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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Places in news: Ubinas Volcano

    National Parks/WSPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Central Idea

    • Peru declared a state of emergency for sixty days in areas around the Ubinas volcano.
    • The volcano has been spewing ash and gas and is probably set to erupt.

    Ubinas Volcano

    • Ubinas is an active stratovolcano located in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately 60 kilometers east of the city of Arequipa.
    • It is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes and stands at an elevation of 5,672 meters above sea level.

    Geological Characteristics

    • Stratovolcano Formation: Ubinas is characterized by its stratovolcano structure, comprising layers of hardened lava, ash, and other volcanic materials.
    • Caldera and Crater: The volcano’s summit contains a 1.4-kilometer-wide and 150-meter-deep caldera, within which lies a smaller crater. This distinct feature adds to the volcano’s geological significance.
    • Ubinas I and Ubinas II: The volcano exhibits an upwards-steepening cone shape, with a notable notch on its southern side. The lower part is referred to as Ubinas I, while the steeper upper section is known as Ubinas II, representing different stages in the volcano’s geological history.

    Volcanic Activity

    • Active Volcanic History: Ubinas is recognized as the most active volcano in Peru, displaying a history of small to moderate explosive eruptions and persistent degassing.
    • Notable Eruptions: The volcano has experienced notable eruptions throughout history, including the 2006–2007 event that resulted in eruption columns, ash fall, health concerns, and evacuations in the region.
    • Recent Activity: From 2013 to 2017, Ubinas exhibited lava flow within the crater, accompanied by ash falls, leading to further evacuations in nearby towns.

    Eruption and Impact

    • Ash and Gas Emissions: The Ubinas volcano has been actively spewing ash and gas.
    • Smoke Cloud and Affected Areas: The smoke cloud generated by the eruption has reached towns located up to 10 kilometers away from the volcano. This has raised concerns for the well-being of approximately 2,000 people residing in the affected areas.
    • The “Ring of Fire”: The region where Ubinas is situated falls within the “Ring of Fire,” an area around the Pacific Ocean known for its high volcanic and seismic activity.

     

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Solar Shooting Stars: Discovering Fiery Rain on the Sun

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    shooting star

    Central Idea

    • Astronomers have made a remarkable discovery of meteor-like streaks on the surface of the Sun, differentiating them from the shooting stars witnessed on Earth.
    • These solar shooting stars, observed during a phenomenon known as coronal rain, offer valuable insights into the Sun’s complex dynamics.

    Observing Coronal Rain and Solar Shooting Stars

    • Distinction from Earthly Shooting Stars: While shooting stars on Earth are space rocks or dust fragments burning up in our atmosphere, solar shooting stars occur within coronal rain phenomena.
    • Coronal Rain: Coronal rain is a condensation process involving extremely hot material from the Sun’s corona. It forms dense clumps of plasma, which plummet back to the Sun’s surface due to its immense gravity.
    • European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter (SolO): The SolO spacecraft provided valuable observations of solar shooting stars, capturing high-resolution images and monitoring the heating and compression of gas beneath them.

    Characteristics of such Stars

    • Findings: The Solar Orbiter observed the impacts of solar shooting stars for the first time, revealing intense bursts of brightness, upward movement of stellar material, and shock waves that heat up the Sun’s corona.
    • Unique Features: Unlike Earthly shooting stars, solar shooting stars lack bright tails due to powerful magnetic fields in the Sun’s corona stripping gas from the falling clumps.
    • Challenging Observations: The magnetic fields’ influence makes the observation of solar meteors challenging, and their true nature remained unknown until these recent observations.

    Insights and Implications

    • Solving the Corona Mystery: Scientists believe that the discovery of solar shooting stars could help explain why the corona, the Sun’s outermost atmosphere, is hotter than the layers beneath it. This puzzles astronomers, as conventional solar models predict increasing temperatures closer to the Sun’s core.
    • Coronal Rain Formation: Coronal rains are formed by localized temperature drops, causing solar plasma to condense into dense lumps that fall to the Sun’s cooler surface, known as the photosphere, at speeds up to 220,000 miles per hour.
    • Proximity of Observation: The Solar Orbiter’s close distance of 30 million miles from the Sun allowed for detailed observations of these phenomena, closer than the orbit of Mercury.

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  • Human Development Report by UNDP

    Global Peace Index, 2023

    IOCR | Trivia | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    peace

    Central Idea: The 17th edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI), ranking 163 independent states and territories based on their level of peacefulness was released.

    What is Global Peace Index?

    • Released by: Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) since May 2009.
    • Extensive Coverage: The GPI covers 163 countries, representing 99.7% of the world’s population, utilizing 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from reputable sources.
    • 3 Domains of Peace: The index measures peace across three domains: societal safety and security, ongoing domestic and international conflict, and militarization. These domains provide a holistic understanding of a country’s peacefulness.

