Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it function?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters.
- It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
|
How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
|
How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months.
- After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority.
- Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Traditional water harvesting systems in India
Why in the News?
With summers nearing, the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan particularly in Churu, Jaisalmer, and Barmer districts largely rely on ‘Kundi’ system of traditional rainwater harvesting.
What is Kundi System?
- Found in Churu, Rajasthan, kundis (or kunds) are traditional rainwater harvesting structures designed for storing drinking water.
- A circular or rectangular pit, often lined with bricks or stones, is dug into the ground.
- Rainwater is collected through sloped catchments and funneled into the kundi for storage.
- A lid or stone slab covers the pit to prevent contamination and evaporation.
- These structures help communities survive in regions with scarce groundwater and unpredictable rainfall.
Other Traditional Water Harvesting Systems in India
| Khadin (Rajasthan) |
Earthen embankment (bund) built across slopes to retain surface runoff for moisture conservation and groundwater recharge, used since the 15th century. |
| Johads (Rajasthan, Haryana) |
Small crescent-shaped embankments that store rainwater, recharge groundwater, prevent runoff, and improve water availability. |
| Baolis / Stepwells (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Delhi, MP) |
Deep stepwells with stairs leading to groundwater storage, used for drinking, irrigation, and bathing; famous examples include Rani ki Vav (UNESCO site) and Agrasen ki Baoli. |
| Virdas (Gujarat – Kutch region) |
Shallow wells dug in depressions to separate fresh rainwater from saline groundwater, used by Maldhari pastoralists for drinking and livestock. |
| Tankas (Rajasthan, Gujarat) |
Circular underground tanks built in homes and temples for storing rainwater; lined with lime for purification, found in Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Dwarka. |
| Zabo (Nagaland) |
Terraced ponds built on hill slopes to collect rainwater for drinking, irrigation, and livestock, preventing soil erosion and increasing groundwater recharge. |
| Kuls (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, J&K) |
Small channels (kuls) diverting glacial meltwater to fields for irrigation, made of stones, wood, and mud, and managed by local communities. |
| Ahar-Pyne (Bihar, Jharkhand) |
Ancient system from the Mauryan period, where reservoirs (Ahar) collect rainwater, and channels (Pyne) distribute it for paddy cultivation. |
| Eri (Tamil Nadu) |
Interconnected chain of tanks developed during the Chola period for irrigation, groundwater recharge, and flood control, still supporting agriculture. |
| Surangam (Kerala, Karnataka) |
Horizontal tunnels dug into hillsides to extract water from aquifers, similar to Iran’s Qanat system, common in Malabar and Kasargod. |
| Phad Irrigation (Maharashtra) |
Community-managed canal irrigation system drawing water from rivers, used in drought-prone areas, managed by a village council (patkari system). |
| [UPSC 2016] With reference to the economic history of medieval India, the term ‘Araghatta refers to:
(a) Bonded labour
(b) Land grants made to military officers
(c) Waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
(d) Wasteland converted to cultivated land |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
Why in the News?
The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) recently organized Prani Mitra and Jeev Daya Award Ceremony in New Delhi.
- Prani Mitra Awards were established in 1966 to honor individuals excelling in animal welfare and protection.
- Since 1966, 54 individuals have received this award for their remarkable service.
- Jeev Daya Awards, instituted in 2001, acknowledge efforts in animal rescue, rehabilitation, and welfare education.
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About the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
- The AWBI is a statutory advisory body under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
- It was established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, with Rukmini Devi Arundale as its first chairperson.
- Headquarters: Ballabhgarh, Haryana (previously in Chennai).
- Composition: 28 members serving for a period of three years.
- Jurisdiction: Initially under the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, later moved to the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, and is now managed by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
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- Recognition of Animal Welfare Organizations (AWOs): Grants recognition to organizations meeting the Board’s guidelines.
- Financial Assistance: Provides funds for shelters, cattle rescue, ambulances, and birth control programs.
- Policy and Legal Advocacy: Proposes changes in animal welfare laws and offers guidance to law enforcement agencies.
- Awareness and Education: Conducts educational programs, workshops, and publications on animal welfare.
- Monitoring Animals in Research & Entertainment: Instrumental in setting up CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) and implementing Performing Animals Rules (2001, amended 2005).
- Activism & Legal Rights for Animals: Successfully fought in 2014 (AWBI vs. Nagaraja case) for recognizing fundamental rights of animals under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following statements:
1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Science Day
Why in the News?
February 28 is observed as National Science Day in India to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928. It is the only Nobel achieved by an Indian while working in India.
About National Science Day
- National Science Day is celebrated in India on February 28 every year.
- It marks the discovery of the Raman Effect by Sir C.V. Raman on February 28, 1928.
- The GoI declared this day as National Science Day in 1986 to promote scientific awareness.
- The primary objective of the day is to promote scientific temper, encourage research, and recognize India’s contributions to science.
- Schools, colleges, and research institutions organize seminars, science exhibitions, and debates to celebrate this day.
- The theme for National Science Day 2024 is “Empowering Indian Youth for Global Leadership in Science & Innovation for Viksit Bharat.”
Who was C.V. Raman?
- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu.
- He completed his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Physics from Presidency College, Madras.
- He initially worked as an Assistant Accountant General but continued his passion for physics through research.
- In 1917, he became a professor at Calcutta University and conducted groundbreaking experiments.
- He established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1948, which became a major center for scientific research.
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Contributions of C.V. Raman
- Raman Effect (1928): Proved that light changes wavelength when scattered by molecules.
