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Type: Explained

  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Waqf-by-user denotification would be ‘huge problem’, says Supreme Court

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Why in the News?

    On Wednesday, the Supreme Court raised concerns about certain parts of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

    What provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 are under Supreme Court scrutiny?

    • Derecognition of “Waqf-by-user” Properties: The Act removes recognition of properties declared Waqf through long-standing community use without formal documentation. Eg: Jama Masjid in Delhi, built centuries ago without a registered deed, is a Waqf-by-user property that may lose its legal status.
    • Inclusion of Non-Muslims in Waqf Bodies: The Act allows non-Muslims to be appointed as ex-officio members in the Central and State Waqf Boards. Eg: A Hindu bureaucrat could be appointed to a Waqf Board that oversees Islamic charitable endowments.
    • State Power to Decide Waqf Status: The Act empowers a government officer to determine whether a property is Waqf or government-owned and restricts its use during inquiry. Eg: A dargah used by the community for generations may be prevented from religious use while the officer assesses its legal status.
    • Religious Identity Condition for Creating Waqf: The Act requires an individual to be a practising Muslim for at least five years to dedicate property as Waqf. Eg: A recent Muslim convert wanting to donate land for a madrasa may be barred if they haven’t completed five years in the faith.

    Why did CJI Khanna raise concerns over derecognising Waqf-by-user properties?

    • Historical Origin Without Documentation: Many mosques and Waqf properties were established centuries ago, long before land registration laws existed, making it impossible to produce formal documents today. Eg: Jama Masjid, constructed in the 17th century, lacks a registered sale deed but has been in religious use for generations.
    • Established Legal Recognition in Earlier Laws: Previous versions of the Waqf Act recognised Waqf-by-user, and removing this category retroactively undermines settled legal rights and community practices. Eg: Properties that were protected under earlier Waqf Acts may now be denotified, leading to legal uncertainty and community unrest.
    • Risk of Large-Scale Disputes and Displacement: The derecognition could lead to widespread property disputes, potential communal tensions, and loss of religious spaces vital to Muslim communities. Eg: In states like West Bengal, such provisions have already triggered protests and violence over fears of losing religious sites.

    Who can be ex-officio members in Waqf bodies as per the CJI’s interim proposal?

    • Non-Muslims Permitted as Ex-Officio Members: CJI Khanna suggested that while all appointed members of Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council should be Muslims, non-Muslims could serve as ex-officio members. Eg: A non-Muslim District Collector could be included in a State Waqf Board as an ex-officio member due to their administrative role.
    • Maintaining Muslim Majority in Waqf Bodies: The proposal aims to ensure that the religious character of Waqf institutions is preserved by maintaining a Muslim majority among members, with non-Muslims participating only in an ex-officio capacity. This approach seeks to balance administrative inclusivity with religious autonomy. Eg: In a 22-member Central Waqf Council, if 8 members are Muslims and 2 are non-Muslim judges serving ex-officio, the inclusion of additional non-Muslim members could shift the majority, raising concerns about the council’s religious representation.

    How did the petitioners argue that the Act violates Article 26 of the Constitution?

    • State Cannot Restrict Religious Institutions or Charitable Intentions: The petitioners argued that Article 26 guarantees the right to establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions. The new Act mandates a person to prove they have been a practising Muslim for five years before declaring a Waqf, which interferes with this right. Eg: If a devout Muslim wishes to dedicate their land for charitable Islamic purposes but cannot prove five years of religious practice, their right under Article 26 is restricted.
    • Disrupts Traditional Waqf Practices: Recognizing Waqf-by-user dismisses historical Waqfs without documents, disrupting long-standing religious practices. Eg: A 17th-century mosque used by the community could be denotified despite its religious use.
    • Enables Excessive State Interference: Giving the state power over Waqf status and allowing non-Muslims in Waqf bodies undermines community autonomy. Eg: A religious property may be declared government-owned without judicial review, violating institutional independence.

    Way forward:

    • Preserve Historical Waqf Rights: Legal provisions should be revised to recognize and protect Waqf-by-user properties, ensuring that historically significant religious sites are not unduly denotified, thereby maintaining continuity with longstanding community practices.
    • Ensure Religious Autonomy in Waqf Management: The state should limit its interference in Waqf management by maintaining Muslim-majority representation on Waqf bodies while allowing non-Muslims to serve in an ex-officio capacity, balancing inclusivity with respect for religious autonomy.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution.

    Linkage: Secular nature of the Indian state and its interaction with religious institutions and laws governing them, such as the Waqf Act. The debate over the amendment and the Supreme Court’s intervention highlight the complexities of the state’s role in religious matters within a secular framework.

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    India’s retail inflation slips to over 5-year low, opens door to more rate cuts

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the News?

    The decline in food prices is seen as a major reason for the drop in inflation. After two rate cuts by the RBI, inflation is expected to stay below 4% in the coming months, which might lead to another rate cut of 50 basis points.

    What was India’s retail inflation rate in March?

    • March 2025 Retail Inflation Rate: India’s retail inflation eased to 3.34% in March 2025, marking the lowest rate since August 2019.
    • Comparison to Previous Month: This rate represents a decrease from February’s 3.61%, indicating a continued downward trend in inflation.
    • Primary Contributors to the Decline: The significant drop in food prices, particularly vegetables, eggs, and pulses, contributed to the decline. Eg, vegetable prices fell by 7.04% year-on-year in March.

    Why have food prices been a major factor in the decline of retail inflation?

