global Trends: India’s divergence from global trends is notable, as many countries have seen equal improvements in education for both genders.
Barriers to Education
- Progressive Gender Gap: As education levels rise, barriers for girls become more significant, influenced by social norms, stereotypes, and adolescent-related factors.
- Class 1 to Class 8: Dropout rates shift dramatically, with nearly twice as many girls dropping out by Class 8 compared to boys.
Early Childhood Education (ECE)
- Gender Bias in ECE: Gender discrimination begins at the earliest stages of education, as revealed by the Annual Status of Education Report “Early Years.”
- Private vs. Government Schools: More boys are enrolled in private institutions, while girls are often sent to free government schools, reflecting societal biases.
- Age Correlation: A five percentage point gender difference in enrollment exists at the age of four, growing to eight percentage points by age eight.
- Impact of Gender Norms: Societies valuing male children’s education tend to withdraw more girls from school.
Focus on ECE
- Policy Shift Needed: Addressing the gender gap in education requires a shift towards Early Childhood Education (ECE) to tackle the roots of gender norms.
- Age of Influence: Children between three and seven are highly impressionable, forming biases about gender roles during this period.
- Challenges: Insufficient funding, poor quality, and the absence of legislation for universal ECE access pose challenges in India.
- Investment Returns: Longitudinal studies indicate that every dollar invested in ECE yields substantial returns, proving its cost-effectiveness.
- Government Initiatives: Programs like “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” and the Draft National Education Policy emphasize the importance of ECE.
Conclusion
- The gender gap in education, particularly in the early years, requires immediate attention and intervention. Establishing a regulatory framework, adequate funding, and quality standards for ECE is essential.
- By eliminating gender stereotypes in preschools, we can work towards erasing the gender gap in education.
- The benefits of investing in girls’ education are vast, ranging from reduced poverty and crime to improved economic development.
- It is time to prioritize early childhood education to create a brighter and more equal future for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Police Atrocities
Introduction
- In a significant development, the Supreme Court of India, made oral observations condemning the 2022 incident involving four Gujarat Police officers.
- These officers had publicly flogged some men, restraining them to a pole, under the allegation of disrupting a garba event in the Kheda district.
Kheda Incident
- Public Flogging and Video Documentation: The incident in question involved the public flogging of some men who were tied to a pole. Shockingly, videos of the brutal act were also recorded.
- Lack of Legal Authority: Justice B.R. Gavai questioned whether the officers had any legal authority to restrain individuals in such a manner and subject them to physical abuse. Justice Sandeep Mehta expressed similar concerns.
Ethical Dimensions Put to Question
- Human Rights: Police misconduct and brutality violate citizens’ fundamental rights, including the right to life, liberty, dignity, equality, and justice. They also breach international human rights standards.
- Rule of Law: Such actions undermine democratic societies based on the rule of law, diminishing law enforcement agencies’ legitimacy and fostering a culture of impunity where police act as judge, jury, and executioner.
- Professionalism: Police misconduct erodes the professionalism, integrity, and morale of the police force. It negatively impacts training, discipline, supervision, and leadership, pressuring honest officers to conform to unethical practices.
- Social Harmony: Police misconduct disrupts social cohesion, breeding resentment, fear, anger, and distrust, especially among marginalized groups. It contributes to social conflicts, violence, and extremism, threatening national peace and stability.
Violation of D.K. Basu Judgment (1996)
- Supreme Court’s Historical Verdict: The actions of the police officers were found to be in contempt of the Supreme Court’s landmark D.K. Basu judgment of 1996. This judgment emphasized the importance of protecting individuals from torture and abuse by the police and law-enforcing officers.
- Prohibition of Third-Degree Methods: The D.K. Basu verdict explicitly prohibited the use of “third degree” methods or torture during interrogation and investigation.
Supreme Court’s Response
- Ignorance of Law: Justices Gavai and Mehta were not convinced by the argument put forth by senior advocate Siddharth Dave, representing the police officers, that there was no “willful disobedience” of the D.K. Basu verdict by his clients. The Bench questioned whether ignorance of the law could serve as a defence in this context.
- Duty of Police Officers: The Bench emphasized that every police officer must be aware of the legal principles established in the D.K. Basu judgment.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s strong stance against the actions of the Gujarat Police officers in this case underscores the importance of upholding the principles of justice, human rights, and the rule of law.
- This incident serves as a reminder of the duty and responsibility that law enforcement agencies have in protecting the rights and dignity of individuals while performing their duties.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 1.5 degree Celsius Threshold
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The year 2023 witnessed alarming signs of climate change, from record-breaking summer temperatures to shrinking Antarctic sea ice and extreme weather events across the globe.
- Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change, there remains confusion and misinformation on this critical issue.
Is the Earth Becoming Warmer?
- Temperature Measurement: Temperature measurements since the late 1880s show global warming trends. Satellite data confirms an increase of at least 1.1 degrees Celsius since 1880.
- Indirect Verification: Analyzing natural indicators like tree rings and ice cores. Observing effects such as warming oceans, shrinking ice cover, and rising sea levels. Multiple monitoring systems enhance confidence in global-scale warming.
- Acceleration of Warming: Recent decades witness unprecedented rapid warming. The majority of warming observed since 1975. 2022 marked the 46th consecutive year of temperatures above the 20th-century average.
Role of Human Activities
- Natural Factors: Throughout Earth’s history, natural factors like solar variations and volcanic activity influenced climate.
- Current Acceleration: However, natural factors exert too little influence and operate too slowly to account for recent rapid warming, as acknowledged by NASA.
- Greenhouse Gases: The primary driver of global warming is the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor.
- Human Influence: Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have released substantial greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
- Unprecedented Change: Changes that would typically occur over hundreds of thousands of years are now happening within decades.
Overwhelming Evidence
- Scientific Consensus: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that “human influence on the climate system is clear and growing.”
- Unprecedented Warmth: 2022 marked the 46th consecutive year with global temperatures exceeding the 20th-century average, with the last nine years ranking among the warmest.
1.5 Degree Celsius Threshold
- Paris Agreement: 195 countries pledge to limit warming to “well below 2 degrees Celsius” and aim to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
- Baseline Year: Pre-industrial levels based on measurements from 1850 to 1900, providing a reliable historical reference.
- Reason for 1.5 Degrees: Scientific consensus: 1.5 degrees is a defense line against severe climate impacts. It avoids extreme and irreversible consequences associated with 2 degrees warming.
- Continuous Improvement: Lowering the target reduces climate risks further. Science supports aiming for the lowest possible temperature increase.
Consequences of Breaching the Threshold
- Increased Extreme Weather: More frequent and intense heavy precipitation. Elevated drought intensity and frequency in some regions.
- Warmer Oceans: Higher number of strong hurricanes with rapid strengthening.
- Intensified Wildfires: Longer-lasting and more intense wildfires.
- Rapid Sea Ice Melt: Accelerated sea-level rise.
- Emerging Consequences: Many of these impacts are already underway. Breaching the threshold exacerbates these effects.
How Close Are We to Breaching the Threshold?
- WMO Warning: World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) warns of a 66% chance of crossing the 1.5-degree limit between 2023 and 2027.
- Hottest Year: 2023 declared the hottest year on record, 1.48 degrees Celsius warmer than pre-industrial levels.
- Daily Fluctuations: Daily temperatures occasionally exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius, but long-term trends are the focus.
Conclusion
- The evidence of climate change and global warming is undeniable.
- Human activities, primarily the release of greenhouse gases, are driving these changes at an unprecedented rate.
- Understanding the science behind climate change is crucial in addressing this real global crisis.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FCRA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In recent developments, the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA) registration of two prominent non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the Centre for Policy Research (CPR) and World Vision India (WVI), has been cancelled.
FCRA: Regulating Foreign Donations
- Objective: FCRA regulates foreign donations to ensure they do not adversely affect India’s internal security.
- Compulsory Registration: Any association, group, or NGO intending to receive foreign donations must register under FCRA.
- Amendments: The FCRA was first enacted in 1976 and amended in 2010, with further changes in 2020.
Registration and Renewal
- Initial Registration: NGOs initially register under FCRA for five years, with the possibility of renewal if they adhere to the specified norms.
- Scope of Usage: Registered groups can receive foreign contributions for various programs, including social, educational, religious, economic, and cultural.
Cancellations and Renewals
- Cancellations: Since 2015, over 16,000 NGOs have had their FCRA registrations cancelled due to violations.
- Active NGOs: As of January 22, 16,989 FCRA-registered NGOs were active in India.
- Expired Registrations: Nearly 6,000 NGOs’ FCRA registrations ceased from January 1, 2022, either due to the MHA’s refusal to renew or NGOs not applying for renewal.
Significance and Controversies
- Risk of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing: The MHA’s 2012 report highlighted the vulnerability of the NGO sector to money laundering and terrorist financing risks.
- Record Number of Registrations: In 2023, 1,111 associations received fresh FCRA registrations.
- Reasons for Rejection: Out of 1,615 applications received for FCRA registration in 2021 and 2022, 722 were granted clearance, while 225 were rejected.