- Inspired by the blue color of the Mediterranean Sea, disproving the earlier sky-reflection theory.
- Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming India’s first Nobel laureate in science.
- Conducted research on vibrations of musical instruments like the veena, tabla, and mridangam.
- Raman Spectroscopy is widely used in chemistry, physics, medicine, and space exploration.
- Used by NASA in Mars Rover missions for mineral analysis.
- He established the Raman Research Institute to promote advanced scientific research in India.
- He contributed to strengthening India’s scientific infrastructure and mentored future physicists.
PYQ:
[2016] A recent movie titled The Man Who Knew Infinity is based on the biography of:
(a) S. Ramanujan
(b) S. Chandrasekhar
(c) S. N. Bose
(d) C. V. Raman |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doomsday Fish
Why in the News?
Recent sightings of the rare oarfish, also known as the “Doomsday Fish,” near the shores of Baja California Sur, Mexico, have sparked speculation and social media frenzy.
About the ‘Doomsday Fish’
- Japanese Folklore calls the oarfish “Ryugu no tsukai” or “Sea God’s Palace Messenger” and believes its rare appearance signals an impending natural calamity.
- The belief gained strength in 2011 when multiple oarfish washed ashore in Japan just before the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (9.0 magnitude).
- Some cultures also consider the oarfish a messenger of the deep, warning humans of major disturbances in the ocean.
Popular Legends
- Some scientists suggest that deep-sea fishlike oarfish may be sensitive to underwater vibrations from fault lines and could surface before an earthquake.
- However, no conclusive scientific evidence supports this theory.
- Powerful ocean currents, storms, or underwater disturbances may push weakened or dying oarfish toward the surface.
- The El Niño phenomenon or changes in water temperature might also affect their movements.
- A 2019 study in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America found no relationship between oarfish sightings and earthquakes in Japan.
PYQ:
[2017] Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences?
1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected.
2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants.
3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q)To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Election Commission of India (2017) and role of the Election Commission of India (2022).
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, is the first law made under Article 324(5) of the Constitution for appointing the CEC and ECs. It was introduced after the Supreme Court’s March 2023 order, which aimed to ensure fair appointments through a high-power committee.
Today’s editorial discusses about the selection process of Election commissioners which is currently in news. This content would help in GS Paper2 mains.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill is flawed because it favors the candidate chosen by the government.
What are the key provisions of the 2023 Bill for appointing?
- Selection Committee Composition: A three-member committee chaired by the Prime Minister, with the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the Lok Sabha and a Cabinet Minister (nominated by the Prime Minister) as members.
- Search Committee: Headed by the Law Minister, along with two senior bureaucrats, to prepare a list of five eligible candidates for consideration.
- Appointment Procedure: The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) based on the recommendations of the selection committee.
- Seniority Principle: The senior-most Election Commissioner is to be appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner.
- Binding Nature of Recommendations: It is mandatory for the President to appoint candidates recommended by the selection committee.
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Why has the new law been challenged?
- Deviation from Supreme Court’s Directive: In March 2023, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Justice K.M. Joseph, directed that appointments should be made by a high-powered committee comprising the Prime Minister, LoP, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI). The new law replaces the CJI with a Cabinet Minister, weakening the independence of the selection process.
- Lack of Transparency: The search committee’s list of eligible candidates is not made public, reducing accountability.
- Government’s Dominance: The composition ensures a built-in majority for the government’s preferred candidate, undermining free and fair selection.
What constitutional infirmities have been identified in the selection process?
- Government-Controlled Majority in the Selection Committee: The selection committee consists of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition (LoP).
- This structure inherently creates a 2:1 majority in favor of the government, allowing the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Minister to dominate the decision-making process, undermining an independent and impartial selection.
- Lack of Independent Oversight: Replacing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) with a Cabinet Minister weakens judicial oversight. This reduces checks and balances, as a Cabinet Minister is subordinate to the Prime Minister and unlikely to challenge the government’s preferences.
- Violation of Fair and Objective Assessment: The process does not ensure objective evaluation of candidates due to the predetermined government majority. This may violate Article 14 (Right to Equality) as it denies a fair chance to qualified candidates outside the government’s favor and threatens the basic structure doctrine by compromising the independence of the Election Commission.
What are the key observations of the Supreme Court?
- Independence of the Election Commission is Vital: The Supreme Court emphasized that the Election Commission of India (ECI) must be independent and impartial to ensure free and fair elections, which is a fundamental feature of democracy.
- Example: In the Election Commission of India vs. State of Tamil Nadu (1993), the Court held that the ECI has plenary powers to conduct free and fair elections, reinforcing the need for independent appointments.
- Need for a Neutral Selection Process: The Court highlighted that appointments to constitutional bodies like the ECI should be made through a neutral and independent process to prevent executive dominance.
- Example: In March 2023, the Constitution Bench directed that, until a law is enacted, the Prime Minister, LoP, and the CJI should select the CEC and ECs to ensure balanced decision-making.
- Concerns over Executive Overreach: The Court warned that allowing the executive to control appointments could undermine the institution’s autonomy and jeopardize the integrity of the electoral process.
- Example: The Court observed that the historical practice of Prime Minister-led appointments was unsatisfactory, as it compromised the Commission’s independence.
- Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court observed that a selection process favoring the government could violate Article 14 by denying an equal opportunity to eligible candidates.
- Example: The current law creates a government-majority panel, allowing political bias in appointments and limiting fair competition.
- Upholding the Basic Structure Doctrine: The Court reiterated that free and fair elections are part of the basic structure of the Constitution, which cannot be compromised by biased appointment procedures.
