March 2025
M T W T F S S
 12
3456789
10111213141516
17181920212223
24252627282930
31  

Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

Ongole Cows

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Ongole Cows

Why in the News?

India’s indigenous cattle breed from Ongole is experiencing a sharp decline domestically, even as it has become one of the most prized and expensive cattle breeds in Brazil.

Ongole Cows

About Ongole Cows

  • Ongole cattle, also known as Ongolu Gitta, are a native Indian breed originating from Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.
  • This Bos indicus breed is historically renowned for its strength, resilience, and disease resistance.
  • It has been widely used for draught power, milk production, and breeding programs.
  • The breed has gained global prominence, especially in Brazil, where it forms the foundation of several superior cattle breeds used for beef production.
  • Though declining in India, they thrive in Brazil, where they form 80% of the cattle population and are used extensively for beef production.
  • LAM Farm, Guntur, is using IVF and embryo transfer for preservation.

Distinct Features of Ongole Cattle:

  • Heat & Disease Resistance: Naturally adapted to high temperatures and immune to foot-and-mouth and mad cow disease.
  • Strength & Draught Power: Historically used for ploughing, transport, and bull races.
  • A2 Milk Production: Produces high-quality A2 milk, fetching ₹150+ per litre in premium markets.
  • Global Demand & Genetic Superiority: Exported to Brazil, USA, Argentina, and Australia. Used to develop breeds like Brahmana (USA) and Santa Gertrudis (USA).
  • Efficient Feed Conversion: Survives on minimal fodder, ideal for drought-prone regions.
  • High Fertility & Longevity: Strong reproductive lifespan, producing robust calves.
  • Cultural & Historical Importance:  Revered in Indian scriptures and associated with prosperity.

PYQ:

[2011] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India?

1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.

2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.

3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

[7th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Women in corporate leadership, the lived reality

PYQ Relevance:

Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

 

Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space (2019) and middle-class working women in India (2019).

Recently, the world celebrated International Women’s Day, with companies highlighting their efforts toward including more women in the workforce. However, the reality is different. The rollback of DEI programs in the U.S. threatens women’s participation in corporate America, where they make up 48% of the workforce, raising concerns about identity erasure.

Today’s editorial talks about issues faced by women. This content is useful for writing answers in GS Paper 1 and GS Paper 2 of the UPSC Mains exam.

_

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

International Women’s Day will be celebrated worldwide on March 8, 2025.

What challenges do women face in entering and advancing in the corporate workforce?

  • Gender Bias and Stereotyping: Women often face assumptions that they are less competent or less committed due to gender-based stereotypes. Example: A 2023 McKinsey report found that women are 18% less likely to be promoted from entry-level to managerial roles compared to men, despite similar qualifications.
  • Glass Ceiling Effect: Systemic barriers prevent women from advancing to senior leadership and executive positions. Example: As of 2023, only 8% of CEOs in Fortune 500 companies were women, reflecting limited upward mobility for women in corporate hierarchies.
  • Work-Life Balance and Caregiving Responsibilities: Women are disproportionately responsible for family and household duties, making it harder to manage demanding corporate roles. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1 in 4 women considered downshifting or leaving their jobs due to increased caregiving burdens.
  • Unequal Pay and Compensation Disparities: Women consistently earn less than their male counterparts for performing similar work. Example: In India, the gender pay gap remains around 19%, with women earning significantly less than men for equivalent roles (Monster Salary Index Report, 2022).
  • Lack of Mentorship and Sponsorship: Women often lack access to influential mentors who can advocate for their promotion and career growth. Example: A Harvard Business Review study (2021) revealed that 64% of women reported not having a senior leader to sponsor their career advancement, limiting their growth opportunities.

Why are legal mandates like the Companies Act, 2013, and SEBI regulations crucial for increasing women’s representation in corporate leadership?

  • Ensuring Minimum Representation: Legal mandates create a compulsory framework requiring companies to appoint women to leadership positions, ensuring basic gender diversity. Example: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates at least one woman director on the board of certain public companies, increasing female representation in leadership roles.
  • Driving Structural Change: Regulations push companies to institutionalize policies that promote gender diversity, fostering long-term cultural and organizational transformation. Example: SEBI’s 2015 directive for India’s top 1,000 listed companies to have at least one independent woman director has led to a threefold increase in women’s participation on NSE 500 boards (from 5% in 2011 to 18% in 2023).
  • Reducing Gender Bias: Legal mandates act as a corrective mechanism against gender-based discrimination by ensuring that women receive leadership opportunities based on merit. Example: Following SEBI’s mandate, companies actively seek to identify and groom qualified women for board positions, reducing biases in corporate hiring practices.
  • Enhancing Corporate Governance: Women in leadership roles bring diverse perspectives that strengthen decision-making, risk management, and accountability. Example: Research by Credit Suisse (2021) found that companies with at least one woman board member show better financial performance and stronger governance frameworks.
  • Setting Industry Benchmarks: Legal frameworks establish a baseline for gender inclusion, encouraging other companies and sectors to adopt similar diversity policies. Example: The Companies Act and SEBI regulations have inspired several Indian private firms to adopt voluntary policies promoting gender-balanced leadership, creating a ripple effect across industries.

How does the presence of women in leadership roles benefit corporate governance?

  • Diverse Perspectives and Better Decision-Making: Women leaders bring varied experiences and viewpoints, leading to more comprehensive discussions and well-rounded decisions. Example: A Harvard Business Review (2021) study found that boards with at least 30% women make better strategic decisions and are more likely to consider stakeholder interests.
  • Enhanced Risk Management: Women leaders tend to adopt a more cautious and analytical approach, improving risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Example: A 2019 MSCI report showed that companies with three or more women on their boards experienced lower risk of governance-related controversies and better compliance practices.
  • Improved Corporate Transparency and Accountability: Women in leadership roles advocate for ethical practices, ensuring greater transparency and stronger corporate governance frameworks. Example: In Norway, where a 40% quota for women on corporate boards exists, studies have shown increased reporting standards and improved financial disclosures.
  • Stronger Stakeholder Engagement: Women leaders prioritize relationship-building and stakeholder communication, fostering trust and long-term value creation. Example: Indian companies with women independent directors are more likely to engage with diverse stakeholders and prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (SEBI Report, 2023).
  • Higher Corporate Performance and Reputation: Companies with gender-diverse leadership are often recognized as more ethical, responsible, and attractive to investors. Example: A Credit Suisse (2021) analysis found that companies with at least one woman on their board had higher return on equity (ROE) and better market performance over a five-year period.

What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

  • Legislative Mandates for Board Diversity: The Companies Act, 2013 mandates that certain public companies must appoint at least one woman director on their boards.
  • SEBI Regulations for Independent Women Directors: In 2015, SEBI mandated India’s top 1,000 listed companies have at least one independent woman director to ensure greater gender diversity in decision-making roles.
  • Gender-Specific Schemes and Incentives: Programs like Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and MUDRA Yojana provide financial support and capacity-building to encourage women’s participation in corporate and entrepreneurial spaces.
  • Awareness and Capacity-Building Initiatives: The National Commission for Women (NCW) conducts training programs to prepare women for leadership roles and works to address workplace discrimination and harassment under the POSH Act, 2013.

Way forward: 

  • Strengthening Policy Implementation and Accountability: Ensure strict enforcement of existing legal mandates (e.g., Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI regulations) with regular audits and penalties for non-compliance. Example: Introduce progressive targets for gender diversity, such as mandating at least 30% women in leadership roles by a specified timeline.
  • Promoting Inclusive Workplace Culture and Leadership Development: Implement gender-sensitive policies like flexible work arrangements, parental leave, and on-site childcare to support work-life balance. Example: Establish mentorship and sponsorship programs targeting women, ensuring equal access to leadership pipelines and executive training.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Foreign Policy Watch: India-Nepal

The academic link between Nepal and India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: India-Nepal relations;

Why in the News?

On February 16, a third-year female student from Nepal died by suicide at Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) in Bhubaneswar.

What were the reasons behind the protests by Nepali students at KIIT, Bhubaneswar?

