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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    Northeast India’s Struggle with Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    sez

    Central Idea

    • The Northeast region’s journey with SEZs has been marked by challenges and missed opportunities.
    • Despite the approval of five SEZs in the region between 2007 and 2021, none have become operational.

    Overview of Unoperational SEZs in NE

    • Unrealized IT SEZs: The report underscores the delay in establishing IT SEZs in Manipur and Sikkim, both of which were approved in 2013 and 2021 respectively.
    • Nagaland’s Unfulfilled Promise: Despite approvals dating back to 2007-9, the SEZs in Nagaland remain dormant, representing a missed opportunity for economic growth.
    • Pending Agro-Products Zone: The agro-products zone approved in Tripura in 2019 is yet to materialize, indicating the need for coordinated efforts to overcome hurdles.

    What are SEZs?

    • Distinctive Zones: A Special Economic Zone is an area characterized by distinct trade and business regulations set apart from the rest of the country.
    • Economic Objectives: SEZs aim to enhance trade balance, encourage investments, generate employment, facilitate efficient administration, and amplify economic growth.
    • Favorable Financial Policies: SEZs offer tailored financial policies that encompass investment, taxation, customs, trading, quotas, and labor regulations.
    • Tax Incentives: Businesses within SEZs may benefit from tax holidays, a designated period of reduced taxation upon establishment within the zone.

    Inception of SEZs in India

    • EPZs Pioneering: India embraced the concept of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) with Asia’s inaugural EPZ established in Kandla in 1965.
    • Genesis: India’s SEZ policy was inaugurated on April 1, 2000, with the intent of bolstering foreign investments and creating a globally competitive environment for exports.
    • Objectives: The policy aimed to boost exports, level the playing field for domestic enterprises, and provide a comprehensive legal framework for SEZ development and operation.
    • Regulatory Framework: The SEZ Act of 2005 furnished the regulatory umbrella covering crucial aspects of SEZs and the units operating within them.

    Distinct Characteristics of SEZs

    • Diverse Zone Types: SEZs encompass various categories such as free-trade zones (FTZs), export processing zones (EPZs), industrial estates (IEs), free ports, and more.
    • Enhanced Foreign Investment: SEZs attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational corporations (MNCs) and international businesses, spurring economic growth

    Setting up SEZs

    • Open to All: Any private, public, joint sector, state government, or its agencies can establish an SEZ.
    • Foreign Participation: Foreign agencies are also permitted to establish SEZs in India.
    • States Role: State government representatives within inter-ministerial committees on private SEZs offer consultations on proposals.
    • Infrastructure Provision: State governments must ensure the provision of essential resources like water and electricity before SEZ proposals are recommended.
    • Labor Laws: SEZs adhere to normal labor laws, enforced by respective state governments, with a focus on simplification of procedures and introducing single-window clearance.

    Benefits offered

    • Economic Boost: SEZs aim to streamline business processes, improve infrastructure, and offer tax benefits, propelling FDI and export growth.
    • Trade Growth: SEZs contribute significantly to India’s exports by providing a conducive environment for production and export-oriented activities.
    • Investor Attraction: The relaxation of regulations and access to advanced infrastructure in SEZs entices international investors seeking to capitalize on export-driven opportunities.

    Conclusion

    • The parliamentary report serves as a clarion call to address the stagnation of SEZs in Northeast India and transform the challenges into opportunities.
    • It underscores the importance of crafting a fresh industrial development scheme that is responsive to the region’s dynamics.
    • By leveraging the unique strengths of the Northeast, the government has the chance to not only rectify the current situation but also contribute to the inclusive economic growth of the entire nation.

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  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    Places in news: Harami Nala

    National Parks/WS | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    harami nala

    Central Idea

    • Union Home Minister has visited the sensitive and strategically important ‘Harami Nala’ creek in the Kutch region of Gujarat, near the India-Pakistan border.
    • This channel, notorious for its historical connections to infiltrations, illegal activities, and maritime challenges, offers a glimpse into the complexities of border security and regional dynamics.

