Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Naegleria fowleri, Amoeba
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A five-year-old girl in Kozhikode, Kerala has succumbed to primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri.
- India has recorded 20 reported cases of PAM, with the recent case marking the seventh infection in Kerala.
What is Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?
- PAM is a rare brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil worldwide.
- An amoeba is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
- Higher temperatures of up to 115°F (46°C) are conducive to its growth and it can survive for short periods in warm environments.
- The amoeba enters the body through the nose, typically during activities like swimming, and travels to the brain, causing severe damage.
- PAM is also non-communicable.
- Symptoms: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.
- According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with PAM die within 1 to 18 days after symptoms begin. It usually leads to coma and death after 5 days.
Treatment Challenges
- Currently, there are no established effective treatments for PAM.
- Medical interventions typically involve a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ATCM 46, Antarctic Treaty, India in Antarctica.
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- India is hosting the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46), also known as the Antarctic Parliament, from May 20-30 in Kochi.
- The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has organised the meeting, which will be attended by the 56 member countries of the Antarctic Treaty.
What is the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM)?
- ATCM is the primary forum for discussing and coordinating activities related to the Antarctic Treaty System.
- It was established under the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 and entered into force in 1961.
- It serves as the annual meeting of the parties to the Antarctic Treaty, known as Consultative Parties.
- The ATCM adopts legally binding agreements, known as Antarctic Treaty Measures (ATMs), as well as non-binding recommendations on various matters.
- Decisions within the ATCM are made by consensus among the Consultative Parties.
- The ATCM established the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) as a subsidiary body to provide advice and recommendations on environmental matters.
- India had last hosted the ATCM in New Delhi in 2007.
India’s Agenda at ATCM 46
- During the Kochi meet, India will table its plan to construct Maitri II before the members.
- Any new construction or initiative in Antarctica requires the ATCM’s approval.
|
About Antarctic Treaty
|
Details |
| Signing and Entry into Force |
- Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC.
- Entered into force on June 23, 1961.
- 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
|
| Objective |
Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord. |
| Key Provisions |
- Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
- Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation
- Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
|
| Territorial Claims |
- Prohibits new territorial claims.
- Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
|
| Disarmament |
- Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons.
- Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
|
| Consultative Meetings |
- Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS), established in 2004, serves as the administrative hub for the Antarctic Treaty System.
- Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation.
|
| Environmental Protection |
- Promotes protection of the Antarctic environment.
- Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
|
| Mineral Resource Exploitation |
- Bans mining activities until at least 2048.
- Requires consensus for any review or modification
|
| Membership |
- 54 parties as of 2024.
- 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making.
- 25 Non-Consultative Parties.
- India ratified the treaty in 1983.
|
| Madrid Protocol |
- Adopted in 1991.
- Entered into force in 1998.
- Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.
|
India in Antarctica
1. Governance:
- Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty.
- Of the 56 nations that are part of the Antarctic Treaty, 29 have consultative party status.
- In this capacity, India votes and participates in all key decision-making processes regarding Antarctica.
- India has undertaken scientific research in Antarctica since 1981.
2. Scientific Expeditions:
- The first Indian Antarctica research station, Dakshin Gangotri, was set up in 1983, some 2,500 km from the South Pole in Queen Maud Land. The station operated till 1990.
- In 1989, India set up its second Antarctica research station, Maitri, in the Schirmacher Oasis, a 3-km wide ice-free plateau with over 100 freshwater lakes.
- It is still operational and located about 5 km from Russia’s Novolazarevskaya Station, and 90 km from Dakshin Gangotri.
- In 2012, India inaugurated Bharati, its third Antarctica research station, located around 3,000 km east of Maitri, on the Prydz Bay coast.
- Although the station focuses on oceanographic and geologic study, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) utilises it for receiving Indian Remote sensing Satellite (IRS) data.
- India plans to open a new station, Maitri II, a few kilometres from the ageing Maitri station. Operations are set to begin by 2029.
- In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act, reaffirming its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty.
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About the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
- NCPOR is an Indian research and development institution, situated in Vasco da Gama, Goa.
- It is an autonomous institution of the Department of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, established in 1998.
- It is responsible for scientific and strategic endeavors in the Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic), the Himalayas, and the Southern Ocean.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news is the name of
(a) An indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence.
(b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim.
(c) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region.
(d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Autoimmune Diseases, X Chromosome
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The X chromosome influences biological functions and disease susceptibilities, affecting genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and Alzheimer’s, with research offering potential new treatments and therapies.
Back2Basics: Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
- These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
- Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
- Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
- Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
- Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
- Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
- Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
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Genetic Landscape of the X chromosome:
- The human X chromosome encodes around 800 genes, producing proteins.
- Loss of function in these genes can lead to various genetic diseases.
- Diseases influenced by the X chromosome fall into three categories:
- X-linked genetic diseases
- Diseases influenced by XCI (X chromosome inactivation) escape
- Diseases linked to X-chromosome aneuploidy
What is the X chromosome?
- It is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans, the other being the Y chromosome.
- Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
- Significance:
- Encodes around 800 genes that are crucial for various biological processes.
- Plays a significant role in determining sex and influencing many physiological functions.
- Loss of function or mutations in X chromosome genes can lead to several genetic disorders.
What are Autoimmune Diseases?
- Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues.
- Normally, the immune system defends against infections by targeting harmful pathogens.
- Common Autoimmune Diseases:
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic inflammation affecting various body parts.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Inflammation of joints and surrounding tissues.
- Sjogren’s Syndrome: Affects glands that produce moisture, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
How does the X chromosome cause Autoimmune Diseases?
- X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI):
- In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development to balance gene expression between males and females.
- This process is crucial to prevent overexpression of X-linked genes.
- XCI Escape:
- Not all genes on the inactive X chromosome are completely silenced.
- Up to a fourth of these genes may escape inactivation and continue to be expressed.
- Link to Autoimmune Diseases:
- Skewed XCI: Uneven inactivation of X chromosomes may lead to an imbalance in gene expression, contributing to autoimmune disorders.
- Incomplete XCI: Reactivation of genes that should be silenced can result in abnormal immune responses.
Studies, such as one published in Science Advances (May 3, 2023), have shown that reactivation of X-linked genes in immune cells can lead to lupus-like symptoms in mice.
Linkage between X chromosome and Alzheimer’s disease
- Sex Bias in Alzheimer’s:
- Women are almost twice as likely as men to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
- Role of X-Linked Genes:
- Researchers have identified a gene called ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) on the X chromosome.
- USP11 Gene: Involved in protein modification processes and thought to influence the accumulation of tau proteins in the brain.
- XCI Escape: USP11 may escape XCI in females, leading to higher expression levels and contributing to Alzheimer’s pathology.
- A study from Case Western Reserve University (Cell, October 2022) highlighted this mechanism, suggesting it as a target for new treatments.
PYQ:
[2011] At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?
- It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
- It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
- It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Data related to consumer size and consumption expenditure
Why in the news?
In 2023, India became the world’s most populous country, contrasting China’s declining birth rate. This prompts a comparison of their consumption patterns and geopolitical implications.
Consumer size of India and China
Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE):
- India’s PFCE as a percentage of GDP is significantly higher than China’s, with India spending over 58% of its GDP on consumption compared to China’s 38%.
