Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetlands
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Five more Indian wetlands have been added to the global list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the total number of such highly recognised waterlogged ecosystems in the country to 80.
- India is now the fourth-largest nation on the Ramsar map, trailing only behind the UK (175), Mexico (144), and China (82).
- Tamil Nadu continues to have the maximum number of Ramsar sites (16) followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
List of newly designated Ramsar Sites:
[1] Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- Spread over 98.76 hectares adjoining Ankasamudra village.
- A biodiversity hotspot with over 210 plant species, 8 mammals, 25 reptiles, and 240 bird species.
- Vital nesting and roosting ground for over 30,000 waterbirds, including the Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis.
[2] Aghanashini Estuary (Karnataka):
- Covers 4,801 hectares at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian Sea.
- Offers flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support.
- Sustains 6,000-7,500 families through fishing, agriculture, and traditional fish farming.
- Acts as a natural barrier against storms and cyclones.
[3] Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve (Karnataka):
- A human-made wetland spanning nearly 50 hectares, originally designed for rainwater storage.
- Home to 166 bird species, including 130 migratory birds.
- Sanctuary for vulnerable and near-threatened species like the Common Pochard, River Tern, and Oriental Darter.
- A crucial wintering ground for the Bar-headed Goose.
[4] Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu):
- Encompassing 453.72 hectares, it’s one of Tamil Nadu’s largest inland wetlands.
- Facilitates groundwater recharge and supports agricultural activities.
- Hosts around 198 bird species, including the Bar-headed Goose and Common Teal.
[5] Longwood Shola Reserve Forest (Tamil Nadu):
- Named after “Solai,” meaning tropical rainforest in Tamil.
- Integral to the Western Ghats’ unique biodiversity.
- Provides sanctuary to globally endangered and vulnerable bird species like the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush, Nilgiri Blue Robin, and Nilgiri Wood-pigeon.
- Home to 14 of the 26 endemic bird species of the Western Ghats.
Back2Basics: Ramsar Convention
|
Explanation |
| Purpose |
International treaty aimed at conserving and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands. |
| Establishment |
Established on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran. |
| Participating Countries |
171 contracting parties (countries) as of September 2021. |
| India and Ramsar Convention |
The first Ramsar Site in India, the Chilika Lake in Odisha, was designated in 1981. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unveiled an entirely new frog species Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu, the rain-welcoming frog, thriving within the urban landscape of Bengaluru.
About Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu
- A Fresh Discovery: Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu is not just a frog; it’s a newly identified frog species.
- Name’s Significance: The name ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ derives its meaning from its unique behavior of emerging from burrows with the onset of early showers, symbolizing its affinity for rain.
- Distinctive Attributes: This recently unearthed amphibian boasts distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from known frog species.
- Urban Adaptation: What sets Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu apart is its remarkable adaptation to urban surroundings. It showcases behaviors and physical attributes that equip it to overcome challenges posed by urbanization.
- Scientific Confirmation: The research team employed advanced genetic analysis, in-depth morphological studies, and bio-acoustics to definitively establish the distinctiveness of this newfound amphibian.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nano DAP
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The interim budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduces the expansion of Nano DAP application in agriculture.
Understanding Nano DAP
- DAP: DAP, or di-ammonium phosphate, is a widely used fertilizer in India, rich in phosphorus for plant root development.
- Nano DAPL: Introduced by Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), it is a liquid form of DAP with particle sizes less than 100 nanometers, enhancing its efficiency.
Advantages of Nano DAP
- Efficiency: Nano DAP’s small particle size allows it to penetrate seeds and plant openings more effectively, leading to higher seed vigor, increased chlorophyll, better photosynthetic efficiency, improved crop quality, and higher yields.
- Affordability: Nano DAP is cost-effective compared to conventional DAP, with a 500 ml bottle equivalent to a 50 kg bag of DAP, priced at only Rs 600.
- Convenience: The liquid form is easier to transport, store, and apply, making it farmer-friendly.
- Reduced Imports: Adoption of domestically-produced Nano DAP from Kalol, Gujarat, reduces the need for importing fertilizers, enhancing self-reliance and benefiting Indian agriculture.
Government’s Perspective
- Subsidy Relief: Nano DAP’s cost-effectiveness alleviates the government’s subsidy burden on fertilizers, offering fiscal relief.
