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Type: Prelims Only

  • RBI Notifications

    How Tokenization will change your online purchase?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Tokenization

    Mains level: Transaction safety

    token

    The RBI’s deadline for tokenization of cards used in online payments passed on 30 September.

    What is Tokenization?

    • Tokenisation refers to the replacement of credit and debit card details with an alternative code called a ‘token’.
    • This token is unique for a combination of card, token requestor (the entity that accepts a request from the customer for tokenization of a card and passes it on to the card network to issue a token) and the device.

    How does it work?

    • Tokenizing credit and debit cards is a way to reduce the number of places where your card data can be found.
    • For instance, payments on Uber showed a warning that your card data will be saved with payment gateways such as Visa and Mastercard.
    • What it is saying is that a merchant like Uber will have to work with payment networks like Visa to convert the card details into a digital token, which is then used to validate transactions.
    • As a result, the card details you enter on the Uber app, or any online platform, are not stored on the company’s cloud servers, and are hence more secure.

    What is the digital token being used?

    • The digital token is a randomized string, usually alphanumeric. So, a 16-digit card number gets converted to something like 8f9%yf57ljTa.
    • It is generated by computer programmes, and the card network tags the token to your actual card details, and relays the token to the merchant.
    • When payments are to be requested, the merchant sends this token to the card network, which matches it against the saved details and validates the transaction.
    • A third party accessing the token won’t have use for it, since tokens will be unique across combinations of card, token requestor and merchants.

    Who can offer tokenization services?

    • Tokenisation can be performed only by the authorised card network and recovery of original Primary Account Number (PAN) should be feasible for the authorised card network only.
    • Adequate safeguards have to be put in place to ensure that PAN cannot be found out from the token and vice versa, by anyone except the card network.
    • RBI has emphasised that the integrity of the token generation process has to be ensured at all times.

    Benefits of Tokenization

    • Transaction safety: Tokenization reduces the chances of fraud arising from sharing card details.
    • Easy payments: The token is used to perform contactless card transactions at point-of-sale (PoS) terminals and QR code payments.
    • Data storage: Only card networks and card-issuing banks will have access to and can store any card data.

    How were the transactions processed?

    token

    • There are many players involved in processing one card transaction today:
    1. Merchant
    2. Payment aggregator
    3. Issuing bank
    4. Card network
    • When a transaction happens on a merchant platform, the data is sent to the payment aggregator (PA).
    • The PA next sends the details to either the issuing bank or the card network.
    • Then issuing bank sends an OTP and the transaction flows back.

    How will tokenization prevent online fraud?

    • Card details saved on an app are stored in cloud servers, which if hacked, can give the hacker access to information like card numbers, expiry dates, name of holder etc.
    • Though most merchants put special mechanisms to store card details in an obfuscated manner, it’s much more difficult to hack a bank or a Visa than it is to hack websites and apps.

    How does it differ from encryption?

    • The primary difference is that the token cannot lead one to the card details.
    • In encryption, a computer program obfuscates data using an encryption key, and this key can turn the data back to its original form.
    • In tokenization, however, there is no way to know what data a token represents unless one has access to the databases of the actual issuer of that token.
    • In many cases, laws don’t consider tokens as “sensitive data”, and hence, companies don’t have to ensure the same compliance to protect them.

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  • Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

    ‘Professors of Practice’ for all colleges, universities

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Professors of Practice

    Mains level: Not Much

    University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued new guidelines under which higher education institutes can create a new teaching position called Professor of Practice to hire experts from various sectors, in line with provisions that already exist in the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

    Professors of Practice

    • If one is a distinguished professional in any field but do not have a formal academic qualification such as a PhD, he/she can still be eligible for appointment as faculty in any college or university in India.
    • To be eligible for appointment, an individual will have to be a “distinguished expert” who has made remarkable contributions in their professions.
    • The post is open to the institutions themselves to decide the sector from which they want to rope in professionals.

    Streams opened for this post

    • A professor of practice can be anyone with a background in a diverse range of areas from technology, science, social sciences, media, literature, armed forces, law, fine arts, etc.
    • However, the position is not open for those in the teaching profession — either serving or retired.