- Foreign Contribution Amount: In 2019-2022, a total of 13,520 associations received ₹55,741.51 crore in foreign contributions.
Reasons for Cancellation: CPR and WVI
- CPR Allegations: The MHA accused CPR of diverting foreign donations to fund protests and legal battles against developmental projects, affecting India’s economic interests. CPR’s publication of current affairs programs using foreign funds was deemed a violation.
- CPR’s Response: CPR deemed the ministry’s decision incomprehensible and disproportionate, challenging the reasoning behind equating policy reports on their website with current affairs programming.
- WVI’s Allegations: WVI had its FCRA registration cancelled for alleged violations from 2012-13 to 2020-21. WVI received the highest amount of foreign donations among all NGOs registered under the Act in 1986.
FCRA Amendments: Recent Changes
The FCRA underwent significant amendments in 2020, introducing several restrictions:
- Fund Transfer Prohibition: Section 7 of the Act prohibits the transfer of foreign funds received by an organization to any other individual or association.
- Designated Bank Account: Recipients must open an FCRA bank account in a designated SBI branch in New Delhi, mandating that all foreign funds be received in this account.
- Shared Information: The designated bank informs authorities about foreign remittances with source and receipt details.
- Aadhaar Requirement: The Government can collect Aadhaar numbers of key functionaries of organizations applying for FCRA registration.
- Cap on Administrative Expenditure: The portion of funds allowed as administrative expenditure was reduced from 50% to 20%.
Criticisms and Government’s Perspective
- Arbitrary Restrictions: NGOs criticize the prohibition on fund transfer as arbitrary and restrictive.
- Non-Sharing of Funds: This prohibition hinders the sharing of aid received as material, impacting collaborative efforts.
- Inconvenient Designated Bank: The requirement for a Delhi-based bank account is inconvenient for NGOs operating elsewhere.
- Government’s Justification: The government maintains that these amendments are necessary to prevent foreign state and non-state interference in India’s internal affairs and to curb malpractices in fund utilization.
Conclusion
- The FCRA plays a crucial role in regulating foreign donations to NGOs in India.
- The recent cancellations of CPR and WVI registrations, coupled with the amendments, highlight the complex and evolving landscape of foreign contributions and their impact on Indian NGOs.
- Understanding these developments is essential for comprehending the dynamics of funding, regulation, and accountability in the non-profit sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Tourism potential of Lakshadweep
Introduction
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent invitation for travelers to explore the beauty of Lakshadweep sparked a surprising backlash from Maldivian officials, leading to heated debates on social media.
- This article delves into the distinctions between the Maldives and Lakshadweep as tourist destinations, comparing factors such as tourist numbers, infrastructure, and environmental concerns.
Maldives and Lakshadweep: A Geographical Overview
- Maldives: An archipelago of 1,190 coral islands and sandbanks grouped into over 20 atolls, located southwest of Kerala and Sri Lanka in the North Central Indian Ocean.
- Lakshadweep: Comprising 36 coral islands spread across a mere 32 sq km, it’s India’s smallest Union Territory. These islands lie north of the Maldives and are situated at varying distances of 220 km to 440 km from Kochi.
Tourism Statistics: A Stark Contrast
- Lakshadweep: In 2018, only 10,435 domestic and 1,313 foreign tourists visited, a negligible share compared to other Indian tourist destinations.
- Maldives: Data from January 2024 shows a daily average of nearly 6,000 tourist arrivals, totaling 1,01,626 arrivals. In 2023, over 1.87 million tourists visited, contributing significantly to the country’s economy.
Maldives’ Tourism Success Story
- Investment in Tourism: The Maldives has been investing in tourism since 1972, with tourism becoming the country’s most vital economic activity by the 1980s.
- Economic Contribution: Tourism directly contributes almost 30% of the Maldives’ GDP and generates over 60% of its foreign currency earnings.
- Connectivity: The country is served by 40 carriers from around the world, including airlines like Air India, Vistara, and IndiGo.
- Visa-Free Arrivals: The Maldives offers visa-free arrivals to major source markets like India, Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.
- Diverse Accommodations: With over 180 resorts, 15 hotels, 811 guesthouses, and 140 safari vessels, the Maldives offers more than 62,000 beds to tourists.
- Local Island Guesthouses: Starting in 2009, local island guesthouses allowed tourists to stay among the local population, providing privacy and luxury.
Lakshadweep’s Limited Potential and Environmental Concerns
- Small Area: Lakshadweep, with only 10 inhabited islands, has limited potential due to its small size.
- Environmental Concerns: Concerns over environmental damage and disruption of local livelihoods have hindered tourism development.
- Capacity Constraints: Lakshadweep lacks the capacity and resources to host a large influx of tourists due to its fragile ecology.