- Final consumption, including government expenditure, constitutes 68% of India’s GDP and 53% of China’s GDP.
- Despite China’s larger economy, its PFCE is only about 3.5 times that of India’s, indicating a higher contribution of consumption to India’s GDP.
Expenditure by Categories:
- India’s consumption expenditure is characterized by higher spending on food, clothing, footwear, and transport, typical of a developing market.
- In contrast, China’s consumption basket represents a relatively developed market, with higher spending on housing, white goods, recreation, education, and healthcare.
- India spends approximately half of what China spends on food, transport, and clothing and footwear, despite being a fifth of China’s economy.
- Real growth rates of individual consumption categories in India often outperform nominal growth rates observed in China.
Conclusion: India’s higher PFCE as a percentage of GDP reflects a greater reliance on consumption-driven growth compared to China.The composition of consumption expenditure in India and China highlights differences in market maturity and consumer behavior.Despite China’s larger economy, India’s consumption expenditure is relatively significant, indicating the potential for continued growth and economic development.
Mains PYQ
Q The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Terms and concepts in News; New Humanism;
Mains level: Types of Democracies; Radical Democracy;
Why in the News?
The ongoing socio-political and economic crises highlight the need for societal reorganization.
- Manabendra Nath Roy and colleagues proposed a theory reconciling Freedom with justice, countering the failures of Liberal democracy and modern dictatorship.
- They highlighted crises on the following grounds:
- 19th Century Liberal Democracy and Capitalist Exploitation.
- Degeneration of Communism and Rise of Fascism.
- World Wars and Global Conflict.
What is Radical Democracy?
- Radical democracy is a form of democracy that advocates for an extensive expansion of equality and liberty. It views democracy as an ongoing, inclusive, and reflexive process.
- Radical democracy differs from traditional democracy’s approach to equality, liberty, and the democratic process.
- Traditional democracy typically focuses on established structures and procedures, aiming for consensus and stability.
The key principles of radical democracy in India (by M. N. Roy):
- Decentralized Democracy: Radical democracy advocates for a highly decentralized democracy based on a network of people’s committees, enabling citizens to exercise democratic control over the state.
- Economic Reorganization: It emphasizes the progressive satisfaction of material needs as a prerequisite for individuals to unfold their intellectual potential, with economic liberation being essential for advancing toward freedom.
- Collective Efforts for Freedom: It envisions a world of freedom achieved through the collective efforts of intellectually free individuals who act as guides and friends of the people, promoting rational and ethical political practices.
- Social Renaissance: Radical democracies stressed the importance of educating people on freedom and rational cooperative living to achieve social revolution, requiring an increasing number of individuals committed to freedom, reason, and social harmony.
- Party-less Democracy Critique: Roy’s advocacy for party-less democracy is critiqued for potentially contradicting the fundamental democratic freedom of association, as political parties play a crucial role in democratic processes.
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Significance of Radical Approach towards Elections:
- Empowerment of Citizens: Radical democracy emphasizes empowering citizens beyond mere voting, focusing on raising individuals’ dignity and enabling active participation in decision-making processes.
- Critique of Traditional Democracy: Challenges the limitations of traditional liberal democracy, highlighting how parliamentary systems can lead to demagoguery and a loss of civil liberties, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals.
- Decentralization and Local Participation: Advocates for decentralization of legislative power to local councils, promoting direct participation and accountability at the grassroots level, ensuring a more inclusive and responsive democratic process.
- Protection Against Authoritarianism: Seeks to safeguard against authoritarianism and dictatorship by dispersing power and preventing monopolization by political parties or their leaders, fostering a more pluralistic and accountable political landscape.
- Enhanced Democratic Culture: Promotes a vibrant democratic culture that goes beyond institutional arrangements, emphasizing citizen empowerment through critical thinking, and participatory politics, and cultivating a public ethos that values democratic principles and practices.
How does a Radical Democracy provide a Humanist Economy?
- Roy criticizes Capitalist and Nationalized economies for their centralization and failure to prioritize human needs.
- He advocates for the modernization of agriculture through better irrigation, fertility improvement, and infrastructure development, emphasizing the cooperative organization of rural economies.
- Economic policies should focus on social security, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and improving health, housing, and education.
- Roy argues for a balanced approach to industrialization that addresses immediate needs and promotes social and economic justice, warning against rapid industrialization that benefits only a small fraction of the population.
Significance of Radical Democracy:
- Achieve true freedom and social justice: Radical democracy, according to Roy, is essential for achieving true freedom and social justice. Democracy should be viewed as a product of civilization, possible only in advanced societies where individual freedom is recognized as interconnected with the freedom of others.
- Prevent totalitarianism: Roy emphasizes that economic deprivation and social oppression pave the way for totalitarianism. To prevent this, democracy must be grounded in individual creativity, rationality, and collective efforts to transform society.
- Humanism and moral radicalism: He advocates for a philosophy rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, asserting that humans are the creators of their world and emphasizing the need for a rational and scientific approach to societal development.
Conclusion: Radical democracy, rooted in humanism and moral radicalism, is crucial for true freedom and social justice, requiring a rational, creative, and collective effort to transform society and prevent totalitarianism.
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Manabendra Nath Roy, better known as M. N. Roy, was a prominent 20th-century Indian revolutionary, philosopher, radical activist, and political theorist. He played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. Roy’s political career was marked by his involvement in various revolutionary activities, his advocacy for radical humanism, and his contributions to Marxist philosophy. |
Mains PYQ:
Q Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (UPSC IAS/2014)
Prelims PYQs
Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
a) Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C . George
b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Day al Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
c) C .P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSMEs;
Mains level: Reviewing the Category of Micro-Enterprises
Why in the News?
A parliamentary panel suggested separating micro-enterprises from the broader MSME category and recommended revising definitions every five years.
- A government order for timely MSME payments has exposed knowledge gaps and unintentionally marginalized smaller enterprises, highlighting issues in understanding their structure and operations.
Present Status:
- According to the National Sample Survey Organisations (NSSO) Unorganised Enterprise Survey 2016, 95% of the enterprises surveyed reported revenues under Rs 50 lakh per annum. Of them, 89% reported an annual revenue of under Rs 12 lakh.
- In the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), more than 66% of the enterprises reported an annual revenue of less than Rs 50 lakh, and of them, 45% reported annual revenues of Rs 12 lakh.
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What are the Categories of Micro-Enterprises?
- Category 1 – Micro: More than 98% of the MSMEs are within this category, with reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh and less.
- Category 2 – Small: The MSMEs that are reporting annual revenue of Rs 50 lakh to Rs 5 crore.
Present Ambiguity and structural Gap in defining MSMEs
- Lack of Clarity and Consistency in defination: In India, the MSMED Act of 2006 categorized MSMEs based on investment in plants and machinery, which led to industries keeping their plants small to maintain MSME advantages.
- However, the MSMED Amendment Bill, 2018 proposed defining MSMEs solely based on yearly turnover, which has been criticized for under-reporting of qualifying enterprises.