- Example: In S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994), the Court affirmed that any law threatening the democratic process would violate the basic structure doctrine and could be struck down.
Way forward:
- Restore Judicial Oversight: Reintroduce the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the selection committee to ensure impartiality and independent oversight.
- Enhance Transparency: Make the search committee’s candidate list public and adopt objective criteria for fair and unbiased selection.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of delimitation exercise;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin has called for an all-party meeting on March 5 to discuss the delimitation exercise, aiming to start a national discussion on the issue.
What is the primary concern of Tamil Nadu regarding the delimitation exercise?
- Loss of Parliamentary Representation: Tamil Nadu fears that if delimitation is based solely on population size, it may lose Lok Sabha seats due to its lower population growth compared to northern States. For instance, while Tamil Nadu’s electorate grew by 171% (1971-2024), undivided Bihar’s grew by 233%, which could lead to a reduction in Tamil Nadu’s political influence.
- Penalty for Population Control Success: Tamil Nadu is concerned that its effective population control measures will be penalized. States with higher fertility rates (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar) might gain seats, while those with lower growth like Tamil Nadu and Kerala could lose out, despite their better health and development indicators.
What are the potential impacts of the delimitation exercise?
- Shift in Political Power Dynamics: Delimitation could increase the number of representatives from northern States with higher populations (e.g., Uttar Pradesh and Bihar), thereby shifting political influence away from southern and western States that have implemented effective population control measures.
- Federal Imbalance and Regional Inequality: Southern states that perform better in terms of health, education, and population control may feel penalized. For example, Kerala’s successful population policies could lead to fewer seats despite its contributions to national development, undermining the principle of cooperative federalism.
- Resource Allocation Disparities: More seats for northern States could lead to greater influence over Union Budget allocations and central schemes, potentially reducing the share of resources to States with fewer representatives like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- Political Tensions and Regional Discontent: Perceived favoritism towards northern States could increase regional tensions. For example, Tamil Nadu’s call for an all-party meeting reflects concerns that their voices will be marginalized, which may fuel political agitation and demands for policy reassessment.
Why was the delimitation exercise frozen based on the 1971 Census?
- To Ensure Fairness Among States with Varying Population Growth: This aimed to protect the political representation of States that successfully implemented population control policies.
- Example: Southern States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have lower population growth but would lose seats if delimitation were updated, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar would gain due to their higher population increases.
- To Maintain the Balance of Power in Federal Governance: The freeze ensured that the distribution of parliamentary seats did not disrupt the federal structure by over-representing certain regions. This preserved a geographical balance in national decision-making.
- Example: Despite Tamil Nadu’s slower population growth, its 39 Lok Sabha seats remain unchanged since 1971, allowing it to maintain a significant voice in national policies.
What steps has the Union government taken to clarify its position on maintaining proportional representation for Southern States?
- Delimitation Freeze Extension: The government extended the freeze on parliamentary seat allocation based on population through the 42nd Amendment (1976) until 2001, and later extended it to 2026 through the 84th Amendment (2001).
- Equitable Resource Allocation: The 15th Finance Commission (2021-26) used a balanced approach by including both population (2011 Census) and demographic performance to ensure fair distribution of resources, addressing concerns of Southern states.
- Example: The Commission allocated 12.5% weightage for demographic performance, rewarding states with better population control.
- Consultative Processes: The Union government engages with Southern states through inter-state council meetings and Finance Commission consultations to address their concerns about fair representation and resource distribution.
- Example: In 2023, the government held deliberations on the implications of delimitation and reassured Southern states of equitable consideration in future seat revisions.
Way forward:
- Balanced Delimitation Framework: Implement a hybrid approach that considers both population size and demographic performance to ensure fair representation without penalizing states with successful population control policies.
- Strengthen Federal Dialogue: Regular consultative mechanisms through Inter-State Councils and Finance Commissions to address regional concerns, ensuring equitable resource allocation and preserving the spirit of cooperative federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hague Service Convention;
Why in the News?
On February 18, 2025, the U.S. Secuirty and Exchange commission asked the Indian government under the Hague Service Convention, to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani in a securities and wire fraud case.
What is the Hague Service Convention?
- The Hague Service Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (1965), is a multilateral treaty that facilitates the service of legal documents across international borders in civil and commercial cases.
How does it work?
- The Hague Service Convention standardizes the process for serving legal documents across borders in civil and commercial matters. It operates through Central Authorities in member countries, ensuring efficient service, protecting defendants’ rights, and allowing alternative methods like postal service if permitted. It excludes criminal cases and non-signatory nations.
|
How is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission attempting to serve summons on the Adanis?
- Invoking the Hague Service Convention: The SEC has requested assistance from India’s Ministry of Law and Justice under Article 5(a) of the Hague Service Convention to officially deliver the summons to Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani.
- Exploring Alternative Service Methods: The SEC is considering alternative methods under Rule 4(f) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows service through means like email or social media, if conventional methods face delays.
- Proceeding Despite FCPA Suspension: Although the Trump administration has temporarily paused the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement for 180 days, the SEC argues that the pause does not apply retroactively, allowing their investigation into the Adanis to continue.
What are India’s reservations under the Convention?
- Opposition to Alternative Service Methods: India rejects all alternative service methods under Article 10 of the Convention, including postal service, diplomatic channels, and direct service by foreign judicial officers.
- Example: A U.S. court cannot serve legal documents in India via U.S. consular channels unless the recipient is a U.S. national residing in India.
