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India’s target of 300 GW solar capacity by 2030 has intensified land-use conflicts with agriculture, bringing agrivoltaics (AgriPV) into focus as a dual-use solution. The near doubling of PM-KUSUM allocation to ₹5,000 crore signals a shift toward farmer-centric solarisation. However, despite ~50 pilots, AgriPV faces scalability challenges due to high costs and regulatory gaps.

What is Agrivoltaics?

Agrivoltaics, also known as AgriPV or agrophotovoltaics (APV), is the simultaneous use of land for both solar energy generation and agriculture. Unlike traditional solar farms where panels are ground-mounted on bare land, AgriPV systems are designed to allow crops to grow, livestock to graze, or pollinator habitats to thrive underneath or between the solar panels.

AgriPV systems optimize land use by placing solar panels in specific configurations to balance electricity production with agricultural needs: 

1. Elevated (Stilted) Systems: Panels are mounted on tall structures (at least 2.1m to 4m high), providing enough clearance for tractors and farming machinery to operate underneath.
2. Inter-row (Ground-mounted) Systems: Panels are placed at lower heights but with wide spacing between rows to allow crops to be cultivated in the alleys between arrays.
3. Vertical Systems: Bifacial panels are mounted vertically (like walls), often at the periphery of fields, capturing sunlight primarily during sunrise and sunset while leaving the maximum amount of ground open for farming.
4. PV Greenhouses: Solar modules are integrated into the roof or exterior of a greenhouse to regulate internal temperature and power its climate control system.

How does Agrivoltaics address the land-energy-agriculture conflict?

1. Dual Land Use: Enables simultaneous electricity generation and crop cultivation on the same land parcel.
2. Land Efficiency: Reduces pressure on agricultural land compared to utility-scale solar requiring large tracts.
3. Food-Energy Balance: Maintains agricultural output while expanding renewable capacity.
4. Example: Elevated panel systems allow crops to grow underneath without disrupting farming operations.

What are the design and technological variations in AgriPV systems?

1. Elevated Systems: Panels mounted several metres above ground ensure adequate sunlight for crops.
2. Row-based Systems: Panels placed between crop rows minimise shading impact.
3. Vertical Systems: Upright panels reduce land obstruction and optimise sunlight distribution.
4. Greenhouse Integration: Panels installed on rooftops or walls support controlled farming environments.
5. Agro-climatic Adaptation: Crop selection varies across regions (e.g., tomato, onion, turmeric in MP; grapes, tomato in Maharashtra).

What economic benefits does Agrivoltaics provide to farmers?

1. Income Diversification: Farmers earn through electricity sales, leasing land, or revenue-sharing models.
2. Reduced Input Costs: Solar-powered irrigation lowers diesel dependency.
3. Risk Mitigation: Protection from extreme weather (hail, rainfall) stabilises farm output.
4. Example: PM-KUSUM promotes decentralised solar pumps and power plants to enhance farm incomes.

What environmental and productivity benefits does AgriPV offer?

1. Water Conservation: Reduced evapotranspiration due to panel shading improves soil moisture retention.
2. Climate Resilience: Protection against extreme weather events enhances crop stability.
3. Energy Sustainability: Supports clean energy generation aligned with net-zero goals.
4. Example: Partial shading benefits crops sensitive to excessive sunlight.

What are the key challenges limiting large-scale adoption?

1. High Capital Costs: Elevated structures and specialised mounting systems increase investment costs beyond conventional solar.
2. Regulatory Uncertainty: Lack of clarity in land classification, tariffs, and grid connectivity.
3. Design Gaps: Absence of standardised benchmarks for crop-panel configurations.
4. Institutional Barriers: Limited access to affordable finance and weak governance frameworks.
5. Data Deficit: Insufficient empirical evidence across agro-climatic zones.

What policy measures can accelerate Agrivoltaics deployment?

1. National Mission Integration: Inclusion in a proposed National Agri-Photovoltaics Mission under PM-KUSUM 2.0.
2. Financial Support: Viability Gap Funding (VGF) reduces capital cost burden.
3. State-level Interventions: Identification of clusters and streamlined approvals.
4. Capacity Building: Integration into farmer training and advisory systems.
5. Market Linkages: Clear tariffs and long-term purchase agreements ensure financial viability.

What is the current status of Agrivoltaics in India?

1. Pilot Projects: Around 50 installations across different regions.
2. Policy Recognition: Increasing mention in renewable energy discussions.
3. Scaling Constraint: Lack of commercial-scale implementation due to financial and regulatory barriers.

Conclusion

Agrivoltaics provides a viable pathway to reconcile India’s energy transition with agricultural sustainability. Scaling requires policy clarity, financial innovation, and region-specific design optimisation.

PYQ Relevance

[UPSC 2022] What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers?

Linkage: AgriPV represents an advanced form of Integrated Farming System, combining agriculture with solar energy generation on the same land. It enhances income diversification and resource efficiency for small and marginal farmers, aligning directly with the objectives of IFS.