- Quantitative vs. Qualitative Approaches: There are two main techniques for defining MSMEs: quantitative and qualitative, with MSMEs typically defined using a quantitative approach. Quantitative criteria like number of employees, total assets, and yearly revenue have limitations as they vary by industry and sector.
- Impact on Micro Enterprises: The ambiguity in defining MSMEs negatively impacts micro-enterprises, leading to issues like delayed payments and limited access to benefits and support schemes.
- Moreover, the unregistered micro-enterprises have been worse hit by the COVID-19 pandemic than small and medium enterprises, with micro-enterprises accounting for more than two-thirds of all MSMEs and having a higher rate of informality.
Way forward:
- Enhanced Data Collection: Conduct regular and comprehensive surveys to gather detailed data on MSMEs, particularly focusing on micro-enterprises.
- Further Classification within Micro-Enterprises: Establish sub-categories within the micro-enterprise category based on revenue thresholds (e.g., below Rs 10 lakh, Rs 10-25 lakh, Rs 25-50 lakh).
- Revenue Diversity: Significant variation in revenue among micro-enterprises necessitates further classification.
- Targeted Policies: Addressing classification gaps can enhance policy effectiveness, supporting micro-enterprise growth and sustainability.
BACK2BASICS
|
| Program and Policies |
Explanation |
| MSME Development Act, 2006 |
Provides the legal framework for defining MSMEs and their classification into micro, small, and medium enterprises. |
| Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises |
Provides credit guarantee cover of up to 75% of the credit to micro and small enterprises. |
| Udyog Aadhaar |
A simple online process for MSME registration, requiring only the Aadhaar number and a self-declaration. |
| MSME Samadhaan |
Mechanism to facilitate the promotion and development of MSMEs, including Khadi, Village, and Coir Industries. |
| Mudra Yojana |
Provides loans up to 10 lakh to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. |
| ZED Scheme |
Aims to enhance the manufacturing capabilities and competitiveness of MSMEs through Zero Defect Zero Effect (ZED) certification. |
| Stand-Up India |
Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch |
Make in India: Focuses on making India a global manufacturing hub, with MSMEs playing a crucial role.
Stand-Up India: Facilitates bank loans between 10 lakh and 1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch
Mains PYQ:
Q Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Present challenges in the Manufacturing sector;
Why in the News?
The emphasis on workers’ accommodation in the manufacturing sector is gaining traction in the news due to its potential to address key challenges and unlock India’s manufacturing ambitions.
About India’s goal to $10 trillion by 2035
India aims to grow its economy to $10 trillion by 2035, with a specific focus on transforming the manufacturing sector to increase its GDP share from 15% to 25%. This ambitious goal involves a four-fold growth in manufacturing to enhance employment elasticity. |
Present Challenges:
- Inadequate Infrastructure: Many factories currently lack the necessary infrastructure to support large-scale manufacturing, particularly in terms of workers’ accommodation.
- Land Regulation: Existing industrial land allocation regulations do not typically account for worker housing, necessitating regulatory changes at the state level.
- Commute and Productivity: Workers often face long commutes, with studies showing travel times of up to two hours each way, leading to exhaustion and reduced productivity.
- Living Conditions: Many workers live in ad hoc accommodations, which are not ideal for maintaining a stable and productive workforce.
- Skill Gaps: There is a need for more targeted skill development programs to enhance worker productivity and adaptability to new manufacturing processes and technologies.
- Lack of Coordinated Policy: There is a need for a more coordinated approach between state and central governments to provide the necessary fiscal and policy support.
Economic Factors that will steer Enlightened Self-Interest:
- Transportation Savings: By providing on-premises or factory-adjacent accommodation, companies can significantly reduce transportation costs, estimated at over Rs 5,000 per worker per month.
- Increased Productivity: Reduced commute times and better living conditions can lead to increased worker productivity.
- Reduced Attrition: Better living conditions and reduced commuting stress can decrease workforce attrition, ensuring a more stable and experienced workforce.
- Better Training Facilities: On-site accommodation can facilitate better training programs, enhancing workers’ skills and productivity.
- Lower Carbon Footprint: Reducing the need for long commutes can lower the overall carbon footprint of manufacturing operations.
Way forward:
- Tax and Fiscal Incentives: The Union government can catalyze investment in workers’ accommodation through tax incentives, GST reductions, and other fiscal benefits.
- Priority Sector Tagging: Tagging workers’ accommodation as a priority sector for construction finance can attract more investment.
- Collaborative Financing: Leveraging vehicles like the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) to finance credible worker housing projects can boost infrastructure development.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as a jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Water Forum, World Water Council;
Why in the News?
- The World Bank report, titled “Water for Shared Prosperity,” was released at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia.
- It underscores the widening gap in access to water resources and services, exacerbated by factors like population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
Water for Shared Prosperity: Key Highlights of the Report
- In 2022, 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water services, while 3.5 billion lacked access to safely managed sanitation.
- Over 800 million people globally are at high risk of drought, with double that number living in flood-prone areas.
- Low-income countries have seen a regression in access to safe drinking water, with an additional 197 million people lacking access since 2000.
- Rural-urban access gaps in low-income countries have remained largely unchanged over the last two decades.
- Hotspots in regions like the Sahel, Southeastern Africa, and South and Central Asia experience the highest water stress.
- The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds over half of Africa’s total water resources.
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About World Water Forum:
- It is a large-scale international event that focuses on the discussion and development of solutions to global water-related challenges.
- It is held every three years. The first forum took place in took place in Marrakesh, Morocco in March 1997.
- It is organized by the World Water Council, an international organization.
- It brings together stakeholders from various sectors including governments, organizations, businesses, and academia to promote awareness, build political commitment, and trigger action on critical water issues at all levels.
What is the World Water Council (WWC)?
- The World Water Council was founded in 1996.
- The idea for the WWC emerged from discussions during the International Water and Sanitation Congress & Exhibition in 1994 and the subsequent Ministerial Conference on Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation in 1996.
- WWC’s activities focus on targets related to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), among others.
- The Council was established by renowned water specialists and international organizations, including academic institutions, private companies, governments, and NGOs etc.
- Objective: The primary aim of the Council is to raise awareness about critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making levels, to facilitate efficient conservation, protection, development, planning, management, and use of water resources globally.
- Membership: The WWC boasts a diverse membership base comprising over 300 member organizations in approximately 50 countries.
Key Functions and Contributions:
- World Water Forums: It is the world’s largest event on water and gathers participants from various sectors to discuss and collaborate on water issues.
- Policy Influence: The WWC works to influence policy by facilitating discussions among political and economic decision-makers.
- Research and Advocacy: Through its publications, policy papers, and strategic projects, the WWC fosters greater understanding and awareness of water issues.
PYQ:
[2016] The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain.
[2012] If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country?
- Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste water.
- The water requirement of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for use of ocean water.
- All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India.
- The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore wells and for installing motors and pump sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the Government.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Migration Report, 2024;
Why in the News?
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has recently launched the World Migration Report 2024.
Back2Basics: International Organization for Migration (IOM)
|
|
Details |
| About |
- Originated in 1951 as the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME) after World War II’s upheavals.
- In 2016, IOM agreed with the United Nations, becoming a related organization.
|
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Members |
- Currently has 175 Member States and 8 states with Observer status.