- Mandatory Use of Central Authority: All service requests must go through India’s Ministry of Law and Justice, which is the designated central authority for processing foreign summons. Requests must be in English or include an English translation.
- Example: In Punjab National Bank (International) Ltd. v. Boris Shipping Ltd. (2019), a U.K. court ruled that service through alternative methods was invalid due to India’s reservations.
|
How long does the service process typically take?
- The service process under the Hague Service Convention in India typically takes six to eight months. After receiving a request, India’s Ministry of Law and Justice verifies and forwards it to the appropriate authority. Upon completion, an acknowledgement is issued to the requesting country, confirming successful service.
Way forward:
- Expedite Processing Mechanisms: Implement digital tracking and streamlined workflows within the Ministry of Law and Justice to reduce delays in handling service requests.
- Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation: Enhance legal cooperation with key countries through bilateral agreements to complement the Hague Service Convention and facilitate faster document service.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PUNCH Mission
Why in the News?
NASA is set to launch the Polarimetry to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission on February 28, 2025, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
About the PUNCH Mission
- PUNCH Mission is a groundbreaking solar mission designed to study the Sun’s corona and solar wind using advanced imaging techniques.
- It will consist of 4 small satellites operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for an expected two-year mission.
- Unlike previous missions, PUNCH will use polarimetry (measurement of polarized light) to observe solar phenomena in 3D.
- It allows scientists to study the origin and evolution of solar winds and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), both of which impact space weather and Earth’s technological systems.
- Focus Areas of the PUNCH Mission:
-
- Study how the Sun’s outer corona transforms into the solar wind.
- Observe how CMEs are formed, gain speed, and travel through space.
- Improve space weather forecasting to protect satellites, astronauts, and power grids.
- Provide real-time data to help scientists predict solar storms and geomagnetic disturbances.
- Contribute to NASA’s Artemis program by ensuring safe deep-space exploration.
Key Features of the PUNCH Mission:
- 4 microsatellite weighs 64 kg each and works together to capture a wide-field view of the Sun’s corona.
- Advanced Imaging Instruments:
- Narrow Field Imager (NFI): Captures high-resolution images of the inner corona.
- Wide Field Imagers (WFIs): Observe solar wind and CMEs across interplanetary space.
- STEAM (X-ray spectrometer): Monitors coronal heating and solar flares.
- Provides real-time data every four minutes.
- Offers a 90° field of view, covering the Sun’s outer atmosphere and heliosphere.
- Helps mitigate the effects of solar storms on Earth’s communication systems.
- Aids in protecting astronauts and satellites from harmful solar radiation.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?
- GPS and navigation systems could fail.
- Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
- Power grids could be damaged.
- Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
- Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
- Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
- Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Time Use Survey (TUS), 2024
Why in the News?
The National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has released the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024, marking the second nationwide survey of its kind after 2019.
What is the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024?
- The TUS, 2024 is a nationwide survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
- It is the second edition of the survey, following the first TUS conducted in 2019.
- Purpose: TUS measures how individuals allocate their time across paid work, unpaid domestic work, caregiving, learning, leisure, and other daily activities.
- India is among a few countries, including Australia, Japan, Korea, the US, and China, that conduct National Time Use Surveys.
- Unlike traditional surveys that focus solely on employment, TUS captures both economic and non-economic activities, highlighting gender roles, social structures, and lifestyle changes.
Key Highlights of TUS 2024:
- 75% of males and 25% of females (aged 15-59 years) participated in employment-related activities in 2024.
- In 2019, the participation rate was 70.9% for males and 21.8% for females, reflecting a 3.2% increase in female workforce participation.
- Decline in unpaid domestic work for women from 315 minutes/day (2019) to 305 minutes/day (2024), indicating a shift towards paid employment.
- 41% of women and 21.4% of men in the 15-59 age group engaged in caregiving.
- Women spent 140 minutes/day, while men spent 74 minutes/day on caregiving.
- Male involvement in child-rearing and elder care is rising, signaling changing gender roles.
- 89.3% of children (6-14 years) participated in learning activities, dedicating an average of 413 minutes/day.
- Leisure time has increased – People aged 6 years and above spent 11% of their daily time on cultural, leisure, mass media, and sports activities, compared to 9.9% in 2019.
- 16.8% of people engaged in producing goods for personal use, spending 121 minutes/day.
- In rural areas, 24.6% of individuals (15-59 years) participated in household production.
- Unpaid domestic services participation: 81.5% of women, 27.1% of men.
PYQ:
[2013] Disguised unemployment generally means:
(a) large number of people remain unemployed
(b) alternative employment is not available
(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero
(d) productivity of workers is low
[2023] Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: One Nation One Port Initiative
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) has launched the “One Nation, One Port Process” (ONOP) initiative to standardize and streamline operations across India’s major ports.
What is the One Nation, One Port Initiative?
- The One Nation, One Port Process initiative, launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), aims to standardize and streamline port operations across India.
- It seeks to eliminate inefficiencies, reduce documentation, and enhance trade competitiveness, aligning with India’s vision of becoming a global maritime hub.
Key Features:
- Standardized Port Operations: Uniform documentation, customs, and clearance processes across all ports to improve efficiency.
- Reduction in Documentation: Container operation documents reduced by 33% (from 143 to 96); bulk cargo documents cut by 29% (from 150 to 106).
- Sagar Ankalan Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI): Tracks port efficiency and competitiveness to align with global logistics standards.
- MAITRI Digital Platform: Integrates AI and Blockchain for automated trade approvals, supporting Virtual Trade Corridors (VTC) with UAE, BIMSTEC, and ASEAN.
