Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: a shift in the approach of Indian scientists towards addressing real-life problems
Central Idea:
The article argues for a shift in the approach of Indian scientists towards addressing real-life problems by integrating knowledge from various disciplines, including the humanities. It emphasizes the need for scientists to engage with societal issues, collaborate across disciplines, and embrace diverse forms of knowledge to find holistic solutions.
Key Highlights:
- Critique of the current scientific paradigm in India, where pursuit of quick rewards and adherence to disciplinary boundaries hinder problem-solving.
- Advocacy for a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates insights from the humanities and social sciences.
- Emphasis on the importance of understanding human complexities and societal context in scientific endeavors.
- Proposal for scientists to engage with communities, embrace humility, and recognize diverse forms of knowledge.
- Criticism of the hierarchical and reductionist tendencies within the scientific community.
- Assertion that addressing complex problems requires creativity, flexibility, and integration of diverse perspectives.
Key Challenges:
- Resistance from scientists accustomed to disciplinary silos and reductionist methodologies.
- Lack of institutional support and incentives for interdisciplinary collaboration.
- Need for a shift in mindset among scientists to prioritize societal impact over academic achievements.
- Overcoming entrenched power dynamics within the scientific community.
- Bridging the gap between academic research and practical problem-solving.
- Incorporating diverse forms of knowledge while ensuring rigor and reliability.
Main Terms:
- Scientific temper
- Reductionism
- Multidisciplinary approach
- Human sciences
- Interdisciplinary collaboration
- Social embeddedness
- Empirical testing
- Holistic understanding
Important Phrases:
- “Science-society border”
- “Climb down from the ivory tower”
- “Human complexities”
- “Tacit knowledge”
- “Integration of knowledge”
- “Extended peer community”
- “Proper scientific temper”
- “Cross-cultural conversation”
Quotes:
- “While religion is a sacred cow that doubles up as a cash cow, science is a cash cow that can often double up as a sacred cow in India.”
- “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
- “Science leaves this kind of integration of knowledge from other sources out of the ‘scientific method’ altogether.”
- “A traditional puzzle solver scientist is like the mediocre artist who starts with a clearly visualized picture in mind and ends up painting it without leaving any scope for growth and change during the process.”
Useful Statements for mains value addition:
- “The time has come for a large chunk of scientific forces to be re-deployed on the science-society border to scout for solutions to real-life problems.”
- “The natural sciences then need to work in tandem with human sciences.”
- “A variety of perspectives and methods from different disciplines need to be brought to bear on a complex real-life problem.”
- “Philosophy has interacted fruitfully with business and medicine on issues of ethics and reproductive technologies.”
- “Science must confront the uncomfortable prospect of dealing with human complexities.”
Examples and References for qauality enrichment:
- The frothing Bellandur lake in Bengaluru vs. scholarly papers on the “giant gravity hole in the Indian Ocean.”
- Collaborations between philosophy, business, and medicine on ethical issues.
- Real-life problems such as human cloning, stem cell research, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with religious components.
Facts and Data:
- Reference to Manu Rajan, a retired information scientist from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.
- Mention of the threats posed by developments such as artificial intelligence.
- Reference to the prevalence of disciplinary silos and reductionist approaches in Indian scientific institutions.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a compelling critique of the current scientific paradigm in India, highlighting its limitations in addressing real-life problems. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of knowledge from the humanities and social sciences. However, it could provide more concrete examples of successful interdisciplinary efforts and practical strategies for fostering collaboration. Additionally, the article could address potential challenges in implementing its proposed changes, such as institutional resistance and resource constraints.
Way Forward:
- Promote interdisciplinary research initiatives and provide incentives for collaboration.
- Establish platforms for dialogue and knowledge exchange between scientists and diverse stakeholders.
- Invest in education and training programs that emphasize holistic problem-solving skills.
- Foster a culture of humility, curiosity, and openness to diverse perspectives within the scientific community.
- Encourage partnerships between academic institutions, government agencies, and civil society organizations to address pressing societal challenges.
In conclusion, the article advocates for a paradigm shift in Indian science towards a more inclusive, interdisciplinary approach that prioritizes real-life problem-solving and societal impact. By embracing diverse forms of knowledge and collaborating across disciplines, scientists can better address the complex challenges facing society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Disguised unemployment
Mains level: India's economic stagnation, particularly in terms of industrialization and employment generation,
Central Idea:
The article explores India’s economic stagnation, particularly in terms of industrialization and employment generation, and proposes a shift towards high-skill, services-driven growth as advocated by Raghuram Rajan and Rohit Lamba in their book “Breaking the Mould: Reimagining India’s Economic Future”. It argues that traditional approaches to industrialization have not been effective in India and suggests that focusing on high-skill services, particularly in the IT sector, could stimulate manufacturing and address socio-economic inequalities.
Key Highlights:
- India’s historical struggle with industrialization despite various reform efforts.
- Proposal for a shift towards high-skill services-led growth to stimulate manufacturing.
- Critique of traditional industrial policy and its failure to address unemployment and trade deficits.
- Challenges posed by poor employment elasticity of services-led growth and inequality in the service sector.
- Impact of unequal access to education on labor market outcomes and economic disparities.
- Cultural factors contributing to India’s industrial stagnation, including undervaluing certain occupations and skills.
- Importance of mass education and collective absorptive capacity for innovation and economic development.
Key Challenges:
- Poor employment elasticity of services-led growth.
- Inequality in the service sector, particularly in terms of wages.
- Unequal access to education and skills training, exacerbating socio-economic disparities.
- Cultural attitudes towards certain occupations hindering innovation and industrial development.
- Lack of mass education and collective absorptive capacity for technological progress.
Main Terms:
- Industrialization
- Services-driven growth
- High-skill services
- Information technology (IT)
- Unemployment
- Trade deficit
- Inequality
- Mass education
- Absorptive capacity
- Technological progress
Important Phrases:
- “Premature deindustrialization”
- “Disguised unemployment”
- “Mass school education”
- “High-skill services pitch”
- “Cultural prerequisite for industrialization”
- “Useful knowledge”
- “Organic innovation in manufacturing”
- “Collective absorptive capacity”
- “Deep industrialization”
Quotes:
- “Rural entrepreneurship was able to grow out of the traditional agricultural sector on a massive scale [in China]. The rural Indian, in contrast, hampered by a poor endowment of human capital, were not able to start entrepreneurial ventures remotely on the scale of the Chinese.” – Yasheng Huang
- “India needs deep industrialization, not just the service sector, that has the power of changing the foundations of society.” – Authors (Rajan and Lamba)
Useful Statements:
- “India’s historical struggle with industrialization despite various reform efforts.”
- “Proposal for a shift towards high-skill services-led growth to stimulate manufacturing.”
- “Impact of unequal access to education on labor market outcomes and economic disparities.”
- “Importance of mass education and collective absorptive capacity for innovation and economic development.”
Examples and References:
- Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2021-22.
- Raghuram Rajan and Rohit Lamba’s book “Breaking the Mould: Reimagining India’s Economic Future”.
- Economic historian Joel Mokyr’s insights on the role of useful knowledge in economic development.
- Comparison between India and China’s approaches to rural entrepreneurship and industrialization.
Facts and Data:
- India’s manufacturing share in output and employment has been stagnant and below 20%.
- India’s trade deficit has been widening, largely driven by imported goods.
- Inequality in the service sector is higher compared to manufacturing.
- India is one of the world’s most unequal countries in terms of education.