    About Harami Nala

    • High-Profile Attention: The spotlight on ‘Harami Nala’ has intensified with visits from prominent figures, including Union Home Minister Amit Shah, underlining the strategic importance of Sir Creek Area.
    • Geographical Context: Situated at the Rajasthan border, ‘Harami Nala’ is a 22-kilometer tidal channel in Gujarat’s Kutch region, serving as a natural boundary between India and Pakistan.
    • Physical Traits: It carries water and sediment, inhabited by protected marine species. The water level and flow fluctuate based on weather conditions, spanning a stretch of twenty to twenty-five kilometres.

    Decoding the Name

    • Meaning behind the Name: Translated as the “rogue or treacherous channel,” the name ‘Harami Nala’ encapsulates the channel’s notoriety as a potential ingress point for infiltrators.
    • Historical Context: The channel’s reputation as an entry route for criminals, terrorists, and undesirable elements from Pakistan to India has led to the naming. Instances of infiltrations and discoveries of abandoned boats have reinforced its dubious repute.
    • Illegal Activities: The channel’s ecosystem, including prawns and other marine life, is exploited through illegal fishing. Despite its ecological significance, this practice remains a challenge.

    Harami Nala’s Historical Connections

    • Geostrategic Significance: The channel’s proximity to the coast and urban centers like Gujarat and Mumbai has made it an alluring route for potential infiltrators.
    • Terror Connection: Notably, Ajmal Kasab, a perpetrator of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, was believed to have entered India through Harami Nala, highlighting the channel’s strategic implications.

    Challenges and Complexities

    • Border Security: While Indian security efforts are robust, the channel remains a challenge due to its historical use for illicit activities.
    • Maritime Interplay: The confluence of maritime dynamics, security concerns, and border complexities underscores the intricate nature of the region.

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  • Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

    Many states refrain to implement PM-USHA Scheme

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Central Idea

    • States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have not signed the required MoU for implementing the National Education Policy (NEP) under the PM-USHA scheme.
    • Concerns revolve around budget allocation and the absence of specific funds for NEP reforms.

    PM-USHA Scheme

    • The Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) was introduced as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to financially support institutions in States/UTs.
    • Its aim was to enhance access, equity, and excellence in higher education with improved efficiency, transparency, accountability, and responsiveness.
    • The initial phase of the scheme commenced in 2013, followed by the second phase in 2018.
    • In alignment with the National Education Policy, the RUSA initiative has been revamped as the Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA).

    Challenges and Concerns

    • Lack of Additional Funds: The MoU requires states to undertake NEP-related administrative, academic, accreditation, and governance reforms. States are concerned that there are no extra funds designated specifically for NEP reforms within the scheme.
    • 40% State Contribution: States have to bear 40% of the expenses under the PM-USHA scheme, leading to further apprehensions about their ability to fund NEP initiatives.
    • Incomplete Alignment: The MoU doesn’t explicitly address the financial needs for implementing NEP changes, leading to dissatisfaction among some state governments.

    Government Response and Flexibility

    • Consultations and Integration: The University Grants Commission (UGC) chairman emphasizes the integration between NEP and PM-USHA through the MoU, which necessitates alignment with NEP principles.
    • Streamlined Approach: The PM-USHA scheme consolidates various components and offers states more flexibility in focusing on felt needs.
    • Focus on Prioritized Districts: States can identify priority districts based on enrollment ratios, gender parity, and demographic proportions, ensuring tailored educational interventions.

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  • Tribes in News

    Evolution of the Malaiyali Tribe

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment

    malaiyali

    Central Idea

    • The Malaiyali tribe, scattered across Tamil Nadu’s hilly regions, has undergone a remarkable transformation over two centuries.
    • From their initial foraging lifestyle to settling atop the Yelagiri hill and constructing traditional clay huts, the tribe has transitioned into a more modern way of life.
    • Amidst the evolving landscape, one old-fashioned hut remains as a testament to their history.

