Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Forest Cover in India;
Why in the News?
The India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR 2023) was released by the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, at the Forest Research Institute in Dehradun.
What is the Forest Survey of India (FSI)?
- Forest Survey of India (FSI) is an organisation under the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India Its principal mandate is to conduct survey and assessment of forest resources in the country.
- It started as an organization called Pre- Investment Survey of Forest Resources (PISFR) in 1965 as FAO/UNDP/GOI Project.
What is India’s State of Forest Report?
- This report, published biennially by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) since 1987, provides a detailed assessment of the country’s forest and tree resources using satellite data and field surveys.
- The 2023 edition marks the 18th report in this series.
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What are the major highlights of the Report?
- Total Forest and Tree Cover: India’s total forest and tree cover is 827,357 sq km, representing 25.17% of the country’s geographical area, with 715,343 sq km (21.76%) as forest cover and 112,014 sq km (3.41%) as tree cover.
- Increase in Forest and Tree Cover: Since 2021, there has been an increase of 1,445 sq km in total forest and tree cover, including a 156 sq km rise in forest cover and a 1,289 sq km increase in tree cover.
- Top States for Increase: The states with the largest increases in forest and tree cover are Chhattisgarh (+684 sq km), Uttar Pradesh (+559 sq km), Odisha (+559 sq km), and Rajasthan (+394 sq km).
- States with Largest Forest Areas: The states with the most forest and tree cover are Madhya Pradesh (85,724 sq km), Arunachal Pradesh (67,083 sq km), and Maharashtra (65,383 sq km).
- Mangrove Cover: India’s total mangrove cover is 4,992 sq km, reflecting ongoing efforts in mangrove conservation.
- Growing Stock and Bamboo Resources: The total growing stock has increased by 262 million cubic meters, and the bamboo-bearing area has expanded by 5,227 sq km, totaling 154,670 sq km.
- Carbon Stock and Sequestration: India’s forest carbon stock is estimated at 7,285.5 million tonnes, with an increase of 81.5 million tonnes. The country has exceeded its carbon sequestration targets under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), reaching a carbon stock of 30.43 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
- Technological Advancements: The Forest Survey of India (FSI) has implemented advanced technology for real-time fire alerts and forest fire services, improving forest management and conservation practices.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Conservation Efforts and Management: Enhance forest management practices, focusing on sustainable forest use, biodiversity conservation, and tackling deforestation, while increasing the involvement of local communities in conservation initiatives.
- Expand Technological Innovations and Monitoring: Continue leveraging advanced technologies for real-time monitoring of forest health, including fire alerts, and expand data-driven approaches to improve forest protection, carbon sequestration, and restoration efforts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to agricultural labour;
Why in the News?
Crop prices have lagged behind the rising production costs, while agricultural wages have grown faster than inflation over the past two decades.
What is ‘Terms of Trade’?
- Terms of Trade (ToT) refers to the relative prices of goods and services that a country exports compared to the prices of goods and services it imports. In the context of agriculture, it specifically relates to the prices received by farmers for their produce versus the prices they pay for inputs (like seeds, fertilizers, and equipment).
- A favourable ToT means that farmers are receiving higher prices for their products relative to their costs, which enhances their profitability.
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What factors have contributed to the improved terms of trade for farm workers compared to farmers?
- Wage Growth: Agricultural labourers have experienced significant increases in wages, with their Index of Prices Received (IPR) rising more than threefold from 49.1 to 151.4 between 2004-05 and 2013-14, while their Index of Prices Paid (IPP) increased only modestly from 76.4 to 129.3 during the same period. This resulted in a substantial improvement in their ToT from 64.2% to 117.1%.
- Stagnation of Farmer Incomes: In contrast, farmers’ IPR rose by only 56.3% from 2013-14 to 2022-23, while their IPP increased by 58.4%. This led to a decline in their ToT from 98.6% to 97.2%, indicating that farmers are facing a cost squeeze as input prices rise faster than the prices they receive for their produce.
- Economic Diversification: The expansion of employment opportunities outside agriculture has allowed agricultural labourers to seek better-paying jobs in sectors like construction and services, increasing their bargaining power and wage rates.
How do government policies impact the economic conditions (of farmers versus farm workers)?
- Employment Schemes: Government initiatives such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have provided rural labourers with guaranteed employment, improving their income stability and negotiating power against employers.
- Income Support Programs: Various states have implemented income support schemes targeting women, which have further tightened the labour market and increased wage demands among agricultural workers. For example, Mukhya Mantri Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Yojana (MMKSY).
- Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices: While subsidies on inputs like fertilizers and electricity have provided some relief to farmers, they have not sufficiently offset the rising costs or improved farmers’ ToT significantly, leading to ongoing economic distress among this group.
What are the broader implications of these changes for the agricultural sector and rural economy?
- Shift in Economic Power: The improved ToT for agricultural labourers relative to farmers reflects a shift in economic power dynamics within rural areas, potentially leading to greater social mobility for labourers but also highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by farmers.
- Increased Demand for Labor: As agricultural labourers gain better wages and conditions, there may be a reduction in available labour for farming activities, leading to challenges for farmers who may struggle to find enough workers willing to accept lower wages or demand better working conditions.
- Social Tensions: The disparities between the economic conditions of farmers and agricultural labourers can lead to social tensions, especially as farmers express dissatisfaction over stagnant incomes while labourers experience wage growth. This situation may exacerbate calls for policy reforms aimed at addressing these inequities.
Way forward:
- Enhance Farmer Profitability: Introduce policies to ensure fair pricing for crops, reduce input costs through targeted subsidies, and promote crop diversification and value addition to improve farmers’ income and Terms of Trade (ToT).
- Strengthen Rural Employment: Expand employment opportunities in rural non-farm sectors and align government schemes like MGNREGA with skill development programs to sustain wage growth for agricultural labourers while addressing labour shortages in farming.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the main constraints in the transport and marketing of agricultural produce in India? (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Kuwait relation ;
Why in the News?
During the first bilateral meeting, the leaders of India and Kuwait elevated their relationship to a “strategic partnership,” with trade and defense cooperation identified as the key pillars of their ties.
What are the main areas of cooperation outlined in the new partnership?