Critical Analysis:
- The article presents a critical examination of India’s historical industrialization efforts and their limitations.
- It questions traditional approaches to industrial policy and offers a provocative alternative centered around high-skill services.
- The critique of inequality in the service sector and its implications for socio-economic disparities adds depth to the analysis.
- The cultural factors influencing India’s industrial stagnation provide valuable insights into the broader challenges faced by the country.
Way Forward:
- Emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to economic development that addresses both industrialization and service sector growth.
- Invest in mass education and skills training to enhance collective absorptive capacity and promote innovation.
- Reevaluate cultural attitudes towards certain occupations to foster organic innovation in manufacturing.
- Ensure that economic policies prioritize reducing inequality and promoting inclusive growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MSP, National Commission on Farmers, 2004
Mains level: Farmers woes and role of MSP
Introduction
- More than 200 farmers’ unions from Punjab plan to march to Delhi, demanding a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price (MSP).
- The imposition of Section 144 across Delhi highlights the significance of this protest.
Behind the Protest: Key Demands
- Legal Guarantee for MSP: Farmers demand a law to enforce MSP for all crops, aligned with the recommendations of the Dr. M S Swaminathan Commission.
- Full Debt Waiver: Complete debt waiver for farmers and laborers.
- Land Acquisition Act Implementation: Implementation of the Land Acquisition Act of 2013, with provisions for farmer consent and fair compensation.
- Withdrawal from WTO: India’s withdrawal from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and freezing of all free trade agreements.
- Pensions for Farmers: Provision of pensions for farmers and farm laborers.
- Compensation for Protest Deaths: Compensation for farmers who lost their lives during protests, including job opportunities for their family members.
- Scrapping of Electricity Amendment Bill 2020: Rejection of the Electricity Amendment Bill 2020.
- Enhanced MGNREGA Benefits: Increase in the number of days of employment under MGNREGA, higher daily wage, and linkage with farming activities.
- Penalties for Fake Seeds and Pesticides: Imposition of strict penalties on companies producing fake seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers.
- National Commission for Spices: Establishment of a national commission for spices such as chili and turmeric.
- Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples over water, forests, and land.
Why such furore over MSP?
- Market Dynamics: Farmers often operate in a buyer’s market, lacking the bargaining power to influence prices for their produce.
- Need for Stability: MSP provides farmers with a safety net, ensuring they receive a minimum price for their crops regardless of market fluctuations.
What is the Minimum Support Price (MSP)?
- MSP in India originated in response to food shortages in the 1960s, notably during the Bihar famine of 1966–1967.
- Agricultural Price Commission (APC) was established in 1965 to implement price policies like procurement at pre-decided prices and MSP.
- Over time, the APC evolved into the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) in 1985, with broader terms of reference.
- Announcement: The government bases its announcement on the recommendations given by the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP).
- Formulae for Calculation:
- A2: Costs incurred by the farmer in production of a particular crop. It includes several inputs such as expenditure on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, leased-in land, hired labour, machinery and fuel
- A2+FL: Costs incurred by the farmer and the value of family labour
- C2: A comprehensive cost, which is A2+FL cost plus imputed rental value of owned land plus interest on fixed capital, rent paid for leased-in land
- National Commission of Farmers also known as the Swaminathan Commission (2004) recommended that the MSP should at least be 50 per cent more than the weighted average CoP, which it refers to as the C2 cost.
- The government maintains that the MSP was fixed at a level of at least 1.5 times of the all-India weighted average CoP, but it calculates this cost as 1.5 times of A2+FL.
- Crops covered are-
- The CACP recommends MSPs for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane.
- The mandated crops include 14 crops of the kharif season, 6 rabi crops and 2 other commercial crops.
Criticism of MSP and Alternatives
- Economists’ Perspective: Many economists criticize government-fixed MSPs, advocating for income support schemes as a more efficient alternative.
- Income Support Schemes: Direct income support offers fixed payments to farmers, irrespective of crop choice or market conditions, aiming to provide stable income.
Approaches to Guarantee MSP
- Conventional Methods: Historically, MSP was enforced through mandatory buyer payments or government procurement. However, these methods face challenges in implementation and sustainability.
- Price Deficiency Payments (PDP): PDP offers an alternative approach, wherein the government compensates farmers for the difference between MSP and market price, without physical procurement.
PDP Models in Practice
[1] Madhya Pradesh: Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana
- Model: It experimented with PDP but encountered challenges in sustainability and central support.
- Operational Mechanism: Market price is determined based on average modal rates in APMC mandis, with payments backed by sale agreements, weighment slips, and payment letters.
[2] Haryana: Bhavantar Bharpai Yojana
- Model: It combines physical procurement with PDP, demonstrating feasibility in certain crops.
- Operational Platform: BBY operates on the ‘Meri Fasal, Mera Byaura’ portal, where farmers register their details and area sown under different crops.
- Registration Process: Registration for kharif and rabi crops is open during specific periods, followed by crop area verification through satellite imaging.
- Hybrid Approach: Haryana combines physical procurement with PDP under BBY, depending on the gap between MSP and market price.
- Payment Structure: PDP rates are fixed, derived from average quotes at the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, with farmers paid based on the three-year average yield for their block/sub-district.
Way Forward
- Scaling PDP Nationwide: A nationwide PDP scheme, with central funding, could incentivize states to adopt similar models, leveraging existing market infrastructure for efficient MSP delivery.
- Infrastructure Development: Investing in market infrastructure and transaction recording systems is crucial for widespread MSP implementation, ensuring transparency and accountability.
Conclusion
- Policy Implications: The debate over MSP guarantee underscores the need for balanced policies that address farmers’ concerns while ensuring market efficiency.
- Alternative: Exploring innovative mechanisms like PDP alongside traditional approaches can offer a viable solution to the challenge of MSP guarantee, benefiting farmers across diverse agricultural landscapes.
Back2Basics: National Commission on Farmers, 2004 (MS Swaminathan Commission)
- Established in 2004 under the chairmanship of Prof. M. S. Swaminathan.
- Submits five reports between December 2004 and October 2006.
- Reflects priorities outlined in the Common Minimum Programme.
Key Recommendations
- Addressing Agrarian Distress: Implement holistic national policy for farmers; Ensure farmers’ control over resources like land, water, credit, and markets.
- Land Reforms: Distribute surplus land and prevent diversion of agricultural land; Advocate for inserting “Agriculture” in the Concurrent List of the Constitution.
- Water Management: Ensure sustained water access and promote rainwater harvesting.
- Infrastructure Investment: Increase public investment in agricultural infrastructure; Promote conservation farming and soil health.
- Credit and Financial Support: Expand rural credit, lower interest rates, and establish agriculture risk fund; Provide debt restructuring and health insurance to farmers.
- Food Security: Establish universal public distribution system and nutrition support programs.
- Preventing Farmers’ Suicides: Provide measures to prevent farmers’ suicides, including health insurance and debt restructuring.
- Market Reforms: Promote farmers’ organizations, improve MSP implementation, and market reforms.
- Employment Opportunities: Focus on creating productive employment opportunities and improving wage parity.
- Bioresources: Preserve traditional rights, conserve biodiversity, and enhance crop and animal breeds.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deputy CM
Mains level: Political alliances and their stable functioning
Introduction
- The Supreme Court recently dismissed a petition challenging the appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers in States, stating that the position does not breach the Constitution.
- Despite lacking constitutional backing, Deputy CM play significant roles in state governments, raising questions about their powers, significance, and concerns.
