A study carried out by researchers from Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, undertook to characterise urbanisation in the region and also to understand where the rock agama reside in and around Bengaluru specifically.

Why in news?

• The study examined several environmental factors that could affect the presence of the lizard and revealed that they are found mainly in rocky places and warm spots.
• Thus, the inference is that conservation efforts must point towards retaining rocky patches even while reviving landscapes by planting trees.

Peninsular Rock Agama

• The Peninsular Rock Agama (Psammophilus dorsalis) is a type of garden lizard has a strong presence in southern India.
• This lizard is a large animal, strikingly coloured in orange and black.
• They do not generate their own body heat, so they need to seek warmth from external sources like a warm rock or a sunny spot on the wall.
• They are important in ecology from different aspects — they can indicate which parts of the city are warming, and their numbers show how the food web is changing.
• Habitat loss and other such features of urbanisation have affected the presence of the animal in urban centres.

Why study them?

• Insects are critical components of a healthy ecosystem as they provide so many services, including pollination.
• So, while rock agamas are interesting in themselves, they are also a good model system to understand other aspects of the ecosystem.
• In cities such as Bengaluru, there is a lot of flora and fauna that is rapidly disappearing.
• The rock agama is one such species which is dependent on rocky scrub habitats which are being converted into buildings and plantations.

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The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has objected to the transfer of thousands of hectares of land without following due process by Chhattisgarh from its Forest to the Revenue Department for setting up industries and for building road, rail, and other infrastructure.

What is the news?

• The Union Environment Ministry has warned that the land in question is “undemarcated protected forests”, which cannot be used for non-forest purposes without clearance under the Forest Conservation (FC) Act, 1980.

‘Types of Forests’ in Law

• Broadly, state Forest Departments have jurisdiction over two types of forests notified under the Indian Forest (IF) Act, 1927:

1. Reserve Forests (RF): where no rights are allowed unless specified and
2. Protected Forests (PF): where no rights are barred unless specified

• Certain forests, such as village or nagarpalika forests, are managed by state Revenue Departments.
• The FC Act, 1980, applies to all kinds of forests, whether under the control of the Forest or the Revenue Department.
• It requires statutory clearance before forests can be used for any non-forest purpose such as industry, mining, or construction.
• In 1976, forests were included in List III (Concurrent List) under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

Chhattisgarh case

• The recorded forest area in Chhattisgarh covers 44.21% of its geography.
• The state government says it is constrained by the limited availability of land, particularly in the tribal regions, for development works.
• Therefore, in May 2021, it sought a field survey to identify non-forest land — parcels smaller than 10 hectares with less than 200 trees per hectare.

Orange, a grey area

• It sought that the forests had been included by mistake in Orange Areas under the Forest Department.
• This year, it announced that over 300 sq km of “Orange” area in the Bastar region had been handed over to the Revenue Department.
• Under the zamindari system, villagers used local malguzari (livelihood concessions) forests for firewood, grazing, etc.
• When zamindari was abolished in 1951, malguzari forests came under the Revenue Department.
• In 1958, the government of undivided Madhya Pradesh notified all these areas as Protected Forest (PFs) under the Forest Department.
• Through the 1960s, ground surveys and demarcations of these PFs continued — either to form blocks of suitable patches to be declared as Reserve Forests, or to denotify and return to the Revenue Department.
• For this purpose, Madhya Pradesh amended the IF Act, 1927, in 1965 — when forests figured in the State List — to allow denotification of PFs.
• The areas yet to be surveyed — undemarcated PFs — were marked in orange on the map.

Policy jam

• Since 2003, a case has been pending in the Supreme Court on rationalising these orange areas that have remained a bone of contention between the two Departments.
• The transfer of PFs to the Revenue Department continued until 1976, when reports of illicit felling in Revenue areas prompted Madhya Pradesh to seek a fresh survey to shift quality forest patches.
• But before this survey could be undertaken, the new government that came to power in the state in 1978 switched the focus to settling encroachments.
• The FC Act came in 1980, and required central clearance for non-forest use of forest land.
• This led to a situation where the rights of lakhs of villagers, including those settled by the government through pattas, remained restricted.

After MP was split

• Carved out of Madhya Pradesh in 2000, Chhattisgarh inherited its share of ‘orange’ areas.
• Ranked second after Orissa in implementing the Forest Rights Act, 2006, the state has settled over 26,000 claims since 2019.
• The logical next step, say officials who declined to be quoted, was to find land for the economic development of the tribal belt.
• Chhattisgarh did not seek central clearance to transfer over 300 sq km to Revenue, they claim, because it did not have to.

New definition of forests

• In December 1996, the SC defined ‘forest’ after its dictionary meaning, irrespective of the status of the land it stands on.
• It also defined forestland as any land thus notified on any government record irrespective of what actually stands on that land.
• To meet this broad definition, Madhya Pradesh in 1997 framed a “practical yardstick” — an area no smaller than 10 hectares with at least 200 trees per hectare — to identify forests in Revenue areas for handing over to the Forest Department.
• These non-forest areas, they claim, are now being identified and returned to the Revenue.

Issues with such Un-forestation

• The nature of vegetation changes over time.
• After so many years, a visual survey cannot determine if a particular piece of land did not meet the definition of forest.
• Once brought under the Forest Department, whether mistakenly or otherwise, an area gets the status of forestland as per the 1996 SC order, and hence comes under the FC Act, 1980.

Options available for CG

• Chhattisgarh, thanks to the 1965 amendment to the IF Act, can still denotify PFs unilaterally.
• It may also vest management of any land with any department since the state owns all land within its boundaries.
• But if the stated purpose is non-forest use — building industries and infrastructure — the state will anyway require central clearance under the FC Act, 1980.

What lies ahead?

• Clearance for non-forest use of forestland under the FC Act requires giving back twice the area for compensatory afforestation (CA) from Revenue to Forest.
• That would defeat the very purpose of the state government’s action.
• However, conversion of Forest to Revenue land has been exempted from CA under exceptional circumstances in the past.
• For example, when enclaves were moved out of forests, the SC allowed those to be resettled at the edge of the forests, in the absence of suitable Revenue land, as revenue villages.
• It will be a stretch, though, for such considerations to apply to thousands of hectares meant for industries.

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