- Defence: Enhanced collaboration in training, joint exercises, defence industry development, and supply of defence equipment.
- Trade and Investment: Focus on increasing bilateral trade, which was valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24.
- Energy: Cooperation in energy sectors, with India being a significant importer of Kuwaiti oil.
- Technology and Infrastructure: Engagement in IT, fintech, and infrastructure development.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Initiatives to strengthen cultural exchanges and community relations
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What prompted the elevation of ties to a strategic partnership?
The partnership aligns with Kuwait’s Vision 2035, where India is seen as a key partner in achieving developmental goals.
- High-Level Engagement: The Prime Minister of India’s visit to Kuwait marked the first by an Indian Prime Minister in 43 years, which underscored the importance of the relationship and provided a platform for extensive discussions with Kuwaiti leaders.
- Commitment to Expand Cooperation: During the meetings, both sides expressed a strong commitment to deepen bilateral cooperation across various sectors such as defence, energy, trade, investment, technology, health, education, and cultural exchanges.
- Mutual Economic Interests: The two countries have significant economic ties, with India being one of Kuwait’s top trading partners. The bilateral trade was valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24.
- Defense Cooperation: A critical aspect of the strategic partnership is the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defense. This agreement aims to increase cooperation in areas such as joint military exercises, training, defence industry collaboration, and supply of defense equipment.
- Shared Security Concerns: Both nations condemned terrorism in all its forms and agreed to enhance cooperation in counter-terrorism operations, intelligence sharing, and law enforcement. This shared commitment to security issues contributed to the decision to elevate their relationship.
What are the expected outcomes of this strategic partnership?
- Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: The partnership aims to deepen cooperation across various sectors, including defence, trade, investment, energy, health, education, technology, and cultural exchanges. This includes institutionalizing defence collaboration through joint exercises, training, and supply of defence equipment.
- Economic Growth: Both countries are looking to boost their economic ties, with bilateral trade already valued at approximately $10.47 billion in 2023-24. The partnership is expected to open new avenues for investment, particularly from Kuwaiti entities in sectors like pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and food parks in India.
- Cultural Exchange Programs: A MoU on cultural exchanges for 2025-2029 has been signed, which will facilitate greater interaction in arts and culture between the two nations.
- Increased People-to-People Ties: The strategic partnership is also anticipated to strengthen ties between the Indian expatriate community in Kuwait, which is the largest foreign community, and the local population, fostering mutual understanding and collaboration.
- Regional Stability and Security Cooperation: Both nations have committed to addressing regional security challenges collaboratively, including counter-terrorism efforts and intelligence sharing. This cooperation is vital given the geopolitical dynamics in West Asia.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms: Both nations should establish regular bilateral consultations and working groups to ensure the effective implementation of agreements in defence, trade, energy, and other sectors, fostering long-term collaboration.
- Expanding Regional and Global Cooperation: India and Kuwait should enhance their joint efforts in multilateral forums such as the UN and GCC, focusing on regional stability, economic development, and combating global security challenges, particularly terrorism.
Mains PYQ:
Q The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panama Canal
Why in the News?
US President-elect Donald Trump criticized Panama for charging excessively for US ships’ use of the Panama Canal and threatened a US takeover of the canal.
About Panama Canal:
Geographical Location:
- Located in Central America, connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean.
- 80 km long, spanning across the Isthmus of Panama.
- Uses a system of locks to raise and lower ships across an elevation of 85 feet (26 meters).
Historical Significance:
- French started construction in 1881, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, but failed.
- Completed by the U.S. in 1914, under engineers George Washington Goethals and John Stevens.
- Control was transferred from the U.S. to Panama in 1999 under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (1977).
- Present Significance:
- Crucial for global trade, reducing travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Strategic military value, especially during the World Wars.
- Major contributor to Panama’s economy through tolls and trade-related activities.
Present Geopolitics:
- Trump raised concerns about China’s influence in the region, especially Panama’s role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
- In recent years, Chinese companies have been involved in infrastructure projects around the Panama Canal, including logistics and energy sectors.
- Panama’s 2018 signing of the BRI furthered its ties with China, a development that some view as a challenge to US influence in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Interception Rules and Safeguards
Why in the News?
The Centre has introduced the Telecommunications (Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024, replacing Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951, allowing certain agencies to intercept phone messages under specific conditions.
About the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951
- The Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951 are a set of regulations that govern the establishment, maintenance, and operation of telecommunication services in India.
- These rules were framed under the provisions of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, which is a key legislation that grants the government authority to regulate telecommunication networks in India.
- The rules cover various aspects of telecommunication, such as:
- The process for obtaining telecommunication licenses.
- The rights and obligations of telecommunication service providers.
- The use of telecommunication networks for government purposes.
- Provisions for the lawful interception and monitoring of communication for security, investigation, and public interest reasons (Rule 419A).
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What do the new Telecommunications (Procedures and Safeguards for Lawful Interception of Messages) Rules, 2024 state?
- Authorization for interception:
- The Union Home Secretary and the Secretary to the State government in charge of the Home Department can authorize interception orders.
- An officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary may issue interception orders in unavoidable circumstances (the circumstances are not specified).
- Remote areas/operational reasons:
- In remote areas, or for operational reasons, the head or second senior-most officer of the authorized agency (at central and state levels) can issue orders.
- These orders must be confirmed by the competent authority within seven days.
- If not confirmed, the interception ceases and the data cannot be used for any purpose, including court evidence.
- Destruction of records:
- Interception records must be destroyed every six months by the authorized agency and review committee, unless required for functional purposes or court directions.
Will it override Rule 419A of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951?
- Yes, Rule 419A is replaced with these new rules, introducing changes in the conditions and procedures for interception.
- Previously, interception was allowed only in emergent cases.
- The new rules broaden this to include situations where it is not feasible to obtain prior orders in remote areas or due to operational reasons.
- Under Rule 419A, there was no limit to the number of IGP-rank officers at the State level who could be authorized for interception.
- The new rules allow only the head and second senior-most officer of the authorized agency at the state level to issue orders.
- If the order is not confirmed within seven days, any intercepted messages cannot be used for any purposes, including court evidence.