What is the Deputy CM Position?
- Constitutional Status: Unlike the Vice President of India, the Deputy CM post is political rather than constitutional.
- Origin: The post traces back to the Deputy PM position established in 1947 post-independence, leading to the evolution of Deputy CM roles in states.
- Appointment and Tenure: Deputy CMs are appointed and removed at the discretion of the Chief Minister, who may appoint multiple Deputy CMs.
- Historical Context: Anugrah Narayan Sinha of Bihar was the first Deputy CM post-Independence, with 12 states in India having Deputy CMs as of July 2023.
Powers and Responsibilities
- Rank and Pay: Deputy CMs hold a rank equivalent to cabinet ministers, receiving similar pays and perks.
- Portfolio Allocation: They are entrusted with portfolios, although typically smaller in scale compared to the Chief Minister.
- Financial Powers: Deputy CMs hold no specific financial authority, requiring approval from the Chief Minister for expenditures exceeding allocated budgets.
- Administrative Role: They facilitate governance and administration, acting as a bridge between the ruling party and its allies.
Significance of Deputy CMs
- Political Stability: Deputy CMs contribute to coalition government stability by bridging gaps between ruling parties and allies, reducing incidents of anti-defection.
- Representation and Trust: Their presence ensures better representation of communities, fostering public trust in governance.
- Succession and Accountability: Deputy CMs serve as potential successors to the Chief Minister, promoting transparency and accountability in government.
Concerns and Suggestions
- Lack of Constitutional Backing: Raises concerns about role ambiguity and potential exploitation by Chief Ministers.
- Multiplicity of Appointments: No limit on the number of Deputy CMs can lead to appeasement and governance complexities.
- Complexity in Governance: Overlapping roles with cabinet ministers may complicate governance and administration.
Future Perspectives
- Clarity and Limitations: Need for a defined role and limitations for Deputy CMs to simplify governance structures.
- Political Literacy: Enhancing awareness among citizens about the role and function of Deputy CMs is essential for informed governance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RuPay and UPI
Mains level: Rupee as regional and global currency
Introduction
- RBI has announced the establishment of RuPay card and Unified Payments Interface (UPI) connectivity between India and Mauritius, as well as UPI connectivity between India and Sri Lanka.
- This initiative aims to deepen financial integration and facilitate digital payments among citizens of the three countries.
Discussion: Rupee Integration with Neighbours
- UPI in Mauritius: Indian travellers visiting Mauritius can now pay merchants in Mauritius using UPI, while Mauritian travellers can utilize the Instant Payment System (IPS) app for payments in India.
- RuPay Adoption: The MauCAS card scheme in Mauritius will leverage RuPay technology, allowing banks to issue RuPay cards domestically. These cards can be used at ATMs and Point of Sale (PoS) terminals in Mauritius and India.
- First Adoption: Mauritius becomes the first country outside Asia to implement RuPay technology, enabling acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at ATMs and PoS terminals within Mauritius.
- QR Code Payments in SL: Indian travellers can make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps.
About RuPay and UPI
[A] RuPay Debit Cards
|
Details |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Conceived by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
First global card payment network of India
Wide acceptance at ATMs, POS devices, and e-commerce websites |
| Security Measures |
Highly secure network against anti-phishing
Supports electronic payments at all Indian banks and financial institutions |
| International Acceptance |
NPCI maintains ties with Discover Financial, JCB for international acceptance |
| Issuers |
More than 1100 banks including public sector, private, regional banks, and cooperatives |
| Core Promoter Banks |
SBI, PNB, Canara Bank, BOB, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Citibank, HSBC |
[B] Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
|
Details |
| Launch |
April 11, 2016 |
| Developed by |
National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) |
| Key Features |
Enables simple, easy, and quick transactions using Unified Payments Interface (UPI) |
| Payment Methods |
Direct bank payments using UPI ID or QR code scanning
Requesting money from a UPI ID |
| Working |
Transfers using UPI ID, mobile number, QR code, or Virtual Payment Address.
Offers consistent transaction PIN across apps, enhancing cross-operability.
Supports push and pull transactions, over-the-counter payments, and recurring payments such as utility bills and subscriptions. |
Countries where UPI works
|
Details |
| Bhutan |
Launched in July 13, 2021.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Ltd (NIPL) and the Royal Monetary Authority (RMA) of Bhutan.
First country to adopt UPI. |
| Oman |
Launched on October 4, 2022.
Enables acceptance of Indian RuPay cards at all OmanNet network ATMs, POS & E-commerce sites.
Allows reciprocal acceptance of Oman cards/MPCSS in the networks of NPCI in India. |
| Mauritius |
Connectivity allows Indian visitors in Mauritius to use UPI for local payments, and vice versa for Mauritian tourists in India using the Instant Payment System (IPS) app.
Enables issuance of RuPay cards by banks in Mauritius through the MauCAS card network. |
| Sri Lanka |
Digital payments connectivity enables Indian travellers to make QR code-based payments at merchant locations in Sri Lanka using their UPI apps. |
| Nepal |
Nepali users can make bank transfers to India using a unified payment interface (UPI) ID through mobile banking. |
| France |
UPI service launched at the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France this year.
Partnership between NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) and Lyra, a French leader in securing e-commerce and proximity payments. |
| Southeast Asia |
Agreement signed between NIPL and Liquid Group to enable QR-based UPI payments in 10 countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Cambodia, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. |
Why such move?
- Tourism Promotion: Facilitating digital payments through RuPay and UPI encourages tourists from India to visit Mauritius and Sri Lanka by providing them with convenient payment options.
- Financial Integration: The rollout of RuPay and UPI fosters closer economic ties between India, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka by enabling cross-border transactions and financial services.
- Diversification (away from Maldives): By providing modern payment infrastructure and options comparable to those in popular tourist destinations like Mauritius and Sri Lanka can attract more tourists and diversify their tourism sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Black Hole and related terminologies
Mains level: Evidences confirming gravitational waves, relativity theory and black holes
Introduction
- Scientists have revealed new insights into a colossal black hole located 53 million light-years away, initially captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017.
- This groundbreaking achievement provided the first visual confirmation of the existence of black holes, validating a key prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
Key Findings by EHT
- The new data, obtained with improved telescope coverage and resolution, reiterated the previous discovery of the black hole’s ‘shadow’.
- The findings confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure consistent with strong gravitational lensing effects.
- Observations indicated a stable ring formation process over time, with subtle changes suggesting variations in the magnetic field structure.
About Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
|
Description |
| About |
A large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes.