    Minimum qualifications

    • No formal academic qualification is necessary in order to be considered for this position if a person has been an “exemplary” professional in their field of work.
    • Currently, under the UGC’s minimum qualifications needs a PhD to be recruited as a professor or associate professor, and also needs to have cleared the National Eligibility Test (NET).

    Will the professor of practice be a full-time position?

    • It can be either a full-time or a part-time engagement for at least four years.
    • Initially, the hiring will be for one year.
    • Based on performance, extensions may be given.

    How will these appointments be made?

    • Universities and colleges will carry out appointments on a nomination basis.
    • In other words, vice-chancellors or directors have been authorized to invite nominations for filling up posts, which cannot exceed 10 percent of the sanctioned faculty strength of an institute.
    • After nominations are invited, those interested can send their applications with detailed biodata and a brief write-up about the ways they can potentially contribute.
    • The applications will be considered by a selection committee comprising two senior professors from the respective institute, and one “eminent external member”.
    • Based on the recommendations of the committee, the academic council and the executive council of the institutes will take the final call on appointment.

    What about remuneration?

    • The remuneration will be decided at the level of the institutes and the experts being hired.
    • In some cases, universities can even approach industries for financial support.

    Why such move?

    • India’s higher education institutes are understaffed, with thousands of vacancies across central and state universities.
    • So the UGC is hoping that recruiting industry experts and professionals will help “augment faculty resources” in universities and colleges.
    • The move is aimed at addressing concerns about the quality of graduates being produced by Indian colleges and universities.
    • Around the world, the idea of a professor of practice aims essentially to facilitate and promote the integration of academic scholarship with practical expertise and experience.

     

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  • Air Pollution

    PUC Certificate must to buy fuel in New Delhi

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: PUC Certification

    Mains level: Delhi Air Pollution issue

    Motorists will not be able to buy fuel in Delhi without a valid Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate from October 25.

    What is PUC Certificate?

    • The PUC certificate is a document that any person driving a motor vehicle can be asked to produce by a police officer in uniform authorized by the state government.
    • These issue certificates if a vehicle is found complying with the prescribed emission norms.
    • Since the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 came into force, PUC certificate has been made mandatory.
    • A PUC certificate contains information such as the vehicle’s license plate number, PUC test reading, date on which the PUC test was conducted and the expiry date.

    Compliance rules

    • According to Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, every motor vehicle is required to carry a valid PUC Certificate after the expiry of period of one year from the date of its first registration.
    • This includes those conforming to BS-I/ BS-II/ BS-III/BS-IV /BS-VI as well as vehicles plying on CNG/LPG.
    • However, the validity of four-wheeled BS-IV compliant vehicles is one year and for other vehicles it is three months.

    How is a pollution control check carried out?

    • The computerized model for pollution check was developed by the Society of Indian Automobile manufacturers.
    • A gas analyzer is connected to a computer, to which a camera and a printer are attached.
    • The gas analyzer records the emission value and sends it to the computer directly, while the camera captures the license plate of the vehicle.
    • Subsequently, a certificate may be issued if the emission values are within the limits.

    Why obtain PUC Certificate?

    • Emissions from automobiles are major contributors to air pollution all over the world.
    • The smoke emitted from vehicles contains the following pollutants:
    1. Hydrocarbons (HC)
    2. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
    3. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
    4. Particulate Matter (PM)
    5. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
    6. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
    7. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

     

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    MeFSAT Database for Medicinal Fungi

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: MeFSAT

    Mains level: Not Much

    mefsat

    An analytical study of medicinal fungi using MeFSAT carried out by researchers from Chennai shows that some chemicals they secrete may find use as novel drugs.

    What is MeFSAT?

    • MeFSAT (Medicinal Fungi Secondary Metabolites and Therapeutics) is a database that compiles information on 184 medicinal fungi, including mushrooms.
    • It is a manually curated database that compiles information on secondary metabolites and reported therapeutic uses of medicinal fungi from published research articles and specialized books on the subject.

    Why in news?

    • Chennai-based researchers analysed the structure of 1,830 secondary metabolites of medicinal fungi.
    • Secondary metabolites are chemical compounds that fungi produce when they are stressed.
    • They enhance the fungus’ ability to survive.