    • Sharp Decline in Vegetable Prices: Vegetable prices saw a significant drop of 7.04% year-on-year in March 2025, compared to a small increase of 1.07% in February. This sharp fall in vegetable prices helped lower overall food inflation.
    • Lower Pulses Prices: Pulses prices fell by 2.73% in March, after a smaller 0.35% decrease in February, contributing to reduced food inflation.
    • Moderation in Overall Food Inflation: Food inflation in March 2025 decreased to 2.69% from 3.75% in February. This marked the lowest food inflation since November 2021, indicating a significant reduction in food price pressures.
    • Improved Farm Output: The moderation in food prices is partly due to better farm output, which led to a more stable supply of food items, especially vegetables and pulses, easing inflationary pressures.
    • Government and Central Bank Support: The government’s expectations for above-average monsoon rains in 2025 are likely to boost farm output further, maintaining lower food prices, which will continue to moderate overall inflation.

    How did the Reserve Bank of India respond to the easing inflation trend?

    • Second Consecutive Rate Cut: On April 9, 2025, the RBI reduced the key policy repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.00%, marking its second consecutive rate cut aimed at stimulating economic growth amid moderating inflation.
    • ​Shift to Accommodative Stance: The RBI changed its monetary policy stance from “neutral” to “accommodative,” signaling a more supportive approach to economic growth while maintaining vigilance over inflation.
    • ​Revised Inflation Forecast: The central bank projected the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation to average 4% for the fiscal year 2025–26, down from the previous forecast of 4.2%, reflecting improved inflation dynamics.
    • ​Lowered GDP Growth Estimate: The RBI revised its GDP growth forecast for the fiscal year to 6.5%, down from 6.7%, acknowledging the challenges posed by global uncertainties and trade tensions.

    What risks did the RBI highlight that could impact the inflation outlook?

    • Global Market Uncertainties: The RBI noted that ongoing global uncertainties, such as trade tensions (like the U.S.-China trade war), could disrupt supply chains and impact inflationary pressures in India. Eg, any further escalation in global trade disputes could lead to higher import costs.
    • Adverse Weather Conditions: The RBI pointed out that unpredictable weather events, such as unseasonal rains or droughts, could lead to food supply disruptions and push up food prices, affecting overall inflation. Eg, a poor monsoon could lead to shortages in key agricultural products.
    • Rising Global Commodity Prices: The central bank warned that fluctuations in global commodity prices, including oil and metals, could lead to higher domestic prices, contributing to inflation. Eg, a rise in global crude oil prices could increase transportation and fuel costs in India.
    • Supply Chain Disruptions: The RBI highlighted the risk of supply-side bottlenecks, especially due to external factors like geopolitical conflicts or supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These could raise prices for imported goods and affect domestic inflation. Eg, disruptions in global electronics supply chains could lead to higher prices for tech products.
    • Core Inflation Pressures: The RBI also noted that core inflation, which excludes volatile items like food and fuel, remained persistently high at 4.1%, signaling that inflationary pressures could be more entrenched in the economy, which poses a risk to the inflation outlook. Eg, rising demand for services could contribute to sustained core inflation.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Supply Chain Resilience: The government and RBI should work together to improve supply chain infrastructure and reduce vulnerabilities to global disruptions. This includes addressing logistical bottlenecks, improving domestic production capabilities, and diversifying import sources to mitigate the impact of geopolitical tensions and climate events.
    • Focus on Sustainable Agricultural Practices: To ensure stable food prices, long-term investments in sustainable farming techniques, irrigation systems, and better farm management practices are crucial. This will not only help stabilize food prices but also contribute to higher farm output and lower volatility in food inflation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.

    Linkage: Food inflation and the RBI’s role in controlling it, which is a key aspect of the scenario described in the article.

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  • Child Rights – POSCO, Child Labour Laws, NAPC, etc.

    Beware of child traffickers, Supreme Court cautions parents

    Explained | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Supreme Court said that hospitals will lose their licences if newborn babies go missing. It also directed High Courts to make sure all pending child trafficking case trials are finished within six months.

    What did the Supreme Court warn parents about regarding child trafficking?

    • Vigilance Against Child Trafficking: The Supreme Court warned parents to be “extremely vigilant” to protect their children from trafficking for purposes such as sexual exploitation, forced labour, and begging. A slight negligence or carelessness could lead to severe consequences.
    • Consequences of Negligence: The court highlighted that the pain parents experience when losing a child to trafficking is different and more agonising than the loss of a child due to death. The court emphasised that negligence could lead to the lifetime agony of not knowing the whereabouts or fate of the child.
    • Exploitation of Poor and Vulnerable Families: The court pointed out that traffickers often prey on families from poor sections of society, exploiting their helplessness. This issue is compounded by well-organized trafficking networks that use technology to track victims.

    Why does the court believe child trafficking for forced crime is on the rise?

    • Exploitation of Juvenile Justice Laws: Criminal gangs exploit the legal protection offered to minors under the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act, using trafficked children for illegal activities like theft, drug peddling, and begging, knowing the penalties are lenient. Eg: According to NCRB 2022, over 5,000 children were apprehended for petty crimes, many suspected to be victims of trafficking and coercion by organized gangs who remain untouched by law.
    • Demand-Supply Gap in Adoption System: Long waiting periods and a complex legal framework for adoption in India create a black market for child adoption, encouraging trafficking. Eg: As per Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA), while more than 29,000 parents were registered for adoption in 2023, only 3,596 adoptions took place—leading to illegal demand and fueling child trafficking networks.
    • Weak State Response and Enforcement: The court criticized state governments like Uttar Pradesh for lack of seriousness in tracking trafficking cases and failing to appeal against bail orders granted to traffickers. Eg: In the case heard, 13 accused granted bail by the Allahabad High Court absconded, and their whereabouts remained unknown for months, showing systemic gaps in enforcement.

    How did the Supreme Court respond to the bail granted by the Allahabad High Court in the child trafficking case?

