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  • Waste Management – SWM Rules, EWM Rules, etc

    A circular economy for plastic

    op-ed snap | | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Context

    The India Plastics Pact, the first in Asia, will be launched in September at the CII Annual Sustainability Summit.

    Issue of plastic waste

    • A 2019 report by the Center for International Environmental Law suggests that by 2050, greenhouse gas emissions from plastic could reach over 56 gigatonnes, 10-13% of the remaining carbon budget.
    • Connection with livelihood: Viewed from the angle of livelihoods, post-consumer segregation, collection and disposal of plastics make up about half of the income of 1.5- 4 million waste-pickers in India.
    • For India, the solution must be multi-pronged, systemic, and large scale, to create a visible impact. The Plastics Pacts model offers such a solution.

    About Plastics Pacts model

    • Business-led initiative: The Plastics Pacts are business-led initiatives and transform the plastics packaging value chain for all formats and products.
    • The Pacts bring together everyone from across the plastics value chain to implement practical solutions.
    • Integral to the Pact’s framework is the involvement of the informal waste sector crucial to post-consumer segregation, collection and processing of plastic waste. 
    • All Pacts unite behind four targets:
    • 1) To eliminate unnecessary and problematic plastic packaging through redesign and innovation.
    • 2) To ensure all plastic packaging is reusable or recyclable.
    • 3) To increase the reuse, collection, and recycling of plastic packaging.
    • 4) To increase recycled content in plastic packaging.
    • It is active in a number of countries including the U.K., South Africa, and Australia.
    • The first Plastics Pact was launched in the U.K. in 2018, by WRAP, a global NGO based in the U.K.
    • It is now being brought to India by CII and WWF India.

    Advantages

    • Economic advantage: It can be expected to boost demand for recycled content, investments in recycling infrastructure, jobs in the waste sector, and beyond.
    • Support EPR framework: The Pact will support the Extended Producer Responsibility framework of the government and improve solid waste management as envisioned in the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
    • The India Plastics Pact focuses on solutions and innovation.
    • Plastic production and management development: The Pact will encourage the development and maturing of the entire plastics production and management ecosystem.
    • Drive circulatory of plastic: Apart from benefits to society and economy, delivering the targets will drive the circularity of plastics and help tackle pollution.

    Conclusion

    The India Plastics Pact will benefit society, the economy and the environment.

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  • Indian Ocean Power Competition

    Five-point Framework for Maritime Security

    IOCR | Security Issues | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

     

    A week into India’s United Nations Security Council (UNSC) presidency, PM Modi has outlined a five-point framework for maritime security debate at UNSC.

    Maritime Security

    • Maritime security is one of the latest buzzwords of international relations.
    • Major actors in maritime policy, ocean governance and international security have in the past decade started to include maritime security in their mandate or reframed their work in such terms.
    • Core dimensions of maritime security involves the concept of blue economy, food security and the resilience of coastal populations.
    • A secure maritime environment provides the precondition for managing marine resources.

    Threats to maritime security

    Need for an agenda

    • In today’s economy, the oceans have an increased importance, allowing all countries to participate in the global marketplace.
    • More than 80 percent of the world’s trade travels by water and forges a global maritime link.
    • About half the world’s trade by value, and 90 percent of the general cargo, are transported in containers.
    • Many countries have invested significant resources in maritime infrastructure, trade, energy supply chains, cargo movements and processes.
    • China, undeniably a continental country, claims sovereignty over all of the South China Sea islands and their adjacent waters.

    5-point agenda for enhancing maritime cooperation

    [1] Removal of barriers to legitimate maritime trade:

    • Global prosperity depends on the active flow of maritime trade. Any hindrance in maritime trade can threaten the global economy, PM said.
    • Maritime trade has always been part of the civilizational ethos of India.
    • PM termed this principle as ‘SAGAR’ Security and Growth for All in the Region.

    [2] Resolution of maritime disputes peacefully in accordance with international law:

    [3] Fight threats from natural disasters, non-state actors:

    • PM said the Indian Navy has been patrolling to counter piracy in the Indian Ocean since 2008.
    • It is enhancing the common maritime domain awareness of the region through our White Shipping Information Fusion Centre.
    • India has provided support for hydrographic surveying and training of maritime security personnel to several countries.

    [4] Conservation of marine resources:

    • Our oceans directly impact our climate. Hence, it is very important that we keep our maritime environment free of pollutants like plastic waste and oil spills.
    • We also need to take joint steps against over-fishing and marine poaching, PM said.
    • He also emphasized the need for increased mutual cooperation in Ocean Science research.

