Q) Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q) ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Note4Students:
Prelims: Supreme court judgements related to climate change impact,
Mains: Role of state and local Government to address the impact of climate change,
Mentor comment: Climate change poses grave threats to human rights, including the rights to life, health, food, water, housing, and an adequate standard of living. Extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and environmental degradation disproportionately impact vulnerable populations. Governments have a legal obligation to curb climate change, and corporations must respect human rights by reducing emissions and adapting to climate impacts. Addressing climate change is crucial to upholding human rights and ensuring a sustainable future for all.
Let’s learn!
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Why in the news?
In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court of India recently recognized a right to be “free from the adverse impacts of climate change” in “M.K. Ranjitsinh and Others vs Union of India”, deriving it from the right to life and the right to equality.
Law to inform development choices
Integrating Climate Objectives into Development: Ensure that low-carbon and climate-resilient futures are prioritized in routine decision-making at all levels of development. Embed climate objectives in the legal framework to guide sustainable development choices.
Grounding Climate Action in Social Justice: Design laws to protect vulnerable populations disproportionately affected by climate change. Ensure the energy transition is just and equitable, advancing social justice and inclusive development.
Adopting a Comprehensive and Flexible Approach: Move beyond top-down emission targets to address broader developmental choices and their long-term impacts. Establish well-defined legal procedures that promote continuous consideration of low-carbon and climate-resilient futures.
Building a Robust Institutional Framework: Create an institutional structure to strategize, prioritize, troubleshoot, and evaluate climate policies. Enhance governance capacity to ensure credible and accountable climate action across all levels of government.
Tailoring Framework Climate Laws to the Indian Context: Adapt elements of global framework climate laws to suit India’s specific needs, focusing on maximising development per unit of carbon emitted. Emphasize climate resilience and social equity, ensuring development progresses in a low-carbon direction while building resilience to pervasive climate impacts.
Need for a Low-Carbon Development Body
Rigorous Policy Analysis and Knowledge Generation: Establish a knowledge body in government to rigorously analyze policy options and their potential futures. Enable informed decision-making through a comprehensive understanding of low-carbon development and resilience strategies.
Expertise and Technical Guidance: Create an independent ‘low-carbon development commission’ staffed with experts and technical personnel. Provide national and state governments with practical guidance on achieving low-carbon growth and resilience.
Deliberative Decision-Making and Stakeholder Consultation: Facilitate a platform for deliberative decision-making involving multiple stakeholders. Systematically consult vulnerable communities and those adversely affected by technological changes to ensure their concerns are heard and integrated, leading to more sustainable and inclusive policy outcomes.
Strategic Direction and Whole-of-Government Coordination: Form a high-level strategic body, or ‘climate cabinet,’ comprising key Ministers and representation from State Chief Ministers to drive climate strategy across government. Address the challenge of siloed decision-making by promoting a whole-of-government approach with dedicated coordination mechanisms.
Enhanced Governance and Legal Empowerment: Complement the role of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change with higher-level coordination bodies. Reinforce existing structures like the Executive Committee on Climate Change with clearly defined legal powers and duties to ensure effective implementation and accountability in climate governance.
Role of State and Local Governments in Climate Law
Engagement with Federal Structure: Recognize the importance of India’s federal structure in climate governance. Acknowledge that crucial areas for emission reduction and resilience improvement, such as electricity, agriculture, water, health, and soil, are managed by State and local governments.
First Responders to Climate Impacts: Understand that climate impacts are felt first and most intensely at local levels. Ensure that any institutional structure or regulatory instrument engages meaningfully with subnational governments.
Access to National Scientific Capacity: Establish channels for subnational governments to access national scientific resources and expertise. Utilize the low-carbon development commission as an intermediary to enhance local climate scientific capacity.
Financing Local Action: Develop mechanisms for financing local climate actions. Align centrally-sponsored schemes with climate goals and require national departments to climate-tag expenditures to enhance local climate resilience.
Coordination Mechanisms and Unified Goals: Create coordination mechanisms for the Centre and States to consult on major climate decisions. Require periodic updates of medium-term climate plans from both Centre and States, built around unified climate goals.
State-Specific Solutions and Institutions: Enable States to develop complementary institutions to those at the Centre, providing local knowledge, strategy-setting, deliberation, and coordination functions. Foster the development of State-specific solutions that address unique local climate challenges.
Steps taken by Government to address the impact of climate change:
International Solar Alliance (ISA): Launched in 2015, this alliance aims to efficiently utilize solar energy and reduce dependence on non-renewable sources like fossil fuels.
One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG) project with the UK: This project aims to build and scale inter-regional energy grids to share solar energy globally.
Swachh Bharat Mission: This program emphasized cleaning India’s cities and villages by providing toilets for every household.
National Clean Air Programme: Launched in 2019 to reduce particulate matter concentrations in the atmosphere.
Green Skill Development Programme: Launched to develop green skills and provide employment in the environment and forest sectors.
Commitment to get 50% of energy from renewable sources and reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030: The government aims to ensure sustainable development of the environment.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME) India scheme: Launched in 2015 to promote electric vehicles and decrease coal consumption.
Way forward:
Strengthen Institutional and Legal Frameworks: Establish robust institutions like an independent low-carbon development commission to provide expert guidance, facilitate stakeholder consultations, and ensure informed decision-making.
Promote Inclusive and Equitable Climate Action: Integrate social equity considerations into climate policies by systematically consulting vulnerable communities and those affected by technological changes.
Q. In the context of the neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Q. ‘Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.
(UPSC IAS/2018)
Note4Students:
Prelims: Definition of Liberalism;
Mains: Challenges to liberalism;
Mentor comment: Politics, like philosophy, aims to reconcile diversity, where contradictions converge in a multicultural society. Understanding this harmony reflects an idealistic state that prioritizes coexistence and universal welfare. However, global democratic history reveals ongoing challenges to liberalism, which safeguards against authoritarianism and protects civil rights. Amid rising sectarianism, the fundamental question persists: Who deserves basic rights? This issue underscores civil discrimination, racial politics, and xenophobia, exacerbated by the rise of right-wing nationalism and global migration dynamics.
Let’s learn.
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Why in the News?
There remains a glimmer of hope in the resilience of democratic forces, which can effectively counteract and uproot any divisive political aberration when the time is ripe.
What is Liberalism?
Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology that emphasizes individual rights, liberty, equality under the law, and limited government intervention in personal and economic affairs. It advocates for freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly, and supports democratic processes, rule of law, and protection of civil liberties. Liberalism typically promotes social progress through tolerance, pluralism, and a commitment to human rights and justice.
Electoral outcomes
Shift in Public Opinion: There is a noticeable shift towards conservative and right-wing ideologies, marked by sentiments such as climate scepticism, anti-migration views, and nationalism. This trend was reflected in recent elections both in Europe and India.
Voter Response: Despite expectations favouring right-wing outcomes, the electorate, particularly in India, was surprised with a strong rejection of what was perceived as authoritarianism and communalism. This indicates a robust defense of democratic values and fundamental rights.
Impact on Minority Communities: The election results have been seen as a reassurance to minority communities, particularly Muslims, who felt marginalized and insecure due to perceived policies of exclusion and communal tension.
Democratic Fortitude: The outcome is portrayed as a reaffirmation of democracy’s strength in allowing for checks and balances against oppressive regimes and divisive politics.
Hope for Robust Opposition: There is optimism about the emergence of a strong opposition capable of holding the government accountable, promoting debate, and safeguarding diverse civil society interests.
Challenges and Aspirations: The electorate expects rational governance, justice, and responsiveness to marginalized groups’ issues such as poverty, unemployment, and hunger.
Ethical Governance: Emphasis is placed on governance that respects human rights universally, avoiding discrimination or exclusion based on ethnicity, religion, or political affiliation.
Verdict and the Advent of Hope
Challenge to Democracy: The passage highlights a global erosion of democratic values, with right-wing governments accused of manipulating truth and resorting to oppressive tactics to maintain power.
Call for Tempered Liberalism: There’s a plea for ruling dispensations to embrace a more moderate form of liberalism, abandoning illiberal practices that undermine democratic norms and freedoms.
Role of Opposition: Expectations are set on opposition alliances to uphold principles of humility, pluralism, and modesty, providing a counterbalance to dominant political forces.
Philosophical Reflection: The outcome of elections prompts reflection on political astuteness and statesmanship, essential for navigating the trajectory of democracy amidst global challenges.
Natural vs Civil Order: Drawing from Spinoza, the clash between natural self-interest and civil responsibility underscores the necessity of societal order governed by law and morality to prevent chaos and uphold rights.
Hope and Scepticism: The Indian electoral outcome reflects a dual sentiment of hope and scepticism, shaping the future direction of democracy and fostering philosophical introspection.
Challenges to liberalism:
Rise of Right-Wing Sentiment: There is a global trend towards right-wing ideologies, marked by climate scepticism, anti-migration sentiment, and nationalist fervour, posing challenges to liberal values and policies.
Authoritarianism and Communalism: The resurgence of authoritarianism and communal politics threatens democratic principles and societal harmony, particularly impacting marginalized communities like Muslims.
Hope and Despair: The electorate’s response reflects a mix of hope and despair, with optimism placed in a robust opposition and democratic institutions to safeguard fundamental rights and uphold civil society diversity.
Balancing Public and Private: The need for a nuanced approach in reconciling private religious beliefs with public, politicized lifestyles without diminishing individual rights is crucial for fostering a tolerant society.
Way forward:
Policy Reforms: Implement inclusive policies that address economic disparities, social inequalities, and regional disparities effectively. This includes measures to tackle poverty, unemployment, and hunger through targeted welfare programs.
Social Integration: Foster initiatives that promote social cohesion and integration across diverse communities. Encourage dialogue and understanding among different cultural and religious groups to mitigate communal tensions.
Democratic Checks and Balances: Enhance the autonomy and effectiveness of democratic institutions such as the judiciary, election commissions, and anti-corruption bodies. Ensure they operate independently and transparently to uphold democratic principles.
Dialogue and Consensus-Building: Foster inclusive decision-making processes that involve stakeholders from diverse backgrounds. Encourage political parties to engage in constructive dialogue and seek consensus on key policy issues.
Q Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Comment (10) (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Mentors’ comment: India, with its landscapes ranging from the world’s highest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, showcases a diverse morphology that has evolved over billions of years. Numerous locations feature a variety of rocks, minerals, and distinctive fossil assemblages. These geological features and landscapes reveal spectacular ‘origin’ stories based on scientific interpretations rather than mythology. India’s tumultuous geological past is etched in its rocks and terrains and should be regarded as part of our non-cultural heritage. The country offers many such examples. Geo-heritage sites serve as educational spaces where people can gain much-needed geological literacy, especially given India’s generally poor regard for this legacy.