- Green and Smart Port Infrastructure: Encourages low-carbon logistics, sustainable shipping, and modernized port facilities.
- Maritime Development Fund & Shipbuilding Support: Provides financial incentives for domestic shipyards and strengthens India’s maritime industry.
PYQ:
[2009] In India, the ports are categorized as major and nonmajor ports. Which one of the following is a nonmajor port?
(a) Kochi (Cochin)
(b) Dahej
(c) Paradip
(d) New Mangalore |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chandra Shekhar Azad
Why in the News?
Leaders from across the political spectrum paid tributes to the freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad on his martyrdom day (27th February 1931).
Who was Chandra Shekhar Azad?
- Chandra Shekhar Azad (1906–1931) was a revolutionary who played a key role in India’s independence struggle.
- Born in Bhabhra, Madhya Pradesh, he joined Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement at 15 but turned to armed revolution after its suspension.
- He reorganized the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) alongside Bhagat Singh.
- Azad vowed never to be captured alive and sacrificed himself in a shootout at Alfred Park, Allahabad, on February 27, 1931.
His Contributions to the Freedom Struggle
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1921): Arrested at 15, he declared his name as “Azad” (Free) in court and was punished with 15 lashes.
- Joining HRA (1924): Became a member of Ram Prasad Bismil’s HRA and raised funds through political dacoities.
- Kakori Train Robbery (1925): Helped loot a British train carrying treasury money; escaped capture while others were sentenced.
- Reorganizing HSRA (1928): Transformed HRA into HSRA with Bhagat Singh, introducing socialist ideology.
- Assassination of John Saunders (1928): Avenged Lala Lajpat Rai’s death, personally eliminating a police officer in the escape.
- Attempt to Blow Up Lord Irwin’s Train (1929): Planned to assassinate Viceroy Lord Irwin, but the plan failed.
- Final Stand (1931): Surrounded by British police, killed three officers, ensured his comrade’s escape, and shot himself with his last bullet.
PYQ:
[2020] Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the diverse environmental impact of coal (2017), and environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants(2014).
India relies on coal for 65% of its electricity due to its low cost and large reserves. Coal-fired power plants release harmful gases like CO₂, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter, causing pollution and climate issues. Using Low NOx Burners with Over Fire Air technology can reduce NOx emissions by 45-80% without affecting power generation.
Today’s editorial discusses pollution caused by coal-fired power plants in India. This information is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
New research from Stanford University in the US shows that coal-fired power plants are reducing India’s rice and wheat production, causing up to a 10% loss in several states.
Why did the researchers focus on nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions?
- Phytotoxic Effects on Crops: NO₂ is phytotoxic, meaning it directly harms plant health by interfering with cellular functions and enzymatic activities. Example: In agricultural areas near coal plants, NO₂ exposure leads to lower chlorophyll levels, reducing plant vitality and yield.
- Formation of Secondary Pollutants: NO₂ contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, which further damages crops by limiting photosynthesis and causing oxidative stress. Example: Increased ozone formation near coal hubs like Chhattisgarh exacerbates crop loss during peak growing seasons.
- Limited Existing Research in India: While global studies link NO₂ to agricultural damage, there was no systematic study at the power-plant level in India. Example: This research fills the gap by connecting NO₂ emissions from coal plants directly to wheat and rice yield losses.
- Satellite Data Availability: Advanced satellites like TROPOMI allow precise tracking of NO₂ concentrations, making it easier to study the pollutant’s widespread effects. Example: Researchers used satellite-derived vegetation indices (NIRv) to measure crop health across polluted regions.
- High Contribution from Coal Plants: Coal-fired power plants are a major source of NO₂ emissions, especially in industrial and agricultural belts. Example: In Chhattisgarh, around 19% of monsoon-season NO₂ comes from coal plants, causing significant crop damage.
How does this pollutant impact plant health and crop yield?
- Disruption of Photosynthesis: NO₂ reduces the amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis by forming secondary pollutants like particulate matter. This limits energy production in plants. Example: In areas near coal plants, reduced sunlight exposure leads to a 5-10% decline in rice and wheat yields in states like West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
- Cellular and Enzymatic Damage: NO₂ interferes with crucial cellular processes and enzymatic functions, weakening plant growth and reducing their ability to absorb nutrients. Example: Crops exposed to high NO₂ levels in Chhattisgarh show slower growth and lower productivity, especially during peak seasons.
- Ozone Formation and Oxidative Stress: NO₂ contributes to ground-level ozone, which causes oxidative stress in plants, leading to leaf damage and reduced crop yields. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, where overall NO₂ levels are high, wheat crops suffer significant losses due to ozone-induced stress during the winter season.
Which states show the highest agricultural losses?
- Chhattisgarh: The most affected region with the highest share of NO₂ pollution from coal plants (19% during the monsoon and 12.5% in winter). It is a major hub for coal-fired power generation, leading to severe air pollution and crop yield losses.
- West Bengal: There are significant NO₂ exposure from coal plants that affects 5.7% of cropland, with yield losses between 5-10% and even greater than 10% in some areas. The proximity of coal plants to fertile agricultural zones increases the impact on rice and wheat production.
- Madhya Pradesh: About 5.9% of cropland near coal plants experiences 5-10% yield losses, while 11.9% of agricultural land could face losses exceeding 10%.
- Uttar Pradesh: High overall NO₂ pollution, but only a small portion originates from coal-fired power plants. The other industrial sources dominate NO₂ emissions, yet coal plants still add to the burden on winter wheat yields.