    • Criticized the High Court’s Decision as Callous: The Supreme Court strongly condemned the Allahabad High Court’s decision to grant bail, calling it “very callous” and insensitive given the gravity of the crime. Eg: The bail allowed 13 accused in an inter-State child trafficking racket to go free, most of whom later absconded, frustrating the investigation.
    • Cancelled the Bail of the Accused: The apex court revoked the bail orders and directed that the accused be taken into custody without delay. Eg: The accused included a nurse at a primary health centre in Chhattisgarh who played a key role in illegal infant sales under the guise of adoption.
    • Ordered Speedy Trial: The court directed that the trial be completed within six months to ensure justice is not delayed. Eg: This was aimed at avoiding procedural delays and ensuring accountability in crimes involving vulnerable children.

    What actions did the Supreme Court direct hospitals to take in cases of missing newborns?

    • Ensure Complete Protection of Newborns: Hospitals must take full responsibility to safeguard infants immediately after birth, ensuring no unauthorized person can access them. Eg: If a newborn goes missing from a maternity ward, the hospital administration will be held accountable for negligence.
    • Strict Monitoring and Accountability Measures: Hospitals were warned that if newborns are found trafficked, they could face suspension of license and legal action. Eg: A nurse involved in an infant trafficking racket from a Primary Health Centre in Chhattisgarh was among the accused in the case.
    • Implement Protocols for Birth and Discharge: The court emphasized the need for strict procedures during childbirth and discharge, including documentation and identity verification. Eg: Hospitals must verify the identity of guardians or parents before handing over the baby, to prevent impersonation or baby-swapping.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Surveillance and Inter-agency Coordination: Establish a centralized digital monitoring system linking hospitals, child welfare committees, and law enforcement to track births, adoptions, and missing children in real time.
    • Community Awareness and Legal Safeguards: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns on child trafficking risks and ensure strict enforcement of child protection laws with fast-track courts for trafficking cases.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

    Linkage: Child victims of trafficking are undoubtedly among the most vulnerable. This PYQ examines the nature of welfare schemes for vulnerable populations, which is relevant to the effectiveness of state interventions aimed at preventing child trafficking and rescuing victims.

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  • RTI – CIC, RTI Backlog, etc.

    Unnecessary amendment: On the RTI Act

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

    The Right to Information (RTI) Act has clearly helped make those in power more accountable in India. However, in recent years, there have been efforts to weaken some of its important provisions, even though the Act — a major reform — was passed 20 years ago.

    What is the role of Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act in promoting transparency?

    • Balances Privacy and Public Interest: Section 8(1)(j) permits denial of personal information only if it has no relationship to public activity or interest or causes an unwarranted invasion of privacy. Eg: An officer’s medical records may be withheld, but details of their salary or qualifications can be disclosed if it serves public interest.
    • Includes a Public Interest Override: Even if information is personal, it must be disclosed if larger public interest is involved. Eg: A bureaucrat’s caste certificate was disclosed in public interest when he was accused of using a fake caste certificate to secure a reserved post.
    • Enhances Accountability of Public Officials: Prevents misuse of power by allowing scrutiny of officials’ actions, qualifications, and benefits. Eg: RTI queries have uncovered cases of bogus educational degrees among elected representatives and civil servants.
    • Empowers Citizens to Seek Information: It strengthens democratic participation by giving citizens access to relevant information on public functionaries. Eg: Citizens have used RTI to access asset declarations of elected representatives and government officers.
    • Prevents Blanket Denial of Information: Ensures that authorities cannot reject RTI requests merely by labeling the information as ‘personal’; they must justify how it affects privacy and weigh it against public interest. Eg: Information about government employees’ attendance records or transfers can be accessed to detect nepotism or irregularities.

    Why does Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, 2023 worry transparency advocates?

    • Removes Public Interest Safeguard: Section 44(3) amends Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act by eliminating the provision that allowed disclosure of personal information in public interest. Eg: A fake caste certificate case could now be shielded from scrutiny as the information might be denied without evaluating public interest.
    • Enables Blanket Denial Through Vague Definition: The term “personal information” is broad and undefined, enabling authorities to classify many types of public-relevant data as private. Eg: Details like educational qualifications or property disclosures of public servants could be denied under the label of “personal”.
    • Undermines RTI as a Transparency Tool: It weakens the RTI Act’s core intent by restricting access to information that previously helped expose corruption and misconduct. Eg: RTI requests that once revealed official misconduct or nepotism in postings may now be rejected citing privacy under the DPDP Act.

    How does the DPDP amendment deviate from the intent of the K.S. Puttaswamy judgment?

    • Ignores the Balancing Principle of Privacy and Transparency: The K.S. Puttaswamy judgment (2017) upheld the right to privacy but emphasized that it must be balanced with other fundamental rights, including the right to information and public interest. Eg: The DPDP amendment removes the RTI Act’s public interest test, allowing personal information to be withheld even when it reveals corruption or fraud.
    • Undermines Democratic Accountability: The judgment did not suggest overriding transparency laws like RTI but stressed minimum and necessary restrictions on information access. Eg: Instead of proportionate safeguards, the DPDP Act allows authorities to blanket-deny RTI requests without assessing public relevance.
    • Distorts the Spirit of “Informed Citizenry”: Puttaswamy emphasized that transparency is essential for democracy, and privacy cannot be used to shield public officials from scrutiny. Eg: Information such as public officials’ property details or caste certificates may now be refused, limiting citizens’ ability to hold them accountable.

    What information could now be denied under the amended RTI provisions as ‘personal’?

    • Educational Qualifications and Certificates: Details about the academic background or degrees of public servants could be withheld as “personal information” under the amended provision. Eg: RTI queries that previously revealed fake degrees of elected representatives may now be denied.
    • Caste and Community Certificates: Information related to caste status, often crucial in verifying eligibility for reservation benefits, may be deemed private. Eg: In cases where a public official allegedly used a fake caste certificate, such details could be denied under the privacy shield.
    • Property, Assets, and Financial Disclosures: Disclosures regarding property holdings, assets, and liabilities of government employees might be refused by classifying them as personal. Eg: RTI applications that earlier exposed disproportionate assets could now be blocked.