  • Harassment and University Inaction: Nepali students protested after a third-year Nepali woman student died by suicide, allegedly due to harassment by a male student. Despite multiple complaints, the university failed to take action. Example: The deceased student had repeatedly reported the harassment to university authorities, but no substantial steps were taken to address her concerns.
  • Forced Campus Eviction: KIIT ordered Nepali students to vacate the campus following the protests, which was viewed as an unjust punishment against the entire community. Example: Instead of addressing the harassment claims, the university’s eviction order further alienated Nepali students, leading to greater unrest.
  • Demand for Justice and Fair Treatment: Students sought accountability for the harassment and fair treatment under the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, which ensures equal rights for Nepali citizens in India. Example: Protesters argued that the eviction violated Articles 6 and 7 of the treaty, which guarantee the right to residence and fair treatment.

Why is Nepal’s education system being influenced by the colonial legacy of British India?

  • Affiliation with Indian Universities: Nepal’s first college, Tri-Chandra College (established in 1918), was affiliated with Indian universities (Calcutta and later Patna University), controlling courses, pedagogy, and examinations.
  • Dependence on Indian Instructors: Early instructors in Nepal’s education system were trained in Indian universities, leading to the adoption of Indian academic frameworks.
  • Limited Domestic Higher Education: Until Tribhuvan University was established in 1959, Nepal lacked postgraduate education, forcing students to seek higher education in India.
  • Colonial Curriculum: The content of education remained heavily influenced by British India’s system, limiting the development of Nepal-centric academic discourse.
  • Post-1950 Reforms: Efforts like the National Educational Planning Commission (1954) and New Education System Plan (1971) aimed to “Nepalise” the system, yet the intellectual field continued to be shaped by Indian education.

In what way is the KIIT incident linked to the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty of 1950, especially Articles 6 and 7?

  • Violation of Equal Treatment (Article 6): Article 6 of the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty ensures that citizens of Nepal and India receive “national treatment” in each other’s territories. The directive for Nepali students to vacate the KIIT campus violated this provision by treating them differently based on their nationality.
  • Infringement on the Right to Residence (Article 7): Article 7 grants Nepali citizens the right to reside in India without discrimination. KIIT’s order to vacate the premises directly infringed on this right, as it targeted Nepali students exclusively.
  • Impact on Educational Access (Article 7): The Treaty allows Nepali citizens to pursue education in India without barriers. The disruption of academic activities and the evacuation order restricted their educational access, breaching this provision.

Way forward: 

  • Strengthening Institutional Accountability: Ensure universities establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms to address harassment complaints promptly and impartially. Independent inquiry committees should be set up to investigate incidents, ensuring transparency and justice.
  • Upholding Treaty Commitments: Indian institutions must align their policies with the Indo-Nepal Peace Treaty, guaranteeing equal treatment and the right to residence for Nepali students. Regular dialogue between Indian and Nepali authorities can help prevent future violations.

Mains PYQ:

Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

Is Artificial Intelligence affecting critical thinking skills?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Implication of AI;

Why in the News?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are being used more and more in classrooms worldwide.In India, a study by TeamLease EdTech last year found that over 61% of educators are using AI tools.

What are the key findings as per the TeamLease EdTech?

A study by TeamLease EdTech titled “Revolutionising Classrooms: The Impact of Generative AI on the Future of Education” surveyed over 6,000 educators across India, including school teachers and university professors. 

  • Widespread Adoption of AI Tools: Approximately 61.60% of educators are utilizing AI tools for teaching, preparation, and student engagement.
  • Recognition of AI’s Transformative Potential: Around 64.87% of educators acknowledge that AI has the potential to transform learning experiences and personalize education.
  • Preparation for an AI-Dominated Future: About 63.61% of educators believe that integrating AI is crucial for preparing students for a future where AI is prevalent.
  • Advocacy for AI Regulation: A significant 87.85% of educators support government regulation and monitoring of AI development and application to address ethical implications.
  • Need for Teacher Training in AI: Approximately 54.92% of educators express the need for AI training to ensure teachers are prepared for AI integration in education.

What are the key concerns regarding the use of AI in education?

  • Over-Reliance on AI and Reduced Critical Thinking: Students may become dependent on AI-generated responses, leading to a decline in their ability to critically analyze information. Example: If students use AI tools like ChatGPT for essay writing without verification, they may accept biased or inaccurate information without questioning it.
  • Ethical and Privacy Issues: AI tools collect and store user data, raising questions about the privacy and security of sensitive academic information. Example: Using AI-powered platforms without adequate security may expose student data to third parties, violating privacy regulations like GDPR.
  • Unequal Access and Digital Divide: Not all students and institutions have equal access to advanced AI tools, widening the educational inequality gap. Example: Rural schools with limited technological infrastructure may struggle to implement AI-based learning.

Why is it important for educational institutions to develop their own AI usage policies?

  • Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Use: Clear policies guide the ethical use of AI, preventing misuse, plagiarism, and data breaches. Example: A university policy on AI-assisted research can outline acceptable use, ensuring students disclose AI-generated content in academic work.
  • Protecting Student Privacy and Data Security: Policies help safeguard sensitive student information and comply with legal standards like GDPR or India’s DPDP Act. Example: Schools can restrict AI tools from accessing personal data by enforcing guidelines on how and when these technologies are used.
  • Maintaining Academic Integrity and Fair Assessment: AI policies uphold the integrity of learning by defining appropriate AI use in assignments and assessments. Example: A school policy may allow AI for research assistance but prohibit its use in writing final exam essays to ensure fair evaluation.

When should AI tools be integrated into the curriculum? 

  • When Enhancing Personalized Learning: AI tools should be introduced when they can tailor educational content to individual student needs, improving learning outcomes. Example: Adaptive learning platforms like Khan Academy or Duolingo can adjust the difficulty of lessons based on a student’s progress, offering personalized learning paths.
  • When Supporting Skill Development for the Future: AI should be integrated when it helps students develop critical skills like data analysis, problem-solving, and digital literacy, which are essential for future careers. Example: Teaching AI programming using platforms like TensorFlow or Scratch can prepare students for careers in technology and data science.
  • When Facilitating Innovative Teaching Methods: AI tools should be included when they enhance creative and interactive teaching approaches that traditional methods cannot achieve. Example: Virtual labs using AI simulations in subjects like biology or physics allow students to conduct experiments safely and repeatedly, improving comprehension.

How can educators balance the use of AI while fostering critical thinking and analytical skills in students?

  • Aligning AI Tools with Specific Learning Outcomes: AI should be used when it directly supports and enhances the achievement of clearly defined educational goals. Example: If the objective is to improve analytical reasoning, AI-powered data visualization tools like Tableau can help students interpret complex datasets and draw meaningful insights.
  • Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills: AI should be integrated when it fosters deeper learning by encouraging inquiry, creativity, and solution-oriented thinking. Example: AI-driven coding platforms like Scratch or Python Tutor can promote computational thinking and logical reasoning through hands-on programming tasks.
  • Supporting Assessment and Feedback Mechanisms: AI should be used to provide timely, personalized feedback that aligns with the learning objectives and helps track student progress. Example: Automated grading systems like Grammarly or Turnitin can assist in assessing writing skills and offer constructive feedback to improve academic writing.

Way forward: 

  • Develop Comprehensive AI Literacy Programs: Equip educators and students with the skills to critically evaluate AI outputs, ensuring responsible and informed use.
  • Establish Clear, Adaptive AI Governance Frameworks: Implement dynamic policies that balance innovation with ethical standards, ensuring equitable access and academic integrity.

Mains PYQ:

Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC IAS/2017)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Successful PHTA Test of ISRO’s Semi-Cryogenic Engine

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Successful PHTA Test of ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine

Why in the News?

ISRO successfully conducted a hot test on the semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000), a key step towards finalizing the cryogenic stage for future launch vehicles. This Power Head Test Article (PHTA) is the first hardware test for semi-cryogenic engines.