PYQ:
[2021] ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 20
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 29 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Starlink Project
Why in the News?
Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, denied claims that militants in Manipur (India) were using his Starlink satellite internet technology after the Indian Army and police seized Starlink devices alongside weapons.
Starlink’s involvement in Terrorism:
- The Indian Army shared photos showing weapons and what seemed to be Starlink devices seized in Manipur. The equipment was marked with “RPF/PLA,” referring to a militant group.
- This discovery raised concerns over the potential bypass of geographic restrictions by non-state actors.
- Musk denied the allegations, explaining that Starlink services were not operational in India, despite the devices being found in the region.
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What is Starlink?
- Starlink is a satellite internet service developed by SpaceX, designed to provide broadband internet via a network of low Earth orbit satellites.
- Satellites are launched ensuring low latency and high-speed connections compared to traditional satellite internet.
- Starlink uses a large constellation of satellites, each equipped with phased array antennas and parabolic antennas to boost capacity.
- SpaceX has plans to launch 42,000 satellites, which will create a mega-constellation to provide global coverage.
Does Starlink have regulatory approval in India?
- Starlink does not yet have regulatory approval in India.
- India’s regulatory framework restricts the use of foreign satellite communication services, especially for non-commercial purposes.
- Starlink is however operational in more than 60 countries, including neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Bhutan (where it plans to start operations in 2025).
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Posthumous Assisted Reproduction
Why in the News?
On October 4, 2024, the Delhi High Court allowed the parents of a deceased man to use his frozen semen for posthumous reproduction. The court cited a similar 2018 case in Germany and noted that the ART Act, 2021, doesn’t specifically address such situations.
What is Posthumous Assisted Reproduction (PAR)?
- Posthumous reproduction refers to the use of reproductive material (such as sperm or eggs) from a deceased individual to conceive a child after their death.
- This can include posthumous sperm retrieval, where sperm is collected from a deceased man (typically through medical procedures shortly after death) for future use in assisted reproductive technologies, like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
What does the Law says in India?
- The Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Act, 2021 governs all fertility treatments and artificial insemination procedures.
- The ART Rules, 2022 specify guidelines for posthumous sperm retrieval, but only in cases where the deceased was married, and the surviving spouse is the one requesting the retrieval.
- The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) rejected the parents’ request, clarifying that the law does not apply to “post-mortem grandparenthood.”
- The Surrogacy Regulation Act applies exclusively to married couples or women with medical needs for surrogacy and does not include grandparents as “intending grandparents.”
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Challenges posed by Posthumous Assisted Reproduction (PAR):
PAR presents several legal, ethical, and social challenges:
- Legal Issues: There’s a lack of clear laws governing the use of gametes after death, especially regarding consent from the deceased and questions about parentage and inheritance. The absence of specific regulations makes it difficult to establish who holds parental rights.
- Ethical Concerns: Issues include the morality of using a deceased person’s genetic material, the commodification of human tissue, and concerns about grandparenthood. The emotional and ethical implications for surviving family members also come into play.
- Social and Psychological Issues: Children born through PAR may face challenges related to knowing their deceased parent, and surviving partners may struggle with grief or guilt. Disputes over the deceased’s wishes can complicate family dynamics.
- Biological Considerations: The long-term storage of gametes can lead to degradation, affecting the quality of embryos or sperm. Preserving genetic material for extended periods also presents technical challenges.
- Cultural and Religious Concerns: Different cultures and religions may oppose posthumous reproduction, viewing it as morally or spiritually problematic.
- Access and Equity: PAR can be expensive and may raise issues of access and commercialization, potentially leading to exploitation or unequal access to these technologies.
PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:
1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of egg.
2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Crimes Against Humanity;
Why in the News?
India’s stance on a ‘crimes against humanity’ treaty reflects its longstanding reservations about the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court.
What is India’s stance on the proposed Crimes Against Humanity treaty?
- Non-Party to the Rome Statute: India is not a signatory to the Rome Statute and has consistently expressed objections to the ICC’s jurisdiction, particularly regarding the powers of the ICC prosecutor and the role of the UN Security Council in prosecuting international crimes. India argues that it should be able to address such issues through its national legal system rather than through international mechanisms.
- Call for In-Depth Study: For 5 years, India has advocated for a comprehensive examination of the need for a dedicated CAH treaty. This reflects its belief that existing frameworks may not adequately address the complexities of CAH.
- Concerns Over Duplication: India is wary that a new CAH treaty could overlap with existing laws under the Rome Statute, potentially complicating accountability measures rather than clarifying them.
How does India’s legal framework address crimes against humanity?
- Lack of Domestic Legislation: Currently, India does not have specific domestic laws prohibiting crimes against humanity. The absence of such legislation was highlighted by Justice S. Muralidhar of the Delhi High Court, who noted that neither CAH nor genocide is included in India’s criminal law. This gap indicates a need for legislative action to align with international standards.
- Emphasis on National Jurisdiction: India maintains that national courts are more suitable for addressing CAH and other international crimes, emphasising its preference for national over international jurisdiction in these matters.
Why should India have proper legislation related to Crime against humanity?
- Inadequate Domestic Legislation: Despite ratifying the Genocide Convention, India lacks domestic laws to enforce its provisions, creating a gap in prosecuting crimes like genocide and CAH.
- International Accountability: Enacting CAH laws would align India’s legal framework with international standards, fulfilling commitments and enhancing global cooperation on prosecuting international crimes.
- Justice for Mass Atrocities: India’s history of communal violence underscores the need for CAH laws to ensure justice, accountability, and deterrence against future atrocities while safeguarding human rights.
- Leadership in Human Rights: By adopting CAH laws, India could address global issues like terrorism, advocate for accountability, and position itself as a leader in promoting justice and human dignity.
- Empowering National Courts: CAH laws would strengthen Indian courts’ ability to handle serious human rights violations, reinforcing the country’s preference for national jurisdiction over international mechanisms.
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What are India’s specific concerns regarding the definitions and scope of crimes against humanity?
- Definition of Crimes: India has raised objections to certain definitions within the proposed treaty. It argues against including “enforced disappearance” as a CAH while advocating for “terrorism” to be recognised as such. This reflects India’s broader security concerns and its focus on acts it deems more relevant to its national context.