    Way forward: 

    • Restore Public Interest Safeguard: Amend the DPDP Act to reinstate the public interest clause from Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, ensuring transparency is not overridden by vague privacy claims.
    • Define ‘Personal Information’ Clearly: Provide a narrow and precise definition of “personal information” to prevent misuse and ensure critical public accountability data remains accessible.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2020] “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss.

    Linkage: The discussion from 2020 highlights the ongoing attention on potential changes to the RTI Act. It shows that the issue of amending the RTI Act and its effects has been a concern for some time.

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  • Air Pollution

    How govern-mentality exacerbates the problem of farmers’ stubble burning

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the News?

    A new study by researchers Sujit Raghunathrao Jagadale and Javed M. Shaikh from IIM Amritsar looks at the issue of stubble burning by examining how government policies and market systems are failing to manage the problem effectively.

    Why do farmers continue stubble burning despite its harm to air quality?

    • Cost-Effective Method: Stubble burning is the cheapest way for farmers to clear their fields after harvesting. Eg: Farmers burn stubble to quickly prepare their land for the next crop, especially for wheat, without incurring high labor or machinery costs.
    • Lack of Affordable Alternatives: There are limited affordable and efficient alternatives to stubble burning. Eg: Farmers often do not have access to technology or subsidies for machines that can manage stubble, such as Happy Seeder or bio-decomposers.
    • Government’s Focus on High-Yield Crops: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) policy incentivizes the cultivation of wheat and rice, leading to monocropping. Eg: Farmers are encouraged to grow rice continuously, which results in an abundance of stubble that needs to be disposed of quickly.
    • Debt and Economic Pressure: Many farmers face financial pressures, including debt and low returns on their crops, which makes burning stubble a way to save time and money. Eg: Farmers often sell their crops to middlemen at low prices, leaving them with insufficient income to invest in sustainable farming practices.
    • Lack of Strong Enforcement or Support: Although stubble burning is penalized, enforcement of laws is weak, and farmers often feel the state does not provide adequate support for eco-friendly methods. Eg: Despite penalties, farmers feel little pressure to change practices when there is insufficient governmental support or infrastructure for alternatives.

    How does India’s MSP policy influence stubble burning?

    • Encourages Monocropping: The MSP policy promotes the cultivation of high-yield crops like rice and wheat, leading to monocropping, which results in a large amount of stubble that must be cleared. Eg: Farmers in Punjab often grow rice followed by wheat, creating a cycle where large quantities of rice stubble need to be burned to prepare the soil for the next crop.
    • Limits Crop Diversification: The MSP system prioritizes wheat and rice over other crops, making it economically unfeasible for farmers to switch to more sustainable practices or crops that would reduce stubble burning. Eg: Despite the potential for growing other crops, farmers focus on rice and wheat to benefit from MSP, leaving them with stubble that they have no economically viable option to manage.
    • Financial Constraints: The MSP rates for crops like rice and wheat have remained stagnant, making it harder for farmers to invest in alternatives to stubble burning, such as machinery or composting. Eg: With wheat MSP seeing only minimal increases, farmers struggle to cover costs for labor and inputs, leading them to resort to stubble burning as the most cost-effective option to clear fields.

    What has the government done in this situation?

    • Implemented Subsidies for Machinery: The government has provided subsidies for the purchase of machinery like the Happy Seeder to help farmers manage stubble without burning. Eg: The Punjab government has distributed equipment like straw management machines under the Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization to reduce stubble burning.
    • Awareness Campaigns: The government has conducted awareness programs to educate farmers about the harmful effects of stubble burning and encourage them to adopt alternative practices. Eg: The Ministry of Agriculture and local bodies in states like Punjab and Haryana have launched campaigns to raise awareness about the environmental and health risks of stubble burning.
    • Legal Measures and Penalties: Various state governments, including Punjab, have imposed fines and penalties on farmers found burning stubble, aiming to deter the practice. Eg: The Punjab government introduced a fine for stubble burning, with penalties reaching up to Rs 2,500 for each violation, although enforcement remains challenging.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Crop Diversification: Encourage farmers to shift from paddy to less water-intensive and non-stubble-generating crops through assured procurement and better MSP for alternative crops. Eg: Incentivize crops like millets and pulses to reduce stubble generation.
    • Strengthen Support and Infrastructure: Scale up access to sustainable stubble management technologies and ensure timely financial and logistic support to small and marginal farmers. Eg: Expand reach of Happy Seeder and bio-decomposer solutions through local cooperatives and custom hiring centers.

    Mains PYQ:

     [UPSC 2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?

    Linkage: Delhi’s severe air pollution, especially at certain times of the year, is caused by a combination of its location in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, nearby states burning crop stubble, and weather conditions that trap pollutants.

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  • Governor vs. State

    A Governor’s conduct and a judgment of significance

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the News?

     In The State of Tamil Nadu vs. The Governor of Tamil Nadu and Another, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India, led by Justice J.B. Pardiwala and Justice R. Mahadevan, reaffirmed that Governors’ powers are limited and must follow constitutional boundaries.  

    What constitutional issue was addressed in the Tamil Nadu vs the Governor case?