Uses Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Resolution of 25 micro-arc-seconds |
| Collaboration |
International collaboration involving over 300 members and 60 institutions across 20 countries and regions |
| Launch Year |
Initiated in 2009 |
| First Image Published |
April 10, 2019 (First image of a black hole, M87*) |
| Objective |
Observation of objects the size of a supermassive black hole’s event horizon |
| Key Targets |
Black holes including M87* and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) |
| Recent Developments |
First image of black hole (March 2021), first image of Sgr A* (May 12, 2022) |
| Reconstructive Algorithms |
Includes CLEAN algorithm and regularized maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm |
| Scientific Implications |
Verification of general relativity, measurement of black hole mass and diameter, study of accretion processes |
Back2Basics: Black Holes and Related Concepts
|
Definition |
| Black hole |
A region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. |
| Event horizon |
The boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing can escape its gravitational pull. |
| Singularity |
A point within a black hole where gravity becomes infinitely strong and spacetime curvature becomes infinite. |
| Gravitational collapse |
The process by which massive stars collapse under their own gravity to form black holes. |
| Schwarzschild radius |
The radius of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole. |
| Hawking radiation |
Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects near the event horizon, predicted by physicist Stephen Hawking. |
| Accretion disk |
A rotating disk of matter that forms around a black hole as it pulls in surrounding gas and dust. |
| Supermassive black hole |
A black hole with a mass millions or billions of times greater than that of the Sun, found at the center of most galaxies. |
| Quasar |
A luminous object powered by an active galactic nucleus, thought to be fueled by the accretion of material onto a supermassive black hole. |
| Neutron star |
A highly compact star composed primarily of neutrons, formed from the collapsed core of a massive star. |
| White dwarf |
A small, dense star composed of electron-degenerate matter, formed from the remnants of a low to medium mass star. |
| Gravitational waves |
Ripples in spacetime caused by the acceleration of massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars. |
| Black Hole Information Paradox |
The theoretical problem concerning the loss of information about the initial state of matter swallowed by a black hole, which contradicts the principles of quantum mechanics. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SWATI Portal
Mains level: Women in STEMM, Various initiatives
Introduction
- The “Science for Women-A Technology & Innovation (SWATI)” Portal was recently launched by the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India.
About SWATI Portal
- Objective: Designed to be a comprehensive online platform, SWATI aims to showcase the contributions of Indian women and girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM).
- Single portal: SWATI serves as a single online portal representing Indian women and girls in STEMM fields.
- Database: It hosts a database that will aid in policy-making to address gender-gap challenges in STEMM.
- Interactive Platform: SWATI offers an interactive database, a pioneering initiative in India, developed, hosted, and maintained by the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi.
- Faculty: Featuring faculty members from Indian universities, autonomous organizations, and key ministries such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, CSIR, DBT, DST, MHRD, UGC, GATI, and KIRAN.
Objectives
- Scaling Efforts: The portal seeks to exponentially scale up efforts to include every Indian woman in science (WiS), covering all career stages and subjects in both academia and industry.
- Research Facilitation: By enabling reliable and statistically significant long-term research on equality, diversity, and inclusivity issues in India, SWATI aims to develop an active search engine and searchable database.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women’s Reservation Bill.
Mains level: policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity and inclusion
Central Idea:
The article highlights India’s commitment to gender equity and equality, emphasizing initiatives taken by both the government and industry to advance women’s empowerment. It discusses key achievements, challenges, and the launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ to drive inclusive development globally.
Key Highlights:
- India’s dedication to equality and inclusion as pillars of development, evidenced by initiatives like the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and the Women’s Reservation Bill.
- Increase in female participation in various sectors, including politics, education, and entrepreneurship.
- Launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ at the World Economic Forum, aiming to accelerate socio-economic progress on a global scale.
- India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech, healthcare, and entrepreneurship, reflected in the Alliance’s goals.
- The Alliance’s partnership with stakeholders like the CII, Ministry of Women and Child Development, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, along with support from the World Economic Forum.
Key Challenges:
- Addressing persistent gender disparities in various sectors despite progress.
- Ensuring effective implementation of policies and initiatives to promote gender equity.
- Overcoming societal and cultural barriers that hinder women’s advancement.
- Mobilizing resources and sustaining momentum for inclusive development efforts.
- Encouraging broader global participation and collaboration to drive meaningful change.
Main Terms:
- Gender equity: Fair treatment and opportunities for all genders.
- Gender equality: Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders.
- Women’s empowerment: Enhancing women’s ability to access resources and participate fully in society.
- Inclusive development: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, including marginalized groups.
- Stakeholders: Individuals or organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue or initiative.
Important Phrases:
- “Women-led development”: Development initiatives driven by and focused on women’s empowerment.
- “Mainstreaming gender equality”: Integrating gender considerations into all aspects of policymaking and development efforts.
- “Shared direction”: Collaborative approach towards addressing gender-related challenges and promoting inclusion.
- “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”: Indian philosophy emphasizing the interconnectedness of all beings and the world.
- “Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas”: Indian motto promoting inclusive development for all.
Quotes:
- “Equality and inclusion are the cornerstones of India’s development journey.”
- “The enthusiasm around the We-Lead Lounge… saw global interest and curiosity.”
- “India’s abiding commitment to ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future’.”
Anecdotes:
- Success stories in space exploration, sports, entrepreneurship, and UN peacekeeping operations highlight India’s achievements and influence.
- The We-Lead Lounge at Davos served as a platform for meaningful discussions on inclusive development.
Useful Statements:
- “The Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality aims to drive collective actions to augment women empowerment.”
- “India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech and healthcare makes it a key contributor to global development efforts.”
- “Industry has an opportunity to invest in proven programs and initiatives to advance gender inclusion in the workspace.”
Examples and References:
- Passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill and increased female labor force participation rates.
- Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.
- India’s digital prowess and leadership in healthcare, highlighted through initiatives like the Alliance for Global Good.
Facts and Data:
- Increase in India’s female labor force participation rate from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23.
- Allocation of nearly $27 billion under the gender budget in 2023-24.
- Female enrollment in STEM courses at 43%.
- Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.
Critical Analysis:
- The article showcases India’s progress in promoting gender equity but also acknowledges ongoing challenges.
- It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government, industry, and other stakeholders to drive meaningful change.
- While highlighting achievements, it also recognizes the need for sustained efforts to address persistent gender disparities.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity and inclusion.
- Continued investment in programs and initiatives to support women’s empowerment across various sectors.
- Enhancing global collaboration and partnerships to drive inclusive development efforts.
- Addressing societal and cultural barriers through awareness campaigns and education.
- Monitoring and evaluation of progress to ensure accountability and sustainability in gender-related initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian STEM fields
Mains level: Launch of SWATI portal in 2024
Central Idea:
The article discusses the efforts of Indian science academies to address the gender gap in STEM fields, focusing on initiatives such as the launch of the SWATI portal. It highlights the evolution of these efforts, challenges faced, and the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.
Key Highlights:
- Launch of SWATI portal by Indian science academies to create a database of women in science.
- Evolution of initiatives starting from the INSA report in 2004, highlighting discrimination and proposing solutions.
- Efforts like Lilavati’s Daughters compendium and national conferences to address gender gap issues.
- Gendered perceptions uncovered by sociologists and scientists regarding women leaving academia.
- Critique of initiatives focusing solely on “fixing” women instead of addressing systemic issues.
- Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopting more progressive language and inclusive approaches.
- Concerns about the effectiveness and sustainability of new initiatives like SWATI.
Key Challenges:
- Deep-rooted discrimination based on gender, caste, transgender identity, and disability.
- Lack of accountability for addressing systemic issues within the scientific community.
- Need for rules and laws to ensure gender equity and address unique challenges faced by marginalized groups.
- Risk of new initiatives losing momentum and failing to deliver on promises.
Main Terms:
- Gender gap: Disparity between men and women in STEM fields.
- Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on gender, caste, or other factors.
- Gender equity: Fair treatment regardless of gender.
- Inclusive policies: Strategies that consider diverse identities and experiences.
- STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Important Phrases:
- “Gender gap in STEM”
- “Discrimination in the workplace”
- “Systemic issues”
- “Inclusive group”
- “Gendered perceptions”
Quotes:
- “It is the females who need to be ‘fixed.'”
- “Equity is not just a women’s issue.”
Anecdotes:
- Launch of SWATI portal on International Day for Girls and Women in Science.