- India became an IOM Member State on 18th June 2008.
|
Key Highlights of the Report:
- Climate Change Impacts on Migration
- The report highlights a significant increase in global migration due to environmental impacts and climate change, with more than 216 million people projected to be on the move within their countries by 2050.
- Migration is being used as a strategy to cope with and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, although its effectiveness varies based on individual circumstances and active involvement of migrants.
Specific Regional Insights:
- Climate change has led to severe weather changes, including decreased rainfall and increased temperatures in North Africa, contributing to migration.
- Countries like Libya, Algeria, and Morocco have seen migration due to reduced rainfall and increased drought conditions.
- Asia:
- In South Asia, particularly Pakistan and Bangladesh, extreme weather events like floods have led to substantial displacement.
- The 2022 floods in Pakistan resulted in nearly 1.7 million displacements and in Bangladesh, record-breaking floods in 2022 triggered over 1.5 million displacements.
- In India, strong influence of climate impacts on internal migration from Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Remittances Inflows in India
- According to the Report, India has consistently been the top recipient of remittances globally. In 2022, India received a record-breaking $111.22 billion in remittances.
Remittance Inflows:
- India is way ahead of its closely ranked peers Mexico ($61.1 billion), China ($51 billion), Philippines ($38.05 billion) and France ($30.04 billion).
- This is the first time any country has crossed the USD 100 billion mark in remittance inflows.
- The largest contributions to India’s remittances come from the UAE, USA, and Saudi Arabia, reflecting the extensive Indian diaspora in these regions.
Migration Statistics:
- With 18 million international migrants residing primarily in the UAE, USA, and Saudi Arabia, India hosts the world’s largest number of international migrants.
- This large diaspora plays a crucial role in the economic linkage between India and these countries through remittances.
- India came in 13th as the destination country for immigrants, with 4.48 million.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Change; New Collective Quantitative Goal; Evolutions in Global Climate Finances;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
At the upcoming COP29 in Baku in November this year, Azerbaijan, the primary discussion will center on the New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG) for climate finance.
Recent Climate Conferences and Decisions:
- 2022 Sharm el-Sheikh Conference: A Loss and Damage Fund was established to assist developing countries in recovering from climate disasters.
- Dubai Conference: The focus was on the Global Stocktake (GST) of climate actions, acknowledging the need to transition away from fossil fuels and tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
|
What is the New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG)?
-
-
- All the parties of the Paris Agreement participate and review the implementation of the Agreement and make decisions. CMA is held once a year.
- This goal will start with a target of at least $100 billion per year, focusing on the requirements and priorities of developing countries.
- It will replace the previous commitment of USD 100 billion per year that developed nations had pledged in 2009 but never delivered.
NCQG: A timeline
- In 2009: The developed countries agreed to provide approximately $30 billion in ‘new and additional’ financial resources to developing countries from 2010 to 2012.
-
- Additionally, these countries committed to collectively raising $100 billion annually by 2020 to support climate action in developing countries.
- In 2015: It was decided to continue this collective goal of mobilizing $100 billion yearly by developed countries up to 2025.
- A new climate finance target is to be set before 2025, maintaining at least $100 billion per year and considering the needs and priorities of developing countries. This is referred to as the NCQG or the new goal for post-2025.
|
Financial Requirements for Effective Climate Action:
- Current Funding Gaps: The scale of annual climate finance has consistently fallen short of the $100 billion promised by developed countries.
- Projected Needs: Developing countries require about $6 trillion annually until 2030 to implement their climate action plans, according to a 2021 UN Climate Change report. An updated version of this report is expected to raise this figure even higher.
- Global Transition Costs: A global transition to a low-carbon economy is estimated to require about $4-6 trillion every year until 2050.
- Renewable Energy Expansion: Tripling renewable energy capacity, as agreed in Dubai, is estimated to cost $30 trillion until 2030, per the International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA).
Prospects for Meeting Financial Targets:
- Realistic Expectations: Discussions are ongoing, with India suggesting a target of at least $1 trillion per year, primarily through grants and concessional finance.
- Challenges: Developed countries have historically fallen short of even lesser goals, and achieving trillions in finance is seen as ambitious.
Back2Basics: Global Initiatives for Financing Climate Action
|
Established |
Purpose |
How it Works |
| Green Climate Fund (GCF) |
2010 |
To support developing countries in adaptation and mitigation to counter climate change. |
Mobilizes funding from developed to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience. Operates under the UNFCCC financial mechanism. |
| Global Environment Facility (GEF) |
1991 |
To tackle global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development. |
Provides grants for projects related to environmental conventions (biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, ozone layer, organic pollutants). Functions as a financial mechanism for multiple conventions including the UNFCCC. |
| Climate Investment Funds (CIF) |
2008 |
To bridge funding and learning gaps for cleaner technology transformations. |
Offers scaled-up financing to middle-income countries to initiate cleaner technology transformations. Includes funds like the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF). |
| Adaptation Fund |
2001 |
To finance concrete adaptation projects in developing countries party to the Kyoto Protocol. |
Financed by a share of proceeds from CDM project activities, it supports concrete adaptation projects in vulnerable communities. |
| Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) |
2001 |
To finance projects in adaptation, technology transfer, and various management sectors. |
Managed by the GEF, supports projects in sectors not directly funded through other funds such as energy, transport, and waste management. |
| Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) |
2001 |
To support the least developed countries (LDCs) in their climate change initiatives. |
Finances the preparation and implementation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) which identify priority activities for LDCs to adapt to climate change. |
| Carbon Pricing Mechanisms |
NA |
To internalize the cost of GHG emissions, incentivizing emission reductions. |
Involves setting a price on carbon emissions either through carbon taxes or emissions trading schemes (ETS), encouraging businesses to reduce emissions. |
| Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Partnership |
2016 |
To enhance cooperation to achieve NDC goals under the Paris Agreement. |
Facilitates technical and financial support to help countries implement and enhance their NDC commitments for reducing emissions. |
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
- The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
- Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMR, Initiatives mentioned;
Why in the news?
The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) released a report titled “From Resistance to Resilience: Reinforcing the Response to Antimicrobial Resistance,” emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced Antibiotic development.
Report Highlights: Current State of Antibiotic Development:
- Weak Pipeline: The current pipeline for developing new antibiotics is described as weak, fragile, and insufficient against growing antimicrobial resistance.
- AMR Threat: Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the greatest global health threats, AMR is linked to around 1.2 million direct deaths and 5 million associated deaths annually.
|
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
- Antimicrobials are substances designed to eliminate or suppress the growth of microorganisms.
- This category encompasses antibiotics, fungicides, antiviral drugs, and agents targeting parasites.
- AMR occurs when microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi become resistant to antimicrobial treatments to which they were previously susceptible.
- Microorganisms that develop resistance to antimicrobials are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.
Global Status of AMR
A recent report from the Global Research on Anti-microbial Resistance (GRAM) project found that:
- In 2019, an estimated 4.95 million people suffered from at least one drug-resistant infection and AMR directly caused 1.27 million deaths.
- AMR is one of India’s major public health problems, directly contributing to about 30% of deaths due to neonatal sepsis across India.
- These are due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) hospital-acquired infections in many cases.