About the SE2000 Engine

  • The SE2000 engine is a semi-cryogenic rocket engine developed by ISRO to enhance propulsion for future heavy-lift launch vehicles.
  • It is designed to power the booster stages of rockets, increasing payload capacity and efficiency.
  • The engine operates on a Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Refined Kerosene (RP-1) combination, unlike traditional cryogenic engines that use LOX and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2).
  • Key features of the SE2000 engine:
    • Thrust capability: 2000 kN (kilonewtons), making it one of ISRO’s most powerful engines.
    • Higher density impulse: Provides better efficiency than LOX-LH2 combinations.
    • Cost-effective: Kerosene is cheaper and easier to handle than liquid hydrogen.
    • Storage advantages: Kerosene can be stored at ambient temperatures, unlike liquid hydrogen, which requires -253°C for storage.
  • The engine is expected to enhance the performance of LVM3 and will be used in ISRO’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
  • Applications of the SE2000 engine:
    • Heavy-lift launch missions with increased payload capacity.
    • Future space exploration programs, including human spaceflight missions like Gaganyaan.
    • Reusable launch vehicles, contributing to cost-effective and sustainable space travel.

What is the PHTA Test?

  • The PHTA test is a crucial hardware test conducted as part of the SE2000 semi-cryogenic engine development process.
  • It is designed to validate key engine subsystems before full-scale integration and testing.
  • Purpose of the PHTA test:
    • Ensure subsystems perform as expected under operational conditions.
    • Evaluate pressure, temperature, thrust efficiency, and fuel combustion.
    • Identify potential technical issues before moving to full engine testing.
  • A previous attempt in July 2023 was aborted due to technical issues at ISRO’s Mahendragiri facility.

Back2Basics: Semi-Cryogenic vs. Cryogenic Engines

  • A semi-cryogenic engine uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene as propellants, making it easier to handle and store than the cryogenic engine, which uses liquid hydrogen (LH2).
  • Semi-cryogenic engines are less efficient but more cost-effective and practical for Earth-orbit missions.
  • Cryogenic engines offer higher performance due to the higher specific impulse of liquid hydrogen but are more complex to store and manage.
  • Semi-cryogenic engines strike a balance between cost, efficiency, and simplicity.

 

PYQ:

[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:

1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.

2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.

3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 3 only

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: COPUOS

Why in the News?

In December 2024, a 500 kg metal object crashed in Makueni County, Kenya, highlighting the growing concern over uncontrolled satellite re-entries, for which the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) remains accountable.

It has yet to implement binding regulations on space debris disposal and re-entry control.

About the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)

  • The COPUOS was established in 1958 to promote international cooperation in the peaceful use of outer space and address legal issues related to space exploration.
  • The committee currently has 102 member states (as of 2022) and meets annually in Vienna, Austria.
  • COPUOS plays a key role in preventing the militarization of space and ensuring responsible space activity.
  • Historical Context:
    • Established following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, COPUOS was instrumental in preventing space from becoming a new conflict zone.
    • Resolution 1721 (1961) declared that international law applies in outer space and directed states to report all space launches to the UN public registry.
  • Subcommittees:
    • Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (meets in February).
    • Legal Subcommittee (meets in April).

Space Treaties overseen by COPUOS:

  • COPUOS oversees five key UN treaties and agreements related to space activities:
  1. Outer Space Treaty (1967):  Establishes principles for space exploration and prohibits national sovereignty over celestial bodies.
  2. Rescue Agreement (1968): Governs the rescue and return of astronauts and space objects.
  3. Liability Convention (1972): Defines responsibility for damage caused by space objects, introducing absolute liability for damages on Earth.
  4. Registration Convention (1976): Requires states to register launched space objects with the UN.
  5. Moon Treaty (1984): Regulates activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies.

Defining Space Debris in Law

  • Space debris has no universally accepted legal definition in international treaties.
  • The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) defines it as non-functional man-made objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere.
  • Legal disputes arise over whether a piece of debris qualifies as a “space object” under the 1972 Liability Convention.

Liability Under International Space Law

  • Outer Space Treaty (1967), Article VI: States bear responsibility for national space activities, including those by private companies.
  • Liability Convention (1972): Introduced “absolute liability”, meaning launching states are automatically responsible for damage caused by space objects.
    • However, liability enforcement remains weak, and affected nations often struggle to claim full compensation.

 

PYQ:

[2014] International civil aviation laws provide all countries complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’? What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat.

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Wolly Mammoth Traits in Mice using Gene Editing

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Wolly Mammoth

Why in the News?

Recently, Colossal Biosciences has created a “Woolly Mouse” by editing seven genes in mice embryos to mimic the cold-adaptive traits of woolly mammoths.

What are Woolly Mammoths?

  • The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a large, Ice Age herbivore that roamed Eurasia and North America, thriving in cold tundra environments.
  • It had a thick woolly coat, a fat layer for insulation, and small ears to minimize heat loss.
  • Mammoths lived in herds and primarily fed on grasses and shrubs.
  • They went extinct around 4,000 years ago, likely due to climate change, habitat loss, and human hunting.
  • Scientists believe reviving mammoth-like elephants could help restore Arctic ecosystems and slow permafrost thawing.

Wolly Mammoth Traits in Mice using Gene Editing

About Woolly Mice

  • The Woolly Mouse is a genetically modified laboratory mouse developed by Colossal Biosciences to test their de-extinction research.
  • Scientists successfully edited seven genes, resulting in mice with thick, woolly fur, mimicking the coat of a woolly mammoth.
  • Key Features of Woolly Mice:
    • Genetically engineered for cold-resistant traits using DNA modifications.
    • Long, thick, wavy fur and curled whiskers, resembling mammoth adaptations.
    • Created by combining multiple genetic variants into a single organism.
    • Serves as a model organism to test gene-editing techniques before applying them to Asian elephants, the closest living relatives of woolly mammoths.

Technology Used in Woolly Mouse Development:

  • The CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to precisely modify DNA.
  • Scientists identified genes responsible for fur texture, length, and body fat metabolism, allowing them to engineer cold-resistant traits.
  • Scientists edited seven genes simultaneously, an unprecedented feat in genetic engineering.
  • Key genes modified included:
    • FGF5:  regulates hair growth, making it longer and thicker.
    • MC1R: controls hair color, giving the mice a golden hue similar to mammoth fur.
    • Hair follicle structure genes: induced woolly hair texture, wavy coats, and curled whiskers.

PYQ:

[2013] Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred:

1. across different species of plants

2. from animals to plants

3. from microorganisms to higher organisms

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Wildlife Conservation Efforts

J&K to promote Bangus Valley near LoC for Ecotourism

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Bangus Valley

Why in the News?

The Jammu and Kashmir government has announced new ecotourism policies for Bangus Valley, a scenic yet lesser-known destination near the Line of Control (LoC) in North Kashmir.

J&K to promote Bangus Valley near LoC for Ecotourism

About Bangus Valley

  • It is situated in Kupwara district, Jammu & Kashmir, about 100 km from Srinagar in the Pir Panjal range, close to the Line of Control (LoC).
  • It consists of 2 valleys:
    • Boud Bangus (Big Bangus): ~300 sq km, surrounded by Rajwar, Mawar, and Shamasbury ranges.
    • Lokut Bangus (Small Bangus): A smaller valley northeast of Big Bangus, known for trekking routes.
  • Its name is derived from Sanskrit words “Van” (forest) and “Gus” (grass), meaning “Forest of Grass.”
  • Connectivity:
    • Handwara via Reshwari Mawer (shortest and most preferred route).
    • Handwara via Rajwar (trekking route).
    • Kupwara via Chowkibal (under development, expected completion by 2025).
    • Road connectivity via Handwara is complete (June 2022).

Ecological Importance of Bangus Valley:

  • Biodiversity: Home to 50+ animal species and 10+ bird species.
  • Key Mammals: Musk deer, antelope, snow leopard, brown bear, black bear, red fox, monkeys.
  • Bird Species: Tragopan, monal pheasant, black partridge, bush quail, wild fowl.
  • Flora: Rich in medicinal plants and wildflowers, supporting traditional herbal medicine.
  • Water Conservation: 14 tributaries, including Roshan Kul, Tillwan Kul, Douda Kul, feed the Pohru River.
  • Climate Sensitivity: Threatened by glacial melt and changing precipitation patterns.