    Rankings and Highlights

    • Most Peaceful Countries: Iceland continues to hold the title of the most peaceful country since 2008, followed by Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria.
    • Least Peaceful Countries: Afghanistan remains the least peaceful country for the eighth consecutive year, followed by Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
    • India’s Position: India has climbed two spots to the 126th position in the rankings. It experienced an improvement of 3.5% in peacefulness, attributed to reductions in violent crime, improved relations with neighboring countries, and decreased political instability.
    • Prominent Countries: Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, USA, and Pakistan have been ranked 79, 80, 107, 131, and 146, respectively.

    Global Peace Trends

    • Overall Deterioration: The 2023 report highlights a 0.42% deterioration in the average level of global peacefulness. This marks the thirteenth deterioration in the last fifteen years.
    • Improvements and Deteriorations: In 2022, 84 countries demonstrated improvements in peacefulness, while 79 countries experienced deteriorations.
    • Long-term Perspective: Over the past fifteen years, the global average score of peacefulness has deteriorated by five percent, indicating a decline in peace worldwide.

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  • Indian Army Updates

    [pib] Exercise SALVEX

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Central Idea

    • The Indian Navy and the US Navy recently concluded the seventh edition of the Salvage and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) exercise, known as SALVEX.

    Exercise SALVEX

    • Since its inception in 2005, SALVEX has facilitated the exchange of expertise and the enhancement of capabilities in maritime salvage and EOD operations.
    • The IN-USN SALVEX exercise has become a cornerstone of bilateral naval cooperation between India and the United States, fostering mutual trust and collaboration.
    • The exercise featured the participation of INS Nireekshak and USNS Salvor, along with Specialist Diving and EOD teams from both navies.

    Key outcomes

    • Shared Learning on Maritime Salvage: The Diving teams from both countries engaged in the exchange of experiences, lessons, and best practices in maritime salvage operations.
    • Training Synergies on EOD Operations: The exercise provided an ideal platform for joint training exercises, allowing divers and EOD teams to enhance their interoperability and refine their skills.
    • Mastery of Mine Detection and Neutralization: The participating divers received comprehensive training in the detection and neutralization of mines, enabling them to mitigate potential threats in underwater environments.
    • Efficient Wreck Location and Salvage Techniques: The exercise focused on honing the teams’ abilities to locate and salvage wrecks, a critical skill for ensuring safe navigation and effective disaster response.

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  • Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

    Should Internet shutdowns be used to maintain public order?

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Central Idea

    • In recent years, the Indian government has increasingly resorted to internet shutdowns as a means to control law and order in various regions, such as Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Manipur, and Punjab. India has witnessed a staggering 60% of internet shutdowns worldwide between 2016 and 2022.

    Relevance of the topic

    India emerged as the single biggest offender for a fifth consecutive year, with at least 84 internet blackouts in 2022

    Shutdowns could have devastating impact on human lives such as , it may deepen the gender digital divide, disrupting the ability of women to conduct business or access information on reproductive healthcare

    Reasons behind internet shutdowns in India

    • Communal tensions: Approximately 40-50% of internet shutdowns in India are officially attributed to communal tensions. Shutdowns are imposed to prevent the spread of rumors, hate speech, and incitement to violence during periods of heightened communal tensions.
    • Protests and demonstrations: Shutdowns are frequently imposed during protests and situations of civil unrest to control the spread of information, coordinate activities, and prevent further mobilization of protesters.
    • Preventing cheating in exams: Internet shutdowns have been imposed during exams to curb cheating and prevent the use of online resources that may aid in dishonest practices.
    • Religious processions: Shutdowns have also been observed during religious processions, particularly in regions with religious sensitivities, to prevent the circulation of inflammatory content and maintain public order.

    Case study: Reviewing shutdowns in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Manipur

    1. Jammu and Kashmir (J&K):
    • Prolonged Shutdown: The shutdown in J&K has been characterized by its extended duration, causing significant disruptions to the daily lives of residents. Internet access was severely restricted for an extended period, impacting essential services such as healthcare, education, and livelihoods.
    • Lack of Due Process: Concerns have been raised regarding the decision-making process, with instances of shutdowns imposed by district magistrates without higher-level involvement. This raises questions about procedural fairness and the adherence to due process.
    • Transparency and Justification: The lack of public information regarding shutdowns in J&K is a cause for concern. The transparency and clarity of justifications for imposing shutdowns are essential for accountability and safeguarding constitutional rights.
    1. Manipur:
    • Ongoing Shutdown and VPN Blocking: The Manipur High Court has formed a committee to explore blocking VPN servers while maintaining restrictions on social media websites. However, the feasibility of this solution is questioned as VPNs also play a role in the exercise of freedom of speech and expression.
    • Impact on Livelihoods and Services: The need to protect people’s livelihoods is emphasized, given the reliance on the internet for businesses and livelihoods. Ensuring access to critical services like healthcare and education during shutdowns becomes crucial.