    [5] Promoting responsible maritime connectivity:

    • PM said it is well understood that the creation of infrastructure is necessary to boost maritime trade.
    • He advocated for appropriate global norms and standards to ensure that such infrastructure projects are carried out as per the fiscal sustainability and absorption capacity of the host countries.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    According to the IPCC’s Report (AR6), the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is losing its stability.

    What is AMOC?

    • The AMOC is a large system of ocean currents.
    • It is the Atlantic branch of the ocean conveyor belt or Thermohaline circulation (THC), and distributes heat and nutrients throughout the world’s ocean basins.
    • AMOC carries warm surface waters from the tropics towards the Northern Hemisphere, where it cools and sinks.
    • It then returns to the tropics and then to the South Atlantic as a bottom current. From there it is distributed to all ocean basins via the Antarctic circumpolar current.
    • Gulf Stream, a part of the AMOC, is a warm current responsible for mild climate at the Eastern coast of North America as well as Europe.

    What happens if AMOC collapses?

    • Colder Europe: Without a proper AMOC and Gulf Stream, Europe will be very cold.
    • Rainfall decline: Modelling studies have shown that an AMOC shutdown would cool the northern hemisphere and decrease rainfall over Europe.
    • El-Nino trigger: It can also have an effect on the El Nino.
    • Cooling of Atlantic: AMOC collapse could bring about large, markedly different climate responses: a prominent cooling over the northern North Atlantic and neighboring areas.
    • Weaker thermohaline: Freshwater from melting Greenland ice sheets and the Arctic region can make circulation weaker as it is not as dense as salt water and doesn’t sink to the bottom.

    Has the AMOC weakened before?

    • AMOC and THC strength has always been fluctuating, mainly if you look at the late Pleistocene time period (last 1 million years).
    • The extreme glacial stages have seen weaker circulation and slowdown in AMOC, while the glacial terminations have shown a stronger AMOC and circulation.
    • AMOC has been relatively stable until the late 19th century.
    • With the end of the little ice age in about 1850, the ocean currents began to decline, with a second, more drastic decline following since the mid-20th century.

    Why is the AMOC slowing down?

    • Climate models have long predicted that global warming can cause a weakening of the major ocean systems of the world.
    • Last month researchers noted that a part of the Arctic’s ice called “Last Ice Area” has also melted.
    • The freshwater from the melting ice reduces the salinity and density of the water. Now, the water is unable to sink as it used to and weakens the AMOC flow.

    Influence of Indian Ocean

    • Another study suggested that the Indian Ocean may also be helping the slowing down of AMOC.
    • As the Indian Ocean warms faster and faster, it generates additional precipitation.
    • With so much precipitation in the Indian Ocean, there will be less precipitation in the Atlantic Ocean, leading to higher salinity in the waters of the tropical portion of the Atlantic.
    • This saltier water in the Atlantic, as it comes north via AMOC, will get cold much quicker than usual and sink faster.
    • This acts as a jump start for AMOC, intensifying the circulation.

    Now try this:

    Q.With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (CSP 2020)

    1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26ºC isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
    2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Post your answers here:

    Back2Basics:  Ocean Currents

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  • Digital India Initiatives

    Government e-Marketplace (GeM) System

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) system has resulted in a 10% savings in public procurement costs in five years.

    Government e-Marketplace

    • GeM is an online platform for public procurement in India by various Government Departments / Organizations / PSUs.
    • The initiative was launched on August 9, 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry with the objective to create an open and transparent procurement platform for government buyers.
    • It is owned by GeM SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) which is a 100 per cent Government-owned, non-profit company under the Ministry of Commerce and Industries
    • GeM aims to enhance transparency, efficiency and speed in public procurement.
    • It provides the tools of e-bidding, reverse e-auction and demand aggregation to facilitate the government users achieve the best value for their money.
    • The purchases through GeM by Government users have been authorized and made mandatory by Ministry of Finance.

    Note: The government has made it mandatory for sellers on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal to clarify the country of origin of their goods when registering new products.

    Advantages for Buyers

    • Offers rich listing of products for individual categories of Goods/Services
    • Makes available search, compare, select and buy facility
    • Enables buying Goods and Services online, as and when required.
    • Provides transparency and ease of buying
    • Ensures continuous vendor rating system
    • Up-to-date user-friendly dashboard for buying, monitoring supplies and payments
    • Provision of easy return policy

    Advantages for Sellers

    • Direct access to all Government departments.
    • One-stop shop for marketing with minimal efforts
    • One-stop shop for bids / reverse auction on products / services
    • New Product Suggestion facility available to Sellers
    • Dynamic pricing: Price can be changed based on market conditions
    • Seller friendly dashboard for selling, and monitoring of supplies and payments
    • Consistent and uniform purchase procedures

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  • Skilling India – Skill India Mission,PMKVY, NSDC, etc.