    Malaiyali Tribe

    • Historical Settlement: Over 200 Malaiyali tribespeople established a comprehensive system on Yelagiri hill with clay huts for shelter, storage, farming, and cattle.
    • Modern Evolution: Today, only one antiquated hut endures, belonging to tribesman Govinthasamy, while the rest have given way to brick-and-mortar homes.
    • Malaiyali Tribe: “Malai” means hill and “yali” means people, depicting the tribespeople who settled across Tamil Nadu’s hilly regions.

    Significance of Red Clay

    • Integral Material: Red clay played a pivotal role in building huts, burying the dead, and sustaining the tribe’s lifecycle from birth to death.
    • Unique Construction: Huts were constructed with red clay on teak wood frames, embodying the tribe’s connection to nature.
    • Practicality and Value: Despite its worn appearance, the hut holds immense value due to the scarcity and high cost of materials like teak wood.

    Distinctive Hut Features

    • Roofing: A 12-foot thatched roof made of dry bamboo leaves, waxed with cow dung to prevent leaks during monsoons.
    • Interior Space: Deceptively small from outside, the hut accommodates eight people and an attic for storing household items.
    • Functional Evolution: Originally meant for living, the hut transformed into a storage space for seeds during sowing and grains post-harvest.
    • Elevated Structure: The hut stands on a teak wood stilt to prevent flooding during heavy rains and deter rodents.
    • Storage Space: Stilts create additional storage beneath the house for grains or poultry.
    • Traditional Living: The one-room structure housed various activities, highlighting the tribe’s reliance on agriculture.

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  • Fertilizer Sector reforms – NBS, bio-fertilizers, Neem coating, etc.

    Urea Gold: Making Urea more efficient

    Prelims Only | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

    urea gold

    Central Idea

    • The recent launch of “Urea Gold,” a fortified fertiliser by Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd (RCF), has sparked interest as it combines urea with sulphur to enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).
    • It seeks to tackle challenges of escalating urea consumption and declining agricultural efficiency.

    What is Urea Gold?

    • Composition: “Urea Gold” blends urea with sulphur to create a fortified fertiliser aimed at improving NUE and crop performance.
    • NUE Enhancement: The fortified blend ensures gradual nitrogen release, sustaining plant health and potentially reducing fertiliser application frequency.

    Challenges of Urea Consumption and NUE Decline

    urea

    • Urea Consumption Surge: Urea consumption has risen from 26.7 million tonnes to 35.7 million tonnes between 2009-10 and 2022-23, making it India’s predominant fertiliser choice.
    • Import Dependency: Domestic urea production relies heavily on imported natural gas. India’s annual consumption trails only China’s, where coal-based production prevails.
    • Declining NUE: Only around 35% of nitrogen applied through urea benefits crops, raising concerns about resource wastage and increased fertiliser application.

    Fortified Fertiliser Solution

    • Coating Strategy: Fortified fertilisers entail coating primary nutrients (N, P, K) with secondary nutrients (S, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (zinc, boron, manganese, etc.).
    • Enhanced Benefits: Coated fertilisers act as “carrier products” for secondary and micronutrients, thereby increasing their N and P use efficiency and ensuring controlled nutrient release.
    • Innovation by Yara International: The “Procote” technology facilitates micronutrient coating, demonstrating improved fertiliser efficacy.
    • Efficacy Confirmation: The trials substantiated amplified paddy and wheat yields through micronutrient-coated fertilisers, potentially mitigating NUE concerns.

    Pricing and Distribution Challenges

    • Pricing Complexities: Existing subsidies for coated fertilisers like zincated urea and boronated DAP may not incentivise companies to promote fortified products.
    • Farmer Adoption Hurdles: Discrepancies in pricing between fortified and non-fortified fertilisers have deterred farmers from embracing coated options.
    • Optimal Implementation: Advocates suggest factory-level coating to ensure uniform nutrient distribution and user convenience. Freeing maximum retail prices (MRPs) for coated fertilisers could bolster adoption.
    • Striking Pricing Balance: Since traditional fertilisers receive substantial subsidies, fortified product premiums must remain reasonable to encourage affordability.