PYQ:

[2019] Siachen Glacier is situated to the:

(a) East of Aksai Chin

(b) East of Leh

(c) North of Gilgit

(d) North of Nubra Valley

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Medical Education Governance in India

[6th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Over-centralisation threatens federal health policy

PYQ Relevance:

Q)Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021)

Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Welfare State, primary health structure (2021), and Public health system (2015).

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Dr. Tanvi Behl vs Shrey Goyal (2025), striking down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions, changes India’s medical education policy. While promoting merit, it overlooks how these reservations support State public health needs and may discourage States from investing in government medical colleges, weakening their healthcare systems.

Today’s editorial discusses domicile-based reservations, which is useful for writing answers in UPSC Mains GS Paper 2 on Governance, especially regarding State policies and public health challenges.

_

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

The ruling that ended domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions ignores the practical challenges of managing public health.

What are Domicile-based reservations? 

  • Domicile-based reservations are quotas in educational institutions or government jobs reserved for individuals who are permanent residents of a particular State or region. These reservations aim to address local needs, ensure regional representation, and retain skilled professionals within the State.
  • For example, in Tamil Nadu, a portion of post-graduate medical seats is reserved for candidates who have completed their medical education in the State.

What are the key arguments made by the Supreme Court in striking down domicile-based reservations?

  • Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court held that domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions violate Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law. Example: It argued that restricting access to medical seats based on domicile status is discriminatory against equally qualified non-local candidates.
  • Primacy of Meritocracy in Higher Education: The judgment emphasized that merit should be the primary criterion for post-graduate medical admissions to ensure the best candidates receive specialist training. Example: It relied on Pradeep Jain vs Union of India (1984), where the Court discouraged domicile-based quotas, stating that such policies dilute academic standards in advanced medical training.
  • Uniform and Centralized Medical Education Framework: The Court favored a national, merit-based system to maintain uniformity in medical admissions across States and prevent fragmentation. Example: It pointed to central institutions like AIIMS and PGIMER, which follow a centralized selection process without domicile reservations, ensuring open competition for all candidates.

Why is domicile-based reservation considered crucial for State-level?

  • Retention of Specialist Doctors in Public Health Systems: Domicile quotas ensure that medical graduates trained in State institutions are more likely to serve within the State, addressing local health-care needs. Example: States with severe specialist shortages (e.g., rural Bihar or Odisha) rely on domicile-based reservations to retain medical professionals and improve health outcomes.
  • Alignment of State Investment with Local Workforce Needs: States invest substantial resources in medical education and expect returns through a local medical workforce. Domicile quotas ensure these investments benefit the State’s health infrastructure. Example: Tamil Nadu links domicile-based quotas to mandatory public service, ensuring that doctors trained using State funds serve in government hospitals.
  • Addressing Regional Health Disparities: Domicile reservations help in reducing regional imbalances by ensuring that underserved areas have access to medical specialists who understand local challenges. Example: Northeastern States with limited access to advanced medical care use domicile quotas to maintain a local pool of doctors familiar with tribal and rural health needs.
  • Predictable Medical Workforce Supply: States depend on domicile quotas to create a steady pipeline of medical specialists who can fulfill long-term public health needs. Example: Maharashtra implements domicile-based reservations to ensure consistent recruitment for rural health centers and district hospitals.
  • Incentivizing State Investment in Medical Education: If States cannot ensure that their medical graduates remain local, they may reduce funding for medical colleges, weakening health infrastructure. Example: Without domicile quotas, smaller States like Goa risk losing locally trained doctors to other regions, discouraging future investment in medical education.

How does the ruling impact State incentives to invest in government medical colleges and public health infrastructure?

  • Reduced Motivation to Fund Medical Education: Without domicile-based reservations, States cannot ensure that doctors trained in government-funded colleges will stay and serve locally. This may discourage future investments in medical education. Example: Odisha may be less inclined to invest in new medical colleges if graduates move to other States for better opportunities.
  • Weaker Public Health Infrastructure: States depend on locally trained doctors to staff public hospitals. Without a guaranteed local workforce, rural and underserved areas may face doctor shortages, weakening health services. Example: Bihar, already struggling with a lack of specialists, could face further shortages in district hospitals due to reduced local retention.
  • Increased Dependence on External Recruitment: The ruling forces States to rely on recruiting doctors from outside, which can be costly, inefficient, and unpredictable, especially in remote regions. Example: Himachal Pradesh may need to import specialists, increasing costs and reducing long-term staffing stability in rural clinics.
  • Discouragement of Regional Policy Innovation: States using service-linked quotas to address local health needs lose a valuable tool to customize their medical education policies. Example: Tamil Nadu’s model, which ties post-graduate seats to public service, could be undermined, reducing the State’s ability to ensure healthcare delivery.
  • Widening Regional Health Inequalities: States with fewer resources will struggle to compete with wealthier regions in attracting and retaining medical professionals, increasing healthcare gaps. Example: Northeastern States like Assam may face a brain drain, making it harder to deliver essential medical care in rural areas.

Way forward: 

  • Balanced Policy Framework: Introduce a hybrid model combining merit-based admissions with incentives (e.g., service bonds or rural postings) to retain doctors in underserved areas while upholding constitutional equality.
  • Strengthening National and State Collaboration: Foster State-Centre cooperation to create region-specific policies under the National Medical Commission (NMC) that address local health needs without violating merit-based norms.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

U.S. will impose reciprocal tariffs from April 2: Trump

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: India-USA relation;

Why in the News?

U.S. President Donald Trump criticised the high tariffs imposed by India and other countries, calling them “very unfair,” and announced that reciprocal tariffs would be implemented from April 2 on nations that levy duties on American goods.

tariff
US

What are the main reasons for imposing reciprocal tariffs on countries like India and China?

  • High Import Tariffs Imposed by These Countries: The U.S. administration has expressed concerns over the substantial tariffs that nations such as India and China impose on American goods. For instance, India charges auto tariffs exceeding 100%.
  • Trade Imbalances: The U.S. aims to address significant trade deficits with countries like China. By imposing reciprocal tariffs, the U.S. seeks to encourage these nations to reduce their tariffs and open their markets to American products, thereby promoting fairer trade practices.
  • Protection of Domestic Industries: High tariffs from countries like China have adversely affected U.S. industries, particularly manufacturing and agriculture. The reciprocal tariffs are intended to protect these sectors from unfair competition and to support domestic employment.

Why did USA’s President emphasize that India “will not be spared” from the reciprocal tariff measures?

The U.S. President emphasized that India “will not be spared” from reciprocal tariff measures due to several key factors:

  • High Tariffs Imposed by India on U.S. Goods: The U.S. argues that India imposes excessively high tariffs on American products, particularly in the automobile and agricultural sectors. Example: India levies over 100% import duty on U.S. motorcycles like Harley-Davidson, which the U.S. considers an unfair trade barrier.
  • Trade Imbalance Between the U.S. and India: The U.S. has consistently faced a trade deficit with India, meaning India exports more to the U.S. than it imports. This imbalance is viewed as economically disadvantageous. Example: In 2023, the U.S. trade deficit with India was approximately $42 billion, prompting calls for more balanced trade relations.
  • Market Access Restrictions: The U.S. claims India imposes non-tariff barriers and complex regulatory frameworks, limiting American companies’ access to the Indian market. Example: U.S. agricultural products such as dairy face strict Indian regulations on sourcing and labeling, restricting their market entry.
  • Retaliation Against U.S. Tariff Policies: India has imposed retaliatory tariffs on several U.S. products in response to American tariffs on steel and aluminum. This reciprocal action has escalated trade tensions. Example: After the U.S. raised tariffs on Indian steel (25%) and aluminum (10%), India imposed tariffs on U.S. agricultural products like almonds and apples.
  • Strategic Leverage in Trade Negotiations: By targeting major trading partners like India, the U.S. aims to pressure these countries into negotiating more favorable trade agreements. Example: The U.S. sought reduced tariffs on electric vehicles to facilitate the entry of companies like Tesla into the Indian market, using tariff threats as a bargaining tool.