Let’s learn!
Why in the news?
India’s turbulent geological history is captured in its rocks and landscapes and should be regarded as part of our non-cultural heritage.
Scant Traction in India:
Lack of Awareness and Importance: Despite international advancements in geological conservation, India has not prioritized geo-conservation, with many fossil-bearing sites destroyed due to development and real estate growth.
Destructive Activities: Stone mining activities, covering more than 10% of India’s total area, have led to significant destruction of geological sites, undermining the preservation of these natural laboratories.
Neglect of Geological Heritage: There is a paradox in India’s approach—seeking evidence of early life on Mars while destroying crucial geological evidence within its own territory, such as the little-known Dhala meteoritic impact crater.
Absence of Legislation: India lacks specific legislation or policies to protect geo-heritage, despite being a signatory to international agreements advocating geological conservation.
Half-hearted Measures:
Abandoned Legislation Attempts: In 2009, a Bill to constitute a National Commission for Heritage Sites was introduced but later withdrawn, indicating a lack of commitment to geo-heritage conservation.
Ineffective Notification by GSI: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has notified 34 geological monuments but lacks regulatory power to enforce preservation measures, leading to threats against these sites.
Draft Bill with No Progress: In 2022, the Ministry of Mines drafted a Bill for the preservation and maintenance of geo-heritage sites, but there has been no further progress, reflecting a lack of urgency and follow-through.
Recent Cliff Demolition Example: The demolition of part of the Varkala cliff, a designated geological heritage site, by the district administration citing landslide hazards highlights the inadequate protection and respect for such sites.
Impact:
Loss of Scientific Knowledge: The destruction of fossil-bearing sites and other geological features due to development, real estate growth, and stone mining activities results in the permanent loss of invaluable scientific data. This hampers the understanding of India’s geological history and reduces opportunities for education and research in earth sciences.
Erosion of Cultural and Natural Heritage: Neglecting geological conservation undermines India’s rich natural heritage, which is integral to the country’s identity. The demolition of sites like the Varkala Cliff demonstrates a disregard for preserving unique geological formations that are part of India’s natural legacy.
Missed Economic Opportunities: Geo-heritage sites have the potential to attract tourism, contributing to local and national economies. The lack of legislative protection and promotion of these sites means missed opportunities for sustainable tourism development, which could generate income and create jobs while educating the public about the importance of geological conservation.
Way forward:
Legislative Framework for Geo-Conservation: Enact specific legislation to protect and conserve geo-heritage sites, similar to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This legislation should establish clear guidelines for the preservation, management, and sustainable use of geo-heritage sites, ensuring they are protected from destructive activities and development pressures.
National Geo-Conservation Authority: Establish a National Geo-Conservation Authority to oversee the identification, protection, and promotion of geo-heritage sites.
Promotion of Geo-Tourism: Develop and promote geo-heritage sites as sustainable tourism destinations. This includes investing in infrastructure, providing educational resources, and marketing these sites to attract both domestic and international tourists.
Q Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)
Q The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC IAS/2022)
Mentor Comment: Health insurance, now central to India’s UHC policy, is being enhanced by digital advancements, enabling reforms akin to the U.S. but with cost-effective local adaptations. A South Indian healthcare chain recently integrated insurance and care provision, forming an Indian-style MCO. This prompts reflection on MCOs’ potential to extend universal health care in India significantly.
Let’s learn_ _
Why in the news?
Universal healthcare poses a multifaceted challenge, yet managed care organizations may offer a piece of the solution that Indian healthcare requires.
What is a Managed Care Organization?
A Managed Care Organization (MCO) is a health care company or a health plan that is focused on managed care as a model to limit costs, while keeping quality of care high.
The background of Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) in the United States and India:
Evolution of MCOs in the United States:
MCOs have their origins in rudimentary prepaid healthcare practices in the 20th century.
The mainstreaming of MCOs gained momentum in the 1970s due to concerns over healthcare costs.The economic slowdown post-1970s made high insurance premiums less attractive to purchasers.
A shift occurred towards integrating insurance and healthcare provisioning functions. Focus areas included prevention, early management, and cost control, all under a fixed premium paid by enrollees.
MCOs have evolved through multiple generations and forms, deeply penetrating the health insurance market. While evidence of their effectiveness in improving health outcomes and prioritizing preventive care is mixed, they have been effective in reducing costly hospitalizations and associated costs.
Evolution of MCOs in India:
The first public commercial health insurance emerged in the 1980s.The focus has primarily been on indemnity insurance and covering hospitalization costs.
There is a significant market for outpatient consultations, valued at nearly $26 billion.
Health insurance in India has traditionally lagged behind life and general insurance. The sector faces issues such as lack of innovation and high, often unsustainable, operational costs.
As per Thomas (2011), Health insurance has played a secondary role to other forms of insurance. The industry’s operational inefficiencies and high costs have been persistent issues.
Challenges in India:
Lack of Natural Incentives for Cost Control: The evolutionary trajectory of Indian health insurance has not incentivized consumer-driven cost control.
Target Demographic: Health insurance has mainly targeted a thin, urban, well-off segment, neglecting broader demographics.
Informality in Outpatient Practices: There is widespread informality among outpatient practices, complicating efforts to standardize and regulate care.
Lack of Clinical Protocols: The absence of widely accepted clinical protocols hampers the quality and consistency of care.
Economic Viability: Unprofitable operations and unaffordable premiums pose significant economic challenges, preventing sustainable growth and systemic improvement.
Limited Impact on UHC: Private initiatives, despite their potential, are unlikely to significantly contribute to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) without public support.
Insufficient Control Over Patient Journeys: Health insurers have little control over the patient’s journey before hospitalization, limiting their ability to manage early interventions and reduce costs through comprehensive outpatient care.
Prospective Solutions and Remaining Issues:
Potential for Big Healthcare Brands: Large healthcare brands with loyal urban patient bases and substantial resources may initiate successful managed care projects.
Need for Public Patronage: Exploring managed care with cautious and incremental public patronage could be promising, indicating a need for government involvement to achieve broader impacts.
Underutilization of Outpatient Insurance: Given the low share of insurance in outpatient care spending and the average of three consultations per year per person, there is significant potential to reduce healthcare costs through early interventions and comprehensive outpatient care coverage.
NITI Aayog Report:
Outpatient care insurance scheme: In 2021, NITI Aayog released a report advocating for an outpatient care insurance scheme based on a subscription model to enhance savings through improved care integration.
Yield significant benefits: A well-functioning managed care system can yield significant benefits, including consolidating practices, streamlining management protocols, and emphasizing preventive care in the private sector.
Catering for the beneficiaries of PMJAY: The report highlights the potential of incentives under the Ayushman Bharat Mission to encourage the establishment of hospitals in underserved areas catering to beneficiaries of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY).
Conclusion: While Managed Care Organizations are not a perfect solution, they can play a role in addressing the complexities of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India by being part of a broader strategy.
Q)“The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood? Discuss along with strategies to be adopted to counter this environment. (UPSC IAS/2014)
Q) Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India?. (UPSC IAS/2021)
Note4Students:
Subject: GS II (IR)
Prelims: International issues in the news;
Mains: Islamophobia and Anti-Palestinian Racism;
Mentor comments:In 1985, when American campuses were roiling with protests against apartheid South Africa, the legendary African-American feminist poet and philosopher, Audre Lorde, reflected that America was “the most powerful country in the world” but also “a country which stands upon the wrong side of every liberation struggle on earth”. Lorde noted that this filled her with both a sense of dread and a sense of urgency. Dread and urgency, once again, have driven students across campuses in the United States to protest against the catastrophe in Gaza. During the anti-apartheid protests calling for divestment at campuses in the late 1980s — when we were students — university administrators were embarrassed about aligning with the White apartheid state of South Africa.
Let’s learn
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Why in the news?
Today, with Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian racism so normalized in the U.S., university administrators are proudly aligning with this genocidal war.
What is Islamophobia and Anti-Palestinian racism?
Islamophobia is a form of racism that targets expressions of Muslimness or perceived Muslimness, rooted in racism and involving stereotypes, demonization, and dehumanization of Muslims
Anti-Palestinian racism, on the other hand, refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination directed at the Palestinian people, including silencing, exclusion, erasure, stereotypes, defamation, and dehumanization of Palestinians or their narratives
Student’s protest in the USA:
Unified Demands: Student protesters have a unified set of demands, including disclosure and divestment from corporations complicit in the Israeli occupation of Palestine, removal of police from campuses, and protection of pro-Palestinian speech and activism.
The call for divestment can be traced back to the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement inspired by the anti-apartheid student movement. The demand for “cops off campus” reflects abolitionist critiques of police as a racist institution, amplified after the George Floyd protests.
Education and Activism: Students are educating each other on the history of the Levant, colonialism, racial violence, and the complexities of historic Palestine. They organize teach-ins, study apartheid, analyze the political economy of occupation, and explore Palestinian resistance.
University Clampdowns: Many university administrators have instituted disciplinary procedures against pro-Palestine solidarity and activism, banned student organizations, and intensified surveillance and crackdowns on protests.
Despite repression, student protests have proliferated, and peaceful encampments have spread to campuses across the country, challenging the complicity of universities in colonialism and imperialism.
Intersectional Solidarity: The movement is shaped by other social justice movements like Black Lives Matter and Standing Rock, highlighting connections between racialized police brutality, settler colonialism, and imperialism.
Resistance against Repression: Students risk suspensions and arrests to expose and disrupt the ideological and economic ties that bind universities to forces of genocide, inspired by struggles in historic Palestine.
Significance and Impact of the Student’s Protest::
Raising Awareness: By organizing teach-ins and spreading information about the history of the Levant, colonialism, and racial violence, these protests can educate people and raise awareness about the plight of Palestinians and the broader issues of imperialism and colonialism.
Challenging normalization of Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian: By challenging the normalization of Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian racism, these protests can disrupt the status quo and push for a reevaluation of societal attitudes towards these issues.
Inspiring Solidarity: The intersectional nature of these protests, where movements like Black Lives Matter and Standing Rock are involved, can foster solidarity among different marginalized communities and strengthen the broader social justice movement.
International Impact: These protests, especially if they gain widespread attention and support, could influence international perceptions and policies towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, potentially leading to increased pressure on governments to take action towards a just resolution.