- Scope of Application: India contends that crimes committed only during armed conflicts should be classified as CAH, opposing any broader interpretation that includes peacetime offences. This position underscores India’s strategic interests and its approach to defining accountability in terms of state actions during conflicts rather than in peacetime contexts.
Do you know?
- Justice (Retd.) V Ramasubramanian has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
- Priyank Kanoongo (former NCPCR chief) and Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (Retd.) have been appointed as NHRC Members.
About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
- A Statutory Body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993.
- Chairperson: Former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice; appointed by the President.
- Members:
- Four full-time members:
- 1 ex-SC Judge (Chairperson),
- 1 ex-SC Judge,
- 1 ex-Chief Justice of a High Court,
- 1 expert in human rights (at least one woman).
- Seven ex-officio members: Chairpersons of national commissions (SC/ST, Women, Minorities, etc.) and Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
- Appointment Process:
- Appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee (PM, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of Opposition, etc.).
- Judicial appointments involve consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
- Removal: Requires consultation with the Supreme Court and an order by the President.
- Terms of Office:
- Term: 3 years or until the age of 70 (whichever is earlier).
- Eligible for reappointment but not for other government posts.
- Limitations:
- Cannot inquire into cases older than one year from the alleged violation.
- Functions are recommendatory; lacks direct punitive powers.
- Limited jurisdiction over cases involving the armed forces.
- Functions:
- Inquire into alleged human rights violations.
- Recommend interim relief to victims.
- Intervene in court proceedings on human rights matters.
- Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights.
- Promote human rights literacy and support NGOs.
- Powers:
- Can regulate its own procedure.
- Exercises powers of a civil court with judicial authority.
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Way forward:
- Enact Comprehensive Domestic Legislation: India should introduce laws addressing crimes against humanity and other international crimes, aligning with global standards while addressing domestic concerns like terrorism and communal violence.
- Advocate for Inclusive Global Frameworks: India can engage constructively in international negotiations on the CAH treaty, pushing for definitions and provisions that address its concerns, such as including terrorism, while leveraging its stance to lead global efforts in promoting accountability and human rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do each of the following quotations mean to you? “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers, and let them go their own way.” – Swami Vivekanand (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-South Korea relation;
Why in the News?
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s decision to declare martial law caused a nationwide crisis, leading to an impeachment and a long legal fight in South Korea’s Constitutional Court.
What Led to President Yoon Suk Yeol’s Declaration of Martial Law?
- Political Frustration: Facing increasing opposition and a loss of support from the National Assembly after the April 2024 elections, Yoon declared martial law on December 3, 2024, in a desperate attempt to maintain control amid growing dissent against his administration’s policies and allegations of corruption involving his wife.
- Opposition Assertiveness: The opposition parties gained significant power in the National Assembly, securing 192 out of 300 seats. Their assertive stance against Yoon’s government exacerbated tensions, prompting him to take extreme measures to suppress dissent.
- Failed Military Response: Despite sending military and police forces to various locations, including the National Assembly, their reluctance to act against peaceful protests highlighted the lack of support for Yoon’s decision. The National Assembly members voted overwhelmingly against martial law, leading to its withdrawal shortly after its declaration.
How Has the Political Landscape Changed Following the Impeachment Proceedings?
- Increased Polarization: The impeachment motion against Yoon, which passed with 204 votes in favour on December 14, 2024, reflects deepening political polarization in South Korea.
- The ruling People Power Party (PPP) faced internal conflict over how to respond to the impeachment, indicating fractures within conservative ranks.
- Opposition Power Dynamics: The opposition has gained momentum and confidence following the successful impeachment motion. This shift has allowed them to challenge Yoon’s policies more aggressively and seek accountability for alleged corruption within his administration.
- Public Sentiment: Yoon’s popularity has plummeted due to his handling of both domestic and foreign policies, as well as controversies surrounding his wife. This decline has strengthened the opposition’s position and increased public demand for accountability.
What are the potential implications of this crisis for South Korea’s democratic institutions?
- Erosion of Democratic Norms: The use of martial law and aggressive tactics against political opponents raises concerns about the erosion of democratic norms in South Korea. Such actions could set a precedent for future administrations to bypass democratic processes in times of political strife.
- Judicial Independence at Stake: The ongoing impeachment proceedings will be reviewed by the Constitutional Court, which may face pressure from public opinion and political factions. The outcome could influence perceptions of judicial independence and integrity within South Korea’s legal system.
- Long-Term Stability Concerns: If political leaders continue to engage in vendetta politics and prioritize partisan interests over national unity, it could undermine public trust in democratic institutions. This instability may hinder effective governance and exacerbate societal divisions.
What are the challenges in India that could prevent a South Korea-like scenario?
- Diverse Federal Structure: India’s federal system and strong regional governments provide multiple centers of power, reducing the likelihood of concentrated national-level crises.
- Robust Democratic Institutions: A vibrant judiciary, free press, and active civil society act as checks against potential abuses of power.
- Electoral Accountability: Regular elections at various levels ensure political leaders remain answerable to the public, mitigating prolonged governance failures.
- Cultural and Political Pluralism: India’s diversity in culture, language, and political ideologies discourages the kind of national consensus required for large-scale systemic crises like in South Korea.
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What should India do to prevent this type of situation? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Democratic Institutions: India should prioritize the independence and resilience of democratic institutions, including the judiciary, Election Commission, and a free press, to ensure checks and balances against potential overreach by any government.
- Promote Political Accountability and Transparency: Encourage bipartisan dialogue and accountability mechanisms to address corruption and governance issues, preventing political polarization and maintaining public trust in democratic processes.
Mains question for practice:
Q Analyze the factors that led to the declaration of martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol in South Korea and discuss its implications for democratic institutions. What lessons can India draw from this crisis to strengthen its own democratic framework? (250 words) 15M
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrothermal Vents
Why in the News?
- Indian oceanographers have captured the first-ever image of an active hydrothermal vent located 4,500 metres below the surface of the Indian Ocean.
- This discovery is part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, with a total outlay of ₹4,000 crore.
What are Hydrothermal Vents?