    Aspect Details Example
    Limits of Gubernatorial Discretion (Article 200) The Governor cannot withhold assent to a Bill indefinitely or act independently of the elected State Cabinet, except in constitutionally specified situations. The role is largely ceremonial. Governor of Tamil Nadu withheld assent to 12 Bills, including those on the appointment of Vice-Chancellors to public universities.
    Constitutional Obligations of the Governor and State Executive The Governor is bound by the advice of the State Cabinet and cannot act on personal discretion unless explicitly permitted by the Constitution. This upholds representative democracy. Governor delayed referrals to the President without valid reasons, thereby undermining the democratic function of the State Legislature.
    Judicial Review of Governor’s Actions Article 361 gives personal immunity to the Governor but does not shield official actions from judicial review. Courts can check if actions comply with the Constitution and democratic norms. Supreme Court held that the Governor’s inaction violated the Constitution, and invoked Article 142 to deem the Bills as assented to, resolving the legislative deadlock.

    Why was the Governor’s inaction on Tamil Nadu Bills ruled unconstitutional?

    • Violation of Constitutional Duty under Article 200: The Governor is constitutionally bound to either assent to a Bill, withhold assent (and return it for reconsideration), or reserve it for the President. Indefinitely sitting on Bills without any action violates this mandate. Eg: The Governor kept 10 re-enacted Bills pending without any action or justification, undermining the role of the legislature.
    • Undermining the Principles of Representative Democracy: By not acting on duly passed Bills, the Governor disregarded the advice of the elected Council of Ministers, thereby disrupting the democratic process and the legislative will of the people. Eg: Despite the Tamil Nadu Assembly passing the Bills again in a special session, the Governor forwarded them to the President without consulting the State Cabinet, showing a lack of respect for democratic norms.

    When can a Governor use discretion under Article 200?

    • When a Bill Affects the Powers of the High Court: The second proviso to Article 200 allows the Governor to reserve a Bill that directly affects the powers of the High Court for the President’s consideration. Eg: If a State law tries to curtail the High Court’s jurisdiction or authority, the Governor can use discretion to reserve it.
    • When Presidential Assent is Constitutionally Mandatory: If a Bill falls under categories where presidential assent is specifically required (such as laws under Article 31C that seek immunity from judicial review), the Governor may reserve it. Eg: A Bill claiming protection under Article 31C, linked to Directive Principles, must be reserved for the President.
    • When a Bill Fundamentally Undermines Constitutional Values: The Governor can act without ministerial advice if the Bill threatens the basic structure or core values of the Constitution. Eg: A Bill that violates secularism or federalism in an extreme manner could justify the Governor’s discretionary action.

    How did the Supreme Court invoke Article 142 to resolve the constitutional deadlock in the Tamil Nadu Bills case?

    • Used Article 142 to Ensure Complete Justice: The Court exercised its special power under Article 142 to deliver complete justice by deeming the 10 re-enacted Bills as having received the Governor’s assent. Eg: Instead of waiting for further assent or action from the Governor, the Court directly validated the Bills to avoid further delays in governance.
    • Bypassed Unworkable Remedies Like Mandamus: Issuing a writ of mandamus (to compel the Governor to act) was seen as ineffective since the Governor is protected from personal liability under Article 361. Eg: Since the Governor cannot be punished for contempt, the Court chose Article 142 as a more enforceable solution.
    • Restored the Legislative Authority of the State: By invoking Article 142, the Court reinforced the principle that the Governor cannot override the will of an elected legislature through inaction Eg: This prevented indefinite delays in implementing laws passed by the Tamil Nadu Assembly, thus preserving democratic functioning.

    Why was issuing a writ of mandamus deemed inadequate?

    • Governor is Immune Under Article 361: The Constitution grants the Governor personal immunity from legal proceedings while in office, making it difficult to enforce any court directive. Eg: Even if the Court issued a mandamus to compel assent or action, the Governor could not be held legally accountable for ignoring it.
    • Mandamus Cannot Be Enforced Practically: Courts cannot force a Governor to exercise discretion in a particular way, only to consider doing so—making the remedy ineffective when deliberate inaction is involved. Eg: If the Governor simply delays action without giving reasons, courts have limited tools to compel a timely decision.
    • Could Cause a Constitutional Standoff: Forcing the Governor through judicial direction risks undermining the separation of powers and could lead to a deadlock between constitutional authorities. Eg: If the Governor resists the court order, it could trigger a conflict between the judiciary and the executive, weakening the constitutional balance.

    Way forward: 

    • Codify Time Limit for Assent: Amend the Constitution or enact a statutory framework to prescribe a reasonable time limit (eg: 30 days) within which the Governor must act on Bills to prevent indefinite delays.
    • Enhance Legislative Oversight: Establish a mechanism for State Legislatures to seek judicial clarification or initiate review when the Governor delays action, reinforcing accountability and upholding democratic norms.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.

    Linkage: This question directly addresses the legislative powers of the Governor, a key aspect of their conduct. The second part specifically asks about the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances, which can be a contentious issue and often involves judicial scrutiny. This relates to the constitutional limits on the Governor’s powers, similar to the issues raised in the article.

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    Urban consumers are worried about their income levels

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Why in the News?

    In March, while many urban consumers were hopeful about job opportunities, many were still negative about their income levels.

    What does the gap between job optimism and income pessimism among urban consumers imply?

    • Jobs Are Available, But Income Growth Is Stagnant: In March 2025, 35.5% of urban respondents reported improved job opportunities compared to a year ago, but only 23.8% reported an increase in income.  
    • Rising Cost of Living Without Corresponding Wage Increases: Over 90% of urban respondents indicated that commodity prices have increased over the past year, but income increases remain minimal.  
    • Negative Economic Outlook Despite Employment Optimism: Despite optimism regarding job opportunities, only 34.7% of urban respondents believed the overall economic situation improved compared to the previous year, the lowest share in over a year.  

    Why are rural respondents more pessimistic about income than urban ones?