Conclusion: University administrators should engage in open dialogue with protesting students to address their concerns and explore potential solutions. This could involve creating forums for discussion, establishing student-administrator committees, and actively listening to student perspectives.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023
Mains level: Key findings of Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023
PYQ Relevance:
Mains:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)
Q The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2015)
Mentore comment: The release of the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 in mid-January has once again drawn significant attention, following a tradition dating back to 2005, with exceptions during the COVID-19 years. Among the multitude of insights provided by the report, particular focus has been placed on the foundational skills of 14-18 year olds, which has garnered headlines. While the learning outcomes data raises concerns, it is imperative for practitioners and policymakers to delve deeper into the data to extract actionable insights aimed at enhancing education and overall outcomes for India’s adolescents and youth.
Why in the news?
The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 was released in mid-January this year.
Foundational learning trajectories as per ASER 2023 Beyond Basics survey
District level Representation: The survey was conducted in 28 rural districts across 26 states, providing insights into the activities, abilities, and aspirations of 14-18 year olds at the district level, though not nationally representative.
Literacy : Overall, 26% of 14-18 year olds cannot read a standard two level text in their regional language, reflecting concerning literacy levels.
Distribution of Children without Basic Reading Skills: Among 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, 57% are enrolled in standard 10 or below, while 28% are not enrolled in any educational institution. This suggests a need for targeted interventions and efforts to encourage school attendance.
Challenges in Reading Improvement:
Many children who struggle with reading may face ridicule and embarrassment, leading to disengagement with reading. The availability of reading materials, including beyond textbooks, is crucial for developing reading habits and abilities.
Children and careers
Educational Aspirations: More than 60% of surveyed adolescents aim to obtain a college education, with a higher percentage of girls aspiring for higher education compared to boys.
Work Aspirations: One in five respondents had not seriously considered their future careers. Among those who had, joining the police or defense forces was prominent for boys, while becoming a teacher or doctor was prominent for girls.
Perceptions of Vocational Education: Vocational education faced negative perceptions in some areas, seen as a fallback option for those unable to secure white-collar jobs. However, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, context-driven vocational courses such as tourism and hotel management gained aspirational value, encouraging students to aspire for related professions with the support of on-the-job training and readily available career information.
Challenges related to careers
Need for Support and Mentorship: Youth require support, mentorship, and inspiration to evaluate their aspirations, identify alternative prospects, and prepare for their chosen paths.
Lack of Familiarity with Professions: Nearly half of the surveyed adolescents with work aspirations do not personally know anyone working in their desired profession, indicating a need for greater exposure and guidance.
Digita literacy as per ASER 2023 report
Smartphone Ownership: Boys in the 14-18 age group are more than twice as likely to own smartphones compared to girls, with 43.7% of males owning smartphones compared to 19.8% of females
Digital Literacy: Girls are less likely to know how to use smartphones or computers compared to boys, with males outperforming females in tasks like using email, Google Maps, and other digital functions
Educational Usage: While about two-thirds of youth use smartphones for educational purposes, there is a notable emphasis on entertainment and social media over educational activities, indicating a need to leverage digital technology for educational purposes
Gender Gaps: The gender gap extends to online safety awareness, with boys being more familiar with safety settings than girls, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address the digital gender divide
Suggestive measures to address the identified issues:
Improving Foundational Learning: Encourage school attendance by addressing the needs of 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, with a particular emphasis on those not enrolled in any educational institution.
Role of Community Libraries: Ensure effective management of community libraries and engage committed individuals to cultivate a culture of reading and support readers of all ages and abilities.
Educational and Career Aspirations: Address the lack of familiarity with professions by offering exposure opportunities and guidance to help youth make informed career choices.
Digital Literacy and Gender Gaps: Promote educational usage of smartphones by leveraging digital technology for educational purposes and bridging the gender gap in online safety awareness.
Addressing Vocational Education Perceptions: Encourage context-driven vocational courses that align with local aspirations and provide on-the-job training and career information to support career choices.
Conclusion
To address literacy and career challenges, prioritize targeted interventions to improve educational access and support, enhance digital literacy among girls, promote vocational education, and leverage digital technology for educational purposes, bridging gender gaps.
op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Free Trade Agreements
Mains level: Issues with FTAs
Why in the News?
Recently, the discussion acknowledged free trade’s nuanced and multifaceted nature, highlighting its potential benefits for peace and economic development while recognizing historical and contemporary challenges in promoting equitable outcomes.
Evolution of Free Trade ideology:
19th Century Political Reformers and Free Trade: Free trade was the rallying cry of 19th-century political reformers (Particularly Adam Smith who was inspired by Thomas Hobbes), who saw it as a vehicle for defeating despotism, ending wars, and reducing crushing inequalities in wealth.
The era’s economic cosmopolitanism encapsulated progressive causes such as anti-militarism, anti-slavery, and anti-imperialism.
US Populists and Opposition to Tariffs: US populists in the late 19th century staunchly opposed the gold standard but were also against import tariffs, which they thought benefited big business and harmed ordinary people.
They pushed to replace tariffs with a more equitable progressive income tax.
Socialists’ View on Free Trade in the Early 20th Century: Then, during the early part of the 20th century, many socialists viewed free trade, supported by supranational regulation, as the antidote to militarism, wealth gaps and monopolies.
Liberal Reformers’ Perspective on Protectionism: The 19th-century liberals and reformers were free traders because they thought protectionism served retrograde interests, including landed aristocrats, business monopolies and warmongers.
They believed economic nationalism went hand in hand with imperialism and aggression.
Historian Marc-William Palen cites a 1919 essay by the economist Joseph Schumpeter, who depicted imperialism as a “monopolistic symptom of atavistic militarism and protectionism—an ailment that only democratic free-trade forces could cure.”
Perception and misconceptions of Free trade:
Controversial Term-Free trade has been controversial in economics, with many people arguing that it contributes to rising inequality.
However, there is a grain of truth in the anti-trade stance, as growing trade did contribute to rising inequality and the erosion of the middle class in the US and other advanced economies in recent decades.
Blind Spot of Globalization – If free trade got a bad name, globalisation’s boosters ignored its downsides or acted as if nothing could be done about them.
This blind spot empowered political leaders like Donald Trump to weaponize trade and demonize racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and economic rivals.
Diverse Opposition: Antipathy to trade is not limited to right-wing populists but also includes radical leftists, climate activists, food safety advocates, human-rights campaigners, labor unions, consumer advocates, and anti-corporate groups.
US President Joe Biden has distanced himself from free trade, believing that building a secure, green, equitable, and resilient US economy must take precedence over hyper-globalization.
Obstacle to Social Justice: All progressives believe that free trade stands in the way of social justice.
Instrumentalisation of Trade:
1) Instrumentalized for Authoritarian end:
Under American Revolution: A particularly egregious example is Antebellum America, where free trade entrenched slavery.
During the drafting of the US Constitution in 1787, America’s slave-owning southerners ensured that the text would prohibit the taxation of exports. They understood that free trade would ensure that plantation agriculture remained profitable and safeguard the slavery system on which it was based.
When the North defeated the South in the US Civil War, slavery was abolished, and free trade was replaced with protectionism, which suited Northern business interests better.
Under British imperialism: After the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, the British government nominally abandoned protectionism and led Europe to sign free-trade agreements.
2) Instrumentalized formilitaristic ends:
In Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, free trade was imposed through the barrel of a gun whenever the British encountered weak potentates ruling over valuable commodities and markets.
The British fought the infamous Opium Wars of the mid-19th century to force Chinese rulers to open their markets to British and other Western goods so that Western countries, in turn, could buy China’s tea, silk, and porcelain without draining their gold.
The opium was grown in India; a British monopoly forced farmers to work under horrendous conditions that left long-term scars.
Free trade served repression and war, and vice versa.
Post-World War II trade regime:
The American architects of the International Trade Organization followed in the footsteps of Cordell Hull—President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secretary of state—believing they were pursuing world peace through free trade.
Hull was an economic cosmopolitan and a supporter of the 19th-century radical free-trade advocate Richard Cobden.
The post-war order was meant to be a system of global rules that eliminated bilateralism and imperial privileges.
While the US Congress ultimately failed to ratify the ITO, some of its key principles—including multilateralism and non-discrimination—survived in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the precursor to the World Trade Organization (WTO) of today.
Under GATT, commercial diplomacy replaced wars, and many non-Western countries—like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China—expanded their economies rapidly by leveraging global markets.
What are the present challenges to the Trade regime?
Rise of Corporate Influence: Big corporations and multinational companies gained substantial power during this period, influencing trade negotiations to serve their interests.
Neglect of Important Issues: Environmental concerns, public health, human rights, economic security, and domestic equity were overlooked as trade negotiations prioritized corporate interests.
Departure from Original Vision: Trade deviated from the original vision of figures like Cobden and Hull, who likely envisioned it as a force for peace and prosperity, instead becoming a source of conflict.
Shift in Trade Dynamics: The dominance of corporate influence shifted the focus of international trade away from broader societal welfare towards maximizing profits and corporate interests
Conclusion:
The lesson of history is that turning trade into a positive force requires democratizing it. This means that trade should work for the benefit of the broader public interest, not just for a select few. This is an important lesson to remember as the reconstruction of the world trade regime would occur in the years ahead.
Mains PYQ:
Q. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of the ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC 2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pap smears, Human Papillomavirus
Mains level: proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer
Pyq mains
UPSC IAS/2017
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (10)
Pyq pre
Why is it in the News?
Cervical cancer prevention, particularly through HPV vaccination, has gained attention recently due to several factors. January was observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing focus to the importance of combating this disease. Additionally, March 4 marked International HPV Awareness Day, further highlighting the significance of addressing HPV-related health issues.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is primarily caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through intimate contact.
If left untreated, cervical cancer can be life-threatening. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high burden in lower- and middle-income countries. In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, posing a substantial threat to public health.
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. HPV can cause various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.
What Facts are explained in the article?
Prevalence and Impact: Cervical cancer claims the lives of over 300,000 women annually worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in lower-income countries.
Risk in India: With over 500 million women at risk, cervical cancer is a significant public health concern in India, second only to breast cancer.
Role of HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is identified as a crucial strategy for preventing cervical cancer. It targets the underlying cause of the disease by protecting against HPV infection.
Strategies for Prevention of Cervical cancer
HPV Vaccination: Implementing widespread HPV vaccination programs, particularly targeting adolescent girls, can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccination should ideally occur before the onset of sexual activity to maximize effectiveness.
Screening for Precancerous Lesions: Regular screening for precancerous lesions, such as Pap smears or HPV DNA tests, can detect abnormalities early and allow for timely intervention. This is crucial for reducing the incidence of advanced-stage cervical cancer.
Education and Awareness: Increasing education and awareness about cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the importance of vaccination and screening are essential. This includes targeting healthcare professionals, policymakers, parents, and adolescents to dispel myths and misconceptions and encourage uptake of preventive measures.
What are the Challenges?