- 30% of the COVID-19 deaths in India could be attributed to our failure to treat the secondary bacterial infections caused by MDR pathogens with the appropriate antibiotics.
|
What are the factors that cause AMR?
- Over-prescription of Antibiotics: Frequently prescribing antibiotics for conditions that do not require them, such as viral infections, accelerates the emergence of resistance.
- Incomplete Treatment Courses: Patients not completing their antibiotic courses as prescribed can leave surviving bacteria that adapt to become resistant.
- Self-Medication: Individuals using antibiotics without a prescription, especially in regions where they are available over the counter, increases misuse and drives resistance.
- Lack of New Antibiotics: The slow pace of new antibiotic development fails to keep up with the rate of bacterial evolution, reducing effective treatment options.
- Hospital Settings: Hospitals are critical hotspots for the spread of resistant infections due to the high use of antibiotics and the concentration of vulnerable patients with open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems.
- Global Travel: International travel allows for the rapid spread of resistant mutant strains between communities and across borders.
India’s efforts to combat AMR:
|
Description |
| National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR) |
- Launched in 2017, this 5-year plan involves multiple ministries to tackle AMR across human, animal, and environmental sectors.
- Focuses on enhancing awareness, surveillance, infection prevention, optimizing antimicrobial use, promoting research, and fostering international collaborations.
|
| New Delhi Declaration on AMR |
- Adopted in 2023 at the G20 Summit.
- It emphasizes strengthening surveillance, regulating antibiotic sales, and boosting research for new treatments and diagnostics in the South-East Asia Region.
|
| National Anti-Microbial Resistance Research and Surveillance Network |
- Established under the Indian Council of Medical Research to monitor AMR trends through a network of laboratories across India.
|
| National Programme on Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance |
- Initiated by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to enhance AMR surveillance, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship in healthcare facilities.
|
| Red Line Campaign |
- Started in 2016, it raises awareness about the irrational use of antibiotics.
- Medicines marked with a red line on their packaging are prescription-only, aiming to reduce misuse and over-the-counter sales.
|
| National One Health Program for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses |
- Launched in 2019, this program uses a multi-sectoral approach to strengthen responses to zoonotic diseases, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar System; Venus and its physiography; Non-Thermal Dissociative Recombination;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Over four billion years ago, Venus had enough water to potentially cover its surface with an ocean approximately 3 km deep, but today, it would remain with only 3 cm.
- A research by US scientists explain the Non-Thermal Dissociative Recombination (DR) responsible for faster loss of water from Venus.
About Venus
- Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet and is the closest in mass and size to its orbital neighbour Earth.
- Venus is notable for having the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of carbon dioxide with a thick, global sulphuric acid cloud cover.
- At the surface it has a mean temperature of 464 °C (737 K) and a pressure of 92 times that of Earth’s at sea level.
- These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a supercritical state close to Venus’s surface.
- Internally, Venus has a core, mantle, and crust. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weak induced magnetosphere is caused by atmospheric interactions with the solar wind.
- Venus is one of two planets in the Solar System (the other being Mercury), that have no moons.
- The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (retrograde) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere.
- It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian solar year is just under two Venusian days long.
|
Water Loss on Venus:
- Venus lost its water primarily due to two factors:
-
-
- Evaporation due to Greenhouse Effect: Its dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, creating a strong greenhouse effect and surface temperatures around 450 degrees Celsius, which prevents water from existing in liquid form.
- Proximity to the Sun: This leads to the disintegration of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen in the ionosphere under solar heat and ultraviolet radiation.
- Thermal Process: Initially, hydrodynamic escape was significant, where solar heating caused the outer atmosphere to expand, allowing hydrogen to escape into space. This process cooled and slowed about 2.5 billion years ago.
- Non-Thermal Process: Focus of recent study; involves hydrogen escaping into space, reducing water formation as oxygen atoms lack hydrogen to bond with.
Key Research Findings: Non-thermal Dissociative Recombination (DR)
The discrepancy in water loss rates was addressed by identifying a previously overlooked chemical reaction involving the formyl cation (HCO+).
- HCO+ dissociative recombination (DR) reaction occurs when HCO+ gains an electron and splits into CO and a hydrogen atom, which then escapes into space.
- This reaction is responsible for losing out water without evaporation.
- This reaction was modelled to significantly increase the rate of hydrogen escape, potentially doubling the rate at which Venus lost water.
- The model suggests that water levels on Venus would have been stable from nearly 2 billion years ago due to the ongoing non-thermal HCO+ DR reaction, yet some water remains today.
Future Research on Venus
- Existence of HCO+ Ions: Direct evidence of HCO+ ions in Venus’s atmosphere is still missing. Past missions did not focus on this molecule, and its involvement in water loss was not previously considered crucial.
- Future Missions: The findings underscore the importance of future Venus missions to investigate the presence of HCO+ in the upper atmosphere, similar to the MAVEN mission to Mars.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are made of ice, dust and rocky material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Dwarf Star, Speculoos-3b
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- Astronomers have identified a new Earth-sized exoplanet, named Speculoos-3b, orbiting an ultracool red dwarf star.
Back2Basics: Red Dwarf Star
- A red dwarf is the most common type of star in the Milky Way galaxy.
- However, due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily observed.
- Proxima Centauri, the star nearest to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars.
- According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the fusing stars in the Milky Way.
|
About Speculoos-3b
- Speculoos-3b is an Earth-sized exoplanet recently discovered orbiting an ultracool dwarf star.
- It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Michael Gillon from the University of Liege in Belgium.
- It is located approximately 55 light-years away from Earth.
- Due to its short orbital period, Speculoos-3b receives almost ten times more energy per second than Earth does from the Sun.
SPECULOOS Project
- Project Overview: The discovery was made under the SPECULOOS project, aimed at exploring exoplanets around ultra-cool dwarf stars.
- The SPECULOOS Southern Observatory is a project carried out by the University of Liège (Belgium) and the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge (United Kingdom)
|
Astrophysical Significance of the Discovery
- Prevalence of Ultracool Dwarfs: Ultracool dwarf stars, like the host of Speculoos-3b, constitute about 70% of all stars in our galaxy and are known for their longevity, surviving up to 100 billion years.
- Importance for Life’s Potential: The extended lifespan of these stars provides a stable environment that could potentially support the development of life on orbiting planets.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:
(a) the limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth
(b) regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available
(c) search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) search for meteorites containing precious metals |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum:
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- A rare hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant has been found in Phawngpui National Park of Mizoram.
- It has been named ‘Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum’ after the Lushai tribe of Mizoram, honoring their commitment to biodiversity conservation.
About Lushai Tribe
-
- Lushai is another tribe under the Kuki-chin group (racially from Mongolia) of tribes.
- They are commonly known as Mizos.
- In Tripura there are 5,384 persons (as per 2011 Census).
- Occupation: They mostly reside in the Jampui Hills area of Tripura and have Jhum Cultivation and hunting of wild animals as their main occupation.
- Culture and belief:
-
- converted to Christianity and still follow Christianity as their religion.