    Conclusion

    • Amidst the challenges of dwindling NUE and escalating urea consumption, the introduction of “Urea Gold” and fortified fertilisers holds promise for enhancing agricultural efficiency.
    • The journey to successful implementation necessitates addressing pricing discrepancies and distribution intricacies.

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  • Zoonotic Diseases: Medical Sciences Involved & Preventive Measures

    Metagenome Sequencing and Pathogen Surveillance

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    metagenome

    Central Idea

    • Genome sequencing technologies played a crucial role in identifying the causative agent of the COVID pandemic.
    • This approach, known as metagenomics, revolutionized pathogen identification and surveillance, enabling rapid response to emerging threats.

    Metagenomics and COVID-19

    • Unprecedented Scale: Scientists rapidly applied genome sequencing to identify SARS-CoV-2, making it one of the most sequenced organisms in history.
    • Break from Tradition: Instead of traditional microbiological methods, patient samples were directly subjected to genome sequencing, expediting virus identification.
    • Global Genome Surveillance: The success of genome sequencing led to the development of technologies like CovidSeq assay and spurred national and international SARS-CoV-2 genome surveillance initiatives.

    What is Genome Sequencing?

    • Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
    • The genome refers to the entire set of genetic material present in an organism’s cells, including all the genes and non-coding regions.
    • Genome sequencing involves reading and deciphering the order of the nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up an organism’s DNA.
    • The genome sequencing process typically involves several steps:
    1. DNA Extraction: Genetic material (DNA) is extracted from the cells of the organism being studied.
    2. DNA Fragmentation: The extracted DNA is broken down into smaller fragments for sequencing. These fragments are usually around a few hundred base pairs in length.
    3. Sequencing: The individual DNA fragments are then sequenced using advanced sequencing technologies. Various methods, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS), can be employed for this purpose.
    4. Data Analysis: The sequence data generated is processed and analyzed using specialized bioinformatics tools. The data is assembled to reconstruct the complete genome sequence.
    5. Annotation: Once the genome sequence is assembled, it is annotated to identify genes, regulatory elements, and other functional components within the genome.

    Application in Pathogen Surveillance

    • Genome Surveillance Technologies: Several technologies based on genome sequencing, such as the CovidSeq assay, were developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
    • GISAID Repository: GISAID became a repository for global genome-sequence data, reflecting high-throughput genome surveillance activities.
    • India’s Initiatives: India initiated a national genome-sequencing and surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2, fostering national-level efforts.

    Nigerian Study and Metagenomic Sequencing

    • Application of Metagenomics: Nigerian scientists employed metagenomic sequencing to study pathogen surveillance in three cohorts of patients.
    • Versatile Approach: The study identified 13 distinct viruses among the cohorts and aided in detecting co-infections and undiagnosed conditions.
    • Diagnostic Power: Metagenomics helped link symptoms to pesticide poisoning in some cases, showcasing its diagnostic potential.

    Diverse Applications and Future Prospects

    • Expanding to Other Pathogens: Genome sequencing technologies are being applied to detect other pathogens like Zika, dengue, lumpy skin disease, and drug-resistant tuberculosis.
    • Environmental Surveillance: Genome surveillance is being extended to diverse sources, such as wastewater, air, soil, and animals, aiding in early detection and response strategies.
    • Mainstay for Pathogen Defense: The speed, accuracy, and adaptability of genome sequencing make it a cornerstone for future pathogen detection, surveillance, and response.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Lunar South Pole Mission: Russia’s Luna 25 and India’s Chandrayaan-3

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    luna

    Central Idea

    • The moon exploration scene has intensified as Russia’s “Luna 25” mission prepares for a soft landing near the lunar South Pole, challenging India’s “Chandrayaan-3” in the race to touch down first.
    • While Luna 25’s earlier launch and more direct trajectory give it an edge, Chandrayaan-3’s unique features and India-Russia collaboration in space activities also merit attention.