    Impact of internet shutdowns

    • Restriction of Fundamental Rights: Internet shutdowns curtail the exercise of fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, access to information, and the right to privacy. These shutdowns limit people’s ability to communicate, express themselves, and access essential information.
    • Economic Consequences: Internet shutdowns have adverse effects on businesses, particularly those that rely on the internet for their operations. E-commerce, online services, and digital platforms suffer financial losses during shutdowns.
    • Disruption of Essential Services: Internet shutdowns disrupt access to critical services like healthcare, education, and emergency services. Telemedicine, online education, and remote work become inaccessible, impacting people’s well-being, educational opportunities, and productivity
    • Human Rights Violations: Prolonged and arbitrary internet shutdowns can be seen as human rights violations. They limit people’s ability to exercise their rights, stifle dissent, and undermine democratic processes.
    • Negative Impact on Education: Internet shutdowns disrupt online education, e-learning platforms, and access to educational resources. This hampers educational progress and has long-term consequences for individuals and societies.
    • Psychological and Emotional Impact: The inability to connect with others, access information, and engage in online activities can have psychological and emotional implications.

    Justifications behind the frequent imposition of shutdowns

    • Maintaining Public Order: Internet shutdowns are often imposed as a measure to maintain public order and prevent the escalation of law and order situations.
    • Preventing the Spread of Misinformation: During times of crisis or unrest, shutting down the internet is seen as a way to prevent the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news. .
    • Curbing Organizational Activities: Shutdowns are also imposed to disrupt the organization and coordination of protests, demonstrations, or other activities perceived as a threat to public order.
    • Preserving Exam Integrity: Internet shutdowns may be implemented during examinations to prevent cheating. By restricting access to online resources, authorities aim to ensure the fairness and integrity of the examination process.

    The two significant Supreme Court judgments related to internet shutdowns in India

    • Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020): Recognized the right to access the internet as part of the right to freedom of speech and expression. Emphasized that internet shutdowns must be necessary and proportionate, subject to judicial review.
    • Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2020): Reaffirmed the importance of internet access for exercising fundamental rights. Stressed that restrictions on internet access should be temporary, proportionate, and justified with reasons

    Way forward: Need for balance between maintaining public order and safeguarding the interests of internet-dependent individuals

    • Protecting Public Order: Maintaining public order is a legitimate concern for governments to ensure safety, security, and the functioning of society. Internet shutdowns may be employed in exceptional situations where there is a real and imminent threat to public safety or when it is necessary to prevent the spread of violence or unrest.
    • Proportionality: Any measure taken to maintain public order, including internet shutdowns, should be proportionate to the threat faced. Shutdowns should be targeted, time-limited, and precisely tailored to address the specific concerns, rather than imposing blanket restrictions that impact the entire population.
    • Judicial Oversight: Independent judicial oversight is crucial to ensuring that any restrictions on internet access align with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
    • Transparency and Accountability: Governments should provide clear and transparent justifications for internet shutdowns, including detailing the specific risks or threats that justify such measures.  Accountability mechanisms should be in place to address any abuses or violations during shutdowns.
    • Targeted Measures: Rather than resorting to complete shutdowns, governments should explore alternative measures that target specific content or platforms that pose risks to public order. Content moderation, selective blocking, or targeted interventions can help address concerns without unduly infringing on individual rights or stifling access to essential services.

    Conclusion

    • The impact of shutdowns on livelihoods, education, and the economy underscores the urgency to seek alternative solutions. It is imperative that stakeholders reconsider the necessity and consequences of internet shutdowns to ensure a just and balanced approach to maintaining law and order.

    Also read:

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  • Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

    Annapurti: The grain ATM

    Prelims OnlySchemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    annapurti

    Central Idea

    • The recent demonstration of the Automated Multi-Commodity Grain Dispensing Machine, Annapurti, during the ‘National Conference of Food Ministers of States/UTs,’ showcased an innovative solution developed by the World Food Programme (WFP) India.

    What is Annapurti?

    • Annapurti, also known as the Grain ATM, offers a fast, clean, and precise method of providing subsidized grains to beneficiaries through the Public Distribution System.
    • Developed by WFP India, it is an automated multi-commodity dispensing solution that ensures efficient access to commodities like rice, wheat, and grains.
    • Beneficiaries can securely access their entitlements through Annapurti following biometric authentication.