- Announcement of promises by then Science and Technology Minister Kapil Sibal at a national conference in 2008.
Useful Statements:
- “Initiatives focusing solely on ‘fixing’ women overlook systemic issues.”
- “Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopt more progressive language.”
Examples and References:
- Indian National Science Academy (INSA) report in 2004.
- Lilavati’s Daughters compendium by the Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc).
- Launch of SWATI portal in 2024.
Facts and Data:
- Collaboration between scientists and social scientists in the INSA report in 2004.
- Survey of about 800 scientists revealing gendered perceptions in academia.
- Announcement of promises for women scientists by Kapil Sibal in 2008.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive overview of efforts to address the gender gap in Indian STEM fields, highlighting both progress made and persistent challenges. It critiques initiatives that focus solely on individual women without addressing systemic issues and emphasizes the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.
Way Forward:
- Implement and monitor policies that address discrimination and promote gender equity.
- Engage diverse stakeholders, including marginalized groups, in policy development and implementation.
- Ensure transparency and accountability in initiatives like SWATI to maintain momentum and effectiveness.
- Foster a culture of inclusivity and support within the scientific community to retain and empower women in STEM.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Rakhine State
Mains level: complexities surrounding the Indian-Myanmar border situation
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Central Idea:
The article discusses the complex situation at the Indian-Myanmar border, particularly in Mizoram, highlighting the influx of Myanmar soldiers seeking refuge and the growing influence of rebel groups. It also examines India’s response to these developments, focusing on the challenges posed by border security, economic interests, and diplomatic considerations.
Key Highlights:
- Refugee Crisis: Myanmar soldiers fleeing conflict in Chin State seek refuge in Mizoram, exacerbating tensions at the border.
- Rebel Advancements: Rebel groups, such as the Chin National Army and the Arakan Army, gain control over significant territories along the border, challenging the authority of the Myanmar government.
- Indian Response: India grapples with the security implications of the border situation, considering measures like building fences and ending the Free Movement Regime (FMR).
- Economic Interests: India’s economic interests in Myanmar, particularly in rebel-held areas like Rakhine State, necessitate a cautious approach amid escalating conflict.
- Diplomatic Dynamics: India’s policies in the region are influenced by considerations of regional stability, cooperation with Myanmar’s government, and competing interests with China.
Key Challenges:
- Security Concerns: India faces challenges in maintaining border security amidst escalating conflict and infiltration by armed groups.
- Economic Implications: Balancing economic interests with security concerns poses a dilemma for Indian policymakers.
- Diplomatic Complexity: India must navigate diplomatic relations with Myanmar while considering regional dynamics and competition with China.
- Social Impact: Measures like ending the Free Movement Regime may strain familial and tribal ties across the border, potentially leading to social unrest.
Main Terms:
- Rebel Groups
- Free Movement Regime (FMR)
- Border Security
- Refugee Crisis
- Economic Interests
- Regional Stability
Important Phrases:
- “Liberated zones”
- “Border fencing”
- “Neighbourhood First”
- “Act East”
- “Arakan Army surged”
Quotes:
- “We were surprised by how quickly the army posts fell.”
- “…the kinship and tribal ties are such that they will not be curbed by the measures.”
- “Neither China nor India are likely to change their current policies till such a viable process is in place.”
Useful Statements:
- “Calls for fencing the border have been strongest from the beleaguered Chief Minister of Manipur.”
- “India has not retreated from its support to the army dispensation in Myanmar.”
- “Rebel armed groups, some of which have been fighting the Myanmar army for over 70 years, are unlikely to be able to march on the capital of Naypyidaw.”
Examples and References:
- Chin National Army’s control over Chin State.
- Arakan Army’s campaign in Paletwa.
- India’s Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project in Rakhine State.
Facts and Data:
- Chin refugees sheltering in Mizoram after the 2021 coup in Myanmar.
- India’s eastern border with Myanmar.
- Proposal to end the Free Movement Regime allowing movement up to 16 km across borders.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding the Indian-Myanmar border situation, emphasizing the interconnectedness of security, economic, and diplomatic factors. It highlights the challenges faced by India in maintaining stability in the region amidst escalating conflict and competing interests with China.
Way Forward:
- India should adopt a balanced approach that prioritizes both security and economic interests.
- Diplomatic engagement with Myanmar should focus on promoting stability and addressing the root causes of conflict.
- Efforts to secure the border should be accompanied by measures to mitigate social and economic impacts on border communities.
Overall, a comprehensive strategy that considers the multifaceted nature of the border situation is essential for India to effectively navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by its eastern frontier with Myanmar.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nazool Land, Laws governing it
Mains level: Issues with anti-encroachment drives
Introduction
- Violence erupted in Uttarakhand’s Haldwani district after the administration conducted a demolition drive at the site allegedly on Nazool Land.
What is Nazool Land?
- Definition: Nazool land refers to government-owned land that is often leased out to entities for specific purposes, rather than being directly administered as state property.
- Lease Terms: Entities leasing Nazool land typically hold it for a fixed period, ranging from 15 to 99 years, with the option to renew the lease upon expiration.
Historical Context
- Origins: Nazool land emerged during British rule in India when lands confiscated from opposing kings and kingdoms were designated as state property.
- Post-Independence: After Independence, these lands were transferred to the respective state governments due to a lack of proper documentation to prove prior ownership by the former royal families.
Governance of Nazool Land
- Legal Framework: While various states have implemented government orders to regulate Nazool land, the Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, are frequently utilized for adjudication.
- Lease Renewal Process: The renewal or cancellation of leases for Nazool land is typically managed by the Revenue Department of the local development authority.
Utilization of Nazool Land
- Public Purposes: Nazool land is commonly used by the government for public infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals, and Gram Panchayat buildings.
- Housing Societies: In urban areas, Nazool land is often leased out for housing societies and other residential developments.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN, DPDP Bill, GPAI
Mains level: Key takeaways from Global AI Governance Measures
Introduction
- Background: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) recently unveiled its AI governance and ethics guidelines during the 4th ASEAN Digital Ministers’ Meeting in Singapore.
- Objective: These guidelines outline a voluntary and business-friendly vision for managing AI technologies while fostering economic growth.
About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
| Established |
August 8, 1967 |
| Members |
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam |
| Objective |
To promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability among member countries. |
| Key Areas of Cooperation |
- Economic Integration
- Political and Security Cooperation
- Social and Cultural Cooperation
|
| Significance |
Promotes economic growth, stability, and peace in the Southeast Asian region. It is also a forum for diplomatic dialogue and conflict resolution. |
| ASEAN Secretariat |
Jakarta, Indonesia (The ASEAN Secretariat is the organization responsible for coordinating ASEAN activities.) |
ASEAN’s AI Regulations
- Flexibility and Specificity: ASEAN’s regulations are less prescriptive compared to the EU’s, reflecting the region’s diverse digital ecosystem and infrastructure.
- Soft Law Approach: Instead of enacting hard law, ASEAN favors voluntary guidelines and codes of conduct to regulate AI.
Comparison with EU’s AI Regulation
- Diverging Approaches: ASEAN’s approach to AI regulation contrasts with the European Union’s (EU) more stringent framework, known as the AI Act, which imposes stricter rules on AI usage.
- EU Lobbying Efforts: EU officials have attempted to persuade Asian nations to align with their regulations, but ASEAN’s guidelines signal a departure from the EU’s stance.
About EU Framework for AI Regulation
European Union has prepared to implement the world’s first comprehensive legislation aimed at regulating AI, with a parliamentary vote expected in early 2024 and potential enforcement by 2025.
