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  • Coal and Mining Sector

    Article 371A’s Influence on Coal Mining Rules in Nagaland

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    In the news

    • The Nagaland CM is facing pressure to regulate coal mining after a tragic incident where six miners died in an explosion.
    • The unique land rights granted under Article 371A of the Indian Constitution have complicated efforts to control illegal coal mining activities.

    Article 371A: Special Provisions for Nagaland

    Details
    Historical Context Established in 1963 for Nagaland, recognizing its autonomy after the Naga people’s struggle.
    Religious & Social Practices Protects Naga tribes’ customs, traditions, and religious practices from external interference.
    Customary Laws Allows continuation of indigenous legal systems and traditional methods of justice.
    **Autonomy Grants Nagaland autonomy in managing its land, forests, and natural resources.
    Legislation Reserves seats in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly for various tribes and communities.
    Special Rights Aims to protect Naga people’s rights and promote socio-cultural development within the state.

    Article 371A

    Why discuss this?

    • Rat-hole Mining: Nagaland’s coal mining policy, permitting rat-hole mining due to the scattered nature of coal deposits, presents challenges for effective regulation.
    • Licensing Restrictions: Small pocket deposit licenses, awarded to individual landowners, impose limitations on lease duration, mining area, and machinery usage, as outlined in the Nagaland Coal Policy (First Amendment) of 2014.

    Conclusion

    • The intersection of constitutional provisions, traditional land rights, and regulatory frameworks poses complex challenges for the Nagaland government in its endeavour to address illegal coal mining activities.
    • As legislative deliberations continue, concerted efforts towards public awareness, regulatory reforms, and enforcement actions remain imperative for safeguarding both natural resources and community welfare in the state.

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    In the news

    • Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.

    About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    • It is a bi-national project between India and Nepal, aimed primarily at energy production and enhancing irrigation in both countries.
    • It involves the construction of a 315-meter high dam across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India).
    • It forms an 80 km long reservoir with a surface area of 116 km square and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion cubic meters.
    • Once completed, the PMP is expected to have a capacity of 5,040 megawatts (MW) and will be among the tallest dams globally, with an estimated cost ranging from Rs. 401.84 billion to Rs. 500 billion.
    • The project’s objectives include energy production and irrigation enhancement, but environmentalists have raised concerns about its potential impact on the region’s ecology and local communities.
    • This project underscores the progress of the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 between India and Nepal includes provisions for the integrated development of the Mahakali River basin.

    Obstacles to Progress

    • Benefit Sharing: Disagreements arise over the distribution of benefits, with India receiving a larger share of irrigation benefits while Nepal emphasizes the value of water as a precious resource.
    • Political and Bureaucratic Challenges: Political considerations, including impending elections in India and domestic political fragility in Nepal, hinder progress. Bureaucratic concerns further impede consensus-building.

    Back2Basics: Mahakali Treaty

    Details
    Mahakali River Also known as Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.

    Joins Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganga.
    Signatories and Date Signed between Nepal and India on February 12, 1996.
    Objective Aimed at the integrated development of the Mahakali River, including projects like the Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage, and Pancheshwar Project.
    Ratification Process Required a two-thirds majority in the combined session of both houses of the Nepalese parliament.

    Faced opposition and scrutiny from parliamentarians during the process.
    Establishment of Commission Provision for the establishment of a Mahakali River Commission to oversee and regulate matters outlined in the treaty.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Early Bloom of Jacaranda sparks Climate Debate in Mexico

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Jacaranda

    Introduction

    • Mexico City’s iconic jacaranda trees, known for their stunning purple blooms in spring, are experiencing an unusual phenomenon this year, with some trees blooming as early as January instead of their typical spring awakening.

    About Jacaranda Trees

    • Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae.
    • Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, with some species found in the Caribbean and Africa.
    • Known for its stunning clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of purple, blue, or white, Jacaranda trees are prized as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes worldwide.
    • Jacaranda trees hold cultural significance in various regions, such as Brazil, where their blooming heralds the arrival of spring, and South Africa, where they are commonly planted in urban areas.
    • Some species of Jacaranda produce valuable timber, prized for its lightweight nature, durability, and attractive grain pattern, suitable for furniture and decorative woodworking.
    • While generally not invasive, Jacaranda trees can become weedy in introduced regions, though their ornamental value often outweighs any negative impacts, making them well-tolerated in urban landscapes.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Middle East

    Rediscovering Palestinian statehood

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Israel-Palestine: No Simple Answers

    Why in the News?