    • Dependence on Agriculture and Seasonal Employment: Rural areas heavily depend on agriculture, which is subject to seasonal fluctuations and external factors like weather conditions. Eg: A farmer in a rural area may experience low income during a poor harvest season, while urban workers with more stable jobs may not face similar income volatility.
    • Limited Access to Formal and High-Paying Jobs: Urban areas offer more formal employment opportunities with better wages and benefits, while rural areas often lack access to well-paying jobs and may have higher rates of informal employment. Eg: A rural resident working as a daily wage laborer may earn less compared to an office worker in the city with a regular salary, even if both are employed.
    • Lower Economic Diversification: Rural economies are less diversified compared to urban areas, which can lead to fewer job opportunities and economic growth. Eg: A rural worker may be reliant on local industries like agriculture or small-scale manufacturing, while an urban worker has access to a variety of sectors like technology, finance, and services, which tend to offer higher income prospects.

    How have rising prices affected urban spending?

    • Increased Spending on Essential Goods: With rising commodity prices, urban consumers are spending more on essential goods such as food, transportation, and utilities, leading to higher overall expenditures. Eg: An urban resident may see their grocery bills rise significantly due to inflation, causing them to spend more on basic food items like vegetables and grains, even if their income remains unchanged.
    • Shifting Spending Priorities: As prices rise, urban consumers are prioritizing necessary expenses, often cutting back on discretionary spending like entertainment, travel, and luxury goods. Eg: A family in an urban area may reduce spending on dining out or vacations to allocate more money towards rent and daily commuting costs, adjusting their lifestyle to account for increased living expenses.
    • Financial Strain Despite Employment Stability: Urban residents may continue to hold jobs, but the combination of stagnant incomes and rising costs puts financial pressure on them, leading to a higher sense of economic uncertainty. Eg: An office worker may retain their job but find it increasingly difficult to cover monthly expenses like rent and school fees for children, as inflation causes prices to rise faster than their salary increases.

    What was the main factor behind the decline in positive sentiment about the economy among urban consumers in March 2025?

    • Rising Commodity Prices Without Income Growth: In March 2025, over 90% of urban respondents reported that commodity prices had increased over the past year, while only 23.8% saw an increase in their income. Eg: With income levels largely stagnant and prices rising, 80% of urban respondents reported increased spending, leading to a more pessimistic view of the economy.
    • Stagnant Income and Higher Spending Pressures: The survey revealed that 34.7% of urban respondents felt the overall economic situation had improved, the lowest share in over a year, indicating dissatisfaction with the broader economic outlook. Eg: An office worker might retain their job but face higher living costs (such as rent, utilities, and groceries), contributing to the sense of financial strain and a decline in positive economic sentiment, despite job availability.

    Way forward: 

    • Focus on Wage Growth and Inflation-Linked Salary Adjustments: To address stagnant incomes, policies should ensure that wage growth keeps up with inflation, potentially through salary adjustments linked to cost-of-living indices, reducing financial strain for urban consumers.
    • Boost Rural Economic Diversification and Job Creation: Improve access to diverse, high-paying jobs in rural areas through skill development programs, infrastructure improvements, and incentives for non-agricultural industries, fostering economic resilience and reducing income pessimism.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Economic growth in the recent past has been led by an increase in labour productivity.” Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to the creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity.

    Linkage: If people in cities are worried that their incomes are not growing even though jobs are available, it shows a gap between growth driven by higher worker productivity and actual rise in people’s earnings. This is an important point discussed in this previous year’s question.

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  • Higher Education – RUSA, NIRF, HEFA, etc.

    Giving shape to the University of the Future    

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the news?

    The National Education Policy aims to transform India’s separate higher education system by creating large institutions that offer education across multiple fields.

    What distinguishes multidisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, and interdisciplinary approaches in higher education?

    Approach Description Example (Eg)
    Multidisciplinary Involves multiple disciplines working together, but each maintains its own methods and boundaries. Eg: A team of economists, biologists, and engineers working on a project about climate change, but each discipline works separately within their own domain.
    Cross-disciplinary Encourages collaboration between disciplines but without integrating their knowledge. Eg: An educationist and an economist working together on a project, but they maintain their individual disciplinary perspectives without merging them.
    Interdisciplinary Integrates concepts, methods, and frameworks from different disciplines to create a unified approach. Eg: A course titled “Environmental Economics” combining economics, environmental science, and sociology to address climate change through an integrated perspective.

    Why must single-stream institutions be phased out under the National Education Policy?

    • Encouraging Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Single-stream institutions focus only on one discipline, limiting students’ exposure to other fields. Phasing them out encourages the integration of various disciplines, fostering collaboration. Eg: A single-stream commerce college could partner with a neighboring arts college, allowing students to explore subjects like economics and sociology alongside their commerce studies.
    • Expanding Knowledge and Skill Sets: Multidisciplinary institutions allow students to develop a broader skill set by learning from multiple disciplines, enhancing their adaptability and problem-solving abilities. Eg: A student in a multidisciplinary university could take courses in both computer science and environmental studies, enabling them to work on tech-driven solutions for environmental issues.
    • Meeting Global Educational Standards: Single-stream institutions limit the scope of education, whereas multidisciplinary campuses are more aligned with global trends in higher education that emphasize holistic, well-rounded learning. Eg: In top global universities, students often have the flexibility to take courses from diverse fields, making them more versatile and better prepared for complex, real-world challenges.

    How can Indian universities promote cross-disciplinary learning and collaboration?

    • Encouraging Joint Courses and Programs: Indian universities can create joint courses and programs that combine subjects from different disciplines, allowing students to explore connections between fields and work on collaborative projects. Eg: A course titled “Sustainability in Urban Planning” could combine inputs from urban studies, environmental science, and economics, encouraging students to approach problems from multiple perspectives.
    • Fostering Collaborative Research Projects: Universities should establish research centers and projects that bring together faculty and students from different disciplines to work on solving real-world challenges, promoting cross-disciplinary collaboration. Eg: A research project focused on public health could involve faculty from medicine, economics, sociology, and environmental science to address issues like the spread of infectious diseases in urban areas.