    What are medicinal fungi?

    • Medicinal fungi belongs to two taxonomic divisions namely, basidiomycota and ascomycota.
    • Mushrooms belong to the basidiomycota division. An example is Agaricus bisporus, the button mushroom, which can be consumed.
    • Fungi belonging to the ascomycota division are generally not mushrooms.

    Examples of fungi-based medicines

    • Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps species of fungus, is known to have anti-tumor properties.
    • Not only cordycepin, in general, but several secondary metabolites are also known to be beneficial for humans in terms of both therapy and health.

     

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    Forex Reserves to dip by $23 billion by Dec

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Forex reserves, BoP

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    India’s depleted foreign exchange reserves are likely to drop further, falling to their lowest level in more than two years by end-2022.

    Forex to dip

    • In a battle that has so far failed to staunch the rupee’s fall to a record low against the greenback, the RBI has drawn down its foreign exchange reserves by close to $100 billion, to $545 billion.
    • Those reserves are forecast to fall another $23 billion to $523 billion by the end of this year.

    What is Foreign Exchange (Forex) Reserve?

    • Foreign exchange reserves are important assets held by the central bank in foreign currencies as reserves.
    • They are commonly used to support the exchange rate and set monetary policy.
    • In India’s case, foreign reserves include Gold, Dollars, and the IMF’s quota for Special Drawing Rights.
    • Most of the reserves are usually held in US dollars, given the currency’s importance in the international financial and trading system.
    • Some central banks keep reserves in Euros, British pounds, Japanese yen, or Chinese yuan, in addition to their US dollar reserves.

    India’s forex reserves cover:

    • Foreign Currency Assets (FCAs)
    • Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
    • Gold Reserves
    • Reserve position with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

    Countries with the highest foreign reserves

    Currently, China has the largest reserves followed by Japan and Switzerland. India has overtaken Russia to become the fourth largest country with foreign exchange reserves. (Data from August 2022)

    1. China – $3,349 Billion
    2. Japan – $1,376 Billion
    3. Switzerland – $1,074 Billion
    4. India – $612.73 Billion
    5. Russia – $597.40 Billion

    Why are these reserves so important?

    • All international transactions are settled in US dollars and, therefore, required to support India’s imports.
    • More importantly, they need to maintain support and confidence for central bank action, whether monetary policy action or any exchange rate intervention to support the domestic currency.
    • It also helps to limit any vulnerability due to sudden disturbances in foreign capital flows, which may arise during a crisis.
    • Holding liquid foreign currency provides a cushion against such effects and provides confidence that there will still be enough foreign exchange to help the country with crucial imports in case of external shocks.

    Initiatives taken by the government to increase forex

    • To increase the foreign exchange reserves, the Government of India has taken many initiatives like AatmaNirbhar Bharat, in which India has to be made a self-reliant nation so that India does not have to import things that India can produce.
    • Other than AatmaNirbhar Bharat, the government has started schemes like Duty Exemption Scheme, Remission of Duty or Taxes on Export Product (RoDTEP), Nirvik (Niryat Rin Vikas Yojana) scheme, etc.
    • Apart from these schemes, India is one of the top countries that attracted the highest amount of Foreign Direct Investment, thereby improving India’s foreign exchange reserves.

     

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Maharashtra Election Symbols Issue

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Allocation of election symbols

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    In a blow to one faction, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court allowed the Election Commission (EC) to take a decision on the Maharashtra CM claim that his faction represents the “real” party.

    What is the news?

    • The Bench led by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud rejected the plea to stay the EC proceedings under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order of 1968.

    What is the news?

    • A party has lost a large number of members in the rebellion that eventually caused the fall of the government in Maharashtra.
    • The rebel has claimed to be the only original leader of the party on the basis of the support of more than two-thirds of the party’s legislators in the Maharashtra Assembly.

    Options for ECI

    • The ECI in all likelihood can freeze the symbol so that neither of the two sides is able to use it until a final decision is made.
    • EC hearings are long and detailed, and may take at least six months.