    [pib] PM-DAKSH Scheme

    PIB | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment has launched the ‘PM-DAKSH’ Portal and ‘PM-DAKSH’ Mobile App.

    About PM-DAKSH Scheme

    • The PM-DAKSH stands for Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH) Yojana.
    • It is being implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment from the year 2020-21.
    • Under this scheme, eligible target group are being provided skill development training programmes on (i) Up-skilling/Re-skilling (ii) Short Term Training Programme (iii) Long Term Training Programme and (iv) Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP).
    • These training programs are being implemented through Government Training Institutes, Sector Skill Councils constituted by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and other credible institutions.

    PM-DAKSH Portal/App

    • Any person can get all the information related to skill development training at one place by visiting the ‘PM-DAKSH’ Portal.
    • Also, with just one click, one can get information about skill development trainings happening near him/her and he/she can easily register himself/herself for skill training.

    Some of the features of this portal are as follows:

    • Availability of all information related to skill development at one place for Scheduled Castes, Backward Classes and Safai Karamcharis.
    • Facility to register for the training institute and program of their interest.
    • Facility to upload desired documents related to personal information.
    • Facility to register the attendance of the trainees through face and eye scanning during the training period.
    • Monitoring facility through photo and video clip during training etc.

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  • Panchayati Raj Institutions: Issues and Challenges

    [pib] Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

    PIBSchemes | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Panchayats & Local Bodies

    The Ministry of Rural Development has taken several measures for the successful implementation of the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) Gram Panchayats.

    Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)

    • SAGY is a village development project launched in October 2014, under which each Member of Parliament will take the responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure in three villages by 2019.
    • SAGY aims at instilling certain values in the villages and their people so that they get transformed into models for others.

    These values include:

    • Adopting people’s participation as an end in itself – ensuring the involvement of all sections of society in all aspects related to the life of village, especially in decision- making related to governance
    • Adhering to Antyodaya – enabling the “poorest and the weakest person” in the village to achieve well being
    • Affirming gender equality and ensuring respect for women
    • Guaranteeing social justice
    • Instilling dignity of labour and the spirit of community service and voluntarism
    • Promoting a culture of cleanliness
    • Living in consonance with nature – ensuring a balance between development and ecology
    • Preserving and promoting local cultural heritage
    • Inculcating mutual cooperation, self-help and self-reliance
    • Fostering peace and harmony in the village community
    • Bringing about transparency, accountability and probity in public life
    • Nurturing local self-governance
    • Adhering to the values enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties of the Indian Constitution

    Identification of an Adarsh Gram

    • A Gram Panchayat would be the basic unit.
    • It will have a population of 3000-5000 in plain areas and 1000-3000 in hilly, tribal and difficult areas.
    • In districts where this unit size is not available, Gram Panchayats approximating the desirable population size may be chosen.
    • The MP would be free to identify a suitable Gram Panchayat for being developed as Adarsh Gram, other than his/her own village or that of his/her spouse.
    • Lok Sabha MP has to choose a Gram Panchayat from within his/her constituency and Rajya Sabha MP a from the rural area of a district of his/her choice in the State from which he/she is elected.
    • Nominated MPs may choose a Gram Panchayat from the rural area of any district in the country.
    • In the case of urban constituencies, (where there are no Gram Panchayats), the MP will identify a Gram Panchayat from a nearby rural constituency.
    • The newly elected MPs will have the option to select the GP of their choice.

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    [pib] Definition of Minority

    PIB | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    The Ministry of Minority Affairs has provided some useful information about various initiatives for minorities.

    A very interesting fact found in the article is that Minorities are identified by the States and not the Centre!

    Defining a minority community

    • The Central has notified minority communities at the national level in consultation with various stakeholders under Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), Act,
    • The six communities notified as minority communities under Section 2(c) of the NCM Act, 1992 are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains.
    • Notification of any community-specific to a State as a minority community within a State comes under the purview of the State
    • Article 29 and 30 of the Constitution provide for the protection of interest of minorities which includes linguistic minorities also.

    Who are linguistic minorities?