    Recently, there are evolving dynamics surrounding Palestinian statehood, including global perspectives, Israeli leadership positions, and the potential implications for the region w.r.t two-state solution.

    What are the Global Dynamics and Israeli Opposition towards Palestinian Statehood?

    • Global Expectations: Western nations and Arab States are hopeful for Israel to act sensibly amidst the challenging situation in Gaza. The UK and France express readiness to recognize a Palestinian state independently of an agreement with Israel, prompting speculation about US involvement.
    • Israeli stance: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu openly opposes a two-state solution and advocates for Israeli control over the entire area west of the Jordan River.
      • Netanyahu rejects international pressure and warns against unilateral recognition, citing concerns about terrorism and his political standing.
      • Netanyahu’s opposition to a Palestinian state without negotiations reflects his political strategy and the challenges within his ruling coalition.
      • Netanyahu’s plan echoes sentiments previously condemned when expressed by Hamas, raising concerns about Israel’s intentions.

    Global Response to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

    • UN Secretary-General’s Call: UN emphasizes the importance of acknowledging Palestinian statehood and condemns the loss of life in Gaza.
    • Hearings at ICJ: The International Court of Justice began hearing arguments concerning the legal status of a Palestinian state.
    • Mixed Signals: The U.S.’s support for Israel’s security contradicts its calls for a two-state solution, as demonstrated by voting against a UN resolution regarding Israeli settlements. World leaders previously have largely neglected the Palestinian cause during the tenure of former Israeli PM Netanyahu and post-Abraham Accords era.
    • Sudden Interest from various Nations: Recently, there has been renewed interest in a two-state solution following Israel’s military actions in Gaza and increasing pressure from international bodies. The U.S. too have imposed sanctions on individual settlers rather than addressing broader issues related to settlements and violence.
    • Domestic Pressures: King Abdullah II of Jordan, along with Egypt, France, and Germany, issued a joint statement opposing Israel’s annexation plans. The U.S., EU, and Arab States face mounting pressure to address the crisis, hoping for positive changes within Israel’s leadership.
      • Saudi Demand: Saudi Arabia demands an immediate peace process for a Palestinian state before resuming normalization talks with Israel.
      • Threatening Proposal: Israel’s latest plan suggests dissolving the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which would compromise the two-state solution
    BEYOND EDITORIAL: 

    What are Abraham Accords?

    • The Abraham Accords, established in September 2020, represent a series of bilateral agreements aimed at normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab nations: the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco. 
    • These agreements marked a departure from traditional Arab League policies, which historically required resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict before establishing formal ties with Israel.

    How Abraham Accords have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

    Despite not directly involving parties in active conflict, the Abraham Accords have influenced the broader context in several ways:

    • Normalization without Resolution: The Accords sidestepped the Palestinian issue, allowing Arab states to establish normalized relationships with Israel without addressing core issues like Palestinian self-determination and statehood
    • Domestic Repercussions: The Accords led to internal conflicts within Arab societies, as some citizens felt betrayed by their leadership’s decision to prioritize normalization over Palestinian rights
    • Regional Stability: While the Accords were promoted as increasing stability, critics argue that they have done little to address underlying causes of instability, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict itself

    Critical Analysis of Accords towards the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:

    • Critics argue that the Accords have failed to bring lasting peace or stability, instead serving as a means of authoritarian conflict management that ignores the root causes of the conflict
    • Supporters contend that the Accords offer opportunities for cooperation and economic growth, although these benefits may come at the expense of Palestinian rights.
    • The Abraham Accords have altered the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by shifting focus away from the centrality of Palestinian rights and towards normalization between Israel and select Arab states. Despite initial optimism, the Accords have faced challenges in achieving sustainable peace and stability, and their success remains a subject of debate.

    What is the feasibility of a Single-State Solution?