    Key Features

    • Annapurti offers 24×7 access to full entitlements, eliminating spillage, waste, and inaccurate weighing.
    • The machine can dispense one or two grain commodities, up to 50 kilograms, within five minutes, with a minimal error rate of 0.01 percent.

    Advantages and Potential Applications

    (1) Ensuring Food Security:

    • Annapurti has significant potential for food-based safety nets, ensuring beneficiaries receive their monthly subsidized grains promptly.
    • The machine’s precision and reliability prevent losses and ensure individuals receive their entitled portions.

    (2) Emergency Food Grain Distribution:

    • During emergencies, such as natural disasters or humanitarian crises, Annapurti can facilitate efficient and timely distribution of food grains to affected populations.
    • Its automated system streamlines the process, reducing dependency on manual labor and minimizing errors.

    (3) Market Access for Smallholder Farmers:

    • Annapurti can play a crucial role in expanding market access for smallholder farmers.
    • By offering a reliable and efficient distribution channel, farmers can sell their produce directly to Annapurti, ensuring fair prices and reducing intermediaries.

    Sustainable and Modular Design

    (1) Energy Efficiency:

    • Annapurti is designed to prioritize food security while ensuring efficient energy consumption.
    • With a consumption rate of only 0.6 Watt per hour, it offers an environmentally friendly solution.

    (2) Modular Design:

    • Annapurti’s modular design allows for flexibility and scalability based on available space.
    • The storage unit and components can be easily assembled and customized to suit different requirements.

    (3) Integration with Renewable Energy:

    • Annapurti can be integrated with solar panels, inverter batteries, and elevators for automatic refilling.
    • This integration enhances the sustainability of the system by reducing dependency on conventional energy sources.

     

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  • Judicial Appointments Conundrum Post-NJAC Verdict

    SC Collegium proposes new CJs to 7 High Courts

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    collegium

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court Collegium, led by Chief Justice of India D. Y. Chandrachud, has recommended new Chief Justices for seven major High Courts in India.
    • The recommendations focus on criteria such as seniority, regional representation, and gender diversity.

    What is Collegium System?

    • The Collegium of judges is the Indian Supreme Court’s invention.
    • It does not figure in the Constitution, which says judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.
    • In effect, it is a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges.
    • After some judges were superseded in the appointment of the CJI in the 1970s, and attempts made subsequently to effect a mass transfer of High Court judges across the country.
    • Hence there was a perception that the independence of the judiciary was under threat. This resulted in a series of cases over the years.

    Evolution: The Judges Cases

    • First Judges Case (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective.
    • However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion, albeit carrying great weight, should have primacy.
    • Second Judges Case (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”.
    • It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court.
    • Third Judges Case (1998): On a Presidential Reference for its opinion, the Supreme Court, in the Third Judges Case (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.

    Functions of the Collegium

    (1) Appointment of CJI

    • The President of India appoints the CJI and other Supreme Court judges.
    • The outgoing CJI recommends his successor, and the appointment is typically made based on seniority, following the controversy of the 1970s.
    • The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister, who then advises the President on the appointment.

    (2) Appointment of Other SC Judges

    • The proposal for appointing other judges to the Supreme Court is initiated by the CJI.
    • The CJI consults other members of the Collegium, as well as the senior-most judge from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.
    • The opinions of the consultees must be recorded in writing and included in the file.
    • The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister for the President’s advice.

    (3) Appointment of High Court Judges

    • Chief Justices (CJs) of High Courts are appointed based on the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective states. The Collegium makes the final decision on their elevation.
    • The appointment of High Court judges is recommended by a Collegium consisting of the CJI and two senior-most judges.
    • The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned initiates the proposal in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.
    • The recommendation is then sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to forward the proposal to the Union Law Minister.

    (4) Transfer Recommendations by the Collegium

    • The Collegium is also responsible for recommending transfers of Chief Justices and other judges.
    • Article 222 of the Constitution allows for the transfer of judges from one High Court to another.
    • When a Chief Justice is transferred, a replacement must be simultaneously appointed for the concerned High Court. An acting Chief Justice can be appointed for a maximum of one month.
    • In transfer matters, the CJI’s opinion is determinative, and the consent of the judge being transferred is not required.
    • However, the CJI should consider the views of the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and one or more Supreme Court judges who are in a position to provide their opinions.
    • All transfers must be made in the public interest, aiming for the betterment of the administration of justice.

     

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

    What is High Seas Treaty?

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    high seas treaty

    Central Idea

    • The Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) or the High Seas Treaty was adopted by the UN on June 19.
    • It became the third agreement under UNCLOS, following the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (ISB) and the Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA).