What are the potential global trade implications of the U.S. imposing reciprocal tariffs? 

  • Escalation of Global Trade Wars: Reciprocal tariffs can trigger retaliatory measures from affected countries, leading to prolonged trade conflicts and increased global economic uncertainty. Example: After the U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods under Section 301, China retaliated with tariffs on U.S. agricultural products, disrupting global supply chains and trade flows.
  • Rising Costs for Consumers and Businesses: Increased tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, leading to higher prices for consumers and increased production costs for businesses reliant on global supply chains. Example: U.S. tariffs on Chinese electronics increased costs for American companies like Apple, which faced higher prices for components and devices.
  • Disruption of Global Trade Agreements and Alliances: Imposing unilateral tariffs undermines multilateral trade frameworks like the World Trade Organization (WTO), weakening global cooperation and trade stability. Example: U.S. tariffs on European steel and aluminum strained transatlantic relations and led the EU to impose counter-tariffs on American motorcycles and bourbon.

How will it impact India? 

  • Widening of the Current Account Deficit (CAD): Higher U.S. tariffs on Indian exports can reduce foreign exchange earnings, leading to a wider CAD as export revenue declines while import costs remain unchanged or increase. Example: The U.S. withdrawal of GSP benefits in 2019 reduced India’s export competitiveness, contributing to a widened CAD of 2.1% of GDP in FY19 from 1.8% in FY18.
  • Depreciation of the Indian Rupee: A higher CAD increases demand for foreign currency, putting pressure on the rupee’s value and causing depreciation, which raises the cost of imports like crude oil. Example: In 2018, after U.S. tariffs and India’s rising oil import bill, the rupee fell to ₹74 per USD, increasing inflation and making imported goods more expensive.
  • Reduced Export Competitiveness: Higher tariffs on Indian goods in the U.S. market can make Indian products more expensive, reducing their competitiveness and affecting export-driven industries. Example: U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum (25% and 10%, respectively) in 2018 affected Indian exporters, leading to a decline in shipments and increased production costs.
  • Disruption in Key Sectors: Industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and auto parts—major contributors to India’s exports—could face higher barriers, impacting growth and employment. Example: U.S. withdrawal of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) benefits in 2019 affected $6 billion worth of Indian exports, especially in textiles and jewelry.

Way forward: 

  • Bilateral Trade Negotiations: Strengthen diplomatic efforts to negotiate mutually beneficial trade agreements with the U.S., focusing on reducing tariffs and enhancing market access for key sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, and technology.
  • Diversification of Export Markets: Reduce dependency on the U.S. by exploring new markets through regional trade agreements (e.g., Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements) and expanding in regions like Africa and Southeast Asia.

Mains PYQ:

Q “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC IAS/2019)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

DeepSeek’s market disruption must awaken India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Impact of AI;

Why in the News?

DeepSeek has disrupted the global tech industry and stock markets with its affordable artificial intelligence (AI) model.

How does DeepSeek’s low-cost AI model pose a threat to India’s dominance in the global IT sector?

  • Cost Efficiency and Competitive Pressure: DeepSeek’s AI models, developed at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional models, could pressure Indian IT firms to reduce their prices, potentially impacting profit margins. For example, DeepSeek’s R1 model was built using less-advanced Nvidia H800 chips, significantly lowering development costs.
  • Acceleration of AI Adoption: The affordability of DeepSeek’s models may lead to faster AI adoption globally, compelling Indian IT companies to integrate AI rapidly into their services to remain competitive. This swift integration could strain resources and require substantial upskilling of the workforce.
  • Shift in Client Expectations: Clients may begin to expect more cost-effective AI solutions, challenging Indian IT firms to innovate and offer similar value propositions. This shift could disrupt traditional business models that rely on higher-cost infrastructures.
  • Increased Global Competition: DeepSeek’s success might inspire other low-cost AI entrants, intensifying competition in markets where Indian IT firms have traditionally held strong positions. This could lead to a more crowded marketplace, making differentiation more challenging.

What lessons can Indian IT firms learn from DeepSeek’s approach to research and development (R&D)?

  • Prioritize Long-term Innovation Over Short-term Gains: DeepSeek treated AI development as a secondary initiative, yet its investment in long-term innovation led to groundbreaking success. Indian IT firms should allocate resources to explore emerging technologies beyond immediate client needs.
  • Utilize Surplus Capital for Experimental Projects: DeepSeek leveraged excess resources from its financial trading operations to invest in AI research. Indian IT companies can similarly channel surplus funds into experimental R&D, such as advanced AI and quantum computing.
  • Invest in Talent and Advanced Research: DeepSeek’s success was driven by advanced AI expertise. Indian IT firms should actively recruit and retain top researchers, particularly those with specialized skills (e.g., PhDs in machine learning), to drive future innovation.

Why is increasing Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) crucial for India?

  • Enhances Technological Competitiveness: Higher R&D spending fosters innovation, enabling India to compete globally in emerging technologies like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology. Without increased GERD, India risks falling behind nations like China, which invests over 2.43% of its GDP in R&D.
  • Drives Economic Growth and Job Creation: Increased R&D investment stimulates industrial innovation, leading to the development of new products, industries, and high-value jobs. Countries with higher GERD, like South Korea (4.93% of GDP), have seen robust economic growth driven by technological advancements.
  • Reduces Dependence on Foreign Technologies: Greater domestic R&D investment strengthens self-reliance in critical sectors such as defense, healthcare, and clean energy. For instance, India’s investment in space technology through ISRO’s R&D has reduced dependency on foreign satellite services while enhancing national security.

Why is increasing Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) crucial for India?

  • Strategic National Security Advancement: Quantum technology can revolutionize secure communications through quantum encryption, making data virtually unhackable. Countries like China have already developed quantum communication satellites, enhancing their cybersecurity capabilities.
  • Global Competitiveness in Emerging Industries: Investing in quantum computing enables breakthroughs in industries like pharmaceuticals, finance, and logistics. For instance, quantum simulations can accelerate drug discovery by accurately modeling complex molecules.
  • Reducing Dependence on Foreign Technology: Developing indigenous quantum capabilities reduces reliance on global tech giants for advanced computing solutions. India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to build quantum computers and communication networks, promoting self-reliance.
  • Strengthening Scientific Collaboration and Talent Development: Quantum research encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and advanced skill development, attracting top scientific talent. India’s initiatives like the Quantum-Enabled Science & Technology (QuEST) program aim to build a skilled workforce and global research partnerships.

How can India balance the growth of both manufacturing and services sectors to foster innovation and economic competitiveness? (Way Forward)

  • Promoting Synergy Between Manufacturing and Digital Services: Encourage the integration of advanced digital technologies (e.g., AI, IoT) in manufacturing to enhance productivity and global competitiveness. For instance, initiatives like “Make in India” combined with “Digital India” promote smart manufacturing and digital service exports.
  • Investing in Skill Development for Both Sectors: Develop a workforce equipped with technical and digital skills to meet the demands of both manufacturing and service industries. Programs like the Skill India Mission train workers in emerging technologies, bridging the gap between traditional manufacturing and modern services.
  • Strengthening R&D and Innovation Ecosystems: Foster public-private collaboration to drive research and innovation across sectors, ensuring technological advancements benefit both industries. For example, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme incentivizes domestic manufacturing while encouraging innovation in areas like electronics and pharmaceuticals.

Mains PYQ:

Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme

Why in the News?

Punjab has fully utilized ₹4,713 crore allocated under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), making it the top-ranked state in India for implementing this scheme.

As a result, Punjab has been granted an additional ₹2,337 crore to further expand its agricultural infrastructure projects.

What is the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme?

  • The AIF is a ₹1 lakh crore financing facility launched by the Government of India in July 2020 to support post-harvest agricultural infrastructure and community farming assets.
  • AIF provides medium- to long-term debt financing at subsidized interest rates, along with credit guarantee support, to eligible beneficiaries.