- Supreme Court Recommendations: A Supreme Court-appointed panel recommended that all development proposals align with an Integrated Island Management Plan and respect carrying capacity limits.
- Restricted Entry: Entry to Lakshadweep is restricted, requiring permits issued by the Lakshadweep Administration.
- Infrastructure Challenges: Limited air and ferry connectivity, as well as inadequate accommodations, pose challenges for tourism development.
Prospects for Lakshadweep’s Tourism
- Positive Outlook: The recent interest from Prime Minister Modi has sparked optimism for Lakshadweep’s tourism potential.
- Planned Developments: Applications for tourism development on islands like Bangaram, Thirunakkara, Suheli Cheriyakara, and Cheriyam are expected, potentially leading to significant projects.
- High-end, Low-volume Tourism: Local authorities aim for high-end tourism with low visitor volumes to preserve the islands’ fragile environment.
Conclusion
- The Maldives and Lakshadweep, though neighbouring archipelagos, exhibit stark differences in tourist numbers, development, and environmental concerns.
- While the Maldives thrives as an international tourism hotspot, Lakshadweep faces limitations due to its ecological fragility, yet there is hope for responsible tourism development in the Union Territory.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: China-Maldives Relations
Introduction
- Nestled in the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean, the Maldives, with its modest landmass and population, may seem unassuming at first glance.
- However, this archipelago has become a focal point in the geopolitical landscape, drawing attention from global powers like India, China, and the United States.
- To understand its current significance, it is crucial to delve into the historical and contemporary dynamics that have shaped the Maldives’ role in the Indian Ocean region.
British Empire’s Legacy
- Strategic Role for the British Empire: The Maldives played a significant role for the British Empire in the late nineteenth century, aiding in the expansion of commercial and military influence in the Indian Ocean and beyond.
- Preeminent Power: Before becoming a modern political flashpoint, the Maldives served as a crucial outpost for the British Empire.
China-Maldives Ties: A Historical Perspective
- Ancient Connections: China maintains that its relationship with the Maldives dates back centuries, including interactions during the Tang dynasty (7th century AD) and along the ancient Silk Road.
- Ming Dynasty Navigator: The famous Chinese navigator, Zheng He, visited the Maldives in the early 15th century, leaving historical traces of this connection.
- Contemporary Diplomacy: Diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Maldives were officially established in 1972, with economic and trade ties initiated in 1981.
Xi Jinping Era
- Xi’s Visit: In 2014, under President Xi Jinping’s leadership, China and the Maldives solidified their relationship, with Xi becoming the first Chinese head of state to visit the Maldives.
- Belt & Road Initiative (BRI): The Maldives was among the first South Asian nations to join the One Belt, One Road initiative, now known as the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI).
- President Muizzu’s Visit: President Mohamed Muizzu’s visit to China after taking office marked a milestone. It was seen as a “new beginning” and a departure from previous Maldivian leaders’ foreign policy choices.
China’s Growing Role and India’s Concerns
- China’s Expanding Economic Cooperation: China’s economic cooperation with the Maldives has been on the rise, causing unease in India.
- India’s Concerns: India’s “hegemonic neighborhood first” policy has led to concerns about Beijing’s growing influence in South Asia.
- Geopolitical Tensions: The India-China rivalry and China’s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean have put the Maldives in the spotlight.
- US Engagement: The United States, recognizing the Maldives’ geostrategic significance, has intensified its engagement with the archipelago, opening its embassy in 2020.
China’s Perception of India’s Reaction
- Bilateral Relations Upgrade: During President Muizzu’s visit, China upgraded its bilateral relationship with the Maldives from a “comprehensive friendly cooperative partnership” to a “comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership.”
- Maritime Calculations: Observers acknowledge that China’s maritime interests play a significant role in this diplomatic shift.
- Indian Annoyance: China candidly commented on India’s perceived annoyance with the Maldives’ growing ties with China, suggesting a lack of confidence in India’s bilateral relationship with the Maldives.
Conclusion
- The Maldives’ strategic location in the Indian Ocean has thrust it into the spotlight of global power struggles.
- As India, China, and the United States vie for influence in this crucial region, the Maldives finds itself at the intersection of geopolitical ambitions.
- Whether this triangular tug of war will reshape historical and strategic equations or lead to a delicate balance remains uncertain, but the Maldives’ significance on the world stage is undeniable.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Somnath Temple
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22, 2024, has sparked discussions about the role of politics and religion in India.
- In this historical analysis, we delve into the lesser-known aspects of another significant temple, the Somnath Temple, to understand its complex historical background and the British influence on its perception.