    EC’s powers in Election Symbol Dispute

    • The question of a split in a political party outside the legislature is dealt by Para 15 of the Symbols Order, 1968.
    • It states that the ECI may take into account all the available facts and circumstances and undertake a test of majority.
    • The decision of the ECI shall be binding on all such rival sections or groups emerged after the split.
    • This applies to disputes in recognised national and state parties.
    • For splits in registered but unrecognized parties, the EC usually advises the warring factions to resolve their differences internally or to approach the court.

    How did the EC deal with such matters before the Symbols Order came into effect?

    • Before 1968, the EC issued notifications and executive orders under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
    • The most high-profile split of a party before 1968 was that of the CPI in 1964.
    • A breakaway group approached the ECI in December 1964 urging it to recognise them as CPI(Marxist). They provided a list of MPs and MLAs of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and West Bengal who supported them.
    • The ECI recognised the faction as CPI(M) after it found that the votes secured by the MPs and MLAs supporting the breakaway group added up to more than 4% in the 3 states.

    What was the first case decided under Para 15 of the 1968 Order?

    • It was the first split in the Indian National Congress in 1969.
    • Indira Gandhi’s tensions with a rival group within the party came to a head with the death of President Dr Zakir Hussain on May 3, 1969.

    Is there a way other than the test of majority to resolve a dispute over election symbols?

    • In almost all disputes decided by the EC so far, a clear majority of party delegates/office bearers, MPs and MLAs have supported one of the factions.
    • Whenever the EC could not test the strength of rival groups based on support within the party organisation (because of disputes regarding the list of office bearers), it fell back on testing the majority only among elected MPs and MLAs.

    What happens to the group that doesn’t get the parent party’s symbol?

    • The EC in 1997 did not recognise the new parties as either state or national parties.
    • It felt that merely having MPs and MLAs is not enough, as the elected representatives had fought and won polls on tickets of their parent (undivided) parties.
    • The EC introduced a new rule under which the splinter group of the party — other than the group that got the party symbol — had to register itself as a separate party.
    • It could lay claim to national or state party status only on the basis of its performance in the state or central elections after registration.

     

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Places in news: Ram Setu

    National Parks/WSPrelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Ram Setu

    Mains level: NA

    ram setu

    A movie has once again generated buzz around the chain of shoals off the southeast coast of India that many believe is the Ram Setu or the bridge to Lanka mentioned in the Ramayana.

    The Ram Setu

    • The Ram Setu, also known as Adam’s Bridge, is a 48-km chain of limestone shoals between Rameswaram on India’s southeast coast and Mannar Island near Sri Lanka’s northwest coast.
    • The structure has significance in both Hindu and Muslim mythology – while Hindus believe this is the bridge (Setu) built by Lord Ram and his army to cross to Lanka and fight Ravan.
    • As per Islamic legend, Adam used this bridge to reach Adam’s Peak in Sri Lanka, where he stood on one foot for 1,000 years in repentance.

    Factual details of the bridge

    • Scientists believe Ram Setu is a natural structure formed due to tectonic movements and sand getting trapped in corals.
    • However, over the years, evidence has been offered to claim that the bridge is man-made.
    • The bridge is not entirely natural, Hindu right wing outfits argue, which proves that it was indeed built by Lord Ram.

    When was the structure came into highlights?

    • The Ram Setu issue snowballed into a major controversy when the Sethusamudram Project, flagged off during the UPA I government.
    • The project aimed to reduce travel time between the eastern and western coasts of India, as ships would no longer have to circle Sri Lanka to travel between the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
    • The project was perceived as an attack on Hindu sentiments.
    • Various studies have been proposed on the Ram Setu, with the most recent being in 2021, when the government approved an underwater research project to ascertain its origins.

    Ecological arguments against the project

    • The Sethusamudram project has been opposed on environmental grounds.
    • Some claims that it will harm marine life, and that dredging of the line of shoals will make India’s coast more vulnerable to tsunamis.
    • In March 2018, the Centre told the Supreme Court that the Ram Setu will not be affected in the execution of the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal project.

    NASA images, and other proofs

    • Images of the Ram Setu clicked by NASA have been used over and over again to claim that this proves the existence of a man-made bridge.
    • NASA has repeatedly clarified that it does not agree with these claims.
    • Remote sensing images or photographs from orbit cannot provide direct information about the origin or age of a chain of islands.
    • It certainly cannot be determined whether humans were involved in producing any of the patterns seen.