- Hydrothermal vents are typically found near tectonic plates, where cold water (about 2°C) near the ocean floor mixes with magma, leading to superheated water (up to 370°C) that emerges through chimneys.
- These vents release mineral-rich plumes, including metals like copper, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, iron, cobalt, and nickel, making them significant for mineral exploration.
Mineral Potential of Hydrothermal Vents:
- Hydrothermal vent deposits are rich in valuable minerals such as copper, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel, which are highly sought after for various industries.
- These vents can remain active for periods ranging from a few hundred years to 30,000 years, making them long-lasting and crucial for mineral exploration.
- Scientists at NCPOR, confirmed that the image showed an active vent chimney with black smokers, and signs of chemosynthetic organisms thriving in this extreme environment.
- This discovery enhances India’s Deep Ocean Mission, particularly the Samudrayaan mission, which focuses on mineral exploration from inactive hydrothermal vents.
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About the Hydrothermal Exploration Programme by NCPOR:
| Details |
- A scientific initiative by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) to explore hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, focusing on the Central and Southwest Indian Ridges.
- Aimed at mineral exploration and studying ecosystems around hydrothermal vents.
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| Aims and Objectives |
- Locate and Study Hydrothermal Vents: Identify active vents with minerals like copper, zinc, gold, and nickel.
- Mineral Exploration: Part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission, aiming at valuable mineral exploration such as cobalt and platinum.
- Biodiversity Studies: Understand chemosynthetic organisms that thrive in extreme conditions of the vents.
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| Key Features of the Programme |
- Geophysical Surveys: Conducted since 2012 to detect temperature anomalies and turbidity in the water columns for locating vent fields.
- Use of Advanced Technology: Utilizes Automatic Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and high-resolution imaging.
- Collaborations: Partners with the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) for exploration in the Southern Indian Ocean.
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About the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):
- DOM is an ambitious initiative by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in 2021 to develop technologies for deep-sea exploration.
- Part of the 9 missions under the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).
Important updates in DOM:
- Samudrayaan and Matsya6000:
- Launched in 2021 under DOM, Samudrayaan is India’s flagship crewed expedition to reach a depth of 6,000 m in the Central Indian Ocean.
- The mission will utilize Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed for a three-member crew.
- Construction: Made from titanium alloy to endure pressures up to 6,000 bar.
India’s Ocean Exploration Milestones:
- 1981: Ocean studies began with a program on polymetallic nodules (PMN) initiated at CSIR-NIO, marked by the collection of the first nodule sample from the Arabian Sea aboard the research vessel Gaveshani.
- 1987: India became the first country to receive Pioneer Investor status from the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
- Allocated 1.5 lakh km² in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) for nodule exploration, based on extensive surveys by CSIR-NIO.
- 2002: India signed a contract with the ISA; after resource analysis, surrendered 50% of the allotted area, retaining 75,000 km².
- Further studies narrowed the mining area to 18,000 km², identified as the First Generation Mine-site.
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PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements:
- The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
- India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters
- ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Protected Area Regime (PAR)
Why in the News?
- The Manipur government has announced that the Central government has re-imposed the Protected Area Regime (PAR) in Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, all of which share borders with Myanmar.
- The reimposition of the PAR comes after 13 years of relaxation and is aimed at addressing security concerns, primarily the alleged illegal immigration from Myanmar.
What is the Protected Area Regime (PAR)?
| Details |
- Introduced under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958, which is part of the Foreigners Act, 1946.
- The regime was created to regulate the movement of foreigners in sensitive areas near international borders.
- It applies to regions between the Inner Line and the International Border, primarily areas close to Myanmar in these states.
Objectives: To ensure national security by restricting foreign nationals’ access to sensitive regions.
Implications:
- For Foreign Visitors: Special permits and approvals required, potentially discouraging tourism.
- Impact on Tourism and Development: Could slow international tourism and investments, reversing earlier benefits.
- Enhanced Security: Allows tighter control over foreign movements, addressing illegal migration.
- Border Control: Strengthens border management, reducing unauthorized cross-border activities.
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| Areas Covered |
- Pre-2010: Applied to all of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
- 2010 Relaxation: The regime was relaxed for Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, allowing foreigners to visit these areas without special permits.
- 2024 Reimposition: The regime has been reimposed in these states, particularly due to security concerns related to illegal immigration and border management.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate: Foreign nationals must apply for a Protected Area Permit (PAP) through the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) or state authorities to enter these areas.
- Implementation: The PAPs specify the duration of stay and movement routes. Unauthorized extension or deviation from routes is prohibited. The system is managed under the Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order, 1958.
- Exemptions: Some countries may have exemptions, and Indian citizens generally do not need PAPs to travel in these areas.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI, Key highlights of the report
Why in the News?
- According to the RBI report on state finances, India’s fiscal deficit has increased from 2.8% of GDP in FY22 to a projected 3.2% in FY24, signaling that fiscal consolidation is being side-lined in favor of increasing expenditure.
- Capital expenditure (capex) has risen from 2.2% of GDP in FY23 to a budgeted 3.2% in FY24, indicating increased investment in assets for future growth.
Fiscal position of the States as per the Report
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- The Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD) of states is projected to rise from 2.7% of GDP in FY2022-23 to 2.9% of GDP in FY2023-24.
- This rise indicates that fiscal consolidation has been put on hold, with states continuing to spend more than their revenues.
- Many states have budgeted for fiscal deficits above the 3% of GSDP mark, including Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal, among others.
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- Revenue Expenditure is expected to increase to 14.6% of GDP in FY2025, up from 13.5% in FY2024, indicating a rise in the current expenditure of states.
- Capital Expenditure (Capex):
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- States have ramped up their capital expenditure (spending on creating assets), which has increased from 2.2% of GDP in FY2023 to 3.2% of GDP in FY2024.
- This increase is in line with the government’s focus on infrastructure and long-term growth.
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- State revenues are projected to increase from 13.3% of GDP in FY2024 to 14.3% in FY2025, driven by improved tax collections.
- There has been a marked improvement in own tax revenue buoyancy compared to the pre-Covid period.
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- The debt-to-GDP ratio for states has increased slightly to 28.8% in FY2024, from 28.5% in FY2023.