Somnath, Till 1947
- Historical Significance: Located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval, Gujarat, Somnath is a revered Hindu pilgrimage site.
- Temple’s Legacy: The temple is known as the “holy place of the First Aadi Jyotirling Shree Somnath Mahadev” and holds religious significance.
- Maratha Queen’s Effort: In 1782, Maratha queen Ahalyabai Holkar built a small temple at the site, but the grandeur of the original was not restored.
Somnath’s Decline
- Historical Attacks: The temple faced numerous attacks throughout history, including the devastating raid by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026 CE.
- Diverse Rulers: While some Muslim rulers permitted worship at the temple, such as Akbar in the sixteenth century, others, like Aurangzeb, ordered its destruction in 1706.
- Abul Fazl’s Remark: Historian Abul Fazl described Mahmud of Ghazni’s raid as “the plunder of the virtuous,” acknowledging the temple’s significance.
- British Intervention: In 1842, British Governor General Lord Ellenborough used the “gates of Somnath” as a symbol of avenging an insult during an Afghanistan expedition.
After Independence
- Junagadh’s Accesion to Pakistan: After Independence, the Nawab of Junagadh attempted to accede to Pakistan, leading to unrest.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Decision: On November 12, 1947, Patel announced the reconstruction of Somnath, endorsed by the Union Cabinet.
- Mahatma Gandhi’s Suggestion: Gandhi proposed that the temple’s funding should come from the public, leading to the creation of a Trust under K M Munshi.
Nehru’s Opposition to the Inauguration
- Political Implications: Nehru opposed President Rajendra Prasad’s participation in the temple’s spectacular opening.
- Concerns about Secularism: Nehru expressed reservations about the government’s involvement in a ceremony with potential political and revivalist implications.
- Financial Concerns: He criticized the Saurashtra government’s contribution to the event, citing austerity measures and economic challenges.
- Secular State: Nehru emphasized the importance of India being a secular state and not associating with religious events.
- Opposition to External Affairs Circular: He objected to a circular requesting the collection of water, soil, and twigs from foreign countries for the ceremony.
Conclusion
- The story of Somnath temple’s revival encapsulates India’s complex journey through history, politics, and religion.
- It highlights the delicate balance between preserving historical heritage and upholding the principles of a secular state.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Iran-Pakistan Relations
Introduction
- Recent events have thrust the relationship between Iran and Pakistan into the spotlight, with missile strikes, drone attacks, and territorial disputes escalating tensions between the two neighboring nations.
- In this comprehensive analysis, we examine the historical context, evolving dynamics, and broader implications of the Iran-Pakistan relationship.
Iran-Pakistan: Historical Background
[A] Pre-1979: Allies under the Shadow of Superpowers
- Alliance and CENTO: Before Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979, both countries were aligned with the United States and were part of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), a military alliance modeled on NATO.
- Support During Wars: Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan during its wars against India in 1965 and 1971.
[B] Post-1979: A Shift in Alliances
- Sectarian Divide: After Ayatollah Khomeini’s Shiite regime took power in Iran, Pakistan, a Sunni-majority nation, found itself at odds with Iran due to sectarian differences.
- Geopolitical Differences: Differences emerged as Iran became a sworn enemy of the United States after 1979, while Pakistan drew closer to the U.S., particularly during the “War on Terror” post-9/11.
- Focus on Exporting Revolution: Iran’s foreign policy, centred on exporting the Islamic revolution, made its Arab neighbours uneasy, leading to a divergence in regional priorities.
- Opposite Sides in Afghanistan: Iran backed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in Afghanistan, a group created with Pakistan’s support, leading to further tensions.
Attempts at Reconciliation
- 1995: Benazir Bhutto’s Visit: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto referred to Iran as “a friend, a neighbor, and a brother in Islam” during her visit to Tehran in 1995, emphasizing cooperation and regretting U.S. sanctions.
- Zardari’s Era: Asif Ali Zardari’s presidency saw increased cooperation with Iran, particularly in trade and energy, though Sunni-Shiite tensions persisted.
- Nawaz Sharif’s Shift: Nawaz Sharif, upon becoming Prime Minister in 2013, realigned Pakistan’s stance away from Iran, strengthening ties with Arab allies and leaving the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project incomplete.
The Balochistan Conundrum
- Shared Ethnicity: The Baloch population, living on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, shares deep cultural, ethnic, and linguistic ties.
- Marginalization and Grievances: Baloch communities in both nations have been marginalized, leading to separatist movements.
- Cross-Border Insurgency: Baloch insurgents operate across the porous border, targeting military and civilian targets, complicating relations.