Key Features of the AIF Scheme:

  • Total Corpus & Disbursement: ₹1 lakh crore, disbursed over 10 years (2020-21 to 2029-30).
  • Interest Subvention & Loan Benefits:
    • 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹2 crore.
    • Credit guarantee support through CGTMSE and NABSanrakshan.
    • Maximum interest rate capped at 9% for a 7-year tenure.
  • Eligible Projects:
    • Post-harvest infrastructure: Warehouses, cold storage, silos, drying yards, sorting, and packaging units.
    • Processing & Value Addition: Food processing plants, oil mills, flour mills, kinnow and cashew processing.
    • Technology-driven solutions: Drone projects, hi-tech farm equipment rental centers.
    • Renewable energy: Solar-powered irrigation and cold storage units.
  • Integration with Other Government Schemes: Can be combined with State & Central subsidies for maximum benefit.
  • Implementation & Monitoring:
    • Managed via online MIS platform for real-time tracking.
    • National, State & District-level monitoring committees ensure effective execution.

Eligible Beneficiaries Under AIF:

  • Individual Farmers:  Seeking on-farm storage or processing units.
  • Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs):  For community-based infrastructure.
  • Self-Help Groups (SHGs) & Joint Liability Groups (JLGs): Engaged in agricultural activities.
  • Cooperative Societies & Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS): For collective farming and value addition.
  • Startups & Agri-Tech Companies: Developing post-harvest management solutions.
  • State Agencies & PPP Projects: Government-backed rural infrastructure projects.
  • Entrepreneurs & Agripreneurs: Working in food processing and value addition.

PYQ:

[2017] Which of the following is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?

1. It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.

2. It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

Suspension of MLAs

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Suspension of MLAs

Why in the News?

An MLA was suspended from the Maharashtra Assembly for praising and justifying the actions of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. This incident has sparked a debate on the rules and constitutional provisions governing the suspension of MLAs in India.

What is the Suspension of MLAs?

  • Suspension of MLAs is a disciplinary measure imposed by the Speaker to maintain order and decorum in the House.
  • It is used when members engage in unruly behavior, disrupt proceedings, or violate parliamentary rules.
  • Duration can range from a single day to the remainder of the session.

Rules Governing Suspension of MLAs:

Rule 53 of Maharashtra Assembly
  • The Speaker can order a member to withdraw for grossly disorderly conduct.
  • If repeated, they can be suspended for the remainder of the session.
“Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business” in Lok Sabha
  • Template for most state assemblies allows suspension for obstructing House business.
  • Suspension should not exceed the session.
Maharashtra’s Suspension Practices vs Other States Maharashtra has no upper limit on suspension duration, unlike states like Odisha where it is capped at 7 days.
Article 212 (1) [Protection of Legislative Proceedings]
  • Prevents courts from questioning legislative proceedings on procedural grounds.
  • Used to argue that courts have no jurisdiction over suspensions.
Article 194 [Powers and Privileges of the Legislature] Grants legislative bodies the power to maintain order and discipline. Justifies suspensions beyond Rule 53.
Article 190 (4) [Absence from Legislative Proceedings]
  • If an MLA is absent for more than 60 days without permission, their seat can be declared vacant.
  • Prolonged suspensions violate this provision.
Representation of the People Act, 1951 – Section 151 (A) Mandates a by-election within six months if a seat becomes vacant. Supreme Court argues that suspensions beyond six months deprive constituencies of representation.

Supreme Court Rulings on Suspension:

(a) 2022 Supreme Court Ruling on Maharashtra BJP MLAs

  • In 2021, 12 BJP MLAs were suspended for one year for disrupting proceedings.
  • Judgment:
    • Suspensions beyond six months are unconstitutional.
    • Prolonged suspensions deprive voters of representation.
    • Governments could misuse suspensions to weaken the opposition.
    • The Speaker’s discretion is subject to constitutional limits.

(b) Jambuwantrao Dhote Case (1964): Only Maharashtra MLA expelled for throwing a paperweight at the Speaker during Vasantrao Naik’s Government.

PYQ:

[2019] With reference to the Legislative Assembly of a State in India, consider the following statements:

1. The Governor makes a customary address to Members of the House at the commencement of the first session of the year.

2. When a State Legislature does not have a rule on a particular matter, it follows the Lok Sabha rule on that matter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

[pib] Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme (LHDCS)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme (LHDCS)

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the revision of the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP).

The revised scheme, with a total outlay of ₹3,880 crore for 2024-25 and 2025-26, includes a new component called “Pashu Aushadhi” to improve the availability of generic veterinary medicines.

What is LHDC Scheme?

About
  • Government of India initiative launched in 2022.
  • Aims to improve animal health, control livestock diseases, and enhance veterinary services.
  • Revised with ₹3,880 crore outlay for 2024-25 and 2025-26.
  • Includes “Pashu Aushadhi” for affordable veterinary medicines.
Features of LHDC
  • Disease Control & Vaccination: Targets FMD, Brucellosis, PPR, CSF, Lumpy Skin Disease. Mass vaccination and eradication.
  • Veterinary Healthcare: Expansion of veterinary hospitals and Mobile Veterinary Units (MVUs).
  • Disease Surveillance: Strengthened disease reporting and monitoring systems.
  • “Pashu Aushadhi”: Affordable, high-quality veterinary medicines with ₹75 crore allocation.

Sub-Components:

  1. Critical Animal Disease Control Programme (CADCP): Focuses on eradicating high-risk livestock diseases.
  2. Establishment & Strengthening of Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD-MVU): Expands mobile veterinary units (MVUs) for better access to veterinary care.
  3. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases (ASCAD): Provides financial support to states for disease prevention and control.
  • Economic Benefits: Prevents livestock mortality and improves milk, meat, and wool production.
Implementation & Funding Strategy: Coordinated efforts by Central and State Governments; monitoring and assessment mechanisms.

Funding: ₹3,880 crore for 2024-25 and 2025-26:

  • 100% central funding for CADCP and non-recurring ESVHD components.
  • 60:40 share for other components and ASCAD.
  • 90:10 funding for North Eastern and Himalayan States.
  • 100% Central funding for Union Territories.

 

PYQ:

[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.

[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Mother and Child Health – Immunization Program, BPBB, PMJSY, PMMSY, etc.

[pib] Phase-III of Suposhit Maa Abhiyan

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Suposhit Maa Abhiyan

Why in the News?

Lok Sabha Speaker launched the third phase of the Suposhit Maa Abhiyan, a campaign aimed at empowering mothers and improving the health of pregnant women and newborns.

What is Suposhit Maa Abhiyan?

  • The Suposhit Maa Abhiyan is a maternal and child health initiative launched by Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla in March 2020 in Kota, Rajasthan.
  • It aims to eliminate malnutrition among pregnant women and newborns by providing nutritional support, medical care, and health awareness.
  • Social workers and volunteers identify underprivileged pregnant women. Registration through community outreach programs and online platforms.
  • Key Features:
    • Nutritional Support: Monthly 17 kg nutrition kits for pregnant women.
    • Medical Assistance: Regular health check-ups, blood tests, and medication support.
    • Health Cards: Track maternal health, nutrition levels, and medical history.
    • Adoption Model: One pregnant woman per family can be adopted for support.
    • Awareness Drives: Sessions on maternal care, infant nutrition, and postpartum health.
    • Mortality Rate Reduction: Increased normal deliveries, healthier newborns, and improved maternal health.

Phases of the Campaign:

  • Phase 1 (March 2020):
    • 1,000 pregnant women received balanced nutrition kits.
    • Medical check-ups, medicines, and delivery support provided.
  • Phase 2 (May 2022):
    • 3,000 women received nutrition kits for 9 months.
    • Expanded health monitoring and medical consultation services.
  • Phase 3 (February 2025):
    • 1,800+ pregnant women identified for continuous health monitoring.
    • Monthly nutrition kits and health card tracking introduced.

PYQ:

[2020] In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.

[2017] Which of the following are the objectives of the ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Tax Reforms

[5th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Little has changed in the Income-Tax Bill, 2025

PYQ Relevance:

Q) Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC CSE 2019)

 

Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Long-term Capital Gains Tax (2018) and indirect taxes (2019).