    • Linguistic Minorities are group or collectivities of individuals residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language or script of their own.
    • The language of the minority group need not be one of the twenty-two languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
    • In other words, linguistic minorities at the State level mean any group or groups of people whose mother tongues are different from the principal language of the State, and at the district and taluka/tehsil levels, different from the principal language of the district or taluka/tehsil concerned.
    • The linguistic minorities are therefore identified by the respective States/UTs.
    • The State/UT wise, broad linguistic profile is available in the 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities(CLM).

    National Commission for Minorities

    • The Government has already enacted the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992 to constitute a National Commission for Minorities.
    • The NCM receives petitions/grievances from the aggrieved persons and the said petitions/grievances being received by Commission.
    • They are dealt with by calling for reports from the concerned authorities under the Union and State Governments.
    • On receipt of the reports, the Commission makes appropriate recommendations to the respective authorities for redressal of the grievances.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    India’s technical education: Issues and Suggestions

    | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Context

    This year, AICTE approved the closure of 63 engineering colleges across the country.

    Deterioration of quality

    • Tweaking with curriculum: Private entrepreneurs took the lead to meet the growing demand of the country in technical education in the mid-Eighties, but with little idea of the subject.
    • Subjects like materials, applied physics and thermodynamics which forms the building blocks of engineering became dispensable.
    • Because they were both tough to teach for the teachers and tough to pass for the students.
    • Expansion: This softening of subjects coupled with unfettered expansion in the early and mid-2000s, resulted in real dilution of the overall standards in the country.
    • Lack of adequate number of teachers, lack of quality in those available, inability of the management to make adequate investments in a dynamic environment, lack of employment opportunities, shelf life of skills coming down with every technology-related intervention and a constant experimentation with curriculum have all been the bane of quality in technical education.

    Issues

    • Engineering education suffers from regulatory gaps, poor infrastructure, lack of qualified faculty and the non-existent industry linkage that contributed to the abysmal employability of graduates from most of these institutes.
    • No linkage with Industry: Not a single industry body, be it CII, FICCI or ASSOCHAM has managed to effectively inform the education planners on the growth in different employment sectors.
    • No independent body to suggest AICTEC: The government also has not taken any tangible steps to set up an independent body to advise AICTE on this vital aspect.
    • Excessive changes: A constant fiddling with the curriculum, reducing total credits, giving multiple choices in the name of flexibility, dispensing with mathematics and physics at the qualification level, teaching in local languages may all be good arguments, but one must assess their utility and their effect on technical education in the long run.

    Way forward

    • Proactive: Rather than being reactive, institutions must proactively define the practicing elements of education.
    • Investment in teaching: The corrective measures for these shortfalls are technology intensive, are experiential, and need investments in teaching.
    • Quality assurance body: The ultimate measure of performance is embedded in quality assurance.
    • The need of the hour is to create a truly autonomous quality assurance body at an arms-length from the government, manned by eminent persons both from the industry as well as academia.

    Conclusion

    The education paradigm is staring at a large shift and technical education cannot remain immune to that change.

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  • Tax Reforms

    The sovereign right to tax is not absolute

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Context

    A bill introduced in Parliament last week aims to nullify the 2012 amendment in the Income Tax Act which made the income tax law retroactively applicable on indirect transfer of Indian assets.

    Issue of taxation as a sovereign right of the state

    • Several  Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) tribunals have recognised the fundamental principle that taxation is an intrinsic element of the state’s sovereign power. 
    • The ISDS tribunals have also held that whenever a foreign investor challenges states’ taxation measures, there is a presumption that the taxation measures are valid and legal.
    • For instance, an ISDS tribunal in Renta 4 v. Russia said that when it comes to examining taxation measures for BIT breaches, the starting point should be that the taxation measures are a bona fide exercise of the state’s public powers.

    What are the limits on the taxation rights of a Country under BITs

    • The two most used BIT provisions to challenge a state’s taxation measures are expropriation and the fair and equitable treatment provision.
    • 1) Expropriation: In the context of expropriation, one of the key ISDS cases that explained the limits on the state’s right to tax is Burlington v. Ecuador.
    • In this case, the tribunal held that under customary international law, there are two limits on the state’s right to tax.
    • First, the tax should not be discriminatory.
    • Second, it should not be confiscatory.
    • 2) Fair and equitable treatment: In the context of the fair and equitable treatment provision, foreign investors have often challenged taxation measures as breaching legal certainty, which is an element of the fair and equitable treatment provision.
    • Although legal certainty does not mean immutability of legal framework, states are under an obligation to carry out legal changes such as amending their tax laws in a reasonable and proportionate manner.