- Differences in Insurgent Groups: Baloch insurgents in Iran often have religious affiliations, while those in Pakistan lean towards secular ethno-nationalism.
Broader Regional Implications
- Regional Power Dynamics: The involvement of Arabs, Israelis, and Iranians in the Balochistan issue reflects broader regional power politics.
- Strategic Significance: Balochistan’s location at the mouth of the Gulf makes it integral to geopolitical strategies, including China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- Balancing Act: India’s involvement in Iran and the Chabahar port development, seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar port, adds to regional complexities.
- Middle East Policy Shift: India’s economic and security interests in the Middle East are prompting a shift in its traditionally neutral stance towards regional conflicts.
Conclusion
- The recent cross-border strikes and tensions between Iran and Pakistan underscore the fragility of their relationship, complicated by historical, sectarian, and geopolitical factors.
- While both nations are likely to seek de-escalation, the Balochistan issue, regional power dynamics, and India’s evolving role in the Middle East are challenging established assumptions about security in the region.
- As the Gulf’s conflicts spill into the Baloch frontier, a weakened Pakistan may find itself increasingly entangled in the Middle East’s widening conflict theatre, demanding a reevaluation of India’s regional strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sub-Categorization of SCs, OBCs
Mains level: Horizontal Reservation
Introduction
- The Union government of India has taken a significant step by forming a committee of Secretaries to address the pressing issue of equitable distribution of benefits, schemes, and initiatives among the diverse Scheduled Castes (SCs) spread across the nation.
- This move has been triggered by a longstanding demand for sub-categorization of SCs, particularly raised by the Madiga community in Telangana.
Need for Sub-Categorization
- Historical Imbalance: Over 1,200 Scheduled Castes exist in India, leading to varying degrees of backwardness and underrepresentation.
- Demand from Madiga Community: The Madiga community in Telangana has been vocal about sub-categorization to ensure fair allocation of benefits.
- Prime Minister’s Commitment: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pledge to address this issue gained prominence during the Telangana Assembly election.
Supreme Court’s Role
- Constitutional Challenge: A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court is set to examine the permissibility of sub-categorization among SCs and Scheduled Tribes.
- Focus on Reservation: The Supreme Court’s hearing revolves around the constitutionality of sub-categorization concerning reservation in jobs and education, leaving other aspects open for consideration.
Legal Landscape to date
- State-Level Attempts: In the past two decades, several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted to introduce reservation laws for sub-categorizing SCs within their jurisdictions. However, these efforts have been entangled in legal battles, awaiting a decision from a Supreme Court Constitution Bench.
- Andhra Pradesh’s Initiative: The issue gained prominence when the Andhra Pradesh government established a commission in 1996, led by Justice Ramachandra Raju, to recommend sub-categorization based on disparities among SC communities. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that states lacked unilateral authority to sub-categorize communities within the SC and Scheduled Tribes (ST) lists, as this prerogative rested with Parliament and the President.
- Contradictory Rulings: A 2020 judgment by a five-judge Bench, led by Justice Arun Mishra, contradicted the 2004 ruling by suggesting that determining benefits within the SC/ST lists would not constitute “tinkering” and could be within the purview of states. This contradiction led to the referral of the 2020 judgment to a larger Bench.
Government Committee’s Mandate
- Equitable Strategies: The committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, aims to explore alternative approaches to address grievances within the SC communities.
- No Involvement in Reservation: The committee is explicitly instructed not to interfere with reservation-related matters, such as quota distribution for employment and education.
- Focus on Special Initiatives: Instead, it will concentrate on strategies like special initiatives and the realignment of existing schemes to benefit underprivileged SCs.
- Committee Members: The committee comprises Secretaries from the Home Ministry, Law Ministry, Tribal Affairs Ministry, and Social Justice Ministry.
- Submission of Findings: Although no specific deadline is set, the committee is urged to present its findings as soon as possible.
The Madiga Community’s Struggle
- Long-standing Demand: The Madiga community has advocated for sub-categorization since 1994, initiating the formation of commissions to explore possibilities.
- Concerns of Exclusion: Madigas allege that the benefits meant for SCs have predominantly favored the Mala community, leaving them marginalized.
- State Initiatives: Several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted state-level reservation laws to sub-categorize SCs.
- Pending Supreme Court Decision: These efforts are stalled, awaiting the Supreme Court’s verdict on the matter.
Arguments for Sub-Categorization
- Addressing Graded Inequalities: Advocates argue that sub-categorization rectifies the graded inequalities within SC communities. It ensures that the most backward communities receive their due share of benefits, preventing the dominance of relatively advanced communities.