Limited Access: HPV vaccination may not be widely accessible, particularly in lower-resourced communities, and is often available at a significant out-of-pocket cost.
Misconceptions Among Physicians: Some physicians underestimate the incidence and risk of cervical cancer, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. This can lead to hesitancy in recommending vaccination to eligible individuals.
Parental Hesitancy: Misinformation and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy among parents can contribute to hesitancy in vaccinating adolescents against HPV.
Pap Smears
Description: A screening procedure for cervical cancer involving collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.
Purpose: To detect precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells early for timely intervention and prevention.
Procedure: Use of a speculum to visualize the cervix and collection of cells with a brush or spatula.
Timing: Typically performed during routine gynecological exams, starting at age 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active.
Facts about HPV Vaccination:
The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing six HPV-related cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, vaginal, throat, and cervical cancers.
Vaccination is recommended for adolescents starting at age 9 years to maximize its effectiveness.
HPV vaccination is an essential component of the immunization schedule recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).
Best Practices for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention:
Effective Communication:
Provide clear and accurate information to parents about HPV vaccination.
Address concerns and misconceptions to ensure informed decision-making.
Timely Vaccination:
Recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents starting at age 9.
Encourage vaccination before sexual activity begins for maximum effectiveness.
Integration into Immunization Programs:
Advocate for inclusion in national immunization programs for widespread access.
Collaborate with policymakers to ensure equitable vaccine coverage.
Promotion of Regular Screening:
Emphasize the importance of cervical cancer screening for women over 30.
Encourage routine Pap smears or HPV DNA tests for early detection.
Physician Education:
Provide comprehensive training on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention.
Equip healthcare professionals with updated guidelines and communication skills.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer, particularly through HPV vaccination and screening. It underscores the role of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders in addressing the challenges and ensuring equitable access to preventive interventions.
Reducing gender gaps and increasing women’s empowerment are part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Notwithstanding ethical and constitutional imperatives, there is also evidence suggesting that increasing women’s employment rates can be an engine for economic growth.
What is the issue?
Despite functioning at a fraction of its intended capacity, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been pivotal in providing financial autonomy to women in rural areas.
More than half the MGNREGA workforce are women. However, urban realities are different. Social norms, lack of safety, and hostile transportation options are some of the factors inhibiting urban women to enter the workforce.
What data is explaining?
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) pegs women’s employment rate in urban areas at 22.9% in the last quarter of 2023. There are clear signs of high unmet demand for employment among urban women.
First, the unemployment rate in urban areas, which is a measure of how many would like employment (irrespective of whether they are actively seeking it or not), is 9% compared to 4% in rural areas.
Second, there are two types of unemployment individuals who would like to work and are actively seeking a job versus those who would like to work but may not be actively seeking a job.
A much larger share of unemployed women in urban areas are seeking employment compared to rural areas. Further, nearly 25% of urban women have completed higher secondary education compared to 5% in rural areas. The low urban employment rates among women also points to wastage of much potential.
The article presents statistics from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) indicating that approximately 10.18 crore women in urban areas aged 15-59 are out of the workforce. When including those who are self-employed or engaged in casual labor, this number rises to around 11.65 crore.
Introducing the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA)
The proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to address urban unemployment through the implementation of a Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA). This act aims to provide employment opportunities specifically targeted towards women in urban areas.
Programme Management and Decentralization: The proposal suggests that women should form at least 50% (ideally 100%) of the programme management staff under WUEGA. This approach not only ensures women’s active participation but also strengthens the constitutional mandate of decentralization by involving local communities in decision-making processes.
Ensuring Accessibility and Supportive Infrastructure: The proposal emphasizes the importance of providing essential worksite facilities, including childcare facilities, to enable women’s participation in the program. It also advocates for the availability of work within a 5-km radius and proposes free public transportation for women to facilitate their commute to worksites.
Diversifying Employment Opportunities: The proposal highlights the need to diversify urban works to cater to local needs and wider consultation. It mentions existing examples such as plantation and harvesting reeds on floating wetlands and suggests supplementing the list based on local requirements.
Incentives and Welfare Measures: This section discusses the creation of incentives, such as automatic inclusion in welfare boards, to encourage women’s participation in the program. It proposes utilizing welfare boards to provide maternity entitlements, pensions, and emergency funds for program participants.
Skill Development and Apprenticeships: The proposal emphasizes the importance of addressing skill gaps among women to facilitate their transition from school to work. It suggests implementing apprenticeship programs for college students from various disciplines, providing them with opportunities to join as program functionaries and improve their job readiness.
Information Facilitation Centers and Capacity Building: Here, the proposal suggests establishing Information Facilitation Centers at each urban local body, run by women who have completed Class 10, to provide computer training facilities and bridge the gap in skills. It also advocates for regular capacity-building initiatives to empower these centers and enhance women’s job readiness.
Social Audit and Monitoring Mechanisms: The proposal recommends the establishment of a social audit unit within WUEGA, comprising at least 50% women staff, for independent monitoring of the program. It suggests that social audits could serve as opportunities for women who have completed Class 12 to join part-time or full-time roles and enhance their job readiness through acquiring various skill sets.
Successful Women-Led Initiatives in Waste Management
The article highlights successful women-led initiatives, such as the end-to-end waste management program in Karnataka’s gram panchayats. It emphasizes that women not only manage waste collection but also drive ‘Swacch’ vehicles, leading to the acquisition of driving licenses and contributing to the success of the initiative.
Wayforward
The article discusses the financial implications of the proposed program, estimating that the wage component funded by the Union government would cost around 1.5% of the GDP. When adding material and administrative costs, the total cost is expected to be around 2% of the GDP. It advocates for a phased rollout of the scheme with periodic assessments to smoothen costs.
Here, the article suggests that the proposed women’s employment program could serve as a foundation for a broader urban employment program encompassing both genders. It argues that the benefits of such a program outweigh fiscal concerns and calls for a shift towards ensuring income assurance, especially for women.
Mains level: acknowledging waste pickers' crucial role in plastic recycling is imperative for sustainable waste management
Why is it in news?
On March 1, International Waste Pickers Day, waste pickers across the world will pay homage to fellow pickers who were murdered in Colombia in 1992.
Who are informal waste pickers?
The International Labour Organization defines the informal sector in waste management as ‘individuals or small and micro-enterprises that intervene in waste management without being registered and without being formally charged with providing waste management services’
Background:
Informal waste pickers, often overlooked and marginalized, play a crucial but unseen role in India’s waste management systems. They are vital yet often forgotten members of the waste value chain ecosystem, deserving recognition and understanding.
These workers are the primary collectors of recyclable waste, playing a critical role in waste management and resource efficiency by collecting, sorting, trading and sometimes even reinserting discarded waste back into the economy.
Yet, they face systemic marginalisation due to non-recognition, non-representation, and exclusion from social security schemes and legal protection frameworks.
What data shows?
While reliable estimates of informal waste pickers are difficult to come by, the Centre for Science and Environment reported that the informal waste economy employs about 5%–2% of the urban population globally.
Many are women, children and the elderly, who are often disabled, are the poorest of the urban poor, and face violence and sexual harassment often. The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18 indicates that there are nearly 1.5 million waste pickers within India’s urban workforce, with half a million being women.
Challenges Faced by Waste Pickers
Work Conditions: Waste pickers labor for 8 to 10 hours daily, collecting 60 kg to 90 kg of waste, often without safety equipment, exposing themselves to hazards.
Health Issues: They suffer from dermatological and respiratory problems, alongside regular injuries, due to their hazardous work conditions.
Socioeconomic Factors: Low income, irregular work, and harassment exacerbate their precarious livelihoods, compounded by their subordinate position in the caste hierarchy.
Impact of Private Sector Participation in waste collection
Exclusion: Private sector involvement in waste management alienates waste pickers, depriving them of their rights and exacerbating their vulnerability.
Marginalization: As noted by the Alliance of Indian Waste Pickers (AIW) 2023 report, Private actors employ expensive machinery, marginalizing informal waste pickers by offering competitive rates to waste generators, forcing them into hazardous scavenging activities.
Loss of Rights: Private players and municipal authorities often cordon off dump sites, further limiting waste pickers’ access and exacerbating their vulnerability.
Importance of Waste Pickers in Plastic Management
Global Contribution: Waste pickers globally collect and recover up to 60% of all plastic waste, contributing significantly to its recycling efforts, as highlighted in the 2022 World Economic Forum report.
Underappreciated Role: Despite their crucial contribution to sustainable recycling, waste pickers’ work is undervalued, and they struggle to earn a decent livelihood.
Quantitative Impact: Reports by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Pew state that informal waste pickers collected 27 million metric tonnes of plastic waste in 2016 alone, representing 59% of all plastic material collected for recycling, thereby preventing it from ending up in landfills or oceans.
Relevance in India’s Context: In India, where per capita plastic waste generation is rising, waste pickers’ role becomes even more critical, especially considering that the country is among the top 12 responsible for 52% of the world’s mismanaged waste, as per a recent CPCB report.
Harnessing Traditional Knowledge: Waste pickers possess traditional knowledge about waste handling, which could significantly enhance the effectiveness of the EPR system if integrated properly.
Rethinking EPR Norms: In light of this, there is a need to reconsider the formulation of EPR norms to ensure the inclusion and empowerment of millions of informal waste pickers within the new legal framework.
Objective: EPR aims to enhance plastic waste management by transferring the responsibility of waste management from municipal authorities to commercial waste producers.
Promises of EPR: EPR holds the potential for social inclusion for waste pickers and other informal grassroots actors by promoting accountability among commercial waste producers.
Analysis of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Guidelines
Stakeholder Identification: The EPR guidelines in India recognize various stakeholders, including the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), producers, brand owners, industry, industry associations, civil society organizations, and citizens.
Uncertainty Regarding Inclusion: It remains unclear whether these stakeholders include informal waste pickers or their representing organizations, raising questions about the extent of their involvement in the EPR framework.
Discrepancies with Solid Waste Management Rules 2016: While the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 mandate the inclusion of waste pickers in municipal solid waste management systems, informal waste pickers are evidently missing in the prioritization within the EPR guidelines.
Omission in EPR Guidelines 2022: The EPR Guidelines 2022, published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, have blatantly ignored the role of informal waste pickers in waste management and recycling, further exacerbating their exclusion from the formal waste management framework.
Challenges in Implementation
Redirection of Waste: Despite its promises, EPR often redirects waste away from the informal sector, posing a threat of large-scale displacement for informal waste pickers.
Concerns Raised by WIEGO: Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) have noted the potential negative impacts of EPR on informal waste pickers, highlighting the need for careful consideration and mitigation of such effects.