- States with high fiscal deficits tend to have debt-to-GDP ratios above the national average, which suggests they have been sustaining deficits for a longer time.
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- States have shifted significantly towards market borrowings.
- The share of market borrowings in financing the fiscal deficit has increased from 17% in 2005-06 to 79% in FY2024-25.
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- The report suggests prudent management of subsidies, rationalization of centrally sponsored schemes, debt consolidation, and the adoption of climate and outcome budgeting to improve state fiscal health.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
- The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
- The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
- As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAFE Initiative
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog has proposed a set of policy interventions to enable the creation of mega workers’ accommodations near factories under its initiative called S.A.F.E (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Accommodation-Worker Housing for Manufacturing Growth.
About the S.A.F.E. (Site Adjacent Factory Employee) Initiative
| Overview |
- S.A.F.E. initiative by NITI Aayog aims to provide affordable dormitory-style housing for workers near industrial areas, especially migrant laborers, including women.
- The housing will include essential amenities like water, electricity, and sanitation, improving workers’ living conditions and enhancing productivity.
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| Key Features |
- Location: Housing will be near industrial hubs to minimize commute time.
- Basic Amenities: Includes water, electricity, and sanitation.
- Ownership: Non-transferable accommodations, strictly for worker use, ensuring worker welfare.
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| Significance |
- Worker Welfare: Improves living standards and promotes gender inclusivity.
- Productivity: Reduces commute time, enhancing productivity and reducing attrition.
- Economic Growth: Attracts global investors and supports India’s manufacturing growth target of 25% GDP by 2047.
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| Key Recommendations |
- Tax & GST Benefits: Reclassification for tax exemptions to make the initiative financially viable.
- Zoning Laws: Amendments for mixed-use developments to integrate worker housing.
- Viability Gap Funding (VGF): 30%-40% of project cost for financial support.
- Environmental Clearances: Streamlining for faster approvals.
- Financial Support: Public-private partnerships for development and management.
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| PYQ Relevance:
Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka’ (in 2022), and ‘how domestic factors influence foreign policy between India and Srilanka’ (in 2013).
Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s recent visit to India drew significant attention, marking his first foreign trip since taking office. The visit highlighted the shift in Sri Lanka’s political landscape, with the National People’s Power’s surprising electoral success. India’s priorities have also evolved, focusing on countering China’s influence in the region.
Today’s editorial highlights the importance of Sri Lanka for India. This content can be used to substantiate the challenges and significance due to Srilanka for India in UPSC IAS mains paper GS2.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The joint statement released by New Delhi and Colombo during the Sri Lankan President’s visit to India shows what is currently important to both countries.
What is the joint statement released by New Delhi and Colombo during the Sri Lankan President’s visit?
- Bilateral Cooperation: The statement emphasizes the deep-rooted cultural ties and geographical proximity that underpin the India-Sri Lanka partnership.
- Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to enhancing cooperation in areas such as parliamentary exchanges, development cooperation, debt restructuring, energy cooperation, trade and investment, and strategic defense engagement.
- Economic Support and Stability: President Anura Kumara Dissanayake expressed gratitude for India’s support during Sri Lanka’s economic crisis, highlighting India’s provision of nearly USD 4 billion in aid.
- The leaders agreed on an investment-based approach to assist Sri Lanka’s economic recovery and growth, while also addressing shared security interests in the Indian Ocean Region
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What is 13th Amandment?
- The 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, passed in 1987, was introduced as part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord signed between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene.
- Its primary aim was to provide a framework for the devolution of power to provincial councils, thereby addressing the demands for greater autonomy from the Tamil minority, particularly in the Northern and Eastern provinces.
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What is the current status of the 13th Amendment’s implementation in Srilanka?
- Stagnation in Implementation: The 13th Amendment, which was designed to provide power devolution to provincial councils in Sri Lanka, has seen little progress in its implementation.
- The recent joint statement from India and Sri Lanka did not address the amendment or the political solutions for Tamil aspirations, highlighting a lack of commitment from the current government led by President Anura Kumara Dissanayake.
- Political Hesitance: The Dissanayake administration has avoided explicitly referencing the 13th Amendment due to its association with “Indian imposition,” which is viewed negatively by the Sinhala-Buddhist majority. Instead, the government’s focus has shifted towards broader promises of provincial council elections and constitutional reforms without a clear plan for implementing the amendment.
How do historical grievances impact contemporary Tamil-Sinhala relations?
- Historical Conflict: Historical grievances from the civil war and ongoing issues related to Tamil rights significantly affect Tamil-Sinhala relations. The Tamil community continues to seek justice for wartime atrocities and greater political agency, while many in the Sinhala majority often view discussions about devolution and federalism with scepticism.
- Political Dynamics: The recent electoral success of the National People’s Power (NPP) signifies a shift in Tamil political engagement, as Tamils have shown support for a party that traditionally opposed Indian intervention.
- However, this shift raises concerns about how effectively the NPP will address Tamil issues without alienating its base among Sinhala nationalists.
What are the prospects for genuine reconciliation and autonomy for Tamils in Sri Lanka?
- Need for Clarity: There is an urgent need for the NPP to clarify its position on Tamil rights and reconciliation. While the party’s manifesto promises provincial council elections and constitutional reforms, it lacks a concrete strategy for addressing historical grievances or ensuring autonomy for Tamils.
- Challenges Ahead: Genuine reconciliation remains uncertain as long as past grievances are not adequately addressed. The Tamil polity must engage more directly with its constituents rather than relying on international actors.
- The NPP’s ability to foster inter-ethnic peace will depend on its willingness to confront historical failures and implement meaningful policies that reflect the aspirations of all communities in Sri Lanka.
Way forward:
- Clear Political Vision: The NPP should outline a concrete plan for addressing Tamil rights, implementing the 13th Amendment, and ensuring provincial autonomy, while balancing the demands of both Tamil and Sinhala communities.
- Inclusive Dialogue: Engage in direct, inclusive dialogue with all ethnic groups, focusing on national reconciliation and addressing past grievances, to foster a durable peace and meaningful political solution for all communities in Sri Lanka.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to election;
Why in the News?
The 129th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2024, mandates fixed five-year Lok Sabha terms, aligning State Assembly elections, with mid-term polls serving only the remainder of the five-year tenure if dissolved.