    BBNJ/ High Seas Treaty

    • The idea of protecting the marine environment emerged in 2002, leading to the recognition of the need for an agreement in 2008.
    • In 2015, the UN General Assembly formed a Preparatory Committee to create the treaty.
    • Intergovernmental conferences (IGC) were held, resulting in the adoption of the treaty in 2023.
    • The treaty’s objective is to implement international regulations for the protection of marine life beyond national jurisdiction through international cooperation.

    Key Provisions of Treaty

    (1) Marine Protected Areas:

    • The treaty establishes marine protected areas to safeguard the oceans from human activities.
    • Decisions on protected areas require a “three-quarter majority vote” to prevent obstruction by a few parties.

    (2) Sharing Benefits from Marine Genetic Resources:

    • The treaty mandates sharing scientific information and monetary benefits through a “clear house mechanism.”
    • The mechanism ensures open access to information on marine protected areas, marine genetic resources, and area-based management tools.

    (3) Capacity Building and Marine Technology:

    • The treaty emphasizes capacity building and the use of marine technology for environmental impact assessment.
    • The Scientific and Technical Body will create standards and guidelines, assisting countries with limited capacity in carrying out assessments.

    Challenges and Controversies

    (1) Marine Genetic Resources:

    • The issue of sharing and exchanging information on marine genetic resources was a contentious point during negotiations.
    • Debates focused on monitoring information sharing and the potential hindrance to bioprospecting research.

    (2) Definition and Language:

    • The use of phrases like “promote” or “ensure” in different parts of the treaty, particularly regarding benefit sharing, sparked heated debates.

    (3) Adjacency Issue:

    • Negotiations were prolonged due to the need for provisions allowing coastal states to exercise sovereign rights over seabed and subsoil in areas beyond their jurisdiction.
    • The interests of landlocked and distant states further complicated decision-making.

    Opposition to the Treaty

    • Several developed countries opposed the treaty due to their support for private entities involved in advanced research and development of marine technology.
    • Russia and China also expressed reservations, with Russia ultimately withdrawing during the final stage of consensus building, arguing that the treaty lacks a balance between conservation and sustainability.

    Significance of the treaty

    (1) Environmental Preservation:

    • The High Seas Treaty is crucial for protecting marine biodiversity and addressing pressing issues such as overfishing and pollution.
    • It represents a significant step towards international cooperation in preserving the health and sustainability of our oceans.

    (2) Global Cooperation and Research:

    • The treaty promotes the sharing of scientific information and encourages collaboration among countries.
    • This will foster research initiatives and facilitate a better understanding of marine ecosystems, leading to more effective conservation measures.

    Conclusion

    • The adoption of the High Seas Treaty marks a significant milestone in international efforts to protect marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions.
    • While challenges and controversies prolonged the negotiation process, the treaty sets the stage for enhanced global cooperation and the implementation of regulations to safeguard our oceans for future generations.

    Back2Basics:

    International Seabed Authority (ISA) Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA)
    Purpose Regulate and manage activities in the international seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction Ensure the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks
    Legal Framework Established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International treaty adopted by the United Nations
    Established Date 1994 1995
    Resource Focus Non-living resources (seabed minerals) and living resources (deep-sea ecosystems) Fish stocks (shared resources occurring in EEZs and beyond national jurisdiction)
    Cooperation Emphasizes cooperation among states and establishment of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) Promotes cooperation among states for sustainable fisheries management
    Conservation Manages resources for the benefit of humankind as a whole, adhering to the common heritage of mankind principle Aims to conserve and sustainably manage fish stocks for present and future generations
    Licensing Issues licenses and contracts for seabed mineral exploration and exploitation N/A (Focuses on the management and conservation of fish stocks)
    Data Collection Promotes scientific research and international cooperation in the deep seabed area Encourages data collection, reporting, and scientific assessment of fish stocks
    Dispute Settlement Provides mechanisms for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts Includes provisions for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts
    Membership Consists of member states and the European Union Open to states committed to sustainable fisheries management
    Headquarters Located in Kingston, Jamaica N/A (Operates under the United Nations framework)

     

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  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    Supreme Court asks NGO to move govt against Sarpanch-Patism

    | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    sarpanch

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court of India has stated that the government, rather than the judiciary, should address the issue of men exerting power behind elected women who remain “faceless wives and daughters-in-law” in grassroots politics.
    • The court’s remarks came in response to a petition filed by an NGO which highlighted the phenomenon of unelected male relatives wielding political influence, undermining the spirit of women’s reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).

    Women in PRIs: Legal Aspects

    (a) 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:

    • Mandates 33.3% reservation for women in PRIs across the country.
    • Recognizes the Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayat Raj System, empowering it to perform functions and exercise powers entrusted by the State Legislatures.
    • Some states have increased the reservation to 50%, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, etc.
    • Out of the 30.41 lakh elected representatives in PRIs, 13.74 lakh (45.2%) are women.