- Self-Reliance: Producing Nano DAP domestically aligns with the goal of self-sufficiency in fertilizer production, reducing dependency on imports.
- Agricultural Advancement: Wider Nano DAP adoption supports agricultural growth, increasing food grain production and benefiting farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: One Stop Centre Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a significant move towards women’s safety and empowerment, the Union Minister for Women and Child Development recently announced the establishment of One Stop Centres (OSCs) in over 700 districts across the nation.
About One Stop Centre Scheme
- Central Sponsorship: The One Stop Centre scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme developed under the aegis of the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD).
- Inception: The scheme has been in operation since April 1, 2015, with a primary focus on addressing Gender-Based Violence.
- Universal Reach: The One Stop Centre Scheme is committed to aiding all women, including girls below 18 years, who have suffered violence. Regardless of caste, class, religion, region, sexual orientation, or marital status, all women are eligible for support.
- Protection for Minors: For girls below 18 years of age, the scheme collaborates with institutions and authorities established under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act, 2012.
Objectives of the One Stop Centre Scheme
- Holistic Support: The core objective is to provide comprehensive and integrated support to women who have endured violence, whether in private or public spaces. All assistance is conveniently accessible under one roof.
- Immediate Access: These centres ensure immediate access to a wide array of services encompassing medical, legal, psychological, and counseling support. This collective approach stands resolute against all forms of violence targeting women.
Funding and Administration
- Financial Backing: The Scheme receives its funding through the Nirbhaya Fund, with the Central Government providing 100% financial assistance.
- Local Administration: Day-to-day implementation and administrative responsibilities rest with the District Collector/District Magistrate.
Services Offered by OSCs
The One Stop Centres serve as a lifeline for women in need, offering an array of essential services:
- Emergency Response and Rescue Services
- Medical Assistance
- Assistance with lodging FIR/ NCR/DIR
- Psycho-social Support and Counseling
- Legal Aid and Counseling
- Shelter
- Video Conferencing Facility
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakhpati Didi Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The interim budget for 2024-25 has introduced an expansion of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, designed to empower women’s self-help groups.
About ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme
- Launch: The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme was inaugurated on August 15, 2023.
- Objective: The government aims to create two crore prosperous sisters in rural villages, aligning with the broader mission of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
- Skill Training: Women participants receive skill training to enable them to earn an income exceeding Rs 1 lakh annually.
- Technology Integration: Women’s self-help groups (SHGs) will have access to drones for agricultural activities, harnessing technology to transform rural agriculture while empowering women.
Leveraging Drone Technology
- Drone Training: Approximately 15,000 women’s SHGs will undergo training in operating and repairing drones.
- Income Generation: This initiative not only opens new avenues for income generation but also equips women with cutting-edge skills.
- Agricultural Revolution: Drones hold the potential to revolutionize agriculture, facilitating precision farming, crop monitoring, and pest control.
Skill Diversification
- Skill Development: Women under this scheme receive training in diverse skills such as LED bulb making, plumbing, and more.
- Eligibility Criteria: Participants must be active members of self-help groups.
Application Process
- Self-Help Groups: To apply for the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme, women should be part of self-help groups.
- Local Anganwadi Centres: Additional information and application forms are available at local Anganwadi centres.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blue Economy
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Interim Budget presented by Finance Minister underscores the importance of promoting an environment-friendly ‘blue economy’ for sustainable development.
Understanding Blue Economy
- Definition: The blue economy encompasses economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coastal regions, with a strong emphasis on sustainability.
- Global Perspective: The European Commission defines it as a wide range of established and emerging sectors linked to ocean resources, while the World Bank emphasizes the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and livelihoods.
Significance for India
- India’s Coastal Abundance: With its extensive coastline, diverse marine resources, and tourism potential, India stands to benefit significantly from the blue economy.
- Balancing Growth: The blue economy seeks to achieve economic growth while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems.
Budget Proposals
- Restoration and Adaptation: A scheme focusing on climate-resilient activities, restoration, adaptation measures, and integrated coastal aquaculture and mariculture will be launched.
- Integrated Aquaparks: The budget outlines plans for setting up five integrated aquaparks to boost aquaculture productivity.
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): PMMSY will be intensified to double exports to Rs 1 lakh crore and generate 55 lakh employment opportunities.