Do fixed legislative tenures promote better governance?
- Potential for Improved Stability: Fixed tenures can provide a stable political environment, reducing frequent electoral disruptions that may hinder long-term governance plans.
- Governance Challenges: However, Achary argues that while fixed terms might seem beneficial, they could lead to governance issues if political instability arises, as seen in states where mid-term elections are necessary due to governmental collapse.
Note:
- Fixed Legislative Tenure refers to predetermined, non-variable terms for legislatures, ensuring elections occur at set intervals, and enhancing stability.
- Mid-term polls are elections held before the scheduled end of a legislative term, usually triggered by government collapse or dissolution.
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How would fixed tenures impact the accountability of elected officials?
- Increased Accountability: Frequent elections are believed to enhance political accountability since representatives must consistently engage with their electorate. Achary emphasises that regular electoral cycles compel politicians to remain responsive to public needs.
- Mid-Term Elections as a Safety Valve: Allowing mid-term elections maintains accountability within the legislative framework, ensuring that elected officials remain answerable to their constituents even if they face political challenges during their term.
What are some learnings from the Western world?
- Lessons from the UK: The UK’s Fixed-term Parliaments Act of 2011 was meant to set fixed terms for its Parliament but caused problems like policy delays and constitutional issues.
- It was eventually repealed. India’s plan is different because it allows mid-term elections, where new governments serve only the remaining term, not a full fixed term.
- Lessons from Germany: The Constructive Vote of No Confidence in Germany mandates the selection of a new leader before the current one is removed, ensuring stability. However, this approach is not well-suited to India’s political system and has not gained significant support.
What challenges might arise from implementing fixed tenures in the Indian political context?
- Erosion of Federalism: Aligning State Assembly tenures with those of the Lok Sabha could weaken federalism by reducing the autonomy of state legislatures. This may result in premature dissolutions and disruptions in local governance.
- Political Instability Risks: The bill’s provision for shorter tenures following mid-term elections could result in significant instability. If a government collapses mid-term, the resultant Lok Sabha might only serve for about a year, which is seen as undesirable by Madhavan.
- Potential for Increased Political Maneuvering: There is doubt about whether fixed tenures can effectively deter practices like horse trading or efforts to destabilize governments. While the bill aims to address such issues, its success is uncertain.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Federalism: Ensure state legislatures retain autonomy by allowing flexibility in election cycles and minimizing central influence on state governance.
- Mitigate Political Instability: Introduce safeguards like stricter anti-defection laws and robust mechanisms to address mid-term government collapses while maintaining accountability.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to space debris;
Why in the News?
space startups from Japan and India announced a joint agreement to explore the use of laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit, addressing the growing issue of orbital congestion.
What is Space Debris?
- Space debris, often referred to as space junk, consists of non-functional spacecraft, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions or disintegration of satellites.
- These objects orbit the Earth at high speeds, posing significant risks to operational satellites and manned missions.
What are laser-equipped satellites for removing debris from orbit?
- Laser-equipped satellites utilize focused laser beams to target and vaporize small parts of space debris, effectively stopping its rotation and making it easier for servicing spacecraft to rendezvous with and de-orbit defunct satellites. T
- Companies like Japan’s Orbital Lasers and India’s InspeCity are collaborating to explore business opportunities for these laser systems.
- They plan to demonstrate this technology in space, with potential deployment on satellites after meeting regulatory requirements in their respective countries, indicating a growing interest in international partnerships to tackle the issue of space debris.
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What are the concerns related to space debris?
- Collision Risks: The increasing amount of space debris raises the likelihood of collisions with active satellites and spacecraft, which can lead to further debris generation in a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome.
- Operational Challenges: Space debris complicates satellite operations and can disrupt services such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, and global positioning systems.
- Environmental Impact: The accumulation of debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) threatens the sustainability of space activities and could hinder future space exploration efforts.
What are the initiatives to tackle space debris globally?
- International Collaboration: Organizations like the United Nations have called for urgent action to track and manage space debris, emphasizing the need for global cooperation.
- Technological Innovations: Companies like Orbital Lasers are exploring innovative solutions such as using laser-equipped satellites to de-orbit defunct satellites and mitigate debris by vaporizing parts of their surfaces.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Various countries are developing regulations to ensure responsible satellite launches and operations, including guidelines for end-of-life satellite disposal to minimize future debris creation.
What are the measures should be taken by Satellite? (Way forward)
- Tracking and Monitoring: Satellites use onboard systems and ground-based tracking data to monitor the position of space debris and predict potential collision risks.
- Avoidance Maneuvers: Satellites perform preemptive orbital adjustments or “collision avoidance manoeuvres” to shift their trajectory away from debris.
- Shielding and Resilience: Some satellites are equipped with protective shielding to withstand minor debris impacts, minimizing potential damage in low-risk scenarios.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRIS²
Why in the News?
The European Union has signed a contract for IRIS², a network of 290 satellites aimed at improving resilience, connectivity, and security.
About IRIS²:
| Details |
- IRIS² stands for Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite.
- It consists of a 290-satellite constellation, including 264 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 18 in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).
- Collaboration between European Union and SpaceRISE.
- First satellite launch planned for 2029.
Key Features of IRIS²:
- Deployment of 264 satellites in LEO and 18 in MEO.
- Provide secure, high-speed broadband connectivity, particularly in underserved regions.
- Focus on Europe for secure satellite internet services.
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| Project Funding and Implementation |
- 12-year concession for IRIS² is funded by the EU, ESA, and private firms like SES, Eutelsat, and Airbus.
- Total cost: €10.6 billion (~$11 billion).
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| Applications of IRIS² |
- Governmental Use: Border surveillance, crisis management, infrastructure security, and defense.
- Civilian Use: Broadband access, smart energy, transportation, and remote healthcare.
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World’s Largest Earth Observation Programs: Take a look
- Copernicus Program (EU): Launched in 2014, the Copernicus Program is a European Union initiative with satellites like Sentinel to monitor land, ocean, and atmosphere, enhancing environmental management and disaster response.