In conclusion, acknowledging waste pickers’ crucial role in plastic recycling is imperative for sustainable waste management. Efforts should focus on integrating them into formal systems like the Extended Producer Responsibility mechanism while addressing their socio-economic vulnerabilities for a more equitable and environmentally sound future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Asia and arising conflict;
Mains level: Recent Geopolitical issues in news;
Why in the News?
Recently, there are evolving dynamics surrounding Palestinian statehood, including global perspectives, Israeli leadership positions, and the potential implications for the region w.r.t two-state solution.
What are the Global Dynamics and Israeli Opposition towards Palestinian Statehood?
Global Expectations:Western nations and Arab States are hopeful for Israel to act sensibly amidst the challenging situation in Gaza. The UK and France express readiness to recognize a Palestinian state independently of an agreement with Israel, prompting speculation about US involvement.
Israeli stance: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu openly opposes a two-state solution and advocates for Israeli control over the entire area west of the Jordan River.
Netanyahu rejects international pressure and warns against unilateral recognition, citing concerns about terrorism and his political standing.
Netanyahu’s opposition to a Palestinian state without negotiations reflects his political strategy and the challenges within his ruling coalition.
Netanyahu’s plan echoes sentiments previously condemned when expressed by Hamas, raising concerns about Israel’s intentions.
Global Response to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
UN Secretary-General’s Call: UN emphasizes the importance of acknowledging Palestinian statehood and condemns the loss of life in Gaza.
Hearings at ICJ: The International Court of Justice began hearing arguments concerning the legal status of a Palestinian state.
Mixed Signals: The U.S.’s support for Israel’s security contradicts its calls for a two-state solution, as demonstrated by voting against a UN resolution regarding Israeli settlements. World leaders previously have largely neglected the Palestinian cause during the tenure of former Israeli PM Netanyahu and post-Abraham Accords era.
Sudden Interest from various Nations: Recently, there has been renewed interest in a two-state solution following Israel’s military actions in Gaza and increasing pressure from international bodies. The U.S. too have imposed sanctions on individual settlers rather than addressing broader issues related to settlements and violence.
Domestic Pressures: King Abdullah II of Jordan, along with Egypt, France, and Germany, issued a joint statement opposing Israel’s annexation plans. The U.S., EU, and Arab States face mounting pressure to address the crisis, hoping for positive changes within Israel’s leadership.
Saudi Demand: Saudi Arabia demands an immediate peace process for a Palestinian state before resuming normalization talks with Israel.
Threatening Proposal: Israel’s latest plan suggests dissolving the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which would compromise the two-state solution
BEYOND EDITORIAL:
What are Abraham Accords?
The Abraham Accords, established in September 2020, represent a series of bilateral agreements aimed at normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab nations: the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
These agreements marked a departure from traditional Arab League policies, which historically required resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict before establishing formal ties with Israel.
How Abraham Accords have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Despite not directly involving parties in active conflict, the Abraham Accords have influenced the broader context in several ways:
Normalization without Resolution: The Accords sidestepped the Palestinian issue, allowing Arab states to establish normalized relationships with Israel without addressing core issues like Palestinian self-determination and statehood
Domestic Repercussions: The Accords led to internal conflicts within Arab societies, as some citizens felt betrayed by their leadership’s decision to prioritize normalization over Palestinian rights
Regional Stability: While the Accords were promoted as increasing stability, critics argue that they have done little to address underlying causes of instability, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict itself
Critical Analysis of Accords towards the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:
Critics argue that the Accords have failed to bring lasting peace or stability, instead serving as a means of authoritarian conflict management that ignores the root causes of the conflict
Supporters contend that the Accords offer opportunities for cooperation and economic growth, although these benefits may come at the expense of Palestinian rights.
The Abraham Accords have altered the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by shifting focus away from the centrality of Palestinian rights and towards normalization between Israel and select Arab states. Despite initial optimism, the Accords have faced challenges in achieving sustainable peace and stability, and their success remains a subject of debate.
What is the feasibility of a Single-State Solution?
If the two-state solution fails given recent developments and Israeli leadership positions, then:
Equal Rights: In a single-state scenario, Israel must provide equal rights to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to remain a democracy. Providing equal rights would reduce the percentage of Jews below 50%, challenging Israel’s identity as a Jewish state.
Apartheid or Ethnic Cleansing: Without equal rights, Palestinians risk becoming second-class citizens, resulting in either apartheid or ethnic cleansing.
Preservation of Status Quo: Continuing the present conditions would perpetuate the occupation and deny Palestinians self-determination.
Driving Out Palestinians: An alternative to providing equal rights might involve expelling Palestinians from the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem.
Decline of Support: Increasingly, Israelis have distanced themselves from developments in the Occupied Territories, reducing support for a two-state solution.
Rise of Right Wing: The growth of right-wing parties in Israel has led to the demise of groups supporting the Oslo Accords.
Shifting Attitudes: Following attacks by Hamas, support for a two-state solution has dwindled, leaving Israelis questioning whether Palestinians truly desire peace.
Recognition of Two-State Solution: Even Hamas once acknowledged a two-state solution based on 1967 borders, although this position has weakened over time.
How can be the ‘Afghan Model’ solution towards this issue?
The Afghan model refers to the acceptance of the Taliban’s return to power despite reservations. As the world grapples with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, comparisons have emerged between the Taliban’s ascension in Afghanistan and potential shifts in Hamas’ role in Palestine.
Similarity between both cases: Both sides require transformative leadership changes. Israel needs to embrace a two-state solution, and Palestine requires an inclusive and representative leadership encompassing Gaza and the West Bank.
What are the Challenges and Implications if Afghan model is applied?
Political stance: Centrist Israeli politicians have lost popularity due to their perceived inaction on the Palestinian issue. In short, replacing them as champions of a two-state solution is challenging.
Hamas’ inclusion in Palestinian governance structures would necessitate significant ideological shifts and concessions, which may prove difficult.
The international community’s reluctant approach to the two-state solution raises questions about their commitment to promoting meaningful change in the Middle East.
Conclusion:
The ‘Afghan model,’ while imperfect, offers insights into the possibilities and limitations of accommodating hard-line forces within mainstream political processes. Ultimately, the success of such efforts depends upon the ability of all stakeholders—including Israel, Palestine, and the international community to overcome deeply ingrained mistrust and pursue genuine reconciliation.
Prelims PYQs:
The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018)
China
Israel
Iraq
Yemen
Mains PYQs:
Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’ (UPSC CSE 2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: need for eco-friendly elections
Mains Pyq: ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.
Prelims Pyq:
Consider the following statements :
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a.1 only
b.2 only
c.1 and 3
d. 2 and 3
Why is it in news?
Amidst the climate crisis, shifting to sustainable practices across every sphere of human activity has become inevitable and urgent. In August 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in five States, the Election Commission of India (ECI) voiced its concern over the environmental risks associated with the use of non-biodegradable materials in elections.
What is the Concept of Green Elections?
Green elections involve adopting eco-friendly practices throughout the electoral process, including campaign materials, rallies, and polling booths.
Transitioning to sustainable alternatives can mitigate the environmental impact and promote citizens’ health.
Why there is need of Green Elections?
Given that the conduct of every election results in an avoidable carbon footprint, there is a need for eco-friendly elections, which would be a boost to environmental stewardship alongside civic participation.
Sri Lanka and Estonia, for instance, have conducted environmentally-conscious elections. As India, the world’s most populous democracy, gears up for the next general election, environmental considerations must be prioritised, paving the way for ‘green elections’.
Environmental Impact of Elections:
In the 2016 US presidential elections, emissions from campaign flights of just one candidate equaled the annual carbon footprint of 500 Americans.
Traditional election methods involve energy-intensive activities like rallies, use of loudspeakers, PVC flex banners, hoardings, and disposable items, contributing to environmental degradation.
India’s massive elections involving crores of voters and large political rallies exacerbate the environmental impact.
Paper-based materials and energy-intensive campaign practices further escalate the environmental footprint.
Challenges in India for green elections:
Technological Challenges: Implementing electronic and digital voting systems requires robust infrastructure, especially in rural areas, to ensure reliable access to technology. Measures to prevent hacking and fraud must be put in place to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
Access and Training: Ensuring fair access to new voting technologies for all voters, including marginalized communities, poses a significant challenge. Training election officials and voters alike on the use of new technologies is essential to facilitate smooth adoption.
Financial Constraints: Governments may face substantial upfront costs for acquiring eco-friendly materials and implementing new technology, which could deter financially constrained administrations from pursuing such initiatives.
Cultural and Behavioural Hurdles: Overcoming cultural inertia and the perception of physical presence at polling booths as sacrosanct poses a behavioural challenge. Public scepticism towards new approaches and concerns about compromises to vote security must be addressed to gain widespread acceptance.
Transparency and Auditing: Ensuring transparency in the adoption of new technologies and implementing effective auditing mechanisms are crucial to building trust in environmentally-friendly election practices.
Research Findings for mains answer value addition:
Research by Willemson and Krips from Estonia (2023) identified transportation of voters and logistics to and from polling booths as the primary source of carbon emissions during elections.
The running of polling booths constitutes the secondary source of emissions.
Transitioning to digital voting systems could potentially reduce the carbon footprint by up to 40%.
Successful examples of green elections
Kerala:
Campaigning Restrictions: During the 2019 general election, the Kerala State Election Commission urged political parties to avoid single-use plastic materials.
Ban on Non-Biodegradable Materials: The Kerala High Court imposed a ban on flex and non-biodegradable materials in electioneering, promoting the use of alternatives like wall graffiti and paper posters.
Collaboration for Green Elections: Government bodies collaborated with the district administration in Thiruvananthapuram to ensure eco-friendly elections, including conducting training sessions for election workers in villages.
Goa:
Eco-Friendly Election Booths: In 2022, the Goa State Biodiversity Board introduced eco-friendly election booths for the Assembly elections, utilizing biodegradable materials crafted by local traditional artisans.
Sri Lanka:
Carbon-Sensitive Campaign: The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) party launched the world’s first carbon-sensitive environmentally friendly election campaign in 2019.
Carbon Emission Measurement: SLPP measured carbon emissions from vehicles and electricity used during political campaigns and compensated for them by planting trees in each district through public participation.
Estonia:
Digital Voting Initiative: Estonia pioneered digital voting as an online alternative, promoting voter participation while reducing the environmental footprint of traditional paper-based elections.
Robust Security Measures: The success of Estonia’s digital voting system demonstrates that accompanying robust security measures can ensure both eco- and electorate-friendly elections.
Suggested blueprint and Way-forward for Green elections
Involving All Stakeholders: The green transition must involve all stakeholders, including political parties, Election Commissions, governments, voters, the media, and civil society.