    Luna 25’s Accelerated Journey

    • Launch and Orbit: Luna 25 was launched on August 10, aiming to enter lunar orbit by August 16.
    • Lunar Landing Date: The Russian lander is anticipated to attempt a soft landing between August 21 and 22, ahead of Chandrayaan-3’s possible landing date of August 23.

    Key Factors behind Luna 25’s Lead

    • Trajectory and Fuel Storage: Luna 25 followed a direct trajectory due to its lighter payload and higher fuel efficiency.
    • Payload Comparison: Luna 25’s lift-off mass is 1,750 kg, significantly lighter than Chandrayaan-3’s 3,900 kg. The latter includes a Lander-Rover and propulsion module.
    • Lunar Dawn Advantage: Luna 25 benefits from an earlier lunar dawn at its landing site, ensuring optimal power generation through solar panels.

    What is Lunar Dawn?

    • Lunar dawn is the period on the Moon when the Sun is about to rise over the lunar horizon, resulting in the gradual illumination of the lunar surface, similar to Earth’s sunrise.
    • During lunar dawn, the Moon’s surface transitions from darkness to light as the Sun’s rays gradually touch and illuminate different areas.
    • It occurs due to the Moon’s rotation on its axis, causing changing lighting conditions as it orbits the Earth.
    • Unlike Earth, the Moon lacks a significant atmosphere, resulting in distinct lighting, sharp shadows, and no diffusion of sunlight.
    • Astronauts on lunar missions, like the Apollo missions, have observed lunar dawn first-hand, providing unique perspectives on the Moon’s surface.

    Chandrayaan-3’s Distinct Features

    • Coated Rover: Chandrayaan-3 boasts a rover with a 500-metre range, unlike Luna 25.
    • Scientific Objectives: Chandrayaan-3 emphasizes soil and water-ice study, especially near the southern pole, owing to craters in permanent shadow.
    • Experiment Suite: Chandrayaan-3’s Lander carries experiments like RAMBHA, ChaSTE, ILSA, and LRA, providing crucial insights into moon’s properties.

    Collaboration and Competition

    • India-Russia Space Collaboration: Both countries have collaborated extensively in space activities, such as Russia’s contribution to India’s Chandrayaan-2 mission’s lander-rover design.
    • Chandrayaan-1 to Chandrayaan-2 Gap: India developed its lander-rover technology independently after Russia’s withdrawal, leading to an 11-year gap between Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions.

    Future Prospects

    • Human Moon Missions Race: India, the US, and China are actively pursuing human moon missions after India’s Chandrayaan-1’s water molecule discovery in 2008.
    • Progress and Challenges: While India has made strides, countries like the US and China have achieved landing and sample return missions. India’s efforts to develop heavier launch vehicles for more ambitious missions continue.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Who was Sant Guru Ravidas?

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    ravidas

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister laid the foundation stone for a ₹100 crore temple dedicated to Sant Ravidas in Madhya Pradesh’s Sagar.

    Guru Ravidas

    • Ravidas was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the Bhakti movement and founder of the Ravidassia religion during the 15th to 16th century CE.
    • Venerated as a guru (teacher) in the region of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and mainly Punjab and Haryana. He was a poet-saint, social reformer and spiritual figure.
    • The life details of Ravidas are uncertain and contested. Scholars believe he was born in 1450 CE, in the cobbler caste.
    • Ravidas’s devotional verses were included in the Sikh scriptures known as Guru Granth Sahib.
    • The Panch Vani text of the Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism also includes numerous poems of Ravidas.
    • He taught the removal of social divisions of caste and gender and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedoms.

    Significance of his teachings

    • Philosophy and values of Sant Ravidas like social justice, equality and fraternity have been imbued in our constitutional values.
    • He had envisaged a society that is based on equality and free from any kind of discrimination.
    • He gave it the name ‘Be-gampura’ (a city near Lahore) where there is no place for any kind of grief or fear.
    • Such an ideal city would be bereft of fear, vulnerability or scarcity. Rule of law based on the right ideas like equality and welfare of all would be the principle for governance.