    (b) Article 15(3) of the Constitution:

    • Empowers the State to make special provisions for women.
    • Allows the government to introduce measures to ensure gender equality and promote the interests of women.

    (c) Article 243D:

    • Provides for the reservation of one-third of the total number of seats and offices of Chairpersons in PRIs for women.
    • The reserved seats and offices are allocated through rotation to different constituencies within a Panchayat.
    • These reservations for women are in addition to the reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in all three tiers of PRIs.

    (d) Intersectional Reservations:

    • The reservation of seats and offices for women in PRIs also falls within the overall reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in all three tiers of PRIs.
    • This provision aims to address the intersecting disadvantages faced by women from marginalized communities.

    (e) Proposed 110th Constitution Amendment Bill:

    • Introduced in the Lok Sabha in 2009 to bring about 50% reservation for women in Panchayats across all states.
    • The bill aimed to increase the reservation beyond the existing 33.3% mandated by the 73rd Amendment Act.
    • Despite multiple tabled attempts, the bill was not passed into law.

    Proxy Sarpanchs in India

    • It is generally observed where an elected lady Sarpanch (the head of a Panchayat) delegates their powers and responsibilities to someone else, typically a family member or a trusted individual.
    • This proxy then acts as a representative or substitute for the Sarpanch in carrying out their duties.
    • Quite often, this delegation is forcefully acquired from women.

    Reasons behind Panchayat Pati syndrome

    • Gender Inequality: Deep-rooted gender inequalities prevalent in Indian society play a significant role in perpetuating the Panchayat Pati syndrome. Patriarchal norms and cultural beliefs that prioritize male authority and decision-making often restrict women’s agency and participation in public affairs.
    • Social Norms and Expectations: Traditional gender roles and societal expectations define women’s primary role as homemakers and caretakers. This perception often results in women being considered unfit or inexperienced in matters of governance
    • Lack of Awareness and Education: Limited access to education and awareness about women’s rights and the importance of their participation in local governance can contribute to the prevalence of Panchayat Pati. Lack of awareness among women themselves, as well as their families and communities, can lead to the perpetuation of discriminatory practices.
    • Male Domination and Resistance to Change: Male dominance in politics and resistance to gender equality can also contribute to the Panchayat Pati syndrome.
    • Political Dynamics and Power Struggles: In some cases, male family members or influential community leaders may strategically use the Panchayat Pati practice to retain power and influence. By controlling women’s decision-making, they can ensure their interests are protected and continue to exert control over the local governance processes.

    Impact of Panchayat Pati syndrome

          1. Economic Impact:

    • The practice of Panchayat Pati limits the active participation of women in decision-making processes within the panchayat.
    • This exclusion can hinder the effective utilization of resources and allocation of funds, potentially leading to suboptimal economic outcomes for the community.
    • Women’s perspectives and needs may not be adequately represented, and projects or initiatives that could benefit women, such as those related to education, healthcare, or livelihood opportunities, may not receive sufficient attention or support.

          2. Social Impact:

    • Panchayat Pati reinforces gender inequalities and perpetuates traditional gender roles within communities.
    • It hampers women’s ability to exercise agency and engage in community development activities. it diminishes their self-esteem and status within the community.

         3. Political Impact:

    • The practice of Panchayat Pati undermines the principles of democratic representation and participatory governance.
    • It restricts the political agency of women and denies them the opportunity to actively contribute to decision-making processes.
    • Women’s perspectives and priorities often differ from those of men, and their exclusion diminishes the diversity of voices and perspectives in local governance. This can lead to policy decisions that may not adequately address the needs and concerns of women and other marginalized groups.

    Court’s Response

    • Not an Executive Authority: The court acknowledged the issue but emphasized that it is not the role of the judiciary to create a spirit of empowerment.
    • Focus on women empowerment: The court pointed out that preventing influential individuals’ wives from contesting elections is not feasible, and empowering women requires an evolutionary process.
    • Government’s Responsibility: The court highlighted that the Ministry of Panchayati Raj should address the petitioner’s grievance and explore better mechanisms to implement the objectives of women’s reservation.
    • Expert Committee and Support Mechanism: The petitioner suggested the formation of an expert committee and the provision of the right support mechanism for women. However, the court deemed this an unrealistic expectation from the judiciary.

    Way forward

    • Engage Men as Allies: Promote male allies in supporting women’s representation in PRIs. Encourage men to actively advocate for gender equality, challenge patriarchal norms, and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable political environment.
    • Capacity Building and Leadership Development: Provide training and capacity-building programs for women elected representatives in PRIs.
    • Political Awareness and Participation: Conduct awareness campaigns to educate women about their rights, the importance of political participation, and the impact of their involvement in PRIs.
    • Inter-Gender Dialogues: Organize inter-generational dialogues where older leaders and women can exchange knowledge, experiences, and perspectives. This can help bridge the generation gap, promote inter-generational collaboration, and strengthen the collective power of women in PRIs.