    Who plays a crucial role in fostering interdisciplinary thinking?

    • Faculty Members: Professors and researchers play a crucial role in fostering interdisciplinary thinking by encouraging students to approach problems from multiple disciplinary angles and by designing courses and projects that integrate knowledge from different fields. Eg: A professor from the economics department might collaborate with faculty from environmental science and sociology to create a course on “Environmental Economics,” encouraging students to consider both economic policies and environmental impacts in solving global challenges.
    • University Administration: University leaders and administrators can support interdisciplinary thinking by creating structures that promote cross-department collaboration, offering funding for interdisciplinary research, and ensuring that the curriculum encourages interaction across disciplines. Eg: A university may establish an “Interdisciplinary Research Fund” to support projects that involve multiple departments.

    What challenges do they face in current academic structures?

    • Rigid Departmental Boundaries: Traditional departments often have defined areas of focus, making collaboration difficult across disciplines. Eg: A physics department may not easily partner with a social sciences department on a project related to climate change impacts.
    • Lack of Incentives for Interdisciplinary Work: Faculty members are primarily rewarded for publishing in their specific discipline, not for interdisciplinary research. Eg: A researcher in environmental science might find it hard to get recognition for a joint paper with a computer science expert on climate modeling.
    • Limited Interdisciplinary Training for Faculty: Many professors are trained and specialize in a single discipline, which hinders their ability to teach or engage in interdisciplinary approaches. Eg: An economics professor may not have the skills to incorporate concepts from sociology or political science into their curriculum.

    Way forward: 

    • Integrating Interdisciplinary Curriculum: Universities should design flexible curricula that allow students and faculty to take courses and engage in research across disciplines, breaking traditional academic silos.
    • Incentivizing Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration: Establish funding programs and academic recognition for interdisciplinary research to motivate faculty and students to work across departmental boundaries.

    Mains PYQ: 

    [UPSC 2020] National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.

    Linkage: Multidisciplinary universities need to be established to reach the goal by 2030, aligning with the timeframe of SDG-4. This question directly talk about the NEP 2020’s intent to restructure and reorient the education system, which is central to the idea of shaping the university of the future.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    The conservation argument for resurrecting dire wolf is not credible

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news?

    Colossal Biosciences is an American company that combines genetics and conservation in a unique way by bringing back species that have been extinct for thousands of years.

    What is the primary goal of Colossal Biosciences’ de-extinction project?

    Colossal Biosciences is a biotechnology company specializing in de-extinction projects, aiming to revive extinct species through advanced genetic engineering.

    • Woolly Mammoth De-Extinction: Colossal is working to resurrect the woolly mammoth by integrating mammoth genes into the Asian elephant genome using CRISPR technology. The goal is to create a cold-resistant elephant with traits characteristic of the woolly mammoth, such as a thick layer of fat and shaggy hair, to inhabit Arctic tundra regions and potentially combat climate change.
    • Dire Wolf Revival: In a groundbreaking achievement, Colossal announced the birth of three pups—Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi—genetically engineered to resemble the extinct dire wolf. Using DNA from ancient dire wolf remains, scientists edited the genes of modern gray wolves, resulting in animals that exhibit traits such as larger size and distinctive fur color.

    Why do critics question the credibility of reviving extinct species for conservation purposes?

    • Lack of Scientific Proof: The actual success of reviving extinct species like the woolly mammoth has not yet been proven through rigorous peer review or established results.
    • Limited Genetic Editing: The extent of genetic editing in revived species often involves only a small number of genes, leading to incomplete or flawed replicas of the original species. Eg: In the case of the dire wolf, only 20 genes were edited, resulting in what critics describe as just a “strange-looking gray wolf” rather than a true de-extinct species.
    • Ethical Concerns: There are ethical debates over the potential consequences of creating species that may not thrive in the modern environment or might cause unforeseen ecological imbalances. Eg: The introduction of revived species like the woolly mammoth could disrupt current ecosystems in ways that may not be beneficial.

    How can bringing back the woolly mammoth help stop global warming?

    • Restoring Grasslands: The woolly mammoth can help restore Arctic grasslands by grazing on shrubs and plants, which would create open grasslands where permafrost can remain intact. Eg: By grazing, mammoths would prevent the growth of shrubs that trap heat, promoting the return of grasslands that are cooler and better at reflecting sunlight.
    • Slowing Permafrost Melt: Grasslands absorb less heat than shrub forests, helping to keep the permafrost cool. The return of woolly mammoths could help prevent the thawing of permafrost, which releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Eg: Mammoth grazing can keep the ground cooler and slow the thawing of permafrost, thus reducing the release of methane into the atmosphere.
    • Preventing Methane Emissions: As the permafrost melts, it releases large amounts of methane into the atmosphere. Woolly mammoths could help mitigate this by maintaining ecosystems that slow down the permafrost’s thaw. Eg: With mammoths grazing, the tundra could remain cooler and less prone to releasing methane.
    • Enhancing Carbon Sequestration: Grasslands are more effective at absorbing carbon than shrubbery or forested areas. By converting tundra back into grasslands, woolly mammoths could enhance carbon sequestration and help store more carbon in the soil. Eg: Woolly mammoths could help re-establish healthy grasslands, which would act as carbon sinks, absorbing more CO2 from the atmosphere.

    What is India’s situation in advanced genetic engineering?