Components of the EU Framework:
|
Description |
| Safeguards in Legislation |
- Individuals can file complaints against AI violations.
- Clear boundaries on AI use by law enforcement.
- Strong restrictions on facial recognition and AI manipulation of human behaviour.
- Tough penalties for companies found breaking the rules.
- Real-time biometric surveillance in public areas is permitted only for serious threats.
|
|
| Categorization of AI Applications |
AI applications are classified into four risk categories based on their level of risk and invasiveness.
- Banned Applications: Mass-scale facial recognition and behavioural control AI applications are largely banned.
- High-Risk Applications: Allowed with certification and transparency requirements.
- Medium-Risk Applications: Deployable without restrictions, with disclosure to users about AI interaction.
- No Risk
|
| Other Regulatory Achievements |
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Enforced since May 2018, focusing on privacy and data processing consent. |
Challenges in ASEAN’s Regulatory Landscape
- Diverse Political Systems: ASEAN comprises nations with varied political systems, making consensus-building on issues like censorship challenging.
- Varying Tech Sector Maturity: Disparities exist within ASEAN, with some members boasting advanced tech sectors while others are still developing their digital infrastructure.
ASEAN’s Voluntary Approach
- Avoiding Over-Regulation: ASEAN nations are cautious about over-regulating AI to avoid stifling innovation and driving investment away.
- Emphasis on Talent Development: The guidelines prioritize nurturing AI talent, upskilling workforces, and investing in research and development.
Future Prospects for ASEAN’s AI Regulation
- Potential for Stricter Regulations: While ASEAN’s current approach is incremental, some member states, like Indonesia and the Philippines, have expressed interest in enacting comprehensive AI legislation.
- EU’s Influence: The implementation of the EU’s AI Act will influence ASEAN’s policymakers, shaping their decisions on future AI regulation.
How India is planning to regulate AI?
| Major Advocacies |
- #AIFORALL: Aimed at inclusivity, started in 2018.
- NITI Aayog’s National Strategy for AI (2018): Includes a chapter on responsible AI.
- Principles of Responsible AI: Outlined in a 2021 paper by NITI Aayog.
- IndiaAI Program: Launched in 2023 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
- TRAI Recommendations: Proposed a risk-based framework for regulation.
|
| Major Sector Initiatives |
- Healthcare: Ethical guidelines for AI issued by the Indian Council of Medical Research in June 2023.
- Capital Market: SEBI circular in January 2019 guiding AI policies in the capital market.
- Education: National Education Policy 2020 suggests integrating AI awareness into school courses.
|
| Multilateral |
- India joined the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) as a founding member in 2020.
- Became the Chair of the GPAI in November 2022 after France.
- Hosted the GPAI Summit in December 2023.
|
Conclusion
- Policy Considerations: ASEAN’s approach to AI governance balances the need for regulation with the promotion of innovation and economic growth.
- Monitoring EU Developments: ASEAN will closely monitor the implementation and impact of the EU’s AI Act to inform its own regulatory decisions.
- Evolution of AI Regulation: The trajectory of AI regulation in ASEAN will depend on factors such as technological advancements, regional cooperation, and global regulatory trends.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UAPA Bail Provisions
Mains level: Bail as a diffuser in UAPA Provisions
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s recent decision to deny bail to an accused in an alleged “Khalistan module,” highlights the stringent bail provisions under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA).
- Unlike ordinary criminal law, the UAPA imposes higher hurdles for granting bail, reflecting the gravity of offenses related to terrorism and unlawful activities.
About Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
|
Description |
| Purpose |
To provide for the prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations, dealing with terrorist activities, and activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. |
| Applicability |
- Indian and foreign nationals and applies throughout India.
- Citizens of India outside India, persons in the service of the Government, and persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
|
| Origin |
- Enacted in 1967 based on the recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism.
- Followed the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, which empowered Parliament to impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peaceably, and right to form associations or unions.
|
| Key Provisions |
- Declaration as unlawful (Section 3): Central government has absolute power to declare any association unlawful.
- Chargesheet (Section 45): Investigating agency must file a chargesheet within 180 days after arrests, extendable further after court intimation.
- Punishment (Section 16, 18): Includes death penalty and life imprisonment.
|
| 2004 Amendment |
- Added “Terrorist Act”: To the list of offenses enabling the ban of organizations involved in terrorist activities.
- Expanded the definition of “unlawful” activities: To include terrorist acts, in addition to actions related to secession and cession of territory.
|
| 2019 Amendment |
- Central Government to designate individuals as terrorists based on specific grounds.
- National Investigation Agency (NIA) DG, authority to approve seizure or attachment of property during NIA investigations.
- NIA officers of the rank of Inspector or above to investigate terrorism cases, expanding the scope from officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police.
|
Bail Provisions in UAPA: Section 43D (5)
- Key Provision: Section 43D (5) of the UAPA stipulates that accused individuals charged under specific chapters of the Act shall not be granted bail unless certain conditions are met.
- Bail Criteria: The law places the burden on the accused to demonstrate to the court that the accusations against them are not prima facie true, shifting the onus from the prosecution to the defense.
Impact of Judicial Precedents
- Watali Judgment (2019): The Supreme Court’s ruling in Zahoor Ahmed Shah Watali v NIA established a precedent wherein bail decisions under the UAPA are based solely on accepting the prosecution’s case at face value.
- Limitations on Defense: Legal scholars argue that the Watali judgment restricts the defense’s ability to challenge the prosecution’s case effectively, undermining the principle of a fair trial.
Post-Watali Developments
- Court Discretion: Despite the stringent bail provisions, courts have granted bail in certain cases, emphasizing the need for specific, individual charges supported by credible evidence.
- Differing Judicial Interpretations: Subsequent judgments, such as in Union of India vs KA Najeeb (February 2021) and Vernon Gonsalves v State of Maharashtra (July 2023), have provided nuances to the bail criteria, recognizing the importance of balancing liberty with the right to a speedy trial.
Challenges and Future Implications
- Legal Ambiguity: Divergent interpretations by different benches highlight the need for clarity in UAPA bail provisions, with the potential for larger benches to resolve conflicting precedents.
- Case Analysis: The recent denial of bail to a Khalistani protagonist underscores the predominance of the Watali ruling in UAPA bail decisions, despite potential inconsistencies with other judgments.
Conclusion
- Balancing Rights: The debate over UAPA bail provisions reflects the delicate balance between safeguarding national security and protecting individual liberties.
- Legal Evolution: The evolution of judicial interpretations will shape the future landscape of UAPA bail jurisprudence, influencing the rights of accused individuals in cases involving national security concerns.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayushman Bharat Scheme, ASHA and Anganwadi Workers
Mains level: ASHA and Anganwadi Workers
Introduction
- Following the Centre’s decision to extend health coverage under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme to Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Anganwadi workers and helpers, the Health Ministry has initiated the process of enrollment.
- The Health Ministry has received Aadhaar details of 23 lakh Anganwadi workers and helpers and over three lakh ASHA workers from various states.
About Ayushman Bharat Scheme
|
Details |
| Launch |
2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) |
| Aim |
Achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by providing promotive, preventive, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative care. |
| Funding |
Centrally Sponsored Scheme (expenditure shared between Central and State governments) |
| Coverage |
Targets over 10 crore families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) based on SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census) |
| Implementing Agency |
National Health Authority (NHA) |
| Components |
- Health and Wellness Centres (HWC) providing primary care services.