    So, what happened in Cairn Energy v. India case?

    • The tribunal in Cairn Energy v. India said that taxing indirect transfers is India’s sovereign power and the tribunal would not comment on it.
    • Legal certainty: The tribunal said that India’s right to tax in the public interest should be balanced with the investor’s interest of legal certainty.
    • The tribunal held that the public purpose that justifies the application of law prospectively will usually be insufficient to justify the retroactive application of the law.
    • India argued that the 2012 amendment was to ensure that foreign corporations who use tax havens for the indirect transfers of underlying Indian assets pay taxes.
    • However, the tribunal held that this objective could be achieved by amending the income tax law prospectively, not retroactively.
    • The tribunal did not rule against retroactivity of tax laws per se but against the retroactive application that lacked public policy justification.

    Way forward

    • Carving out taxation from BITs: India in its 2016 Model BIT carved out taxation measures completely from the scope of the investment treaty.
    • Nonetheless, carving out taxation measures from the scope of the BIT does not mean that states are free to do as they please.
    • India should exercise its right to regulate while being mindful of its international law obligations, acting in good faith and in a proportionate manner.
    • ISDS tribunals do not interfere with such regulatory measures.

    Conclusion

    In sum, the debate never was whether India has a sovereign right to tax, but whether this sovereign right is subject to certain limitations. The answer is an emphatic ‘yes’ because under international law the sovereign right to tax is not absolute.

    Back2Basics:  Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) tribunal

    • ISDS is a mechanism included in many trade and investment agreements to settle disputes.
    • Settling these investor disputes relies on arbitration rather than public courts.
    • Under agreements which include ISDS mechanisms, a company from one signatory state investing in another signatory state can argue that new laws or regulations could negatively affect its expected profits or investment potential, and seek compensation in a binding arbitration tribunal.
    • The system only provides for foreign companies to sue states, not the other way around.

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  • Policy Wise: India’s Power Sector

    Retiring Old Coal Power Plants

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Context

    As part of the Union Budget address for 2020-21, the Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, said that the shutting down of old coal power plants, which are major contributors to emissions, will aid the achievement of India’s Nationally Determined Contributions.

    Advantages of shutting down old coal power plants

    • The availability of under-utilized newer and presumably more efficient coal-based capacity means that shutting down older inefficient plants would lead to improved efficiencies, reduced coal usage, and hence, cost savings.
    • It would be uneconomical for old plants to install pollution control equipment required to meet the emission standards announced by the Environment Ministry, and hence it would be better to retire them.

    Why the decision needs finer scrutiny?

    • Some old plants are cost-effective: There are also several old plants, which generate at lower costs, such as plants at Rihand, Singrauli, and Vidhyanchal (Madhya Pradesh).
    • Locational advantage: This may be due to locational advantage rather than efficiency, as older plants are likely to be located closer to the coal source, reducing coal transport costs.
    • Not cost-effective: Savings in generation cost from shutting down plants older than 25 years would be less than ₹5,000 crore annually, which is just 2% of the total power generation cost.
    • Not effective in reducing coal consumption: Savings in coal consumption by replacing generation from plants older than 25 years with newer coal plants are also likely to be only in the 1%-2% range.
    • Economical even after installing pollution control equipment: There are some old plants that may continue to be economically viable even if they install pollution control equipment as their current fixed costs are very low.

    Important roles played by old thermal power plants

    • A significant part of power supply: Plants older than 25 years makeup around 20% of the total installed thermal capacity in the country and play a significant role in the country’s power supply.
    • Supporting renewable: To support the growing intermittent renewable generation in the sector, there is an increasing need for capacity that can provide flexibility, balancing, and ancillary services.
    • Old thermal capacity, with lower fixed costs, is a prime candidate to play this role until other technologies (such as storage) can replace them at scale.
    • Political economy risk: There is also a political economy risk, as aggressive early retirement of coal-based capacity, without detailed analyses, could result in real or perceived electricity shortage in some States, leading to calls for investments in coal-based base-load capacity by State-owned entities.

    Way forward

    • Nuanced analysis needed: Instead of using age as the only criteria, a more disaggregated and nuanced analysis needs to be used.
    • Constraint related to renewable and increasing demand: We also need to take into account aspects such as intermittency of renewables, growing demand, and the need to meet emission norms, to make retirement-related decisions.

    Conclusion

    It may be prudent to let old capacity fade away in due course while focusing on such detailed analysis and weeding out the needless capacity in the pipeline, to derive long-term economic and environmental benefits.

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