    If the two-state solution fails given recent developments and Israeli leadership positions, then:

    • Equal Rights: In a single-state scenario, Israel must provide equal rights to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to remain a democracy. Providing equal rights would reduce the percentage of Jews below 50%, challenging Israel’s identity as a Jewish state.
    • Apartheid or Ethnic Cleansing: Without equal rights, Palestinians risk becoming second-class citizens, resulting in either apartheid or ethnic cleansing.
    • Preservation of Status Quo: Continuing the present conditions would perpetuate the occupation and deny Palestinians self-determination.
    • Driving Out Palestinians: An alternative to providing equal rights might involve expelling Palestinians from the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem.
    • Decline of Support: Increasingly, Israelis have distanced themselves from developments in the Occupied Territories, reducing support for a two-state solution.
    • Rise of Right Wing: The growth of right-wing parties in Israel has led to the demise of groups supporting the Oslo Accords.
    • Shifting Attitudes: Following attacks by Hamas, support for a two-state solution has dwindled, leaving Israelis questioning whether Palestinians truly desire peace.
    • Recognition of Two-State Solution: Even Hamas once acknowledged a two-state solution based on 1967 borders, although this position has weakened over time.

    How can be the ‘Afghan Model’ solution towards this issue?

    The Afghan model refers to the acceptance of the Taliban’s return to power despite reservations. As the world grapples with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, comparisons have emerged between the Taliban’s ascension in Afghanistan and potential shifts in Hamas’ role in Palestine. 

    • Similarity between both cases: Both sides require transformative leadership changes. Israel needs to embrace a two-state solution, and Palestine requires an inclusive and representative leadership encompassing Gaza and the West Bank. 

    What are the Challenges and Implications if Afghan model is applied?

    • Political stance: Centrist Israeli politicians have lost popularity due to their perceived inaction on the Palestinian issue. In short, replacing them as champions of a two-state solution is challenging.
    • Hamas’ inclusion in Palestinian governance structures would necessitate significant ideological shifts and concessions, which may prove difficult.
    • The international community’s reluctant approach to the two-state solution raises questions about their commitment to promoting meaningful change in the Middle East.

    Conclusion: 

    The ‘Afghan model,’ while imperfect, offers insights into the possibilities and limitations of accommodating hard-line forces within mainstream political processes. Ultimately, the success of such efforts depends upon the ability of all stakeholders—including Israel, Palestine, and the international community to overcome deeply ingrained mistrust and pursue genuine reconciliation.

    Prelims PYQs:

    1. The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018)
    1. China
    2. Israel
    3. Iraq
    4. Yemen

    Mains PYQs:

    Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’ (UPSC CSE 2019)

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Stop the dithering and encourage green elections in India

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Mains Pyq: ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.

    Prelims Pyq: 

    Consider the following statements :​
    1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.​

    2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.​

    3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

    a.1 only
    b.2 only​
    c.1 and 3
    d. 2 and 3

     

    Some states have embraced online voting. It's a huge risk. - POLITICO

    Why is it in news?

    • Amidst the climate crisis, shifting to sustainable practices across every sphere of human activity has become inevitable and urgent. In August 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in five States, the Election Commission of India (ECI) voiced its concern over the environmental risks associated with the use of non-biodegradable materials in elections.

    What is the Concept of Green Elections?

    • Green elections involve adopting eco-friendly practices throughout the electoral process, including campaign materials, rallies, and polling booths.
    • Transitioning to sustainable alternatives can mitigate the environmental impact and promote citizens’ health.

    Why there is need of Green Elections?

    • Given that the conduct of every election results in an avoidable carbon footprint, there is a need for eco-friendly elections, which would be a boost to environmental stewardship alongside civic participation.
    • Sri Lanka and Estonia, for instance, have conducted environmentally-conscious elections. As India, the world’s most populous democracy, gears up for the next general election, environmental considerations must be prioritised, paving the way for ‘green elections’.

    Environmental Impact of Elections:

    • In the 2016 US presidential elections, emissions from campaign flights of just one candidate equaled the annual carbon footprint of 500 Americans.
    • Traditional election methods involve energy-intensive activities like rallies, use of loudspeakers, PVC flex banners, hoardings, and disposable items, contributing to environmental degradation.
    • India’s massive elections involving crores of voters and large political rallies exacerbate the environmental impact.
    • Paper-based materials and energy-intensive campaign practices further escalate the environmental footprint.