    • Advancements in Agricultural Biotechnology: India has developed a structured regulatory framework for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) under the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986. Eg: Recently, India initiated trials of CRISPR/Cas9-modified rice varieties in test fields, reflecting a surge in scientific research and innovation in plant genome editing.
    • Pioneering Genomic Research and Precision Medicine: India’s Genome India Project aims to sequence at least 10,000 Indian genomes to develop predictive diagnostic indicators for various diseases. Eg: Institutions like the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) have been instrumental in understanding genetic epidemiology, including the development of the FELUDA COVID-19 test based on CRISPR technology.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks: India should establish robust regulations and ethical guidelines for genetic engineering, particularly for gene-editing technologies like CRISPR, to ensure safety and sustainability in areas such as agriculture and medicine.
    • Promote Collaborative Research and Innovation: Encouraging partnerships between academic institutions, the private sector, and the government will help accelerate research and application of advanced genetic technologies, positioning India as a global leader in biotechnology innovation.

    Mains PYQ: 

    [UPSC 2024] What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe [mass extinction of life]?

    Linkage: The article says we should focus more on saving the species that are alive today, rather than trying to bring back extinct ones. The debate about de-extinction raises the question of whether it’s better to spend resources on protecting current species instead.

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    When Parliament stayed awake through the night

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

    Why in the News?

    The recently held Budget session of Parliament became historic, as both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha continued working all night and ended only around sunrise.

    What made the recently concluded Budget session of Parliament historically significant?

    • All-night Sitting: Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha continued debates through the night until early morning, which is extremely rare. For example, the Rajya Sabha was still debating at 8:30 p.m., with 22 speakers left, and the Waqf Bill was passed only around 2:30 a.m.
    • Record High Productivity: The session saw exceptionally high legislative productivity — 118% in Lok Sabha and 119% in Rajya Sabha. Eg: This indicates that the Houses worked more hours than scheduled, completing more business than expected.
    • Rich Parliamentary Debate and Public Engagement: Despite the late hours, MPs spoke passionately, aiming for impactful speeches that could go viral or make headlines. Eg: A woman MP quoted Victor Hugo (mistakenly calling him British), showing both the depth and drama of the debate.

    Who played a critical role in capturing the nuances of the all-night parliamentary session for the public?

    • Parliamentary Reporters: They stayed overnight in the House, observing debates and documenting proceedings for the media. Eg: The author of the editorial, a parliamentary reporter, described the urgency and drama of speeches during the night.
    • News Desks and Editors: They coordinated under pressure to ensure reports met tight print deadlines while maintaining accuracy. Eg: The reporter received frantic messages from the desk urging for a timely copy to meet the morning paper’s schedule.
    • Media as a Democratic Bridge: Reporters help the public understand what’s happening inside Parliament, especially during rare sittings. Eg: Despite physical restrictions in the new Parliament building, reporters continue to attend sessions to provide detailed coverage.

    Where are reporters restricted from going within the new Indian Parliament building, despite having official access?

    • Glass Enclosure for Media Personnel: Reporters, especially from electronic media, are confined to a glass enclosure within the Parliament premises. This limits their ability to move freely and interact with Members of Parliament (MPs). Eg: On July 29, 2024, journalists were restricted to this enclosure and prevented from accessing areas like the ‘Makar Dwar’, where they traditionally gathered sound bites from MPs.
    • Restricted Access to ‘Makar Dwar’: The ‘Makar Dwar’, a main entrance used by MPs, has been cordoned off, preventing journalists from approaching MPs for interviews. Eg: Journalists were removed from this area, which was previously a common spot for media interactions with MPs.
    • Limited Entry to Press Galleries: Access to the press galleries has been significantly reduced, with only a limited number of journalists allowed entry, often through a non-transparent selection process. Eg: The Editors’ Guild of India noted that only a fraction of the approximately 1,000 accredited journalists are granted access, without a clear procedure.
    • Separate Entry Points and Increased Security Checks: Journalists now have designated entry points separate from MPs and officials, coupled with multiple security checks, making access more cumbersome. Eg: Reporters are frisked multiple times and must navigate a windowless corridor with security cameras to reach the press gallery.
    • Restrictions Around Key Offices: Areas surrounding the Prime Minister’s Office, the Speaker’s office, and the Rajya Sabha Chairman’s office are off-limits to journalists, limiting their coverage scope. Eg: These zones have been cordoned off, preventing media personnel from accessing them.

    Why do reporters persist in covering parliamentary debates despite challenges?

    • Democratic Responsibility: Reporters feel a duty to keep the public informed about how their representatives function, especially during important debates. Eg: Even during the late-night Budget session, reporters stayed to capture each speaker’s arguments, helping citizens understand crucial legislative developments.
    • Fear of Missing Crucial Details: Journalists worry they might miss significant moments or policy announcements if they leave early or tune out. Eg: During a midnight speech on the Waqf Bill, a Member of Parliament misattributed Victor Hugo as British — a detail that adds color and context to the reporting.
    • Drama and Insight: Parliamentary sessions offer intense debates, humor, emotional appeals, and unfiltered views — making them compelling for storytelling. Eg: The sight of an actor-turned-politician struggling through an angry speech added drama and human interest to the reporter’s coverage.

    Way forward: 

    • Ensure Transparent and Inclusive Media Access: Parliament should adopt a fair, transparent system for press gallery access and allow broader journalist participation, ensuring diverse media voices are represented. Eg: Revoking arbitrary restrictions and restoring access to areas like ‘Makar Dwar’ can enhance real-time, on-ground reporting.
    • Leverage Technology for Better Public Engagement: Install live-streaming infrastructure, media briefing zones, and provide official transcripts quickly to support timely, accurate reporting. Eg: Designated digital zones can help journalists report swiftly without compromising security or disrupting proceedings.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2019]  Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.

    Linkage: Role of Parliamentary discussion and debate for the public. This also examines the role and effectiveness of individual Members of Parliament during parliamentary sessions. 

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