- Representation at All Levels: The goal is to ensure representation at all levels, including higher positions. However, the most marginalized SCs lag so far behind that even reserved positions at advanced levels may not benefit them due to a lack of suitable candidates.
Data Requirements for Sub-Categorization
- Emphasis on Robust Data: Legal experts stress the significance of comprehensive data, including population figures, socio-economic indicators, and community-specific information.
- Basis for Fair Categorization: This data serves as the foundation for reasonable categorization, quota allocation, and informed policy decisions.
Conclusion
- The initiative to address sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes is a critical step towards achieving equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities.
- While the Supreme Court grapples with the constitutional aspects of reservation, the government committee seeks alternative means to ensure the welfare of the most marginalized SCs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: China-Taiwan Relations
Introduction
- Taiwan’s presidential election on January 13, which saw the victory of the ruling party candidate Lai Ching-te, carries significant implications not only for the island but also for global geopolitics.
- To understand the dynamics at play, it’s crucial to delve into the complex history and evolving relationship between China and Taiwan.
Taiwan Tension: A Historical Background
- Early Settlement: Taiwan’s first known settlers were Austronesian tribal people, believed to have migrated from southern China.
- Chinese Records: Chinese records from AD 239 mention Taiwan, forming part of China’s territorial claim.
- Qing Dynasty and Japan: Taiwan was administered by China’s Qing dynasty and later ceded to Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War.
- Post-World War II: After World War II, Taiwan was officially considered occupied by the Republic of China (ROC), with the consent of the US and UK.
Civil War and Exile
- Civil War: A civil war broke out in China, leading Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) government, along with supporters, to flee to Taiwan in 1949.
- Dictatorship Era: Chiang established a dictatorship that ruled Taiwan until the 1980s.
- Transition to Democracy: After Chiang’s death, Taiwan embarked on a transition to democracy, holding its first elections in 1996.
Status of Taiwan
- Disagreement: There is disagreement regarding Taiwan’s status.
- Independent Governance: Taiwan has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and an armed forces.
- Decline in Recognition: Over time, the number of countries recognizing Taiwan as the ROC government has dwindled, largely due to diplomatic pressure from China.
Evolving Relations with China
- 1980s Improvement: Relations started improving in the 1980s as Taiwan relaxed rules on visits and investments in China.
- One Country, Two Systems: China proposed the “one country, two systems” option, which Taiwan rejected.
- Political Shift: The election of Chen Shui-bian in 2000 marked a shift, as he openly backed Taiwan “independence.”
- Anti-Secession Law: China passed an anti-secession law in 2005, threatening non-peaceful means against Taiwan.
- Cross-Strait Relations: Cross-strait relations soured under President Tsai Ing-wen, with China cutting off official communications due to her refusal to endorse a single Chinese nation concept.
US Involvement
- US-Taiwan Relations: The US officially recognizes Beijing but remains Taiwan’s significant international supporter.
- Defensive Commitment: The US is bound by law to provide Taiwan with defensive weapons, and President Joe Biden has stated a commitment to defending Taiwan militarily.
- Contested Issue: Taiwan remains a contentious issue in US-China relations, with Beijing condemning perceived US support for Taipei.
- Increased Tensions: China has intensified its “grey zone warfare” around Taiwan, sending fighter jets and conducting military drills in response to US-Taiwan exchanges.
Conclusion
- The results of Taiwan’s presidential election and the evolving China-Taiwan relationship have far-reaching implications for global politics.
- Balancing diplomatic recognition, territorial disputes, and US involvement, the delicate equilibrium in the Taiwan Strait will continue to shape the course of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kafala System
Mains level: India-UAE Relations
Introduction
- PM Modi recently highlighted the strength of India-UAE relations at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024.
- Bilateral discussions were held with UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, who was the Chief Guest.
India-UAE Relations: Historical Context
India-UAE relations have seen significant milestones:
- India-UAE CEPA: Effective since May 1, 2022, this agreement has slashed tariffs on over 80% of products, facilitating duty-free access for 90% of Indian exports to the UAE. Non-oil trade surged to $50 billion from May 2022 to April 2023, with a $100 billion target by 2030.
- IMEC: The UAE is vital to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- I2U2 Group: Comprising India, UAE, Israel, and the U.S., this group promotes technological and private-sector cooperation in water, energy, and transportation.
- Rupee-Dirham Agreement: The Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of the UAE have established a framework for using local currencies in cross-border transactions, reducing dependence on the U.S. Dollar.
- Cultural Exchange: The UAE’s tolerance is evident with the construction of the BAPS Hindu Mandir in Abu Dhabi, the first temple of its kind.