India’s Blue Economy Policy
- Blue Economy 2.0: The budget introduces the concept of Blue Economy 2.0, building upon a draft policy framework released in July 2022.
- Policy Framework: The framework encompasses various aspects such as marine resources, coastal planning, tourism, fisheries, aquaculture, trade, technology, infrastructure, and international engagement.
Global Engagement
- G20 Summit: India, as the host of the G20 summit, prioritized blue economy discussions, emphasizing its significance on the global stage.
- Responsibility and Collaboration: India recognizes the importance of responsible artificial intelligence and sustainable ocean governance in the context of the blue economy.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting the blue economy aligns with global efforts for sustainable development.
- The Interim Budget’s proposals aim to harness the potential of India’s coastal resources while preserving the marine ecosystem, fostering economic growth, and creating employment opportunities.
- This strategic shift underscores India’s dedication to responsible and inclusive development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Payments Banks
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed additional curbs on Paytm Payments Bank Ltd (PPBL), prohibiting it from operating its mobile wallet after February.
- This article provides insights into what payments banks are, their objectives, features, and the regulatory framework governing them.
Understanding Payments Banks
- Definition: Payments banks are financial institutions similar to regular banks but operate on a smaller scale without engaging in credit risk.
- Origin: The concept of payments banks was recommended by the Nachiket Mor Committee.
- Objective: The primary goal is to advance financial inclusion by providing banking and financial services to unbanked and underbanked areas, catering to migrant laborers, low-income households, small entrepreneurs, and more.
- Legal Framework: Payments banks are registered as public limited companies under the Companies Act 2013 and licensed under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act 1949.
- Regulation: They are governed by various legislations, including the Banking Regulation Act, 1949; RBI Act, 1934; Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, among others.
Key Features of Payments Banks
- Differentiation: Payments banks are distinct entities, not universal banks.
- Scale: They operate on a smaller scale compared to traditional banks.
- Capital Requirements: Payments banks are required to have a minimum paid-up equity capital of 100 crores.
- Promoter Contribution: The promoter must contribute at least 40% of the paid-up equity capital for the first five years from the commencement of business.
Permissible Activities
- Accept deposits up to Rs. 2,00,000.
- Offer demand deposits in the form of savings and current accounts.
- Invest deposits in secure government securities as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), accounting for 75% of the demand deposit balance.
- Place the remaining 25% as time deposits with other scheduled commercial banks.
- Provide remittance services, mobile payments/transfers/purchases, ATM/debit cards, net banking, and third-party fund transfers.
- Act as a banking correspondent (BC) for other banks to offer credit and services beyond their capabilities.
Activities Not Permitted
- Loans and Credit Cards: Payments banks cannot issue loans and credit cards.
- Time and NRI Deposits: They are not authorized to accept time deposits or NRI deposits.
- Non-Banking Subsidiaries: Payments banks cannot establish subsidiaries to engage in non-banking financial activities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Disinvestment
Mains level: The Finance Minister's Budget speech
Central Idea:
The Finance Minister’s Budget speech focuses on claiming credit for a decade of economic growth, moderate inflation, and social welfare. However, the analysis reveals a mix of positives and concerns, emphasizing the need for addressing challenges like employment, wage growth, and dependence on China for industrial inputs.
Key Highlights:
- The Budget attributes post-COVID growth revival to public infrastructure investment, proposing an 11% rise in capital expenditure.
- Public infrastructure investments, especially in highways and communications, have contributed to GDP growth in the post-pandemic years.
- The Budget extends a 50-year interest-free loan scheme for States and introduces a similar scheme for private sector innovation and R&D with a ₹1 lakh crore corpus.
- The Budget applauds the scheme to set up rooftop solar in 1 crore households.
- The claim of doubled FDI inflow is challenged, highlighting that much of it has gone into services rather than substantial manufacturing.
Key Challenges:
- Despite positive growth indicators, the employment situation remains grim, with stagnant regular salaried employment and a rise in unpaid family labor.
- Real wages in agriculture have declined, indicating that the benefits of economic growth have not been equitably distributed.
- There is a concern about premature de-industrialization, with a rise in the agriculture workforce and a decline in manufacturing employment share.
- Growing dependence on China for industrial inputs poses a strategic risk, despite initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan.’
Key Terms:
- Crowding-out: The displacement of private investment due to high levels of public investment.