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  • J&K – The issues around the state

    Debate around Article 370 in Supreme Court

    SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    article 370

    Central Idea

    • There are ongoing Supreme Court deliberations regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
    • This article delves into the historical context, legal intricacies, and broader socio-political implications of this pivotal constitutional provision.

    Historical Context of Accession

    • Geo-Political Situation: Jammu and Kashmir’s unique special status originated from the tumultuous geo-political circumstances following India’s Independence and Partition.
    • Standstill Agreements: Maharaja Hari Singh’s decision to enter into “Standstill Agreements” with both India and Pakistan highlighted the State’s strategic positioning and economic interests.
    • Instrument of Accession: Faced with internal turmoil and external aggression, Maharaja Hari Singh’s Instrument of Accession sought India’s military assistance while retaining significant autonomy in internal matters.

    Evolution of Article 370

    • Instrument of Accession’s Reflection: Article 370 was crafted in line with the Instrument of Accession’s principles, preserving the unique terms of Jammu and Kashmir’s association with India.
    • Autonomy Preserved: This provision aimed to strike a balance between safeguarding the State’s autonomy and integrating it into the larger Indian Union.
    • Limited Legislative Authority: Article 370 outlined a limited scope for Parliament to legislate on certain subjects, primarily defense, foreign affairs, and communications, with consultation and concurrence requirements.
    • Special Relationship: This provision established Jammu and Kashmir’s distinct relationship with India, emphasizing that its integration would be contingent on mutual consent.

    Abrogation of Article 370

    • Long-Standing Opposition: The abrogation of Article 370 was a persistent demand of the mainstream political party and its precursor.
    • Multistage Process: The process of abrogation involved presidential orders, amendments, and parliamentary resolutions, culminating in its nullification.

    Petitioners’ Arguments against Revocation

    • Lack of Consultation: Senior litigant accused the Union government of ignoring the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir during the Article 370 abrogation process.
    • Series of Executive Acts: He highlighted that the abrogation was executed through a series of executive acts, starting from the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and state government.
    • Changing Provisions: He pointed out that the proviso to Article 370 (3) was altered to sidestep the need for the recommendation of the now-defunct Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before rendering Article 370 inoperative.

    Nature of Relationship

    • Federal vs. Quasi-Federal: Litigant underscored that the relationship between the Union government and Jammu and Kashmir was purely federal, distinct from other states’ quasi-federal relationships.
    • Consent of the State: He argued that such significant decisions should have required the consent of the state and its people, considering the unique federal structure.

    CJI’s Inquiries

    • Permanent Character of Article 370: The CJI raised a significant question about the permanence of Article 370 in the Constitution. He inquired whether a constitutional amendment was required to transform its temporary nature into permanence.
    • Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly: He asked whether the absence of abrogation by the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before its dissolution in 1957 should be considered as deeming Article 370 permanent.

    Supreme Court’s Interpretation

    Ans. No Comparison with Brexit-Type Referendum

    • Brexit Referendum: The CJI referenced the Brexit referendum as a political decision taken in the U.K. which does not align with India’s constitutional framework.
    • Uniqueness of Constitutional Democracy: India’s democracy is grounded in the Constitution, and thus decisions like Article 370’s abrogation involve adherence to established legal procedures.

    Conclusion

    • The ongoing courtroom exchange underlines the essence of constitutional democracy in India, wherein the expression of public opinion occurs through established democratic mechanisms.
    • The Chief Justice’s observations and the petitioners’ arguments shed light on the intricate balance between executive actions, parliamentary representation, and the preservation of constitutional principles.

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    National Manuscripts Bill and Cultural Legacy

    Bills/Act/Laws | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    manuscript

    Central Idea

    • India’s rich heritage of ancient manuscripts, ranging from mathematical texts to religious scriptures, holds invaluable historical and cultural significance.
    • The proposed National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, aims to safeguard and document this wealth, ensuring accurate records, accessibility, and conservation.