     

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    Jaldoot App to capture data on Groundwater Levels

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Jaldoot App

    Mains level: Not Much

    With the rapidly declining water table threatening to push many regions into drought, the Union government on has launched a mobile application — Jaldoot.

    Jaldoot App

    • Jaldoot is jointly developed by the Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Ministries to monitor the groundwater levels across the country.
    • The App will enable Gram Rojgar Sahyak to measure the water level of well twice a year pre-monsoon and post-monsoon.
    • Jaldoots, that is, officers assigned to measure the water levels, should also upload the geo-tagged photographs through the app on every occasion of measurement.
    • This Mobile app will work in both online and offline mode.
    • So water level can be captured even without internet connectivity and captured date will be stored in mobile and when mobile comes in the connectivity area, data will synchronize with the central server.

    Utility of the App

    • The despite promoting watershed development, afforestation, waterbody development and renovation, rainwater harvesting like initiatives, the ground water level in various parts of the country has depleted.
    • The regular data to be input by the Jaldoots would be integrated with the database of National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC), which can be utilised for analysis and display.
    • The app will facilitate in observing water tables across the country and the resulting data can be utilized for Gram Panchayat Development Plan and Mahatma Gandhi NREGA Plans.

     

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    Carl-Gustaf M4 to be produced in India

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Carl-Gustaf M4

    Mains level: Not Much

    gustaf

    Swedish defense major SAAB announced plans to manufacture its Carl-Gustaf M4 weapon system in India.

    What is the Carl-Gustaf M4?

    • The Carl-Gustaf recoilless rifle is a man-portable, multi-role weapon system that allows dismounted soldiers to effectively deal with multiple challenges on the modern battlefield.
    • A proven performer in battle, the Carl-Gustaf M4 is said to be adaptable and flexible.
    • The Indian Army has been using the iconic Carl-Gustaf since 1976 and currently operates the Mk2 and Mk3 versions.

    Key features of Carl-Gustaf M4

    • Lightweight, robust, reliable, effective and easy to use
    • Tactical flexibility through a wide range of ammunition
    • Combat proven system
    • Ammunition: Anti-armour, anti-structure, anti-personnel, support

    Why in news?

    • In recent years, the Indian government has taken several steps to boost the defense manufacturing sector under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’

     

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  • In news: Rotterdam Convention

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Rotterdam convention, PIC

    Mains level: Not Much

    International trade of two new hazardous pesticides — Iprodione and Terbufos — has been recommended for “prior informed consent” (PIC) procedure under the Rotterdam convention.

    Why in news?

    • In India, the use of these chemicals was permitted by the 2015 Anupam Verma committee report. The country is among the largest exporters of Terbufos.
    • The chemicals are dangerous for humans and aquatic animals.

    Rotterdam Convention

    • The Rotterdam Convention is formally known as the Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.
    • It is a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals.
    • The convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labelling, include directions on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans.
    • Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged to make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply.
    • India is a party to the convention, with 161 other parties.

    What is the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure?

    • The PIC procedure is a mechanism for formally obtaining and disseminating the decisions of importing parties on their willingness to receive future shipments of hazardous chemicals.
    • The PIC procedure is a mechanism for formally obtaining and disseminating the decisions of importing Parties as to whether they wish to receive future shipments of those chemicals listed in the Convention.
    • For each of the chemicals listed in Annex III and subject to the PIC procedure a decision guidance document (DGD) is prepared and sent to all Parties.
    • All Parties are required to take a decision as to whether or not they will allow future import of each of the chemicals in Annex III of the Convention.
    • These decisions are known as import responses.

    Which are the new chemicals listed?

    • Iprodione, a fungicide used on vines, fruits, trees and vegetables, has been classified as carcinogenic and toxic for reproduction.
    • Terbufos is a soil insecticide used commonly on sorghum, maize, beet and potatoes. It has also been found to pose risk to aquatic organisms due to its toxicity.
    • Both pesticides, which are used in agriculture, are known for their harmful impacts on human health and the environment.

     

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