Integration of Directives: Success lies in integrating top-level directives with grassroots initiatives to foster a green transition effectively.
Leadership Role: Political parties should take the lead in enacting legislation mandating eco-friendly electoral practices.
Legislative Initiatives: This involves campaigning through digital platforms or door-to-door campaigning, reducing energy-intensive public rallies, and encouraging the use of public transportation for election work.
Supporting Local Alternatives: Incentivizing the replacement of plastic and paper-based materials with sustainable local alternatives for polling booths, such as natural fabrics, recycled paper, and compostable plastics, aids waste management and supports local artisans.
Advocacy for Digital Voting: The ECI can push for digital voting, despite the need for training and capacity building of officials.
Ensuring Equal Participation: To ensure equal participation of all voters in the digital electoral process, the government must educate and support voters and ensure equitable access to digital technology.
Catalyst Role: Civil society should act as a catalyst in promoting eco-conscious electoral practices.
Media’s Crucial Role: The media can emphasize the environmental impact of conventional election methods and shed light on innovative eco-friendly alternatives.
Setting an Example: Embracing eco-conscious electoral practices can help India set an example for other democracies around the world.
1. “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (2021)
2. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2015)
Prelims PYQs
‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organization? (2016)
a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
b) World Economic Forum
c) World Bank
d) World Trade Organization (WTO)
Note4Students:
Relevance: GS II(International Relation)
Prelims: United Nations and Security Council;
Mains: Global Order and Challenges; Major International Organizations; United Nations;
Mentor Comments:UPSC has been known to ask questions about ‘how things are at present vs. how things should be ideally’ across subjects like IR, Science and Technology, governance, or Economy. This op-ed is useful for analyzing the recent ongoing dynamics at the geopolitical level which is affecting the power play among the significant multilateral organizations.
So, Let’s Learn.
Why in the News?
Recently, at the 55th regular session of the Human Rights Council, Antonio Guterres (UN Secretary-General), has expressed growing pessimism about the organization’s future due to the “lack of unity” among members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Context:
During the 2020s, the United Nations-led system, although traditionally the default option, is presently facing significant challenges.
There is an urgent need for reform within the UN due to existing divisions, as superficial changes may not be sufficient to address the underlying issues to revitalize its effectiveness.
Is this the end of the road for the current global order?
1) The Evolution and the shift in Global world order w.r.t United Nations System:
The UN’s foundation dates back to January 1942 when 26 Allied nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations, endorsing the Atlantic Charter of 1941 that outlined the war aims of the US and UK.
Evolution of the UN and Power Dynamics:
The UN was created to uphold sovereignty and equalityamong nations through collective security principles but faced challenges within the Security Council due to the dominance of its five Permanent Members.
Post-1942 negotiations led to a structure where major Allied powers were granted permanent veto power, resembling early 19th-century European power dynamics.
The Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944 established key financial institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (later WTO) to create an international economic order focused on post-war reconstruction and global trade liberalization.
Shifts in Power and Economic Order:
The creation of the IMF marked a shift in power dynamics as imperial Britain’s debt burden led to the US emerging as a dominant force in global finance.
Britain had to relinquish its imperial trade preferences, symbolizing a transition from sterling to dollar dominance in international financial systems
2) Controlling Power Structures:
Influence of old power structures: The governance of the World Bank and IMF reflects old power structures, with an American heading the World Bank and Europe nominating the IMF head.
Voting rights: Voting rights in the IMF remain stagnant, favoring major economies like the US, UK, and G-7 nations, giving them significant influence.
For Example, currently the percentage voting rights for, say, the original BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are 2.22, 2.59, 2.63, 6.08, and 0.63. The U.S. alone commands 16.5; add to it the votes of the U.K.
Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Special Drawing Rights allocation and major reforms require an 85% majority vote, effectively granting the US a powerful veto within the IMF.
The IMF maintains global stability by promoting financial stability, offering advice, and providing funds to countries in financial difficulty, as long as they accept conditions set by the leadership of the Fund.
What are the significant challenges in maintaining UN’s role in global governance and international peace and security?
Global Events and Geopolitical Constraints: The geopolitical constraints on the UN are intensifying, with deep rifts among major powers affecting the organization’s effectiveness in addressing global crises.
The 2020s have exposed vulnerabilities within the global system, with events like COVID-19 border closures disrupting cooperation and shared prosperity ideals. Secondly, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted the disregard for rules by powerful nations, undermining the system’s integrity.
New Fault Lines and Declining Political Influence: The UN’s political influence is decreasing due to political divisions and resource gaps, requiring new strategies to mobilize its strengths for peace.
For Example, presently, the conflict in Gaza revealed divisions between developed and developing nations, questioning support for the UN and exposing underlying tensions over human rights and historical injustices. Further, the crisis in West Asia is pushing the UN to the sidelines as key players challenge its authority, testing their commitment to fundamental UN principles.
Major-Power Divisions: Divisions among major powers are shrinking the space for multilateral cooperation, impacting the UN’s ability to manage international peace and security.
For Example, the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) aimed to challenge the World Bank but faces resistance, highlighting ongoing power struggles in global governance.
Security Council Paralysis: The Security Council has been slow and indecisive in reacting to crises, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine posing a serious challenge to international security and highlighting the need for more effective collective solutions.
Moreover, developing countries struggled to overcome Security Council vetoes and Bretton Woods Institutions’ voting structures.
Silver Lining:
Existing organizations outside the UN, like ASEAN, EU, G-7, G-20, and NATO, serve specific interests rather than universal values, lacking the binding legal framework of the UN. These organizations operate as clubs or regional security alliances, and can be more effective considering global governance structure.
Way Forward:
Need for an Inclusive Global Cooperation: There is a growing need for more effective and inclusive global cooperation, emphasizing the importance of reforming international financial institutions and strengthening the role of the General Assembly within the UN system.
Need for Pragmatic Approach: In light of these challenges, there is a consensus on the necessity for flexibility, and adaptability within the UN to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics and effectively address global issues while restoring trust and reigniting global solidarity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN Convention to Combat Desertification
Mains level: Land management practices
Mains Pyq: Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (UPSC CSE 2016)
Prelims Pyq: With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct? (UPSC CSE 2019)
The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.
Context:
Land is central to all human activities. It provides ecological, economic, social, and cultural services. But this multi-dimensional character of land is often overlooked in land management practices, resulting in excessive stress, land degradation, and environmental draw down.
What do various reports highlight about land degradation and management?
Global Losses Due to Land Degradation: The annual losses of ecosystem services due to land degradation have been estimated at a staggering $6 trillion globally. This highlights the significant economic impact of neglecting land management.
UN Convention to Combat Desertification (COP14): The COP14 held in New Delhi in 2019 focused on discussing the problem of land degradation experienced by different countries. It emphasized the need to achieve land degradation neutrality, indicating the urgency of addressing this issue on a global scale.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report: The IPCC’s special report on ‘Climate Change and Land’ in 2019 underscored the importance of country-level stocktaking of land management practices. It recommended near- and long-term actions aimed at reducing competition for land while maximizing co-benefits and minimizing negative impacts on key ecosystem services.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Report: The FAO’s report titled ‘State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: The System at Breaking Point’ in 2021 emphasized the urgent need to prioritize land, soil, and water management. It highlighted the neglected area of public policy and human welfare, stressing the importance of caring for the long-term future of land resources.
What are the challenges in land management in India?
Limited Geographical Area, High Population Density: Despite having only 2.4% of the world’s geographical area, India accommodates more than 17% of the world population. This high population density exacerbates land management issues, increasing pressure on available land resources.
Degraded Land: Approximately 30% of India’s total geographical area is degraded land. This degradation reduces agricultural productivity, diminishes ecosystem services, and contributes to environmental issues such as soil erosion and desertification.
Competition for Arable Land: With around 55% of India’s total geographical area classified as arable land, there is intense competition among farmers and various sectors for access to agricultural land. This competition is further fueled by the demand for land due to rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and industrial expansion.
Urbanization and Infrastructure Development: Rapid urbanization and infrastructure development are leading to the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas, resulting in the loss of fertile land and natural habitats. This trend contributes to land use conflicts, escalating land prices, and changing land rights.
Environmental Degradation and Loss of Ecological Functions: The encroachment on natural areas and degradation of land lead to the loss of ecological functions and biodiversity. This not only affects the livelihood opportunities of people dependent on environmental resources but also undermines the buffering capacity of natural ecosystems against disasters such as floods, droughts, and pollution.
Climate Change Impacts: Climate change exacerbates land management challenges by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, and contributing to temperature rise. These changes further stress land resources, exacerbating land degradation and impacting agricultural productivity.
What is the current status of land management in India?
Sectoral Approach and Administrative Complexity: Land management practices in India are predominantly sectoral, with different government departments implementing their own approaches. This fragmented governance structure leads to administrative complexity and coordination challenges among various stakeholders involved in land management.
State Government Jurisdiction: Land management falls under the purview of state governments in India. While this decentralization allows for localized decision-making, it can also lead to inconsistencies in policies and regulations across different regions.
Privately Owned Cultural Land: A significant portion of land in India, particularly cultural land, is privately owned. Land-use decisions are constitutionally vested with the owner, which further complicates the regulatory framework and implementation of land management practices.
Status of Adoption and Implementation Land management practices:
Knowledge Gaps: Limited understanding of sustainable land management practices and their implications.
Short-Term Planning Bias: Emphasis on short-term gains over long-term sustainability in land-use planning.
Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination among government agencies and stakeholders, leading to disjointed efforts in land management.
Lack of Action for Unforeseen Events: Inadequate preparedness and response mechanisms for unforeseen events such as natural disasters or climate change impacts.
Regulatory Barriers: Complex regulatory frameworks and bureaucratic hurdles that impede effective land management initiatives.
What suggestions does this article give for addressing land management challenges in India?
Establishment of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms: Setting up multi-stakeholder platforms at the district and sub-district levels to bring together farmers, land managers, policymakers, civil society organizations, business leaders, and investors. This collaborative approach aims to facilitate sectoral integration and collective decision-making in land management.
Activation of District Planning Committees:Utilizing Article 243ZD (1) of the Constitution, which provides for district planning committees, to consolidate plans from panchayats and municipalities. These committees can be activated to prepare comprehensive land management plans covering both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
Adoption of a Landscape Approach: Embracing a landscape approach to land management, which considers the interconnectedness of various land uses and ecosystems. This approach provides deep insights into the potential of land and facilitates the allocation and reallocation of land for appropriate uses. It also enables evaluation, negotiation, trade-offs, and decision-making processes.