- Their Cheraw Dance (Bamboo Dance) is quiet famous.
|
About Phtheirospermum Lushaiorum
- This plant lacks a fully developed root system and taps into the sap of host plants through specialized structures known as haustoria.
- Despite its parasitic nature, it contains chlorophyll and can produce its food, showing some independence from its host.
- It flowers from July to September, with fruit production occurring from August to October.
- The plant grows near a popular trekking route in Phawngpui National Park, facing threats from both anthropogenic activities and natural factors.
Back2Basics: Phawngpui National Park
-
- Also known as Blue Mountain National Park, it is one of the two national parks in Mizoram (the other being Murlen NP).
- Geographical location:
-
-
- Close to the border with Burma (Myanmar).
- The park overlooks the Chhimtuipui River, which flows toward Burma.
- The geography of Phawngpui is characterized by its cloud-covered mountain area, which gives it a distinctive blue appearance from a distance.
- Flora and Fauna:
-
-
- Bird species:Blyth’s tragopan, falcons, sunbirds, dark-rumped swifts, and the Mizoram state bird, Mrs. Hume’s pheasant.
- Mammals: Mountain goat, slow loris, tiger, leopard, leopard cat, serow, goral, Asiatic black bear, stump-tailed macaque, and capped langur.
- Flora: Grassy meadows, orchids, rhododendrons, and bamboo groves.
|
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 meters and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?
(a) Andaman Islands
(b) Anaimalai Forests
(c) Maikala Hills
(d) Tropical rain forests of Northeast |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMEC Project, Various ports mentioned
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
An Indian inter-ministerial delegation visited the UAE to discuss the operational aspects of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), marking a significant step forward since the signing of the agreement.
About IMEC Project
- IMEC is part of the broader Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), which focuses on infrastructure development in economically developing regions.
- The MoU for IMEC was formally endorsed on September 10, 2023, during the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit.
- Signatories to this agreement: India, United States, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Union.
- Aim: To integrate Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, enhancing economic cooperation across these regions.
- Objectives:
- Improve transportation efficiency, lower costs, and promote economic cohesion among participating nations.
- Generate employment opportunities and reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
- Facilitate trade and connectivity, thereby reshaping regional integration among Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
Corridor Configuration:
IMEC comprises two primary corridors:
- East Corridor: Linking India to the Arabian Gulf.
- Northern Corridor: Connecting the Gulf region to Europe.
Key ports integral to the project’s success include:
- India: Mundra, Kandla, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (Mumbai).
- Middle East: Fujairah (UAE), Jebel Ali (Dubai, UAE), Abu Dhabi (UAE), Dammam (Saudi Arabia), and Ras Al Khair (Saudi Arabia).
- Israel: Haifa port.
- Europe: Piraeus (Greece), Messina (Italy), and Marseille (France).
Additionally, it encompasses various infrastructure components such as railway networks, ship-to-rail connections, road transport routes, electricity cables, hydrogen pipelines, and high-speed data cables. |
Significance:
- IMEC, upon completion, will establish a dependable and cost-efficient cross-border ship-to-rail transit network, complementing existing maritime and road transport networks.
- The IMEC Project holds significant promise in redefining regional trade dynamics and fostering sustainable economic growth and cooperation among the involved countries.
PYQ:
[2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks)
[2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of:
(a) African Union
(b) Brazil
(c) European Union
(d) China |
Back2Basics: Partnership for Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII)
- The PGII was first announced in June 2021 during the G7 (or Group of Seven) summit in the UK.
- The G7 countries include the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the European Union (EU).
- US President Joe Biden had called it the Build Back Better World (B3W) framework. However, it did not register much progress.
- In 2022, during the G7 summit in Germany, the PGII was officially launched as a joint initiative to help fund infrastructure projects in developing countries through public and private investments.
- Objective: To mobilise nearly $600 billion from the G7 by 2027 to invest in critical infrastructure.
- It is essentially in response to the infrastructure projects being undertaken and funded by China under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) at a global level.
|
Present Maritime Routes between India and Europe
| Trade Route |
Route |
Issues |
Advantages |
| Suez Canal Route |
Indian Ocean -> Arabian Sea -> Red Sea -> Suez Canal -> Mediterranean Sea -> Europe |
- High traffic causing congestion.
- Potential for piracy, especially near the Horn of Africa.
|
- Most efficient and shortest maritime route.
- Well-established with advanced port facilities.
|
| Cape of Good Hope Route |
Indian Ocean -> Arabian Sea -> Indian Ocean (southern tip of Africa) -> Atlantic Ocean -> Europe |
- Longer transit time compared to the Suez Canal.
- Higher fuel costs and longer journey duration.
|
- Avoids congestion and security risks of the Suez Canal.
- Suitable for large vessels unable to transit the Suez Canal.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Endangered Species Day, Species mentioned in the news
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- National Endangered Species Day is an annual event that strives to raise awareness about the significance of safeguarding endangered species and their habitats.
- This year, National Endangered Species Day was celebrated on May 17.
What is National Endangered Species Day?
- National Endangered Species Day is observed every year on the 3rd Friday of May.
- This day was co-founded in 2006 by the Endangered Species Coalition and David Robinson.
- Robinson defines Endangered Species Day as a “worldwide day of action to rescue species and celebrate conservation triumphs”.
- Theme for 2024: “Celebrate Saving Species”.
- According to the IUCN Red List Analysis 2020, over 500 land animal species will likely go extinct in the next two decades if current trends continue.
Flagship species in India that are Endangered and often seen in the News:
Species
|
Conservation Status
|
Key Information
|
| Asian Elephant
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Symbol of Heritage: Plays a key role in forest and grassland ecosystems.
- Threats: Habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching for tusks.
- Conservation Needs: Sustained efforts are crucial to ensure their survival and maintain biodiversity.
|
| Ganges River Dolphin
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Critical Habitat: Found in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems.
- Challenges: Water extraction, pollution, and river traffic.
- Population Decline: Less than 2,000 individuals remain in India.
|
| Bengal Tiger
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Iconic Predator: Represents a significant part of India’s wildlife.
- Current Status: Numbers are increasing, but threats like poaching and habitat loss persist.
- Habitat: Found across varied ecosystems, from forests to mangroves.
|
| Red Panda
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Status: Significant decline due to habitat loss and poaching.
- Habitat Zones: Found in the eastern Himalayas and parts of Northeast India.
- Conservation Importance: Serves as an indicator species for the health of the Himalayan forests.
|
| Asiatic Lion
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Last Refuge: Exclusively found in Gir National Park, Gujarat.
- Population Challenges: Threats include poaching and accidental deaths from open wells and fences.
- Conservation Strategies: Involves habitat restoration and stricter anti-poaching laws.
|
| Nilgiri Tahr
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Mountain Inhabitant: Lives in the mountainous regions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Population Pressure: Climate change and human interference are major threats.
- Survival Strategies: Requires focused conservation to stabilise its declining population.
|
| Lion-tailed Macaque
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Distinct Appearance: Notable for its silver mane, found in the Western Ghats.
- Critical Decline: Population affected by habitat fragmentation and human interaction.
- Behavioural Changes: Adjustments in their natural behaviours due to human activities are concerning.
|
| Great Indian Bustard (GIB)
|
- IUCN: Critically Endangered
- CITES Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- IBs are the largest among India’s four bustard species and are considered flagship birds of grasslands.