- Tamil Nadu: Low overall NO₂ levels but a large share comes from coal plants, disproportionately affecting local agriculture. The concentration of coal-fired power plants contributes a substantial portion of the region’s air pollution.
What steps have been taken by the Indian government?
- Increased Budget Allocation for Coal Sector: The 2025-2026 Union Budget has increased the allocation for the Ministry of Coal by 255% over the revised estimates of FY 2024-2025, reflecting a focus on managing coal resources and addressing environmental concerns.
- Pollution Control Mandates: The government has introduced emission norms for coal-fired power plants, requiring the installation of pollution control equipment like Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO₂) and other pollutants.
- Renewable Energy Promotion: Policies such as the National Solar Mission and incentives for renewable energy aim to reduce coal dependency and minimize air pollution while promoting cleaner energy alternatives.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Emission Regulations: Implement stricter NO₂ emission limits for coal-fired power plants, enforce regular monitoring, and expedite the adoption of advanced pollution control technologies like selective catalytic reduction (SCR).
- Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Clean Energy: Support farmers in NO₂-affected regions with resilient crop varieties and promote a transition to renewable energy through increased investment in solar and wind infrastructure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Legal Maternity Benefit;
Why in the News?
All pregnant women in India are entitled to maternity benefits, yet the majority have not received any financial support in recent years.
What are the legal maternity benefit provisions under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013?
- Universal Entitlement (Except Formal Sector): All pregnant and lactating women (excluding those already receiving maternity benefits in the formal sector) are legally entitled to receive ₹6,000 per child to support nutrition and health.
- Objective of Nutrition and Health Support: The provision aims to improve maternal and child health by ensuring better access to nutrition, rest, and medical care during pregnancy and after childbirth.
- Legal Obligation for Central Government: It is the legal duty of the central government to ensure maternity benefits are provided without arbitrary reductions or restrictions.
How do they compare to the benefits provided under the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)?
- Coverage Scope
-
- NFSA 2013: Provides ₹6,000 per child to all pregnant and lactating women (excluding those in the formal sector).
- PMMVY: Provides ₹5,000 only for the first child (recently extended to the second child if it is a girl), violating the universal entitlement under NFSA.
- Implementation Efficiency
-
- NFSA 2013: Mandates universal coverage without restrictive conditions to ensure access for all eligible women.
- PMMVY: Imposes strict conditions (e.g., Aadhaar verification) and complex processes, leading to low disbursement rates and exclusion of many entitled women.
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What are the issues related to Scant information?
- Minimal Data Disclosure: The Ministry of Women and Child Development provides limited information on PMMVY, violating Section 4 of the RTI Act, which mandates proactive disclosure of public data. For example, basic details like the number of beneficiaries and payment status are not available.
- RTI-Driven Insights: Information on PMMVY coverage is only accessible through RTI queries. For instance, RTI data revealed that effective coverage dropped from 36% in 2019-20 to just 9% in 2023-24, highlighting the program’s declining reach.
- Budgetary Secrecy: There is little transparency about financial allocations and expenditures. For example, official records do not openly explain why central government spending fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24—just one-third of the amount five years earlier.
Why has the effective coverage of the PMMVY declined sharply since 2019-20?
- Software-Related Issues and Technical Glitches: In 2023-24, major changes in the PMMVY’s software and implementation processes caused frequent system failures, delaying or blocking payments. Officials admitted to facing software issues “every day,” leading to a reduced disbursement rate despite consistent applications.
- Restrictive Eligibility and Complex Documentation: PMMVY limits benefits to only the first child (and a second child if a girl), violating the universal entitlement under the NFSA. Strict Aadhaar-based verification and other conditions exclude migrant workers and women in remote areas who struggle to complete the paperwork.
- Budget Cuts and Reduced Government Spending: Central government spending on PMMVY fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24, just one-third of the amount five years earlier. This underfunding directly reduced the number of eligible women receiving maternity benefits.
How do the maternity benefit schemes in Tamil Nadu and Odisha differ from the PMMVY?
- Higher Financial Assistance: Tamil Nadu provides ₹18,000 per child (with a promise to increase it to ₹24,000), and Odisha offers ₹10,000 per child. In comparison, PMMVY provides only ₹5,000 for the first child (and a second child if a girl), which is below the ₹6,000 mandated by the NFSA.
- Inclusive Eligibility Criteria: Tamil Nadu and Odisha offer benefits for every childbirth without restrictive conditions. PMMVY, however, limits benefits to the first child (with a recent extension to the second child if a girl), excluding many eligible women.
- Better Implementation and Coverage: Tamil Nadu achieved 84% coverage in 2023-24, and Odisha covered 64% of births in 2021-22. In contrast, PMMVY’s effective coverage fell to just 9% in 2023-24 due to software glitches, reduced spending, and complex documentation.
What role did software-related problems play in further reducing disbursements in 2023-24?
- Frequent System Failures: Major changes in PMMVY’s software and implementation processes in 2023-24 caused regular technical glitches, disrupting the payment system and delaying disbursements. Officials reported encountering software issues daily.
- Reduced Disbursement Rate: Despite consistent applications, technical problems led to a sharp decline in the actual release of benefits. The disbursement rate dropped significantly, contributing to a fall in effective coverage to just 9% in 2023-24.
Way forward:
- Simplify Implementation and Strengthen Technology Infrastructure: Ensure robust, user-friendly software systems with regular maintenance to prevent glitches. Simplify application processes and reduce bureaucratic hurdles for timely disbursement.