    Conclusion

    • It is the responsibility of the executive authority to find suitable solutions and ensure the effective implementation of women’s reservations in panchayat governance.

    Mains Mark enhancer: Successful Women Sarpanch in India

    • Kali Bein Panchayat, Punjab: Kali Bein Panchayat in Punjab gained recognition for its all-women panchayat led by Sarpanch Bibi Jagir Kaur. Under her leadership, the panchayat focused on various development initiatives, including infrastructure development, water conservation, and women empowerment programs.
    • Mawlynnong, Meghalaya: Mawlynnong, a village in Meghalaya, is known for its clean and well-maintained environment. The village achieved this feat under the leadership of women panchayat leaders who implemented strict cleanliness and waste management measures, making it one of the cleanest villages in Asia.
    • Devdungri, Rajasthan: Devdungri village in Rajasthan is an exemplary case of women’s leadership in panchayats. Women panchayat members successfully implemented initiatives to address issues such as child marriage, female foeticide, and women’s education. Their efforts resulted in significant positive changes in the community.

     

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  • FDI in Indian economy

    FinMin pushes for reforms to spur FDI inflows

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Investment Models

    fdi

    Central Idea

    • The Finance Ministry of India emphasized the need to address challenges faced by global investors to facilitate Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows.
    • In this article, we delve into the factors affecting FDI inflows and propose measures to attract and sustain FDI in India.

    What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

    • FDI refers to the investment made by individuals, companies, or governments from one country into business interests located in another country.
    • It involves the direct ownership or control of assets in the foreign country, typically in the form of establishing new ventures, acquiring existing businesses, or creating strategic partnerships.

    Understanding FDI

    Imagine you have a successful toy manufacturing company based in Country A. You have been experiencing steady growth and want to expand your business operations to a new market in Country B. However, entering a foreign market can be challenging due to unfamiliarity with the local business environment, regulations, and market dynamics.

    To overcome these challenges, you decide to make a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Country B. Instead of exporting toys from Country A to Country B, you establish a new manufacturing plant or acquire an existing toy company in Country B. By doing so, you gain direct ownership and control over the assets and operations in Country B.

     

    India’s FDI feats

    • In terms of investor countries of FDI Equity inflow, Singapore is at the top with 27%, followed by the US with 18% and Mauritius with 16% for the FY 2021-22.
    • ‘Computer Software & Hardware’ has emerged as the top recipient sector of FDI Equity inflow during this period with around 25% share followed by Services Sector and Automobile Industry with 12% each.
    • With 53 % Karnataka has received the majority share of FDI equity in the `Computer Software & Hardware’ sector.

    FDI in India

    • Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), driven by then FM Manmohan Singh.
    • Economic liberalisation started in India in the wake of the 1991 crisis and since then, FDI has steadily increased in the country.
    • India, today is a part of top 100-club on Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) and globally ranks number 1 in the Greenfield FDI ranking.

    There are two routes by which India gets FDI.

    1) Automatic route: By this route, FDI is allowed without prior approval by Government or RBI.

    2) Government route: Prior approval by the government is needed via this route. The application needs to be made through Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal, which will facilitate the single-window clearance of FDI application under Approval Route.

    • India imposes a cap on equity holding by foreign investors in various sectors, current FDI in aviation and insurance sectors is limited to a maximum of 49%.
    • In 2015 India overtook China and the US as the top destination for the Foreign Direct Investment.

    Sectors that come under the ‘100% Automatic Route’ category are

    • Agriculture & Animal Husbandry, Air-Transport Services (non-scheduled and other services under civil aviation sector)
    • Airports (Greenfield + Brownfield),
    • Asset Reconstruction Companies,
    • Auto-components, Automobiles,
    • Biotechnology (Greenfield),
    • Broadcast Content Services (Up-linking & down-linking of TV channels, Broadcasting Carriage Services,
    • Capital Goods, Cash & Carry Wholesale Trading (including sourcing from MSEs), Chemicals, Coal & Lignite, Construction Development,
    • Construction of Hospitals,
    • E-commerce Activities, Electronic Systems,
    • Food Processing, Gems & Jewellery, Healthcare, Industrial Parks, IT & BPM, Leather, Manufacturing, Mining & Exploration of metals & non-metal ores, Other Financial Services,
    • Pharmaceuticals, Plantation sector
    • Ports & Shipping, Railway Infrastructure, Renewable Energy, Roads & Highways,
    • Single Brand Retail Trading, Textiles & Garments,
    • Thermal Power,
    • Tourism & Hospitality and
    • White Label ATM Operations.