    Unveiling the National Manuscripts Bill

    • Bill Objectives: The forthcoming National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, plans to document, catalog, and preserve Indian heritage texts. It is set to be introduced in the Winter Session of Parliament.
    • NMA Composition: The bill proposes the formation of a 10-member National Manuscripts Authority (NMA) with representatives from Culture, Finance, and Education ministries, Central Sanskrit University, State representatives, and private agencies.
    • Apex Policy Making Body: NMA will oversee digitization, conservation, preservation, editing, and publication of manuscripts. It will function as the apex policy-making body in these areas.

    India’s Manuscript Treasure

    • Historic Significance: The Bakhshali manuscript, with its early use of zero, symbolizes the intellectual and mathematical achievements of ancient India. Numerous such manuscripts in various scripts exist in libraries worldwide.
    • Vast Manuscript Collection: India boasts around 10 million manuscripts in 80 ancient scripts, encompassing themes like history, religion, literature, and more.
    • Cultural Diversity: Manuscripts are written on diverse materials and span themes in Sanskrit as well as regional languages.
    • Preservation Challenge: The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is tasked with preserving this treasure, an essential endeavor to safeguard cultural and historical identity.

    Empowering the National Manuscripts Authority

    • Regulation and Investigation: NMA will possess the powers of a civil court to manage manuscript access. It will also have an investigative arm to probe theft and desecration incidents.
    • Collaboration: NMA can partner with educational institutions for scholarships and fellowships related to manuscript studies.
    • Digital Portal: The NMA will establish a dedicated digital portal for indexing, cataloguing, and sharing manuscript copies.
    • Private Ownership: The authority can acquire manuscripts from private owners if their uniqueness and content’s significance warrants it. Compensation would be determined by experts.

    Revitalizing Manuscript Studies

    • Linking Manuscripts with Livelihood: There is a need to intertwine manuscript studies with livelihood, fostering renewed cultural engagement.
    • Global Interest: The proposed survey and documentation of Indian manuscripts abroad are expected to elevate global interest in these texts.

    Digital Endeavors by NMM

    • Digitization Efforts: The National Mission for Manuscripts has digitized a substantial number of manuscripts, totaling around 3.3 lakh manuscripts and 3.1 crore folios.
    • Online Access: While over 1.18 lakh manuscripts have been uploaded, approximately 70,000 are accessible to the public online.
    • Other Cultural Institutions: Manuscripts are housed in esteemed institutions like the Sarasvati Mahal Library in Thanjavur, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi, and the Oriental Research Institute in Jammu and Kashmir.

    Conclusion

    • The proposed National Manuscripts Bill seeks to bridge the past with the present, ensuring the preservation and accessibility of India’s diverse manuscript legacy.
    • By establishing the National Manuscripts Authority and promoting digital initiatives, India aims to share its invaluable cultural wealth with the world, fostering a deeper understanding of its historical and intellectual heritage.

    Back2Basics: Bakhshali Manuscript

    bakshali manuscript

    • The Bakhshali Manuscript is an ancient mathematical document. It was discovered in 1881, buried in a field in Bakhshali village near Peshawar (Pakistan).
    • It is written in Sharda Script.
    • It predates the work of Brahmagupta, a 7th-century mathematician, and an inscription in the 9th-century Gwalior’s Chaturbhuj Temple.
    • The manuscript is composed of 70 fragile leaves made of birch bark.
    • It contains hundreds of mathematical notations, including the use of zero as a placeholder.
    • Zeros in the manuscript are represented by dots that serve as placeholders for different place values.
    • In 1902, the manuscript was presented to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library, where it has been preserved since.
    • The manuscript is a compilation of mathematical material from multiple periods. Some pages date as far back as the 3rd to 4th century, while others are from the 8th and 10th centuries.

    Influence on Modern Mathematics

    • The manuscript is a compendium of rules and illustrative examples.
    • Each example is stated as a problem, the solution is described, and it is verified that the problem has been solved.
    • The sample problems are in verse and the commentary is in prose associated with calculations.
    • The topics covered include fractions, square roots, arithmetic and geometric progressions, solutions of simple equations, simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations and indeterminate equations of the second degree.

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