    Challenges in India for green elections:

    • Technological Challenges: Implementing electronic and digital voting systems requires robust infrastructure, especially in rural areas, to ensure reliable access to technology. Measures to prevent hacking and fraud must be put in place to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
    • Access and Training: Ensuring fair access to new voting technologies for all voters, including marginalized communities, poses a significant challenge. Training election officials and voters alike on the use of new technologies is essential to facilitate smooth adoption.
    • Financial Constraints: Governments may face substantial upfront costs for acquiring eco-friendly materials and implementing new technology, which could deter financially constrained administrations from pursuing such initiatives.
    • Cultural and Behavioural Hurdles: Overcoming cultural inertia and the perception of physical presence at polling booths as sacrosanct poses a behavioural challenge. Public scepticism towards new approaches and concerns about compromises to vote security must be addressed to gain widespread acceptance.
    • Transparency and Auditing: Ensuring transparency in the adoption of new technologies and implementing effective auditing mechanisms are crucial to building trust in environmentally-friendly election practices.
    Research Findings for mains answer value addition:
    • Research by Willemson and Krips from Estonia (2023) identified transportation of voters and logistics to and from polling booths as the primary source of carbon emissions during elections.
    • The running of polling booths constitutes the secondary source of emissions.
    • Transitioning to digital voting systems could potentially reduce the carbon footprint by up to 40%.

     

    Successful examples of green elections

    Kerala:

    • Campaigning Restrictions: During the 2019 general election, the Kerala State Election Commission urged political parties to avoid single-use plastic materials.
    • Ban on Non-Biodegradable Materials: The Kerala High Court imposed a ban on flex and non-biodegradable materials in electioneering, promoting the use of alternatives like wall graffiti and paper posters.
    • Collaboration for Green Elections: Government bodies collaborated with the district administration in Thiruvananthapuram to ensure eco-friendly elections, including conducting training sessions for election workers in villages.

    Goa:

    • Eco-Friendly Election Booths: In 2022, the Goa State Biodiversity Board introduced eco-friendly election booths for the Assembly elections, utilizing biodegradable materials crafted by local traditional artisans.

    Sri Lanka:

    • Carbon-Sensitive Campaign: The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) party launched the world’s first carbon-sensitive environmentally friendly election campaign in 2019.
    • Carbon Emission Measurement: SLPP measured carbon emissions from vehicles and electricity used during political campaigns and compensated for them by planting trees in each district through public participation.

    Estonia:

    • Digital Voting Initiative: Estonia pioneered digital voting as an online alternative, promoting voter participation while reducing the environmental footprint of traditional paper-based elections.
    • Robust Security Measures: The success of Estonia’s digital voting system demonstrates that accompanying robust security measures can ensure both eco- and electorate-friendly elections.

    Suggested blueprint and Way-forward for Green elections

    • Involving All Stakeholders: The green transition must involve all stakeholders, including political parties, Election Commissions, governments, voters, the media, and civil society.
    • Integration of Directives: Success lies in integrating top-level directives with grassroots initiatives to foster a green transition effectively.
    • Leadership Role: Political parties should take the lead in enacting legislation mandating eco-friendly electoral practices.
    • Legislative Initiatives: This involves campaigning through digital platforms or door-to-door campaigning, reducing energy-intensive public rallies, and encouraging the use of public transportation for election work.
    • Supporting Local Alternatives: Incentivizing the replacement of plastic and paper-based materials with sustainable local alternatives for polling booths, such as natural fabrics, recycled paper, and compostable plastics, aids waste management and supports local artisans.
    • Advocacy for Digital Voting: The ECI can push for digital voting, despite the need for training and capacity building of officials.
    • Ensuring Equal Participation: To ensure equal participation of all voters in the digital electoral process, the government must educate and support voters and ensure equitable access to digital technology.
    • Catalyst Role: Civil society should act as a catalyst in promoting eco-conscious electoral practices.
    • Media’s Crucial Role: The media can emphasize the environmental impact of conventional election methods and shed light on innovative eco-friendly alternatives.
    • Setting an Example: Embracing eco-conscious electoral practices can help India set an example for other democracies around the world.