Integration of Climate-Smart Strategies: Incorporating climate-smart strategies into land management practices to address climate objectives, enhance agricultural production, improve local livelihoods, and promote the conservation of biodiversity. This entails implementing measures that mitigate climate change impacts and enhance resilience in land use planning and management.
Case study of netherland for value addition
Room for the River Program initiated by the Dutch government in 2006 to address flood risks.
Program adopts an integrated approach to water and land management, recognizing interconnectedness of river systems, floodplains, and landscapes.
Emphasizes nature-based solutions like creating floodplains, restoring wetlands, and constructing bypass channels.
Stakeholder engagement crucial for success, involving local communities, landowners, and stakeholders.
Aims for resilient landscapes, employing adaptive management for flexible responses to changing environmental conditions.
In conclusion, effective land management is paramount for sustainable development, global stability, and environmental resilience. By embracing integrated approaches, nature-based solutions, and community engagement, India can address its land management challenges and pave the way for a more sustainable future. It is imperative for policymakers to prioritize these strategies, fostering collaboration and adaptability to safeguard India’s landscapes for generations to come.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neuroscience
Mains level: Policies related to Science in India; ‘No Garland Neuroscience’ (NGN) model
Mains PYQs
“Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. (2016)
Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as business professions, engineering, or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)
Why in the News?
The persistence of outdated frameworks in the conduct of scientific meetings in India is affecting its scientific practice.
Context:
There is a need to revamp the traditional mode of scientific conferences in India to align with contemporary values of egalitarianism, diversity, inclusivity, accessibility, and sustainability.
By modernizing these conferences, India can enhance its position in the global science and technology research ecosystem.
The article emphasizes ‘‘No Garland Neuroscience’ that science in India should reflect and promote these values in its practice and dissemination to support broader societal conversations.
How are the present scientific meetings held in India?
The Core groups of organizers are responsible for planning, inviting experts, disseminating info, and fundraising. It includes invited speakers and paid attendees sharing the latest research discoveries.
Scientific meetings, or conferences, are where researchers with similar or aligned areas of interest gather and serve as important avenues for the discussion and dissemination of science.
These meetings often include presentations or talks on contemporary research findings, along with expert interactions on topics of science and professional development.
Challenges associated with the Traditional ‘bouquet giving’ model:
Persistent outdated practices:
Persistent outdated practices perpetuate long-standing academic challenges and career-stage inequities.
For example, continued reliance on bureaucratic, hierarchical frameworks, prolonged opening speeches by science administrators, delayed commencement due to dignitary arrivals, and hierarchical seating arrangements.
Ignoring gender and diversity issues:
Inclusivity: Lack of gender and diversity awareness evidence lines up for the limited acknowledgment of wider diversity issues.
For example, all-male speakers or panelists and sessions such as ‘Women in Science’ completely fail to account for larger diversity issues in science, such as historically marginalized groups and LGBTQIA+ scientists.
Scientific ecosystem: In light of demands for secular scientific practice, gender, and social inclusivity, it is essential to reassess the practices like – religiously symbolic conference materials (like lamp lightening) or devotional songs during inaugurations, and gifting rituals in the Indian context.
What is the ‘No Garland Neuroscience’ (NGN) model?
The annual meeting series of NGN, uses a simple, sustainable, and low-in-cost approach, while keeping the focus on the scientific content and discussions.
Initiated in 2009, the Young Investigators’ Meeting (YIM) series from India Bioscience has focused on scientific networking and mentorship among life scientists in India.
They have continued with ‘no-garland’ features’, for example, speaker lists in alphabetical order, round table seating, equal gender representation, open interactions among scientists who are in every stage of their careers.
Hence there is absence of religious symbolism, formal inaugural ceremonies, and salutations for speakers, and souvenir and bouquet distributions.
How ‘No Garland Neuroscience’ (NGN) model can be significant for Indian scientists?
Can counter the Traditional Framework: The contemporary implementation of NGN can counterbalance the long-standing issue of outdated frameworks in the conduct of the majority of scientific meetings in India.
The conduct of scientific meetings can make planning and budgetary room for improved practices such as hybrid and multi-hub conference formats.
Can Revamp the Ecosystem: Outdated practices fuel inequities and overlook diversity challenges. Hybrid conference formats, code of ethics, diversity inclusion, care caregiver support can propose towards new scientific ecosystem in India.
To enhance India’s position in the global science ecosystem a more equitable and progressive scientific community can be built using the capability of NGN model.
Conclusion: Revamping scientific conferences in India to align with modern values of inclusivity, diversity, and sustainability is crucial for fostering a more equitable and progressive scientific community. Embracing these changes can not only address current challenges but also position India as a leading player in the international science and technology research landscape.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Food Security Act (NFSA)
Mains level: demands of farmers for a legal guarantee of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) in India
Central Idea:
The article discusses the ongoing demands of farmers for a legal guarantee of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) in India, highlighting the necessity of such a mechanism to stabilize agricultural commodity prices and support farmers’ incomes. It addresses misconceptions surrounding MSP, emphasizing its importance in insulating farmers from market price volatility and rectifying imbalances in agricultural productivity and regional procurement.
Key Highlights:
Farmers are demanding a legal guarantee for MSP to ensure price stability and protect their incomes.
MSP has been a longstanding mechanism in India to stabilize agricultural commodity prices, but its implementation has been limited.
Misconceptions about the fiscal costs and operational aspects of MSP have led to hesitancy in legalizing it, despite political consensus.
Government procurement under MSP primarily benefits consumers, not farmers, as it fulfills obligations under the National Food Security Act (NFSA).
Expansion of MSP to cover a wider range of crops and regions is necessary to address regional imbalances in agricultural productivity and support crop diversification.
Key Challenges:
Misunderstanding of MSP’s fiscal implications and operational requirements.
Limited government intervention beyond rice and wheat procurement, leading to neglect of other crops and regions.
Concerns over excessive government expenditure and market distortions.
Ensuring effective implementation and monitoring of MSP across diverse agricultural sectors and regions.
Main Terms or keywords for answer writing:
Minimum Support Price (MSP)
National Food Security Act (NFSA)
Market Price Volatility
Agricultural Commodity Procurement
Price Stability
Geographical Imbalances
Crop Diversification
Important Phrases for answer quality enrichment:
Legal Guarantee for MSP
Price Stability Mechanism
Market Price Volatility
Government Intervention in Agricultural Markets
Regional Imbalances in Agricultural Productivity
Income Protection for Farmers
Quotes:
“A guaranteed MSP may not solve the farmers’ problems. But it offers a good opportunity to rectify the imbalances in the MSP and procurement system.”
“Price stability will protect the average consumer from the vagaries of inflation.”
“Protecting the income of farmers will help revive the rural economy.”
Anecdotes:
Instances of government procurement primarily benefiting consumers rather than farmers, highlighting the need for MSP reform.
Farmers’ struggles with declining real incomes and wages, reflecting long-standing neglect of the agrarian economy.
Useful Statements:
“Misconceptions surrounding the fiscal costs of MSP overlook its role in stabilizing prices and supporting farmers’ incomes.”
“Expansion of MSP to cover a wider range of crops and regions is necessary to address regional imbalances in agricultural productivity.”
Examples and References:
Government procurement data for rice and wheat compared to other crops, illustrating limited intervention beyond major staples.
Comparative analysis of MSP implementation in India and other countries with similar price stabilization mechanisms.
Facts and Data:
Government procurement figures for rice and wheat in recent years.
Estimates of the potential fiscal costs of implementing a legal guarantee for MSP.
Statistics on declining real incomes and wages in the agrarian sector.
Critical Analysis:
Emphasizes the importance of MSP in stabilizing agricultural prices and supporting farmer livelihoods.
Addresses misconceptions and challenges surrounding MSP implementation.
Advocates for reforms to expand MSP coverage and address regional imbalances in agricultural productivity.
Way Forward:
Implement legal guarantee for MSP to ensure price stability and support farmer incomes.
Expand MSP coverage to include a wider range of crops and regions.
Enhance monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure effective implementation of MSP.
Address misconceptions and concerns regarding fiscal costs and market distortions associated with MSP.
Overall, the article underscores the necessity of legalizing MSP to support farmers’ incomes, stabilize agricultural prices, and address long-standing neglect in the agrarian sector. It advocates for comprehensive reforms to expand MSP coverage and ensure its effective implementation across diverse agricultural sectors and regions.
Mains level: challenges faced by low-income households in India in accessing LPG
Central Idea:
The article highlights the challenges faced by low-income households in India in accessing LPG refills despite government subsidies under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY). It suggests reforms to the existing subsidy program to make it more effective, including on-time subsidy transfers and the use of digital payment solutions.
Despite subsidies, many households still rely on biomass for cooking due to liquidity constraints.
Existing subsidy policies have evolved rapidly, but they may not adequately address the needs of PMUY households.
Data analysis reveals that PMUY consumers are sensitive to the amount and timing of refill subsidies.
Upfront subsidies, like those provided during the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY), can significantly increase LPG usage.
Fin-tech solutions, such as electronic subsidy transfers and digital vouchers, can alleviate the financial burden of refill purchases.
Key Challenges:
Ensuring subsidy benefits reach the intended beneficiaries without leakage.
Addressing liquidity constraints faced by low-income households.
Educating households about subsidy timing and logistics.
Overcoming credit constraints, especially for daily wage earners.
Implementing digital payment solutions effectively in rural areas.
Main Terms or keywords for answer writing:
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
PMUY (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana)
PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh)
PMGKY (Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana)
Fin-tech (Financial Technology)
e-RUPI (Electronic Rupee)
Important Phrases for quality enrichment of mains answer:
Liquidity constraint
Direct benefit transfer
Upfront subsidy
Digital voucher
Electronic payment
Delayed subsidy transfer
Quotes for value addition:
“Low-income households are sensitive to the amount and timing of refill subsidy.”
“An upfront subsidy transfer can increase the demand for LPG refills significantly.”
“Digital payment solutions hold promise in alleviating the financial burden of refill purchases.”
Anecdotes:
The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) saw a spike in LPG consumption among low-income households during the period of upfront subsidy provision.
Useful Statements:
“Ensuring subsidy benefits reach the intended beneficiaries without leakage is crucial for the success of LPG subsidy programs.”
“Digital payment solutions can address liquidity constraints and improve access to LPG refills for low-income households.”
Examples and References:
Data from Indore district reveals the sensitivity of PMUY consumers to refill market prices and subsidy amounts.
The success of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) in increasing LPG usage among low-income households serves as a relevant example.
Facts and Data:
Before PMUY, a high percentage of rural households in India used biomass for cooking.
PMUY households have lower LPG refill consumption compared to non-PMUY households.
A significant increase in refill subsidy decreases monthly consumption by about 25% for PMUY consumers.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively identifies the challenges hindering the effectiveness of LPG subsidy programs for low-income households.