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) offering health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year.
|
| Coverage Details |
- Covers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
- Includes pre-hospitalization and post-hospitalization expenses.
- No restrictions on family size, age, or gender.
|
| Portability of Benefits |
Benefits are portable across the country, allowing cashless treatment at any empanelled public or private hospital in India. |
| Digital Overture |
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Launched in 2021 to provide Unique Digital Health IDs (UHID) for all Indian citizens, facilitating electronic access to health records. |
Significance of ASHA Program
- Workforce: As of December 31, 2023, there were over 13 lakh Anganwadi workers and over 10 lakh Anganwadi helpers in the country, along with 9.83 lakh ASHAs in position.
- Program Scale: India’s ASHA program is recognized as the world’s largest community volunteer program, operating across 35 states and union territories.
- Role of ASHAs: The ASHA program serves as a vital component of community healthcare, facilitating access to care and playing a crucial role in the prevention and management of COVID-19.
- Contribution Acknowledged: ASHAs have been recognized for their substantial contribution to improving access to care for communities and are integral to various community platforms under the National Health Mission.
Ayushman Bharat Scheme Impact
- Beneficiary Coverage: Currently, 55 crore individuals corresponding to 12 crore families are covered under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, with some states/UTs expanding the beneficiary base at their own cost.
- Enrollment and Hospital Admissions: The government has issued approximately 28.45 crore Ayushman cards, authorizing over 6.11 crore hospital admissions amounting to ₹78,188 crores.
- Hospital Empanelment: A total of 26,901 hospitals, including 11,813 private hospitals, have been empanelled under AB-PMJAY to provide healthcare services to scheme beneficiaries.
- Gender Equity: The scheme ensures gender equity in access to healthcare services, with women accounting for approximately 49% of Ayushman cards created and 48% of total authorized hospital admissions.
Back2Basics:
[1] Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)
|
Details |
| Launch Year |
2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission.
Later extended to urban areas with the National Urban Health Mission in 2013. |
| Program Scope |
Largest community health worker program globally, serving as health care facilitators, service providers, and health awareness generators. |
| Number of ASHAs |
Over 10.52 Lakh ASHAs across all states/UTs (except Goa) as of June 2022. |
| Role |
Provide maternal and child health services, family planning, and services under National Disease Control Programme. |
| Service Population |
Serve populations of approximately 1,000 in rural areas and 2,000 in urban areas, with local adjustments based on workload. |
| Selection Criteria |
- Primarily women residents of the village, preferably aged 25 to 45.
- Literacy preferred and relaxed standards for tribal, hilly, or desert areas.
|
| Employment Classification |
Considered honorary/volunteer positions rather than government workers. |
[2] Anganwadi Programme
|
Details |
| Initiation |
- Started by the Government of India in 1975
- Part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
|
| Objective |
To combat child hunger and malnutrition |
| Implementation |
Centrally sponsored scheme implemented by States/UTs |
| Services Provided |
- Supplementary nutrition
- Pre-school non-formal education
- Immunization
- Health check-up
- Nutrition and health education
- Referral services
|
| Beneficiaries |
Identified based on Aadhaar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DPDP Bill, 2023
Mains level: Children's Online Safety
Introduction
- Recent Congressional hearings, including Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s public apology, shed light on the alarming rise of online child exploitation, prompting global concerns over children’s safety on social media platforms.
- Tech giants face mounting pressure worldwide as parents and activists demand increased accountability and safer online environments for children, highlighting issues beyond privacy concerns to encompass broader security risks.
Risks to Children’s Online Safety
- UNICEF Report Findings: A UNICEF report titled ‘The Metaverse, Extended Reality and Children’ underscores significant risks associated with virtual environments, including exposure to explicit content, cyberbullying, and data privacy violations, which could have profound impacts on children’s well-being.
- Emerging Dangers: Virtual environments and games, while not fully immersive yet, present dangers such as exposure to inappropriate content and exploitation, raising questions about the ethical implications of children’s digital interactions.
Issues Faced by Children Online
- Exposure to Inappropriate Content: Children may inadvertently encounter violent, pornographic, or hate speech content while navigating the internet.
- Online Predators and Grooming: Children face the risk of encountering online predators who exploit social media and gaming platforms to form relationships and groom them for exploitation.
- Cyberbullying: Children can fall victim to cyberbullying, which entails using digital technology to harass, intimidate, or humiliate others.
- Privacy Concerns: Due to a lack of awareness about privacy settings, children may unintentionally disclose personal information online.
- Addictive Behavior: Excessive screen time and prolonged use of digital devices can foster addictive behaviors, impacting children’s mental and physical well-being, academic performance, and social interactions.
Challenges Posed by Generative AI
- Potential Benefits and Pitfalls: Generative AI offers opportunities for creativity and learning but also poses risks, including the spread of disinformation and harmful content that could influence children’s cognitive development adversely.
- Vulnerability to Misinformation: Children, with developing cognitive abilities, are particularly susceptible to misinformation propagated through AI-generated content, raising concerns about the impact on their perceptions and behaviors.
Measures in India: DPDP Bill, 2023
- Definition of Minors: The DPDP Bill defines individuals under the age of 18 as minors. This definition acknowledges that children are particularly vulnerable and deserve additional safeguards for their personal data.
- Data Processing Obligations: The bill places three specific conditions on data processing entities when handling children’s data:
- Obtaining verifiable parental consent: As mentioned above, entities must ensure they have proper consent from a parent or guardian before processing a child’s data.
- Not causing harm to children: Data processing activities should not harm or exploit children in any way.
- Not tracking or targeting ads at children: Entities are prohibited from tracking children’s online behavior for targeted advertising purposes.
- Exemptions: The bill allows the government to exempt certain entities from the requirement of parental consent and tracking and targeting ads for specific purposes. However, such exemptions must be for the best interests of a child.
Way Forward
- Corporate Responsibility: Tech companies must prioritize ‘safety by design,’ integrating measures to protect children’s well-being and privacy into their platforms, guided by principles outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- Regulatory Intervention: Governments play a crucial role in periodically assessing and updating regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges in child safety online, including combating harmful content and behavior.
- Community Engagement: Upholding existing rules and norms that protect children offline should extend to the digital realm, fostering a collective responsibility among stakeholders to create a safer online environment for children.
Conclusion
- Addressing the multifaceted risks to children’s safety online requires collaborative efforts from tech companies, governments, and communities, guided by a shared commitment to uphold children’s rights and well-being in the digital age.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brumation, Hibernation, Estivation (Inactivity in response to high temperatures)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Imagine seeing an alligator resting quietly underwater, with only its snout visible. Is it alive or dead? There’s another possibility: brumation.
What is Brumation?
- Definition: Brumation is a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, similar to hibernation in mammals. It occurs during colder months when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce.
- Purpose: Reptiles enter brumation to conserve energy and survive adverse environmental conditions.
- Habitat: They may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices, or other sheltered areas where temperatures are stable.
- Metabolic Slowdown: During brumation, their metabolism significantly slows, allowing them to go weeks or months without eating.
- Reduced Activity: Reptiles minimize their resource requirements and conserve energy during this period of reduced activity.
Observations
- Species Affected: Researchers have observed brumation in various reptilian species across habitats.
- Examples: Box turtles and painted turtles burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes seek refuge in underground dens or caves, while lizards hide under rocks or within vegetation.
Significance of Brumation
- Survival Strategy: Brumation is crucial for reptiles to survive cold climates and endure challenging environmental conditions.