- Habitat reduced to just 10 per cent.
- Overhead power transmission, poor vision, windmills, noise pollution, landscape changes, and alterations in cultivation patterns pose significant threats to GIBs.
|
| Golden Langur
|
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES Appendix I;
- Schedule I (WPA, 1972)
|
- Approximately 7,396 Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) in India as per a census conducted by Assam Forest Department.
|
| Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
|
- IUCN: Critically Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I;
|
- Kashmir’s Hangul, a shy and endangered species of deer, has exhibited a robust breeding season, suggesting a hopeful future for its population in the Dachigam National Park.
- The Hanguls population could surpass 300 this spring, marking the first time in over 30 years.
|
PYQ:
[20I2] Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)
Mains level: Trades and Relations; Changing Geopolitics of the World;
Why in the News?
It is widely believed that renewing the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) program would pave the way for comprehensive U.S.-India trade negotiations, potentially elevating the bilateral trade relationship to new heights.
What is the ‘Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)’ Program about?
-
- The Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) is a trade initiative by developed countries to aid developing countries.
- Nearly all developed countries have their versions of the GSP, tailored to their economic and policy goals.
-
-
- It involves reducing tariffs on imports from these countries, aiming to stimulate their economic development. (It is not formally part of the World Trade Organization).
- Origin and its Evolution:
-
- During the 1960s: The idea of the GSP emerged during the 1960s as part of broader efforts within the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to help developing countries gain better access to markets in developed countries.
- During 1968: UNCTAD proposed the GSP as a mechanism to offer non-reciprocal, non-discriminatory tariff preferences to developing countries, aiming to promote their economic growth and industrialization.
- During 1974: The US officially established its GSP program under the Trade Act of 1974. This act authorized the U.S. to provide duty-free treatment for selected products imported from designated beneficiary developing countries (BDCs).
|
The Significance of Renewing the GSP:
- US Factor: The GSP program is unique because it requires periodic reauthorization by Congress. This program of the U.S. expired in 2020 and has not yet been renewed, despite bipartisan support.
- For Stability in the Market: Renewal is challenging in a polarized political environment but is crucial for maintaining stable market access for developing countries.
- For Diversification: The GSP supports small businesses and women-owned enterprises, encouraging economic empowerment and diversification away from Chinese imports.
- To bring Reform: It will promote labor and environmental reforms and reduce tariff costs for American businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises.
Significance of US – India Trade Relationship:
- Broader the Trade agreement: The U.S. and India have a significant trade relationship, with bilateral trade worth around $200 billion. Renewing the GSP could facilitate further negotiations and potentially lead to a broader trade agreement.
- Need for GSP renewal: Before the GSP expired, the U.S. and India were close to a trade deal covering various sectors including medical devices, agriculture, ethanol, and IT products.
- Despite ongoing trade dialogues, the U.S. is currently not negotiating new Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), making GSP renewal a key tool for enhancing trade relations.
- A renewed GSP could cover multiple areas such as labour rights, environmental laws, and regulatory practices, fostering a more robust and ambitious trade partnership.
- In the Indo-Pacific region.
- It can significantly boost trade and economic cooperation between the two countries.
- It would signal a mutual commitment to deepening their trade relationship and addressing broader economic and regulatory issues.
Way forward:
- Utilize GSP as a Negotiation Tool: Leverage GSP renewal as a platform to initiate broader trade negotiations between the U.S. and India, potentially leading to a more comprehensive trade agreement.
- Focus on Strategic Sectors: Identify and prioritize sectors such as technology, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture where both countries have mutual interests and complementary strengths.
Mains PYQ:
Q “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuclear treaties and Co-operations; 123 Agreement;
Mains level: Nuclear Cooperation Agreement; Major powers;
Why in the News?
White House National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan will visit Saudi Arabia to discuss a Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, aiming to foster Israeli-Saudi normalization.
What is a Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement?
- A civil nuclear cooperation agreement, often referred to as a “123 Agreement” after Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, sets the terms under which the United States can engage in significant nuclear cooperation with other countries.
- This includes the transfer of nuclear materials, technology, and information. Such agreements are designed to ensure that the cooperation is for peaceful purposes and to prevent nuclear proliferation.
- They require the partner country to adhere to nine nonproliferation criteria, including physical security measures, safeguards, and a commitment not to use the technology for nuclear weapons development. Additionally, these agreements must be reviewed and approved by the U.S. Congress.
Why does Saudi Arabia want a US nuclear cooperation agreement?
Saudi Arabia’s interest in a Nuclear Cooperation Agreement with the U.S. is driven by two primary motivations:
- Energy Diversification and its Vision 2030: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030 plan aims to diversify the Saudi economy and reduce its reliance on oil.
- Part of this vision includes developing renewable energy sources, and nuclear energy is seen as a key component.
- Strategic Considerations: There is also speculation that Saudi Arabia seeks to develop nuclear expertise as a hedge against Iran’s nuclear capabilities. The Saudi leadership has indicated that if Iran were to develop nuclear weapons, Saudi Arabia might consider doing the same.
- This potential for nuclear proliferation is a concern for arms control advocates and some U.S. lawmakers.
How would the US benefit from such a deal?
- Strategic Gains: The agreement could be a component of a broader effort to normalize relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel, thereby enhancing regional stability and security. This would bolster U.S. efforts to counter Iranian influence in the Middle East and build a coalition of allies in the region.
- Commercial Opportunities: U.S. nuclear companies could secure lucrative contracts to build and operate nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia. This would provide a significant boost to the U.S. nuclear industry, which faces competition from Russian and Chinese firms.
- Geopolitical Influence: Strengthening ties with Saudi Arabia would reinforce U.S. influence in the Gulf region at a time when China is seeking to expand its presence. This would help maintain the U.S. strategic foothold in one of the world’s most geopolitically significant areas.
What are some likely hurdles to it?
Several challenges could impede the realization of a U.S.-Saudi nuclear cooperation agreement:
- Gaza Conflict: The ongoing conflict in Gaza, particularly the high Palestinian casualties resulting from Israeli military actions, complicates Saudi willingness to normalize relations with Israel.
- Nonproliferation Concerns: There are substantial concerns about the potential for nuclear proliferation. Ensuring that Saudi Arabia complies with stringent nonproliferation standards and does not pursue nuclear weapons capabilities will be a critical and contentious issue.
- Congressional Approval: Any agreement would need to pass through the U.S. Congress, where it could face opposition from lawmakers worried about proliferation risks and regional security dynamics. Congressional scrutiny could delay or block the agreement.
- Need of high Technical and Operational Details: Negotiating the specifics of nuclear technology transfer, including whether Saudi Arabia would be allowed to enrich uranium on its soil, and ensuring robust safeguards to prevent misuse of nuclear materials, are complex issues that require careful handling.
Way Forward:
- Need for Strict Safeguards: Establish stringent nonproliferation safeguards within the agreement, ensuring that Saudi Arabia adheres to international standards and commits to using nuclear technology solely for peaceful purposes.
- Need Regular Inspections: Implement a robust regime of regular inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to monitor Saudi nuclear facilities and ensure compliance with the agreement.