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  • The current global order — a fraying around many edges

    op-ed snap | International Relations | : Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

     

    PYQ Relevance

    Mains PYQs

    1. “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (2021)

    2. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2015)

    Prelims PYQs

    ‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organization? (2016)

    a)      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

    b)      World Economic Forum

    c)       World Bank

    d)      World Trade Organization (WTO)

    Note4Students:

    Relevance: GS II(International Relation)

    • Prelims: United Nations and Security Council;
    • Mains: Global Order and Challenges; Major International Organizations; United Nations;

    Mentor Comments: UPSC has been known to ask questions about ‘how things are at present vs. how things should be ideally’ across subjects like IR, Science and Technology, governance, or Economy. This op-ed is useful for analyzing the recent ongoing dynamics at the geopolitical level which is affecting the power play among the significant multilateral organizations.

    So, Let’s Learn.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, at the 55th regular session of the Human Rights Council, Antonio Guterres (UN Secretary-General), has expressed growing pessimism about the organization’s future due to the “lack of unity” among members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

    Context:

    • During the 2020s, the United Nations-led system, although traditionally the default option, is presently facing significant challenges.
    • There is an urgent need for reform within the UN due to existing divisions, as superficial changes may not be sufficient to address the underlying issues to revitalize its effectiveness.

     Is this the end of the road for the current global order?

    1) The Evolution and the shift in Global world order w.r.t United Nations System:

    • The UN’s foundation dates back to January 1942 when 26 Allied nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations, endorsing the Atlantic Charter of 1941 that outlined the war aims of the US and UK.
    • Evolution of the UN and Power Dynamics:
      • The UN was created to uphold sovereignty and equality among nations through collective security principles but faced challenges within the Security Council due to the dominance of its five Permanent Members.
      • Post-1942 negotiations led to a structure where major Allied powers were granted permanent veto power, resembling early 19th-century European power dynamics.
      • The Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944 established key financial institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (later WTO) to create an international economic order focused on post-war reconstruction and global trade liberalization.
    • Shifts in Power and Economic Order:
      • The creation of the IMF marked a shift in power dynamics as imperial Britain’s debt burden led to the US emerging as a dominant force in global finance.
      • Britain had to relinquish its imperial trade preferences, symbolizing a transition from sterling to dollar dominance in international financial systems

    2) Controlling Power Structures:

    • Influence of old power structures: The governance of the World Bank and IMF reflects old power structures, with an American heading the World Bank and Europe nominating the IMF head.
    • Voting rights: Voting rights in the IMF remain stagnant, favoring major economies like the US, UK, and G-7 nations, giving them significant influence.
      • For Example, currently the percentage voting rights for, say, the original BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are 2.22, 2.59, 2.63, 6.08, and 0.63. The U.S. alone commands 16.5; add to it the votes of the U.K.
    • Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Special Drawing Rights allocation and major reforms require an 85% majority vote, effectively granting the US a powerful veto within the IMF.
      • The IMF maintains global stability by promoting financial stability, offering advice, and providing funds to countries in financial difficulty, as long as they accept conditions set by the leadership of the Fund.

    What are the significant challenges in maintaining UN’s role in global governance and international peace and security?

    • Global Events and Geopolitical Constraints: The geopolitical constraints on the UN are intensifying, with deep rifts among major powers affecting the organization’s effectiveness in addressing global crises.
      • The 2020s have exposed vulnerabilities within the global system, with events like COVID-19 border closures disrupting cooperation and shared prosperity ideals. Secondly, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted the disregard for rules by powerful nations, undermining the system’s integrity.
    • New Fault Lines and Declining Political Influence: The UN’s political influence is decreasing due to political divisions and resource gaps, requiring new strategies to mobilize its strengths for peace.
      • For Example, presently, the conflict in Gaza revealed divisions between developed and developing nations, questioning support for the UN and exposing underlying tensions over human rights and historical injustices. Further, the crisis in West Asia is pushing the UN to the sidelines as key players challenge its authority, testing their commitment to fundamental UN principles.
    • Major-Power Divisions: Divisions among major powers are shrinking the space for multilateral cooperation, impacting the UN’s ability to manage international peace and security.
      • For Example, the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) aimed to challenge the World Bank but faces resistance, highlighting ongoing power struggles in global governance.
    • Security Council Paralysis: The Security Council has been slow and indecisive in reacting to crises, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine posing a serious challenge to international security and highlighting the need for more effective collective solutions.
      • Moreover, developing countries struggled to overcome Security Council vetoes and Bretton Woods Institutions’ voting structures.
    Silver Lining:

    • Existing organizations outside the UN, like ASEAN, EU, G-7, G-20, and NATO, serve specific interests rather than universal values, lacking the binding legal framework of the UN. These organizations operate as clubs or regional security alliances, and can be more effective considering global governance structure.