- Expand Coverage and Increase Funding: Align PMMVY benefits with NFSA provisions by providing ₹6,000 for every child. Increase budgetary allocations to ensure universal access and include marginalized groups like migrant workers.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to PwDs;
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) plans to complete public consultations on the draft Rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, by March 5. Meanwhile, disability rights activists are urging changes to a key provision of the Act.
Why are persons with disabilities concerned about a certain provision in the draft Rules of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?
- Infringement on Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity: Section 9(1) clubs adult PwDs with children, requiring consent from a legal guardian for processing personal data. This undermines their ability to make independent decisions.
- Example: An adult with a physical disability wanting to access online banking may be restricted if the platform requires guardian consent.
- Lack of Clarity and Ambiguity in Implementation: The Act does not clearly outline how consent should be obtained across various disabilities and degrees of severity, leading to confusion.
- Example: A person with limited cognitive impairment under “limited guardianship” may still be treated as entirely incapable.
- Conflict with UNCRPD Principles: The provision conflicts with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which emphasizes supported decision-making over substituted decision-making.
- Example: Under the RPWD Act, a PwD may receive assistance only when necessary, but the DPDP Act assumes total incapacity if a legal guardian exists, contradicting the UNCRPD framework.
- Concerns About Privacy and Data Security: Platforms may need to collect sensitive information (like whether a user has a disability) to verify guardianship status, raising privacy concerns.
- Exclusion from Digital Services: The additional procedural burden on PwDs and data fiduciaries could lead to exclusion from essential digital platforms.
How do guardianships for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) function?
- Governed by Two Laws:
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016: Allows for limited guardianship, where PwDs are supported in making specific legal decisions. This aligns with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) by preserving decision-making autonomy.
- National Trust (NT) Act, 1999: Provides for full guardianship for individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, or multiple disabilities. This model is more paternalistic and conflicts with the UNCRPD’s emphasis on autonomy.
- Practical Challenges: Although the RPWD Act emphasizes limited guardianship, PwDs often report that their guardians control all aspects of their lives. The NT Act’s rigid framework assumes a lack of decision-making capacity without defining clear standards for assessing it.
How are legal guardians defined under the draft rules?
- legal guardians: Under the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, legal guardians are defined as individuals appointed through specific legal frameworks to act on behalf of persons with disabilities (PwDs).
- Data Fiduciaries are required to verify the guardian’s appointment by a court of law, designated authority, or local-level committee under applicable guardianship laws.
Who are data fiduciaries and data principals?
- Data Fiduciaries: Entities (organizations, companies, or individuals) that collect, store, and process personal data while determining the purpose and means of such processing under the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023.
- Data principals: Individuals whose personal data is being collected, processed, or stored. This term generally refers to users, consumers, or citizens under the DPDP Act.
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Where does the conflict lie?
- Presumption of Incapacity vs. Legal Recognition of Capacity: The DPDP Act assumes adult PwDs lack the capacity to give consent if a guardian is involved, whereas the RPWD Act recognizes their legal capacity and promotes their right to make decisions.
- Example: A person with mild intellectual disability working in a corporate setting may need guardian approval for routine data-related tasks, despite their ability to understand and consent.
- Data Privacy vs. Intrusive Verification: The DPDP Act may require platforms to collect and verify sensitive disability information, potentially breaching privacy rights, while the UNCRPD emphasizes the right to privacy without discrimination.
- Example: An online service requiring disability verification for consent could store unnecessary sensitive data, increasing risks of unauthorized access or misuse.
Way forward:
- Adopt a Supported Decision-Making Model: Align the DPDP Act with the RPWD Act and UNCRPD by recognizing limited guardianship and allowing PwDs to provide independent consent with appropriate support when needed.
- Ensure Privacy and Minimize Data Collection: Limit the collection of sensitive disability information to essential cases, ensuring purpose limitation and data minimization while protecting PwDs’ privacy rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with a suitable example. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tea Horse Road
Why in the News?
Recently, China’s Ambassador to India highlighted the historical significance of ‘Tea Horse Road’ in fostering Sino-Indian ties.
About the Tea Horse Road
- The Tea Horse Road originated during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE).
- Buddhist monk Yijing (635-713 CE) recorded early trade between China, Tibet, and India, mentioning exchanges of sugar, textiles, and herbs.
- By the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE), the trade focused on tea exports to Tibet and importing horses for China’s military.
- The network spanned over 2,000 km, crossing treacherous mountain passes at altitudes above 10,000 feet.
- The Tea Horse Road was not a single road but a network of multiple routes. Two primary routes were:
- Yunnan Route: Starting from Pu’er and Dali, passing through Lijiang, reaching Lhasa (Tibet), and extending into India (via Sikkim, Nepal, and Bhutan).
- Sichuan Route: Connecting Chengdu (Sichuan) to Tibet and North India.
- Tea from southwestern China was transported to Tibet, then moved through the Himalayan passes to Kolkata and beyond, reaching Europe and Asia.
- The rise of modern roads and railways in the mid-20th century led to its gradual decline.
Historical Significance:
- Trade & Economy: Connected Tibet and China to India’s markets, facilitating the export of Chinese tea and Tibetan wool to Kolkata while Indian textiles and spices moved northward.
- Horses for Indian Cavalry: Tibetan horses, transported through the route, were crucial for Indian military campaigns, especially in the Mughal and British periods.
- Spread of Buddhism: The route enabled Buddhist scholars and monks to travel between Nalanda, Tibet, and China, promoting cultural and religious exchanges.
- Political & Diplomatic Relations: British India sought control over Sikkim and Tibet’s trade routes, leading to diplomatic interventions like the 1904 British expedition to Tibet.