- Disinvestment: The sale or liquidation of government assets in the public sector.
- Geopolitics: The influence of geographical factors on international relations and politics.
Key Phrases:
- “All is well” – The political message emphasizing optimism about the future.
- “Premature de-industrialization” – A concern that the economy is losing its industrial base too soon.
Key Quotes:
- “The Budget claimed that FDI inflow during 2014-23 doubled to $596 billion compared to the previous 10 years. This is misleading.”
- “The political message in the Budget was ‘all is well’ and the coming days will be better.”
Key Statements:
- “The long term growth of a poor, over-populated economy lies in the structural transformation of its workforce away from rural/agriculture to modern industry and services.”
- “The Budget is an account of the achievements of the last decade of this regime, with a promise to press ahead with the same.”
Key Examples and References:
- The rise in public infrastructure investments contributing to GDP growth.
- The widening trade deficit with China despite ‘Make in India’ initiatives.
Key Facts and Data:
- The FDI inflow ratio to GDP peaked in 2007-08 and has not regained that level.
- India’s industrial output and investment growth rate has decelerated over the last 5-7 years.
Critical Analysis:
The Budget seems complacent about aggregate growth but overlooks concerns such as employment, wage growth, and dependence on China. The focus on claiming credit for past achievements raises questions about addressing existing challenges.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize inclusive growth to ensure benefits reach a larger section of the population.
- Address employment challenges by promoting structural transformation from rural to urban sectors.
- Strategically reduce dependence on China for critical industrial inputs.
- Enhance the effectiveness of schemes like interest-free loans for innovation and R&D to boost long-term economic growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: the societal issues leading to student suicides
Central Idea:
The article highlights the alarming increase in student suicides, particularly in Kota, as a consequence of the intense pressure and expectations associated with high-stakes competitive exams such as JEE and NEET. It emphasizes the need for a collective effort from parents, teachers, institutions, and policymakers to address the underlying issues leading to these tragic outcomes.
Key Highlights:
- Kota witnessed 29 student suicides in coaching centers last year, reflecting the profound toll of competitive exam stress.
- The National Crime Records Bureau’s 2022 report revealed that students and the unemployed constituted a significant portion of total suicides.
- The article points to a deeper societal issue originating in parental ambitions and culminating in high-pressure attempts to secure seats in prestigious institutions.
- The cost of such aspirations includes prolonged study hours, loneliness, and relentless pressure on young individuals.
Key Challenges:
- A societal emphasis on unrealistic goals and expectations from parents can lead to severe mental health issues among students.
- The pressure to succeed in competitive exams contributes to anxiety and desperation among the youth.
Key Terms:
- JEE: Joint Entrance Examination.
- NEET: National Eligibility cum Entrance Test.
Key Phrases:
- “Disquieting spike in student deaths.”
- “Cost of aspiration: interminable hours of studying, loneliness, and unrelenting pressure.”
- “Recognizing potential as a gesture of confidence or a source of despair.”
Key Quotes:
- “The future need not be one of anxiety and duress, of expectations so onerous that they become the sole metric of achievement.”
- “Change requires everyone to own responsibility, a conscious effort to open up minds, and rethink ways of seeing.”
Key Statements:
- “The article highlights the alarming increase in student suicides, particularly in Kota, as a consequence of the intense pressure and expectations associated with high-stakes competitive exams.”
- “The future need not be one of anxiety and duress.”
Key Examples and References:
- The case of Niharika Solanki, an 18-year-old student who died by suicide in Kota.
- The National Crime Records Bureau’s 2022 annual report.
Key Facts and Data:
- Kota witnessed 29 student suicides in coaching centers last year.
- Students and the unemployed constituted 7.6% and 9.2% of total suicides, respectively.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively points out the societal issues leading to student suicides but does not delve deeply into specific solutions or policy recommendations.
- There is an implicit call for a more compassionate and realistic approach to education and societal expectations.
Way Forward:
- A collective effort is needed from parents, teachers, institutions, and policymakers to address the root causes of student stress and suicides.
- There is a necessity to redefine success and achievement, focusing on holistic development rather than narrow metrics.
- Encouraging open conversations about mental health and providing adequate support systems can contribute to a more balanced and compassionate educational environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Rural Livelihood Mission
Mains level: The rise in the Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) in rural India
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