Mains PYQ:
Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (15) (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Land and Property rights in India;
Mains level: Judicial Interventions; Judicial Review;
Why in the News?
To protect the rights of village landowners in Haryana, the Supreme Court has permitted a review of a 2022 judgment by Justices Hemant Gupta and V Ramasubramanian that allowed gram panchayats to acquire ‘shamlat deh’ land.
Context:
What is ‘Shamlat deh’?
- It refers to common land in the village, formed by multiple landowners each contributing an equal portion of their holdings to serve the “common purposes” of the village community. It is kept aside for common use in villages, as part of the Punjab Land Revenue Act of 1887.
- Article 31A was inserted by the First Amendment Act of 1951 in the Indian Constitution. It aimed to protect laws related to agrarian reforms and the acquisition of estates.
- According to the Supreme Court (April 2022), such land should be utilized by panchayats only for the needs of villagers. No part of the land can be re-partitioned amongst the proprietors, and such land would not be available for sale.
- A Bench of Justices B R Gavai and Sandeep Mehta reopened the challenge to the 1992 amendment on May 17, 2024, after observing that the 2022 decision disregarded an important and relevant Constitution Bench decision in the case of Bhagat Ram vs State of Punjab (1967).
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Bhagat Ram: Clarifying the Meaning of Land Acquisition under Article 31A:
- In 1967, a five-judge Bench reviewed a land consolidation scheme for the village of Dolike Sunderpur that reserved lands for common purposes and diverted the income to the panchayat.
- Landowners’ Argument: The scheme violated the second provision of Article 31A, which prevents acquiring land below the ceiling limit without compensation at market value.
- State’s Argument: The reservation for the panchayat was not land acquisition since the income would benefit the village.
- Ajit Singh v State of Punjab (1967): Distinguished land acquisition from modification or extinguishment of land rights.
- SC Decision: The panchayat was effectively acquiring land by reserving its income, making the state the beneficiary. The court ruled that the second provision of Article 31A applied. Punjab argued the acquisition predated the 17th amendment, but the SC noted the scheme’s implementation was stayed, hence possession and control had not been transferred.
Does Shamlat Land Belong to the Landowners or the Panchayat?
- In 2003, the Punjab and Haryana High Court reviewed a challenge to the 1992 amendment to the Punjab Act that vested control of ‘shamlat deh’ land in Haryana with the gram panchayat.
- Petitioners’ Argument: The Landowners however argued that the amendment did not allow panchayats to control the land for common purposes without compensation, violating Article 31A.
- High Court Decision: The court distinguished between land reserved for common purposes under the Consolidation Act (vested with the gram panchayat) and land contributed by proprietors but not reserved under the consolidation scheme (which could not vest with the panchayat without compensation).
- The decision relied on the SC’s Bhagat Ram ruling that acquiring land without compensation violates the second proviso of Article 31A.
SC Allows Review of 2022 Judgment:
- The 2022 Supreme Court decision by Justices Gupta and Ramasubramanian overruled the 2003 High Court decision, finding no need for compensation as Article 31 had been omitted. The court ruled that the panchayat merely managed the land on behalf of landholders and that control was vested in the panchayat upon assignment.
- Karnail Singh Review: Justices Gavai and Mehta reopened the challenge, noting the 2022 decision’s cursory reference to Bhagat Ram without addressing why the High Court’s reliance on it was wrong.
- The court found that ignoring a Constitution Bench decision was a manifest error, justifying a review.
- Recalled the 2022 SC decision: The 2022 decision was recalled, and the challenge to the 2003 High Court decision was set to be reheard, starting on August 7, 2024.
Way Forward:
- Need Comprehensive Judicial Reviews: Conduct detailed reviews of prior relevant judgments to provide clear, well-founded reasoning in court decisions.
- Need Clear Compensation Guidelines: Establish explicit guidelines for compensation in land acquisition cases, particularly those involving common land like ‘shamlat deh’, to protect landowners’ rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 has come into effect from Ist January 2014. What are the key issues which would get addressed with the Act in place? What implications would it have on industrialization and agriculture in India? (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glaciers;
Mains level: Climate change; Issue of rise in Temperatures;
Why in the News?
Venezuela has likely become the first country to lose all its glaciers, with its last Humboldt glacier melting faster than anticipated. While scientists projected it to last another decade, its rapid melting exceeded expectations.
Background:
- Venezuela was home to six glaciers about 5,000 meters above sea level in the Andes mountains.
- By 2011, five of them had vanished. Scientists expected the Humboldt glacier to last another decade.
What are glaciers?
- Glaciers are large masses of ice that form on land over long periods through the accumulation and compaction of snow. They flow like slow rivers and typically develop in regions with near-freezing temperatures, significant snowfall, and minimal summer melting.
- According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), they usually exist and form in areas where mean annual temperatures reach near the freezing point; winter precipitation leads to significant snow accumulations; and temperatures throughout the remaining year do not cause the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow accumulation.
Why are Glaciers disappearing?
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution have released large amounts of GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
- Heat Trapping: The greenhouse gases act as a blanket, trapping heat in the atmosphere. While they allow sunlight to pass through, they prevent the heat from escaping back into space, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
- The global average temperature has increased by at least 1.1 degrees Celsius since 1880 due to the skyrocketing emissions of GHGs in recent decades.
- Consequences of Temperature Rise: The temperature rise has resulted in devastating consequences such as more frequent and intense heatwaves, floods, droughts, and a rise in sea levels.
- Accelerated Melting: Glaciers, like ice cubes exposed to heat, are melting at accelerated rates due to the warmer temperatures caused by global warming.
- Natural Climate Phenomena: Natural climate phenomena like El Nino can exacerbate glacier melting by causing abnormal warming of surface waters, as observed in the case of the Humboldt glacier in Venezuela.
What are the impacts of Glacier Loss?
- Freshwater Source: Glaciers are crucial sources of freshwater, especially during hot and dry periods, providing water for local communities, plants, and animals. Their disappearance would increase dependence on sporadic rainfall for freshwater supply.
- Temperature Regulation: Glacial runoff helps regulate downstream water temperatures, particularly keeping them cooler. This is essential for many aquatic species that require cold water temperatures to survive, impacting the entire ecosystem.
- Ecosystem Impact: Glacier loss directly affects aquatic species, disrupting the food web and potentially leading to declines in biodiversity.
- Contribution to Sea Level Rise: Melting glaciers contribute to rising sea levels, although smaller glaciers like Venezuela’s Humboldt glacier may not substantially impact sea levels.
- Cultural Impact: The loss of glaciers has significant cultural implications, particularly for communities where glaciers are part of their cultural identity. Activities such as mountaineering and tourism, which rely on glaciers, would be affected.
- Tourism and Recreation: Glaciers are often major tourist attractions, drawing visitors for activities like mountaineering and sightseeing. The disappearance of glaciers would impact tourism and recreational activities in affected regions.
Way Forward:
- International Cooperation: Foster collaboration among countries to tackle climate change on a global scale. Support international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Protect and Preserve Glacier Areas: Establish and enforce conservation measures to protect glacier regions from further degradation. This can involve creating protected areas, implementing zoning regulations, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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