- Impact on Himalayan Regions: Strengthened trade and cultural ties between Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tibet, influencing their shared heritage and economy.
PYQ:
[2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
[2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of
(a) African Union
(b) Brazil
(c) European Union
(d) China |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) in DNA
Why in the News?
Researchers have discovered a reason why certain segments of the human and mouse genomes (Tra2b gene) have remained unchanged for 80 million years. These segments, known as ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), play a vital role in regulating protein production
What are Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) in DNA?
- Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) are long, highly conserved DNA sequences (200+ base pairs) that have remained unchanged for millions of years across multiple species, including humans, mice, rats, chickens, and even fish.
- Key Characteristics:
- Found in both coding (gene) and non-coding (regulatory) regions of the genome.
- Do not tolerate mutations, meaning they remain identical across species for tens of millions of years.
- Many UCEs do not code for proteins but play crucial roles in gene regulation and cellular function.
-
- Evolutionary Significance: Their extreme conservation suggests they are essential for survival, as any mutation would likely be harmful.
- Gene Regulation: UCEs may function as enhancers or silencers, controlling when and where genes are activated.
- Developmental Roles: They are often linked to brain development, fertility, and immune response.
- Disease Prevention: UCEs may protect against genetic disorders and cancers by stabilizing gene expression.
Why do Human and Mouse Genomes overlap?
- Humans and mice share a common mammalian ancestor that lived around 80 million years ago.
- Genomic Similarity:
- Around 85% of mouse genes have direct counterparts in humans.
- Nearly 500 UCEs are identical between humans and mice, despite millions of years of evolution.
- Many fundamental processes like cell division, metabolism, and brain function are similar between species, necessitating high conservation of crucial DNA regions.
- Medical Research:
- Because of these similarities, mice serve as a model organism for studying human genetics, diseases, and drug responses.
- UCEs help scientists understand gene function across species, leading to insights into evolution and biomedical advancements.
PYQ:
[2013] Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred
1. across different species of plants
2. from animals to plants
3. from microorganisms to higher organisms
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) survey on agricultural transactions reveals that cash remains the primary mode of payment among farmers, although digital payments are gradually increasing. Despite the rise of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and mobile banking, over 70% of Indian farmers still rely on cash for selling their produce.
Key Findings of the RBI Survey
- In 2019, 88% of farmers used cash for transactions. By 2022, this figure dropped to 79% and further declined to 72% in 2024.
- However, this transition is slow compared to other sectors of the economy.
- The share of farmers using electronic payments has increased from 8% in 2019 to 18% in 2024.
- Among traders, the adoption of digital payments has been faster, rising from 8% in 2019 to 31% in 2024.
- Among retailers, the usage of electronic payments increased from 3% in 2019 to 22% in 2024.
Reasons behind low Digital Adoption
- 55% of farmers rely on traders to determine market prices, up from 47% in 2019. 47% depend on fellow farmers, while fewer than 10% use apps or websites to check market rates.
- Despite the growth of agri-tech platforms, most farmers still depend on word-of-mouth rather than digital sources for price information.
- Multiple intermediaries in the supply chain reduce farmers’ share in the final consumer price.
- 64% of farmers reported crop damage during the 2023-24 rabi season. Unseasonal rainfall was cited as the top reason (37%), followed by heatwaves (30%).
- As a result, 90% of farmers consider weather forecasts as the most important factor in crop-sowing/ harvesting decisions.
PYQ:
[2010] With reference to India, consider the following:
- Nationalisation of Banks
- Formation of Regional Rural Banks
- Adoption of village by Bank Branches
Which of the above can be considered as steps taken to achieve the “financial inclusion” in India?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2016] Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SPHEREx Telescope
Why in the News?
NASA is set to launch its latest space telescope, SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from California.
What is the SPHEREx Telescope?
- SPHEREx is a new space telescope developed by NASA.
- It is designed to map the entire sky in infrared light and provide insights into the origins of the universe, galaxy formation, and the distribution of life-forming molecules.
- Its mission is expected to last 2 years, during which it will survey the sky 4 times.
-
- Infrared Spectroscopy: Unlike traditional optical telescopes, SPHEREx will capture the universe in 102 infrared colors, which are invisible to the human eye.
- Wide-Sky Coverage: Unlike the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which focuses on narrow regions, SPHEREx will map the entire sky every 6 months.
- High Data Output: It will collect data on one billion galaxies, 100 million stars, and 10,000 asteroids, creating an unprecedented cosmic map.
- Study of Cosmic Inflation: SPHEREx will analyze the earliest moments after the Big Bang, helping scientists understand how the universe expanded rapidly in its infancy.
- Search for Life-Forming Molecules: The telescope will identify biogenic molecules like water, carbon dioxide, and methanol in the Milky Way galaxy, revealing where the building blocks of life exist.
How will SPHEREx Create the “Most Colourful” Map of the Cosmos?
- Spectroscopic Imaging: SPHEREx will divide light from celestial objects into 96 infrared bands, significantly more than previous sky-mapping telescopes.
- Mapping Galactic Evolution: By observing 450 million galaxies, SPHEREx will reveal how they evolved over cosmic history.
- Identifying Cosmic Ice: The telescope will detect frozen water and organic molecules in interstellar dust clouds, essential for understanding planetary formation.
- Unprecedented Infrared Insights: Unlike Hubble, which focuses on optical light, and JWST, which targets deep-space infrared observations, SPHEREx will capture broad infrared spectra across the entire sky, revealing hidden cosmic structures.
PYQ:
[2015] In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:
- It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
- It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
- It is buried deep in the ice.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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