In February 2025, the Union Finance Minister introduced the Income-Tax Bill, 2025, to replace the Income-Tax Act, 1961. The government claims it will simplify tax laws and reduce disputes. However, despite some structural changes, many complexities remain, and the Bill grants even more authoritarian powers than the current law.

Today’s editorial discusses the newly introduced Income-Tax Bill, 2025, which is important for the GS III Mains paper.

_

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

Recently, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduced the Income Tax Bill, 2025, in the Lok Sabha, while opposition parties protested against it.

What are the key objectives of the Income-Tax Bill, 2025? 

  • Simplifying Tax Laws: To make the tax code easier to understand for both taxpayers and professionals. Example: Replacing complex legal phrases like “notwithstanding anything contained to the contrary” with simpler terms like “irrespective of anything to the contrary”.
  • Reducing Litigation and Ambiguity: To minimize legal disputes by providing clearer definitions and reducing interpretative confusion. Example: Consolidating compliance timelines into tables and schedules to avoid multiple interpretations of deadlines.
  • Modernizing Tax Compliance: To align tax administration with technological advancements and changing business environments. Example: Allowing the use of a “risk management strategy” to identify tax evasion through data analysis.
  • Ensuring Policy Continuity with Structural Reform: To retain core tax policies while improving the law’s structure for better efficiency. Example: Definitions like “income” still refer to the 1961 Act but are presented in a more structured format.
  • Expanding Digital Oversight: To empower tax authorities to investigate digital transactions and virtual assets. Example: Permitting access to digital platforms (e.g., email servers and social media) during tax investigations.

Why did the government previously amend the criteria for a reassessment of tax?

The government previously amended the criteria for reassessment of tax through the Finance Act, 2021, which came into effect on April 1, 2021. This marked a significant shift in the reassessment framework under the Income Tax Act, 1961.

  • Shift from “Reason to Believe” to “Information”: The previous requirement for reassessment was based on the assessing officer having a “reason to believe” that income had escaped assessment. Example: After 2021, tax authorities could reopen assessments if they had “information” suggesting unreported income, including data from third-party reports.
  • Introduction of Risk Management Strategy: The amendment introduced the use of a “risk management strategy” as a basis for reopening tax assessments. Example: Tax authorities can now reopen cases based on algorithm-driven data analysis without needing detailed justification.
  • Time Limit Reduction for Reopening Assessments: The time limit for reassessment was reduced from 6 years to 3 years for most cases, with a 10-year limit for cases involving income above ₹50 lakh. Example: If concealed income exceeds ₹50 lakh, tax authorities can reopen cases up to 10 years later, enhancing scrutiny in high-value matters.
  • Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations: The vague definition of “information” and the undefined “risk management strategy” led to concerns over arbitrary use of power. Example: Courts have intervened to limit reassessment powers, demanding stricter adherence to procedural safeguards to protect taxpayer rights.

What are the main concerns regarding their implementation?

  • Increased Administrative Burden: The new system requires detailed procedures and prior approvals, leading to delays and increased workload for tax authorities. Example: Obtaining approval from senior officers before issuing notices can slow down reassessment, especially in cases involving large volumes of data.
  • Ambiguity in “Information” Definition: The term “information” used to trigger reassessment is broad and vague, allowing subjective interpretations. Example: Data from social media activity or third-party reports can be used for reopening cases, raising concerns about the reliability and accuracy of such information.
  • Risk of Harassment and Overreach: Despite safeguards, there is concern that taxpayers may still face unwarranted scrutiny under the new rules. Example: Cases where income exceeds ₹50 lakh can be reopened for up to 10 years, leading to prolonged uncertainty for taxpayers.
  • Challenges in Data Privacy and Security: Accessing digital platforms and using technology-based triggers raises privacy concerns for individuals and businesses. Example: Tax authorities can now access electronic records from email servers and financial platforms, increasing the risk of data misuse.
  • Legal Uncertainty and Litigation: Despite reforms, there is still a risk of judicial challenges due to the interpretive flexibility in the law. Example: Taxpayers may challenge reassessment notices on the grounds of insufficient evidence or procedural lapses, leading to further litigation.

Way forward: 

  • Enhancing Clarity and Transparency: Clearly define terms like “information” and “risk management strategy” to prevent subjective interpretation and ensure uniform application. Example: Establish detailed guidelines on acceptable data sources and the procedure for using digital evidence.
  • Strengthening Safeguards and Oversight: Implement independent reviews for high-value reassessments and ensure data privacy through robust security protocols. Example: Mandate third-party audits to monitor the use of digital platforms and safeguard taxpayer rights.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Foreign Policy Watch: India-Middle East

Remodelling the UAE-India aviation partnership

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Role of UAE;

Why in the News?

The UAE’s potential role in supporting India’s ambition to become a global aviation powerhouse has been highlighted due to increasing collaboration between the two nations in the aviation sector.

What are the key challenges faced by the India-UAE aviation sector?

  • Restricted Bilateral Air Service Agreements: Limited flight frequencies and destination access for both Indian and UAE carriers. Example: UAE airlines can operate flights to only 15 Indian cities, excluding key growth centers like Surat and Indore despite high passenger demand.
  • Capacity Constraints and Rising Airfares: Limited flight slots lead to insufficient capacity, causing increased ticket prices. Example: During peak travel seasons, such as festivals or school holidays, airfares between India and the UAE surge due to restricted airline capacity.
  • Limited Connectivity to Emerging Cities: Many Tier-2 and Tier-3 Indian cities lack direct UAE connections. Example: Business hubs like Visakhapatnam and Patna face limited or no direct international flights to the UAE, restricting trade and tourism.
  • Inability to Meet Growing Passenger Demand: Rapid growth in Indian outbound travel is unmet by the current aviation framework. Example: Despite 4.5 million Indian tourists visiting the UAE in 2023, airlines struggle to increase operations due to bilateral restrictions.
  • Missed Economic and Strategic Opportunities: Limited flight options restrict business engagement, investment, and tourism growth. Example: The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and the UAE aims to boost trade, but insufficient air connectivity hinders the free flow of goods and professionals.

Why is there a need for a modernized aviation strategy between India and the UAE?

  • Meeting Rising Passenger Demand: A revised aviation strategy is crucial to handle the increasing flow of Indian travelers to the UAE. Example: For every 1% increase in passport holders, approximately 10 million additional Indian travelers are expected, which the current framework cannot accommodate.
  • Lowering Airfares and Improving Access: Expanding bilateral agreements can boost flight availability, foster competition and reduce travel costs. Example: During peak seasons, limited flights cause sharp increases in ticket prices, making travel between India and the UAE expensive.
  • Expanding Connectivity to Regional Cities: Modernising aviation policies can facilitate direct flights from Tier-2 and Tier-3 Indian cities to the UAE, enhancing regional growth. Example: Cities like Surat, Patna, and Visakhapatnam remain disconnected from the UAE, hindering trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges.
  • Boosting Trade and Economic Cooperation: Improved air services can strengthen business ties and enhance trade between India and the UAE. Example: Despite the CEPA agreement aimed at fostering economic collaboration, restricted flight options limit the movement of professionals and goods.
  • Advancing Aviation Infrastructure and Innovation: A modernized strategy encourages collaboration in aviation technology and infrastructure development. Example: UAE investments in India’s UDAN scheme can improve regional connectivity and support India’s goal to become a leading aviation hub.

Which Indian cities are currently excluded from UAE airline operations despite growing demand?

  • Cities Not Fully Integrated: Emirates has not yet expanded its services to cities like Amritsar, Lucknow, and Goa Mopa, despite growing demand. These cities are not explicitly excluded but rather await service expansion due to current operational limitations and bilateral agreements.
  • Bilateral Restrictions: The current bilateral agreements between India and the UAE limit the number of seats available for UAE airlines, which can restrict the expansion of services to new cities. While there are no specific cities excluded, the capacity constraints under these agreements affect the ability of UAE airlines to meet demand in various Indian cities.

What initiatives can the UAE undertake to support India’s ambition to become a global aviation powerhouse?