     Way Forward:

    • Need for an Inclusive Global Cooperation: There is a growing need for more effective and inclusive global cooperation, emphasizing the importance of reforming international financial institutions and strengthening the role of the General Assembly within the UN system.
    • Need for Pragmatic Approach: In light of these challenges, there is a consensus on the necessity for flexibility, and adaptability within the UN to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics and effectively address global issues while restoring trust and reigniting global solidarity.

     

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Criminals of Politics: Analysis of Rajya Sabha Candidates by ADR

    DOMRExplained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    In the news

    • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.

    Context:

    • Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
    • Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
    • Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.

    Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?

    • Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
    • Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
    • Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
    • Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
    • Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
    • Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.

    Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:

    • Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
    • Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
    • Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.

    Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics

    [A] Legislative Interventions

    • Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
    • Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
    • Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.

    [B] Establishment of Special Courts

    • Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
    • Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.

    [C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)

    • Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
    • Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.

    [D] Election Commission Initiatives

    • Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
    • Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.

    Major Judicial Interventions

    Background Key Outcome Significance
    Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records. Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details. Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
    Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005) Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates. Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more. Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
    Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more. Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
    People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA. Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs). Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.

    Way Forward

    • Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
    • State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
    • Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
    • Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
    • Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
    • Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.

    Try this question from CS Mains 2017:

    Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)

     

    Post your responses here.

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  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    Why sustainable funding matters for India’s ‘Science Power’ ambition?

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    In the news

    • National Science Day is commemorated on Feb 28 every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir CV Raman.

    About National Science Day 2024

    • Theme: “Science for Sustainable Development” underscores India’s commitment to leveraging science and technology for long-term socio-economic progress.
    • Key Driver: Science and technology play pivotal roles in India’s journey toward achieving developed nation status by 2047, aligning with global sustainability goals.

    The Current Scenario: R&D Spending in India

    • Low Expenditure: India’s expenditure on research and development (R&D) stands at a mere 0.64% of GDP, a concerning figure for a nation aspiring for technological advancement.
    • Stagnant Growth: Despite calls to double R&D spending, India’s allocation for fundamental research has seen a decline in recent years, highlighting the need for enhanced investment in scientific endeavours.

    science

    Comparative Analysis with Developed Nations

    • Global Benchmarks: Developed nations typically allocate 2-4% of their GDPs to R&D, showcasing a stark contrast to India’s minimal spending. Moreover, even Nations like South Korea have shown significant growth in R&D expenditures, averaging 10.9% annually over 2000–10 and 7.8% for 2010–19.
    • Private Sector Contribution: In economically advanced countries, the private sector contributes significantly to R&D investment, unlike India, where public funding dominates. In leading economies, the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), while in India, its share is only 37%. This disparity highlights the need for increased private sector investment in R&D in India.

    What is the significance of Sustainable Funding for India’s ‘Science Power’ Ambition?

    • Low Corporate Sector Investment: The primary reason for India’s low R&D expenditure is the inadequate investment by the corporate sector. While leading economies see two-thirds of R&D funding coming from corporations, in India, this share is only 37%. Increasing corporate investment in R&D is essential to boost innovation and technological progress.
    • Underestimation of GERD Data: There is evidence suggesting that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data may be underestimated. The current method of data collection relies on surveys and secondary sources like annual reports and databases like Prowess. However, this method may not capture all R&D-performing enterprises, leading to incomplete statistics
    • Foreign Investment Discrepancy: Foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in R&D spending in India. However, the latest statistics indicate that foreign MNCs’ R&D spending in India is only about 10% of what U.S. firms report spending in the country. Encouraging higher foreign investment in R&D can contribute to India’s scientific growth.
    • Challenges in Data Collection: Collecting accurate data from the private corporate sector poses a challenge due to factors like firms’ reluctance to disclose information and the limitations of existing databases like DSIR and Prowess. Enhancing data collection methods is crucial to obtaining a comprehensive picture of R&D activities in the country.