It provides data-driven insights into consumer behavior and the impact of subsidy policies.
The proposed fin-tech solutions offer practical approaches to address liquidity constraints and improve subsidy delivery.
Way Forward:
Implement electronic payment solutions and digital vouchers to facilitate on-time subsidy transfers.
Educate households about subsidy timing and logistics to improve awareness.
Continuously monitor and evaluate subsidy programs to ensure effectiveness and address any emerging challenges.
Collaborate between government ministries, fin-tech companies, and local stakeholders to implement reforms successfully.
By addressing these challenges and implementing innovative solutions, India can enhance LPG access for low-income households and accelerate its energy transition goals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Education Policy (NEP)
Mains level: benefits and challenges of open-book exams
Central Idea:
The article discusses the recent reforms in India’s education system, particularly the introduction of open-book exams by the CBSE and the shift towards a more holistic approach to learning as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2022. It reflects on the historical origins of education in India, the impact of the pandemic on traditional learning methods, and the need for a more dynamic and flexible educational framework.
Key Highlights:
Historical perspective on education in India, tracing back to ancient gurukuls and traditional learning methodologies.
The influence of colonial education policies and the subsequent need for modernization.
Challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning and the disparities in access to education.
The National Education Policy of 2022 and its emphasis on holistic development and a more flexible curriculum.
Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE as part of efforts to reform the examination-oriented approach and promote continuous assessment.
Key Challenges:
Mindset shift required among educators, students, and parents to adapt to new learning methodologies and assessment formats.
Ensuring equitable access to education and technology, especially for students from marginalized communities.
Overcoming resistance to change and traditional beliefs about the value of memorization-based exams.
Implementation challenges, including training of teachers, development of appropriate study materials, and assessment methods for open-book exams.
Balancing the need for continuous assessment with the demands of a standardized examination system.
Main Terms:
Open-book exams
Holistic development
National Education Policy (NEP)
Gurukuls
Continuous assessment
Colonial education
Biannual examinations
Important Phrases:
“Paradigm shift in education”
“Dynamic and flexible educational framework”
“Holistic learning approach”
“Continuous assessment over memorization”
“Equitable access to education”
“Adapting to new learning methodologies”
“Overcoming resistance to change”
Quotes:
“The journey of education is an ever-evolving one.”
“Change while staying true to the essence of holistic learning.”
“Reclaiming the honour of being a ‘vishwaguru.'”
Anecdotes:
The contrast between traditional gurukuls and modern-day classrooms.
Personal experiences of students navigating the challenges of the pandemic and adapting to online learning.
Useful Statements:
“The pandemic revealed the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning.”
“The NEP emphasizes a shift towards holistic development and flexible learning methodologies.”
“Open-book exams offer students a chance for continuous assessment and learning from mistakes.”
Examples and References:
Examples of successful implementation of open-book exams in other educational systems.
Reference to the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) report on learning outcomes during the pandemic.
Facts and Data:
Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE.
Statistics on learning outcomes and access to education during the pandemic from the UDISE report.
Critical Analysis:
Evaluation of the benefits and challenges of open-book exams in promoting critical thinking and reducing exam-related stress.
Discussion on the need for ongoing teacher training and infrastructure development to support the implementation of new educational policies.
Way Forward:
Emphasize the importance of adapting to changing educational paradigms while preserving the essence of traditional learning.
Invest in teacher training, technology infrastructure, and curriculum development to support holistic education.
Foster collaboration between educators, policymakers, and communities to ensure equitable access to quality education for all students.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gross Domestic Product
Mains level: critique of the prevailing GDP-centric approach to economic development
Central Idea:
The central idea of the article is that traditional measures of economic growth, like GDP, are inadequate indicators of a nation’s well-being and development. Instead, the focus should shift towards inclusive and sustainable growth that prioritizes the welfare of citizens, particularly in countries like India where economic progress has not translated into improved living standards for all.
Key Highlights:
Critique of GDP-centric approach: The article highlights the limitations of relying solely on GDP growth as a measure of economic health, pointing out that it doesn’t necessarily lead to increased income or well-being for citizens.
Inequality and inequitable growth: Despite impressive GDP growth, India remains one of the most unequal countries in the world, indicating that the benefits of growth are not evenly distributed among its citizens.
Need for a new paradigm: The article argues for a shift towards inclusive and environmentally sustainable development models, especially in the face of global challenges like climate change.
Dependency on fossil fuels: The reliance on fossil fuels for essential materials like steel, concrete, plastics, and food production is highlighted, along with the challenges of transitioning away from them.
Importance of local solutions: Emphasizing the significance of community-driven, local solutions, the article suggests that India should leverage its unique strengths rather than blindly following Western development models.
Key Challenges:
Overcoming entrenched economic paradigms: Shifting away from GDP-centric models towards more inclusive and sustainable development approaches requires challenging existing economic frameworks and ideologies.
Addressing inequality: Tackling the deep-rooted inequalities in India’s economy presents a significant challenge, especially given the historical focus on GDP growth.
Transitioning from fossil fuels: Moving away from fossil fuel dependency poses technological, economic, and social challenges, particularly in sectors like agriculture and transportation.
Balancing urbanization and rural development: Reconciling the push for urbanization with the need for rural development and sustainable agriculture presents complex policy dilemmas.
Overcoming resistance to change: Convincing policymakers and society at large to embrace alternative development paradigms may face resistance from entrenched interests and ideologies.
Main Terms:
GDP: Gross Domestic Product, a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders.
Inclusive growth: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, particularly the marginalized and vulnerable.
Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Fossil fuels: Non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
Urbanization: The process of population concentration in urban areas, often accompanied by industrialization and economic development.
Important Phrases:
“Increase the size of the pie before its redistribution”: Reflects the emphasis on GDP growth over equitable distribution of wealth.
“One path for all”: Criticizes the uniform approach to development that privileges industrialization and urbanization over other forms of progress.
“Gandhian solution”: Refers to community-driven, localized approaches to development advocated by Mahatma Gandhi.
“Rural Bharat”: Signifies the rural heartland of India, highlighting the importance of rural communities in the country’s development.
Quotes:
“More GDP does not improve the well-being of citizens if it does not put more income in their pockets.”
“India must find a new paradigm of progress, for itself and for the world, for more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth.”
“The time has come to go back to old solutions to go to the future.”
Useful Statements:
“Critics argue that GDP growth alone does not necessarily lead to improved living standards for citizens, particularly in countries like India where inequality persists.”
“Transitioning away from fossil fuels presents significant challenges, but it is essential for addressing climate change and ensuring long-term sustainability.”
“Local, community-driven solutions have the potential to address global challenges like climate change and inequitable economic growth.”
Examples and References:
The article cites India’s experience of impressive GDP growth alongside persistent inequality as evidence of the limitations of traditional development models.
Reference is made to the work of Vaclav Smil on the role of fossil fuels in modern economies, providing a scientific basis for understanding the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Facts and Data:
India’s GDP grew at 7.2% per year during both the United Progressive Alliance and National Democratic Alliance governments, yet structural conditions leading to inequitable growth remained unchanged.
Sixty-four per cent of Indian citizens live in rural areas, highlighting the importance of rural development in India’s economic and social progress.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a compelling critique of the prevailing GDP-centric approach to economic development, highlighting its failure to address inequality and environmental concerns. By advocating for inclusive and sustainable growth models, the article offers a nuanced perspective on the challenges facing countries like India in the 21st century. However, it could benefit from further exploration of specific policy recommendations and case studies demonstrating successful alternative development strategies.
Way Forward:
Embrace inclusive and sustainable development models that prioritize the well-being of all citizens.
Invest in renewable energy sources and sustainable agriculture to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
Empower local communities to drive development initiatives tailored to their unique needs and challenges.
Reform economic policies to prioritize equitable distribution of wealth and opportunities.
Foster international cooperation to address global challenges like climate change and inequality.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: importance of the human element in military operations
Why in the News?
While initial feedback on the scheme is positive, there are challenges in integrating these recruits into military units, particularly regarding unit cohesion and psychological assimilation.
About Agniveer Scheme:
Aim: As a reform in Indian defense policy, it aims to recruit and retain young men and women in the armed forces through a short-service manpower model.
Key Highlights of the Scheme:
Introduction of the Agnipath scheme to reform defense recruitment.
Focus on a short-service manpower model with the potential for retention.
Significant unit cohesion and psychological assimilation for effective combat readiness.
Emphasizes on the enduring significance of the human element in warfare despite technological advancements.
Key Challenges:
Ensuring seamless integration of Agniveers into military units.
Nurturing unit cohesion and camaraderie among recruits.
Addressing potential issues of competition and one-upmanship among Agniveers.
Managing the psychological well-being and personality traits of recruits.
Lack of a formal psychology test in the recruitment process.
Main Terms:
Agnipath scheme: Indian defense policy reform for recruitment and retention.
Agniveers: Young men and women recruited under the Agnipath scheme.
Unit cohesion: The bond and teamwork within military units.
Combat readiness: Preparedness of military units for combat situations.
Human element: Importance of individual soldiers’ character and relationships in warfare.
Important Phrases:
“Agniveers into the milieu of military units”
“unit pride flows out of unit cohesion”
“technology-based counter-measures”
“focus on the human element”
“psychological assimilation”
Quotes:
“I hold it to be one of the simplest truths of war that the thing which enables a soldier to keep going with his weapon is the near presence or the presumed presence of a comrade.” – S.L.A. Marshall
Anecdotes:
Reference to Russia-Ukraine conflict and Israel-Hamas conflict to highlight the enduring significance of the human element in warfare.
Useful Statements:
“Irrespective of technological advancements in the realm of warfare, the character of a soldier to stand by his flanking mate can never be undermined.”
“The onerous challenge would be to arrest any germination of an undesired personality trait among the lot given that 25% of the Agniveers will stay back.”
“The government should consider introducing a test of ‘psychology’ as part of the recruitment process.”
Examples and References:
Mention of Agniveers’ positive feedback from units.
Reference to S.L.A. Marshall’s observations on the importance of comradeship in war.
Critical Analysis:
The article emphasizes the importance of the human element in military operations despite technological advancements.
It highlights challenges in integrating new recruits into military units and maintaining unit cohesion.
Way Forward:
Address challenges in integrating Agniveers into military units.
Prioritize psychological assimilation and character development alongside technical training.
Consider implementing a psychology test in the recruitment process for better assessment and management of recruits.
Overall, the article underscores the importance of balancing technological advancements with the enduring significance of individual character and unit cohesion in military operations. It calls for a strategic approach in integrating and nurturing new recruits to ensure effective combat readiness.