  • Expanding Aviation Agreements: The UAE-India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aims to improve air travel and cargo transport between the two countries. Increasing the current limits to 134,000 weekly passenger seats and 4,000 tonnes of cargo through relaxed rules can boost trade and improve connectivity.
  • Using UAE’s Logistics Strength: The UAE’s major airports, like Dubai International and Al Maktoum International, can help meet India’s growing air cargo needs.
    • Working together can make cargo transport faster and more efficient between the two nations.
  • Improving India’s Aviation Sector: India, as the third-largest domestic aviation market, can learn from the UAE to improve international flights and upgrade airport facilities.

Way forward:

  • Enhancing Policy Frameworks: India can revise its aviation policies to allow greater flexibility in bilateral agreements, enabling increased flight frequencies and better access for UAE carriers.
    Example: Updating the Open Sky policy for Gulf nations can promote competition, reduce airfares, and improve passenger services.
  • Strengthening Aviation Infrastructure:India can invest in upgrading airport capacity, regional connectivity, and advanced Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facilities to accommodate increased traffic. 

Mains PYQ:

Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (UPSC IAS/2022)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Government Budgets

Government talks big on gender budget, delivers little

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Gender Budget;

Why in the News?

The Union and State governments often express their commitment to women’s empowerment. One of the four main pillars of Viksit Bharat 2047 is women’s development.

What are the three components of the gender budget?

  • Part A: Schemes with 100% allocation for women and girls. Example: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao – a scheme focused entirely on improving the welfare of girls.
  • Part B: Schemes with 30% to 99% allocation for women and girls. Example: National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) – where a significant portion is directed toward maternal and child healthcare.
  • Part C: Schemes with less than 30% allocation for women and girls (introduced in 2024-25). Example: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) – where a small portion benefits women, though the primary beneficiaries are land-owning farmers.

Why is the agricultural sector’s allocation under the gender budget considered ineffective for women?

  • Land Ownership Inequality: Most agricultural schemes, like PM-Kisan, are land-linked, and since agricultural land is typically owned by men, women are excluded from direct benefits. Example: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) provides ₹6,000 per year to land-owning farmers, but women who work on the land without ownership do not qualify.
  • Limited Focus on Women Farmers: There is insufficient funding for programs addressing the specific needs of women farmers, such as access to credit, training, and technology. Example: Schemes like the Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP), which focus on empowering women in agriculture, receive a smaller share of the gender budget.
  • Exclusion from Decision-Making: Women in agriculture often lack legal and institutional representation, limiting their ability to influence policy decisions and resource allocation. Example: Despite women forming a significant share of the agricultural workforce, they are underrepresented in farmer producer organizations (FPOs) and cooperatives.

Who benefits the most from the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme?

  • Land-Owning Farmers: The primary beneficiaries of the PM-Kisan scheme are small and marginal land-owning farmers who receive ₹6,000 per year in three equal installments. Example: A male landowner with 2 hectares of cultivable land is eligible for the financial assistance under the scheme.
  • Male Family Members: Since land ownership in India is predominantly male, the male head of the household typically receives the direct cash transfer, even when women contribute equally to agricultural work. Example: In patriarchal households, the registered male family member receives the PM-Kisan payments, excluding women working on the same land.
  • Joint Landholders (Primarily Men): In cases of joint land ownership, the payment is usually disbursed to the registered owner, who is more often a man, rather than women co-owners. Example: If a piece of farmland is jointly owned by a husband and wife, the husband is more likely to be listed as the primary beneficiary.

Why are women often excluded from its advantages?

  • Lack of Land Ownership: Women often do not hold legal ownership of agricultural land, making them ineligible for PM-Kisan benefits, as the scheme is limited to landowners. Example: A woman working on her family’s farmland cannot receive PM-Kisan payments if the land is registered in her husband’s name.
  • Patriarchal Inheritance Practices: Customary inheritance laws and patriarchal norms often prevent women from inheriting land, limiting their access to direct agricultural benefits. Example: In many rural areas, agricultural land is passed down to sons, excluding daughters from ownership and thus from PM-Kisan benefits.
  • Administrative and Documentation Barriers: Women face challenges in providing legal documents (such as land records or identity proof) required to register as beneficiaries under the scheme. Example: Widowed or single women who cultivate land but lack formal ownership documents are excluded from receiving financial assistance.

Way forward: 

  • Ensure Gender-Inclusive Land Reforms: Promote joint land titles for spouses and simplify the land registration process to increase women’s eligibility for schemes like PM-Kisan.
  • Design Women-Centric Agricultural Programs: Introduce exclusive subsidies, credit access, and training for women farmers while increasing the allocation under gender-responsive schemes like Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP).

Mains PYQ:

Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016)

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

What is Wallace Line?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Wallace Line

Why in the News?

In the 19th century, English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace observed a sharp shift in biodiversity as he moved from Asia to Australia, leading him to propose the Wallace Line—an imaginary boundary separating species from both regions.

wallace line

About the Wallace Line:

  • It is a bio-geographical boundary separating Asia and Australia’s eco-zones.
  • It was identified by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863 during his explorations.
  • It is an imaginary line running through the Lombok Strait (between Bali and Lombok) and the Makassar Strait (between Borneo and Sulawesi).
  • Distinct evolutionary histories:
    • West of the line (Asia): Tigers, elephants, and orangutans.
    • East of the line (Australia): Kangaroos, marsupials, and cockatoos.
  • A very few species cross the line, particularly birds and mammals.
  • This is a barrier for land species but not marine life.
  • Its formation:
    • Continental drift: Australia separated from Antarctica and moved toward Asia (~35 million years ago). This created a deep-water channel, preventing species migration.
    • Pleistocene Epoch Influence: Lower sea levels exposed land bridges but deep waters maintained the boundary.

Scientific Relevance:

  • Wallace Line is more of a gradient than a strict boundary.
  • Understanding biogeography helps predict species adaptation to climate change.

Note: 

Weber Line more accurately defines the balance point where the influence of Asian and Australian species is nearly equal, whereas the Wallace Line marks a sharper divide.

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

Navratna Status for IRCTC and IRFC 

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Navratna Status

Why in the News?

The Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and the Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) have been granted Navratna status, making them the 25th and 26th Navratna companies in India.

Other Navratna Companies in Indian Railways

  • Container Corporation of India (CONCOR): Multimodal logistics.
  • Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd (RVNL): Infrastructure expansion.
  • RITES Ltd: Transport consultancy.
  • IRCON International Ltd: Railway and highway construction.
  • RailTel Corporation of India Ltd: IT & communication services.

What is Navratna Status?

  • Introduced in 1997, the Navratna scheme identifies high-performing CPSEs and grants them financial and operational independence.
  • It allows selected companies to compete globally while maintaining public sector ownership.
  • Categories of PSUs in India:
    • Maharatna:  Largest CPSEs with highest financial powers.
    • Navratna: Mid-tier CPSEs with strategic autonomy.
    • Miniratna: Emerging CPSEs with limited independence.

Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status:

A CPSE must-

  • Be a Miniratna-I company with an Excellent or Very Good rating in its MoU performance in three out of five years.
  • Achieve a composite score of 60+ based on:
    • Net Profit to Net Worth
    • Manpower Cost to Total Cost of Production
    • Profitability Ratios (PBDIT & PBIT)
    • Earnings Per Share
    • Inter-Sectoral Performance

Benefits of Navratna Status:

  • Investment Autonomy: Can invest ₹1,000 crore or 15% of net worth in a single project without government approval.
  • Strategic Expansion: Freedom to form joint ventures, subsidiaries, and acquisitions.
  • Operational Flexibility: Can make independent business and investment decisions.
  • Enhanced Market Position: Attracts more investors and improves stock performance.

PYQ:

[2011] Why is the Government of India disinvesting its equity in the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)?

1. The Government intends to use the revenue earned from the disinvestment mainly to pay back the external debt.

2. The Government no longer intends to retain the management control of the CPSEs.

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) neither 1 nor 2

 

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Join us across Social Media platforms.

💥UPSC 2026, 2027 UAP Mentorship - May Batch Starts
💥UPSC 2026, 2027 UAP Mentorship - May Batch Starts