    Sectors that come under up to 100% Automatic Route’ category are–

    • Infrastructure Company in the Securities Market: 49%
    • Insurance: up to 49%
    • Medical Devices: up to 100%
    • Pension: 49%
    • Petroleum Refining (By PSUs): 49%
    • Power Exchanges: 49%

    Sectors that come under the ‘up to 100% Government Route’ category are–

    • Banking & Public sector: 20%
    • Broadcasting Content Services: 49%
    • Core Investment Company: 100%
    • Food Products Retail Trading: 100%
    • Mining & Minerals separations of titanium bearing minerals and ores: 100%
    • Multi-Brand Retail Trading: 51%
    • Print Media (publications/ printing of scientific and technical magazines/ specialty journals/ periodicals and facsimile edition of foreign newspapers): 100%
    • Print Media (publishing of newspaper, periodicals and Indian editions of foreign magazines dealing with news & current affairs): 26%
    • Satellite (Establishment and operations): 100%

    Prohibited Sectors

    There are a few industries where FDI is strictly prohibited under any route. These industries are

    • Atomic Energy Generation
    • Any Gambling or Betting businesses
    • Lotteries (online, private, government, etc.)
    • Investment in Chit Funds
    • Nidhi Company
    • Agricultural or Plantation Activities (although there are many exceptions like horticulture, fisheries, tea plantations, Pisciculture, animal husbandry, etc.)
    • Housing and Real Estate (except townships, commercial projects, etc.)
    • Trading in TDR’s
    • Cigars, Cigarettes, or any related tobacco industry

    Benefits offered by FDI

    • Employment generation: FDI boosts the manufacturing and services sector which results in the creation of jobs and helps to reduce unemployment rates in the country.
    • Economic growth: Increased employment translates to higher incomes and equips the population with more buying powers, boosting the overall economy of a country.
    • Human capital development: Skills that employees gain through training and experience can boost the education and human capital of a specific country. Through a ripple effect, it can train human resources in other sectors and companies.
    • Technology boost: The introduction of newer and enhanced technologies results in company’s distribution into the local economy, resulting in enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of the industry.
    • Increase in exports: Many goods produced by FDI have global markets, not solely domestic consumption. The creation of 100% export oriented units help to assist FDI investors in boosting exports from other countries.
    • Exchange rate stability: The flow of FDI into a country translates into a continuous flow of foreign exchange, helping a country’s Central Bank maintain a prosperous reserve of foreign exchange which results in stable exchange rates.
    • Improved Capital Flow: Inflow of capital is particularly beneficial for countries with limited domestic resources, as well as for nations with restricted opportunities to raise funds in global capital markets.
    • Creation of a Competitive Market: By facilitating the entry of foreign organizations into the domestic marketplace, FDI helps create a competitive environment, as well as break domestic monopolies.
    • Climate mitigation: The United Nations has also promoted the use of FDI around the globe to help combat climate change

    Factors Affecting recent FDI inflows

    (1) Inflationary Pressures and Tighter Monetary Policies

    • The dip in FDI inflows in 2022-23 can be attributed to inflationary pressures and tighter monetary policies.
    • Policymakers should address these factors to encourage a favorable investment climate.

    (2) Geopolitics vs. Geography

    • The Ministry highlights the influence of “political distance more than geographical distance” on FDI flows.
    • Geopolitical factors have dominated over traditional geographical considerations.

    (3) Global FDI Trends

    • Gross FDI flows declined by 16% in 2022, compared to the record high of $84.8 billion in 2021-22.
    • Net inflows experienced a sharper decline of 27.4%.
    • Similar trends were observed in emerging market economies, where net FDI inflows declined by 36% in 2022.

    Challenges for India’s Growth Outlook

    (1) External Sector Challenges:

    • The review identifies the external sector as a potential challenge for India’s growth in 2023-24.
    • Factors such as geopolitical stress, volatility in global financial systems, price corrections in global stock markets, El-Nino impact, and weak global demand could constrain growth.
    • Policymakers must closely monitor FDI data and undertake measures to facilitate FDI inflows.

    (2) Fragmentation of FDI Flows:

    • The Ministry highlights the phenomenon of “friend shoring,” wherein FDI is directed towards geopolitically aligned countries.
    • This has led to a fragmentation of FDI flows globally, as per research from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
    • Additionally, inflows from foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) into Indian markets have become less volatile.

    Conclusion

    • To attract and sustain FDI inflows, India needs to address challenges related to inflation, monetary policies, geopolitical factors, and last-mile infrastructure.
    • Additionally, mitigating trade risks and fostering inclusive growth through job creation will contribute to a favorable investment climate.

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