    Challenges Faced by India in Achieving ‘Science Power’ Ambition:

    • Limited Research Workforce: India faces a shortage of high-quality universities and appropriate job opportunities for graduates, which impedes the expansion of its research workforce. To enhance scientific capabilities, there is a critical need to establish more top-tier educational institutions and create avenues for skilled professionals in the field.
    • Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic red tape in India poses a significant challenge to research and innovation. Delays in fund disbursement, lengthy recruitment processes, and administrative inefficiencies hamper the pace of scientific advancements. Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing efficiency are essential to foster a conducive environment for research.
    • Lack of International Collaboration: India has relatively low levels of international collaboration compared to other developing nations, limiting its exposure to global scientific advancements and partnerships. Strengthening ties with international counterparts can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
    • Inadequate Funding: India’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP is significantly lower than other emerging nations like China and Brazil, as well as established economies like the United States and Europe. Insufficient funding limits the capacity for research and innovation, hindering India’s progress in the scientific domain.
    • Infrastructure and Technological Challenges: The development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor manufacturing requires robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. India’s limited investment in science and technology, coupled with bureaucratic hurdles and outdated procurement systems, hinders the adoption of global best practices and impedes research progress.

    Way forward

    • Sustainable funding: India is committed in making progress towards becoming a developed country by 2047 through sustainable means, including R&D funding.
    • Streamline bureaucracy: India needs to streamline its bureaucratic processes to enhance efficiency and reduce delays in funding and project approvals.
    • Increase R&D spending: India aims to increase its Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% of GDP, which is a national goal for some time.
    • Improve infrastructure and technology: India needs to improve its infrastructure and technological capabilities to drive innovation and research progress.
    • Increase in International collaboration: India aims to increase its international collaboration to facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.

    Conclusion

    • As India commemorates National Science Day under the theme of sustainable development, addressing the imperative of sustainable funding for science emerges as a critical priority.
    • By fostering a conducive ecosystem for R&D investment and optimizing budget utilization, India can pave the way for transformative scientific advancements and sustainable socio-economic progress.

    Back2Basics: CV Raman and Raman’s Effect

    Details
    Birth Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency on 7 November 1888.
    Appointment in IISc Appointed as Director of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933, served until retirement in 1948.
    Initial Research Published first research paper, “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture”, in 1906 while still a graduate student.
    Raman Effect Discovered phenomenon where light changes wavelength and frequency upon traversing transparent material, known as Raman Effect.
    Acoustics Worked on theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments, studied acoustics of various musical instruments including Indian ones.
    Colour of Sea Water Conducted observations on sea water using spectroscope,

    Concluded blue color not due to Rayleigh scattering, studied water color attribution.
    Spectroscopic Behaviour Investigated behavior of crystals spectroscopically, studied composition and characteristics of diamonds and colorful materials.
    Angular Momentum Discovered light photons have angular momentum, shifted to atoms that absorb them.
    Scientific Institutions Established Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru in 1949, became its first director.
    Awards and Recognition Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman Effect, first Indian and Asian to win Nobel in sciences.

    Elected member of Royal Society of London in 1924.

    Honored with India’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1954.

    Received Lenin Peace Prize, Franklin Medal, and Hughes Medal in 1930.

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  • Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

    In news: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    In news: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    In the news

    • The Odisha government’s estimation of the tiger population in its forests has been reported to be 30 Royal Bengal Tigers, while the All India Tiger Estimation-2022 report has found only 20 tigers present.

    About All Odisha Tiger Estimation:

    • The State tiger census was conducted by the State Forest Department.
      • According to the census, the State has 30 Tigers out of which Similipal Tiger Reserve recorded 27 tigers in the wild.
      • The remaining three belong to Hirakud wildlife division (Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary), Paralakhemundi territorial division and Keonjhar territorial and wildlife division.
    • Methodology: The census was conducted using camera-trapping exercises.

    About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    • Concerned over the sizeable number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in its Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), largely due to inbreeding, the Odisha government has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to consider introducing female tigers from other landscapes to the reserve.
    Details
    Location and Size Located in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj District, spanning 2750 sq km.