- NASA Earth Observing System (EOS): Initiated in 1997, NASA’s EOS provides comprehensive Earth observation data from satellites like Terra and Aqua, focused on understanding Earth’s environment, climate change, and atmospheric composition.
- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Founded in 2005, GEOSS connects Earth observation systems globally to provide data on climate, water resources, biodiversity, and natural disasters, involving over 100 organizations.
- Landsat Program (USA): Launched in 1972 by NASA and USGS, Landsat is the longest-running satellite program offering continuous Earth surface monitoring, focusing on land cover, land use, and environmental changes.
Note:
In September, 2024, ISRO launched the Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 under the SSLV-D3/EOS-08 mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, with the satellite operating in a circular Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of 475 km and a mission life of 1 year. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)
Why in the News?
- Law Minister is proposing that the Bills on “One Nation, One Election” be referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for further examination.
- The committee will have 21 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha.
About Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC):
| What is a JPC? |
- JPC is a committee formed by both Houses of Parliament for scrutinizing a subject or Bill in detail.
- It includes members from both Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- Members represent both ruling parties and opposition.
- Number of members in a JPC can vary based on the task at hand and the members are decided by the Parliament.
- The JPC is dissolved once its task is completed or its term ends.
- A motion is passed in one House of Parliament, and the other House agrees to it.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Mandate of a JPC is determined by the motion that forms it.
- Scrutinizing documents related to the subject.
- Summoning people for questioning.
- Submitting a report and making recommendations to the government.
- The proceedings and findings are confidential except in matters of public interest.
- Speaker of the House resolves any disputes regarding evidence.
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| Nature of JPC Recommendations |
- Recommendations are advisory and persuasive but not binding on the government.
- The government can choose whether or not to follow the recommendations.
- The government must submit an Action Taken Report to Parliament on the actions taken based on the JPC’s recommendations.
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| Notable JPCs in the Past |
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- Telecom Licenses and Spectrum Allocation (2011).
- Stock Market Scam (1992) and related matters.
- Irregularities in Securities and Banking Transactions.
- Bofors Contract Inquiry (1987).
- Constitutional and Legal Position Regarding the Office of Profit.
- Waqf (Amendment) Bill (2024).
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PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the house whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation?
(a) Committee on Government Assurances
(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation
(c) Rules Committee
(d) Business Advisory Committee |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)
Why in the News?
All 17,130 police stations in India are now connected through the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), a centralized online platform for filing FIRs, chargesheets, and investigation reports, accessible to law enforcement across the country.
About Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS):
| What is CCTNS? |
- A centralized online platform to file FIRs, charge-sheets, and investigation reports across 17,130 police stations.
- Launched in 2009 with a ₹2,000 crore budget under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Aimed at improving efficiency, transparency, and nationwide access to crime data.
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| Key Features |
- Nationwide integration, with 100% connectivity across 28 states and 8 Union Territories.
- Stores data on criminals, habitual offenders, missing persons, stolen vehicles, etc.
- Generates analytical crime reports and detailed case statistics.
- Integrated with the ICJS (Integrated Criminal Justice System) for coordination with courts, forensics, and other criminal justice pillars.
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| Recent Modifications for New Criminal Laws |
- Incorporates the 2024 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (erstwhile IPC), Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Indian Evidence Act), and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (CrPC).
- Introduces mandatory videography for crime scenes in serious cases, forensic investigations, and arrest transparency (including officer approval and informing relatives).
- Updates include timely progress reports and digital reporting of daily diaries.
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| Impact and Implementation |
- Facilitates efficient investigations by providing access to comprehensive crime data and analytical tools.
- Improves police coordination across states and law enforcement agencies.
- Enhanced citizen services with online tracking of complaints and case updates.
- Supported by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and integrated with other public safety platforms for better coordination and resource management.
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PYQ:
[2014] We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kailash Mansarovar
Why in the News?
- India and China have agreed to resume the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra.
- The pilgrimage has been suspended since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and non-renewal of arrangements by China.
India-China Talks on Border Management:
- Disengagement and De-escalation: Agreed to continue implementing the October 2024 disengagement agreements for safe patrolling and grazing in certain areas.
- Peace and Tranquility: Both sides agreed to maintain peace along the border and implement effective border management mechanisms.
- Resolution of Boundary Dispute: Continued efforts toward a mutually acceptable solution to the boundary dispute.
- Cross-Border Cooperation: Discussions included river cooperation, Nathula border trade, and other exchanges to strengthen bilateral relations.
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About Kailash Mansarovar:
- Kailash Mansarovar is a sacred religious site located in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, near the borders of India, Nepal, and Tibet.
- It consists of Mount Kailash, a peak considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva in Hinduism, and Mansarovar Lake, a high-altitude freshwater lake revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon traditions.
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- Mount Kailash stands at an elevation of 6,638 meters (21,778 feet), making it one of the most difficult and revered peaks to approach.
- The Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of 4,556 meters (14,950 feet) and spans approximately 88 square kilometers.
- The region lies in the Tibetan Plateau.
Religious Significance:
- Hinduism:
- Mount Kailash is considered the abode of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati. Pilgrims believe that a pilgrimage to Kailash is essential for liberation and salvation (Moksha).
- Mansarovar Lake is believed to have been created by Lord Brahma. Bathing in its holy waters is believed to cleanse sins and grant spiritual merit.
- Buddhism:
- The region is sacred as it is believed to be the home of Buddha Demchok, who represents supreme bliss.
- The lake is also linked to the Jambhala, the god of wealth in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Jainism:
- Jain tradition holds that Lord Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, attained Nirvana at the peak of Mount Kailash.
- Bon Religion:
- For practitioners of Bon, an ancient religion indigenous to Tibet, Kailash is regarded as the sacred center of the universe.
Route and Access:
- India to Kailash Mansarovar: The pilgrimage is generally undertaken through the Lipulekh Pass, a high-altitude pass that connects Uttarakhand (India) with Tibet.
- Pilgrims usually travel through Nepal, and the journey is conducted via Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) under the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
- Travel to Mount Kailash and Mansarovar Lake is restricted, and permits are required from the Chinese government.
- Pilgrims from India are primarily facilitated through the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra organized by the Government of India and other authorized agencies.
PYQ:
[2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. |
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