Significance of India-UAE Relations
These relations hold immense strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance:
[A] Strategic Significance:
- Security Concerns: Amid conflicts in the Middle East, the India-UAE alliance enhances both nations’ security, including fighting piracy and terrorism.
- Energy Security: The UAE is India’s sixth-largest crude oil exporter, playing a key role in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves Program.
[B] Political Significance:
- Multilateral Reforms: The UAE supports India in various international platforms.
- Counterbalancing China’s Regional Dominance: India’s strengthened relations with the UAE help offset China’s growing presence in the region.
- Engagement with Regional Alliances: Enhanced India-UAE relations could pave the way for India’s membership in organizations like the OIC and a free trade agreement with the GCC.
[C] Economic Significance:
- Remittances: The UAE is a major source of remittance inflows to India.
- Trade and Investments: The UAE is India’s third-largest trade partner, with substantial investments in various sectors.
- Access to the African Market: Relations with the UAE facilitate India’s entry into the African market.
[D] Cultural Significance:
- Safeguarding Indian Diaspora Interests: A robust relationship protects the interests of the large Indian expatriate community.
- Boosting India’s Soft Power: Positive relations enhance India’s soft power in the Middle East.
Challenges to India-UAE Relations
- Trade Restrictions: The UAE’s Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs), including SPS measures and TBT, have affected Indian exports, particularly in sectors like poultry and processed foods.
- Chinese Economic Influence: China’s “Cheque Book Diplomacy” overshadows Indian enterprises in the UAE.
- Kafala Labour System: Harsh conditions for immigrant laborers, passport confiscation, and delayed wages pose significant issues.
- Financial Aid to Pakistan: Concerns arise due to the UAE’s substantial financial assistance to Pakistan.
- Iran-Arab Dispute: Balancing ties with the UAE and Iran amid their conflict is a diplomatic challenge.
Way Forward
- Clarity in Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): Establish transparent NTB practices for smoother trade relations.
- Comprehensive Strategic Dialogue: Initiate high-level dialogues to address strategic, defense, and political issues.
- Harmonization with UAE’s ‘Vision 2021’: Collaborate in emerging sectors to reinforce economic ties.
- Joint Ventures in Technology and Innovation: Encourage collaborations in cutting-edge technology.
- Healthcare Cooperation: Collaborate in healthcare research and public health initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Science Communication, Various initiatives mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Science communication is an essential bridge between the scientific community and the public, fostering understanding, engagement, and informed decision-making.
- In India, the recent focus on communicating science, particularly during Chandrayaan-3 and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the growing importance of this discipline.
- However, gaps and challenges persist in effectively conveying scientific information.
Role of Science Communication
- Science communication encompasses all aspects of conveying scientific knowledge, fostering discussions on ethical, societal, and political impacts, and engaging scientists and diverse audiences.
- In today’s context, it extends to sharing research findings, institutional outreach, and public engagement with science.
Contemporary Science Communication in India
- Government Initiatives: In 2021, the CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR) was established. National science funding agencies and research organizations actively engage in science communication through press releases, social media campaigns, exhibitions, and lectures.
- Growing Landscape: Science communication extends to research organizations, universities, social enterprises, non-profits, and art-science collaborations. It bridges journalism, education, outreach, and art with science.
Government-Led Efforts
India’s commitment to science communication dates back to the post-independence era. Key milestones include:
- Publications & Information Directorate (PID): Established in 1951 under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PID published national science magazines to disseminate scientific knowledge.
- Birla Industrial and Technological Museum (1959): Focused on defining India’s scientific heritage and promoting science education.
- 42nd Amendment to the Constitution (1976): Introduced Article 51 A (h), emphasizing the development of a scientific temper among citizens.
- National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC): Formed during the sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), emphasizing the popularization of science.
- Vigyan Prasar (1989): An autonomous organization set up by the Department of Science and Technology to popularize science.
Addressing Challenges and Forging Ahead
To enhance science communication in India:
- Formal Education and Training: Introduce masters and doctoral programs in science communication. These programs will cultivate a cadre of skilled communicators attuned to India’s diverse contexts.
- Integration with Scientific Process: Encourage scientists to actively participate in science communication. This includes incorporating communication as part of research and rewarding scientists for their efforts.
- Large-Scale Strategy: Establish a professional organization that collaborates with government departments, stakeholders, and experts to create comprehensive science communication frameworks. These frameworks must span various disciplines, media formats, and demographic groups.
Conclusion
- Science communication plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific literacy, public engagement, and informed decision-making in India.
- By addressing current gaps and embracing a forward-looking approach, India can build a robust science communication ecosystem that effectively bridges the gap between science and society, empowering citizens and propelling scientific progress.
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