    Surrounded by high plateaus and hills;

    Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks reach 1515 m.
    History Initially a hunting ground, designated as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in 1973,

    Later declared a wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
    Flora and Fauna Rich biodiversity includes tigers, leopards, elephants, gaur, diverse bird species, King cobras, orchids, and medicinal plants.
    Tribes Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, with traditional conservation practices.
    UNESCO Recognition UNESCO listed it as a Biosphere Reserve in May 2009 due to its ecological significance.
    Recent Events A significant fire in 2021 posed a threat to the reserve’s biodiversity, highlighting ongoing conservation challenges.
    Global Recognition Recognized as a Global Network of Biospheres site since 2009.

    Melanism in Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    • Genetic Anomaly: Melanism, a genetic condition, results in increased melanin production, leading to black or nearly black skin, feathers, or hair in animals.
    • Pseudo-Melanism: The royal Bengal tigers of Similipal boast a unique lineage with elevated melanin levels, resulting in black and yellow interspersed stripes on their coats, making them pseudo-melanistic rather than entirely black.
    • Genetic Mutation: Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
    • Inbreeding and Isolation: Genetic analyses suggest that Similipal’s black tigers may have originated from a small founding population, leading to inbreeding due to isolation from other tiger populations.

    What are the Population Dynamics and Conservation Efforts made by Odisha Govt?

    • High Frequency: Approximately 37% of tigers in Similipal Tiger Reserve exhibit pseudo-melanistic traits, highlighting the prevalence of this unique phenotype.
    • Conservation Measures: Odisha plans to establish a melanistic tiger safari near Similipal, aiming to raise awareness about tiger conservation and provide visitors with an opportunity to observe these rare big cats up close.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:

    Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

     

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Gaganyaan

    In the news

    • Prime Minister announced the astronaut designates for India’s inaugural crewed spaceflight, Gaganyaan, slated for a 2025 launch.

    About Gaganyaan Mission

    • The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s initiative to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 members into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
    • It aims to demonstrate India’s indigenous capability in undertaking human space flights, with an immediate goal of executing a manned mission.
    • GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will be used as a launch vehicle in Gaganyaan mission.

    Gaganyaan

    Technological Requirements

    • Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 serves as the launch vehicle, equipped with Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module to ensure crew safety.
    • Orbital Module (OM):
      1. Crew Module (CM): Provides a habitable space for crew members, featuring a double-walled rigid construction and essential life support systems.
      2. Service Module (SM): Supports the Crew Module in orbit, housing propulsion, thermal, and power systems.
    • Crew Escape System (CES): Facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission, ensuring their safety.
    • Life Support System: Ensures a conducive environment for crew members in space, addressing physiological needs and emergency provisions.

    Phases of Gaganyaan Mission

    • Testing Phase: Included Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT), crucial for validating safety mechanisms and system performance.
    • Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission, involving advanced tests and flight trials. Vyommitra AI humanoid underwent tests for this mission.
    • Manned Mission: Culminates in executing the human spaceflight module of Gaganyaan, following successful unmanned missions.

    Significance of the Mission

    • Technological Advancement: Propels India towards future technological capabilities, fostering affordable space programs and scientific exploration.
    • Youth Inspiration: Inspires youth towards careers in science and technology, igniting innovation and creativity in space science.
    • Diplomatic Collaboration: Opens avenues for international cooperation in space exploration, enhancing diplomatic ties and knowledge exchange.
    • Scientific Breakthrough: Enables groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, material science, and biology through microgravity experiments.
    • Economic Growth: Stimulates economic development, technology spin-offs, and job creation, contributing to India’s overall progress.

    Challenges Associated

    • Indigenous Technology: Reliance on indigenous technology necessitates complex research and development efforts, ensuring program safety.
    • Space Transportation Vehicle: Development of customized launch vehicles poses challenges due to payload constraints and weight limitations.
    • Training and Simulation: Lack of critical space training facilities necessitates dependence on other space agencies, augmenting challenges.
    • Regenerative Environment: Creation of self-sustaining life support systems in space remains a daunting task, requiring innovative solutions.
    • Crew Safety: Mitigating risks associated with crew safety, including psychological and physiological effects of space travel, is imperative.

    Conclusion

    • The Gaganyaan Mission epitomizes India’s leap towards space exploration, encapsulating aspirations of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and international collaboration.
    • Amidst challenges and complexities, India stands poised to script a new chapter in its space odyssey, inspiring generations and propelling towards the frontiers of the cosmos.

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