- Re-emergence: It allows reptiles to conserve energy until they can re-emerge to feed and reproduce in more favorable conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: History of IMD
Mains level: Hyperlocal Extreme Weather: Prediction Challenges
Introduction
- Weather forecasting is vital for disaster management and decision-making in India, where extreme weather events like rain, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts pose significant challenges.
- The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) specializes in predicting weather patterns using sophisticated observation, modelling, and interpretation techniques.
About the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
|
Details |
| About |
- National Meteorological Service of India;
- Principal government agency for meteorology and allied subjects
|
| Ministry |
Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |
| Objectives |
- Provide meteorological observations and forecasts
- Warn against severe weather phenomena
- Provide meteorological statistics
- Conduct and promote research in meteorology
|
| Evolution |
- Established in 1875 after devastating cyclones;
- Started with just one individual
|
| Advancements |
- Significant progress in understanding monsoons;
- Enhanced cyclone forecasting post-1999 Odisha super cyclone
|
| Diversified Roles |
- Expanded services beyond weather forecasting;
- Provides specialized services for various sectors
|
| Global Recognition |
- Recognized as Regional Climate Centre for South Asia;
- Contributes to UN’s ‘Early Warning for All’ programme
|
| Major Initiatives |
- National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
- Mausam App
- Doppler Weather Radars
|
Challenges in Weather Forecasting
- Variability in Tropical Regions: Tropical countries like India face inherently higher weather variability.
- Hurdles: Despite advancements, IMD forecasts still encounter inaccuracies, particularly during winter and summer monsoons.
- Insufficient Ground Stations: The limited number of ground stations hinders accurate monitoring, with only around 800 automatic weather stations (AWS) and 37 doppler weather radars (DWR) against the required thousands.
Transition to Modern Technologies
- Prediction Software: Current forecasting software relies on global forecasting and weather research models, which are not the most modern.
- Emerging Technologies: Start-ups are adopting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for predictions, necessitating an integrated data system to fill existing gaps.
Initiatives for Improvement
- WINDS Program: The Weather Information Network and Data System (WINDS) aim to install over 200,000 ground stations (AWS and ARG) to enhance weather data utilization and promote wider applications in agriculture and other sectors.
- Air Quality Monitoring: Make in India initiatives facilitate the production of low-cost, reliable sensor-based air quality monitoring systems, aiding in quick installations, particularly in urban areas.
Addressing Air Pollution Challenges
- Fog and Air Pollution: Dense fog exacerbates air pollution issues, trapping pollutants and posing health risks. Initiatives to manufacture affordable air quality sensors and establish nationwide networks are underway.
- Role of AI/ML: Integrated AI/ML-based models leveraging data from new sensors can improve fog prediction and aid in timely decision-making regarding transportation and health impacts.
Towards a Comprehensive Infrastructure
- Advancements: India is on track to establish a robust air quality and weather information network.
- Integration and Collaboration: Seamless data sharing and system integration among stakeholders are crucial for achieving this national infrastructure.
- Potential Impact: A unified information gateway will play a vital role in addressing climate and environmental challenges.
Conclusion
- India’s strides in weather forecasting and air quality monitoring underscore its commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability.
- With concerted efforts and technological advancements, India is poised to establish a world-class infrastructure crucial for tackling climate-related issues.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India, recently conducted the inaugural test flight of a solar-powered High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) vehicle, marking a significant stride in indigenous HAPS technology.
- India now joins a select group of nations, including China, South Korea, and the UK, pioneering the development of HAPS for diverse applications.
Test Flight Details of India’s HAPS
- Prototype Description: NAL’s test featured a small-scale HAPS weighing 23 kilograms, boasting a wingspan of 12 meters.
- Location: Engineers conducted the successful trial at the Challakere testing facilities in Karnataka state, soaring to an altitude of approximately 3 kilometers and sustaining flight for 8.5 hours.
- Progress: Despite its scaled-down size, the prototype’s performance exceeded expectations, paving the way for future full-scale models.
HAPS Technology Overview
- Definition: HAPS represents a class of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate autonomously in the stratosphere.
- Features: These aircraft incorporate solar cells and batteries, enabling extended flights resembling satellite persistence without the need for costly rocket launches.
Capabilities and Applications
- Altitude and Endurance: HAPS can autonomously operate at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers for months or even years, offering persistent aerial monitoring and surveillance capabilities.
- Strategic Uses: These platforms hold potential for applications such as border surveillance, disaster response, and communication network restoration.
Future Development Goals
- Milestone Objectives: NAL aims to achieve continuous flight for 24 hours in upcoming trials, further validating the aircraft’s energy storage and solar recharging capabilities.
- Operational Deployment: India anticipates deploying refined HAPS technology for practical defense by 2027 purposes, particularly in border monitoring.
Benefits and Challenges
- Cost benefits: HAPS operate closer to Earth than satellites and do not require expensive rocket launches for deployment.
- Flight Duration: Advanced HAPS can remain airborne for months or years with solar cell-powered battery recharging.
- Advantages: HAPS offer advantages over traditional satellites, including lower deployment costs, modular payloads, and increased flexibility in targeting and redirection.
- Obstacles: Challenges include navigating minimal stratospheric flight regulations and addressing unpredictable weather conditions at high altitudes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Darwin Day, Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- February 12 is celebrated globally as Darwin Day to honor the birth of naturalist Charles Darwin and his contributions to evolutionary theory.
- Darwin’s seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,’ published in 1859, revolutionized our understanding of evolution.
Who was Charles Darwin (1809–1882)?
|
Description |
| Early Life |
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England |
| Education |
Studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but later shifted focus to natural history at the University of Cambridge |
| Famous Work |
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Scientific Contributions |
- Theory of evolution by natural selection
- Extensive studies on the Galápagos Islands
- Contributions to the fields of geology, botany, and zoology, research on barnacles
|
| Research Expeditions |
Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836), a significant expedition during which Darwin collected specimens and made observations that influenced his theories |
| Death |
April 19, 1882, at Down House, Downe, Kent, England |
| Legacy |
Considered one of the most influential figures in scientific history, his work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology |
Evolutionary Insights
- Contributions of Darwin and Wallace: Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking a paradigm shift in biology.
- Scientific Advancements: Darwin Day serves as an occasion to highlight recent scientific advancements in evolutionary biology and promote public engagement with science.
- Impact on Modern Biology: Darwin’s ideas continue to shape modern biology, providing a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
Key Propositions by Darwin
[A] Understanding Genetic Variations
- Role in Adaptation: Genetic diversity within populations facilitates adaptation to changing environments, as observed in the process of natural selection.
- Example: Genetic variants conferring heat tolerance in a population become advantageous in warmer climates, leading to their increased prevalence through natural selection.
- Mechanisms of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow contribute to the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity within populations.
[B] Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection explains how advantageous traits become more common in populations over successive generations.
- Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, can lead to significant changes in small populations.
- Gene Flow: Migration and gene flow between populations can introduce new genetic variations and prevent genetic divergence.
Universal Principles of Evolution
- Biodiversity and Evolution: Evolutionary processes have shaped the rich biodiversity observed on Earth, spanning billions of years.
- Conservation Implications: Understanding evolution informs conservation efforts aimed at preserving species and ecosystems.
- Ecological Interactions: Evolutionary dynamics influence ecological interactions, including predator-prey relationships, competition, and mutualism.
Human Evolution and Genetic Diversity
- Human Origins: Humans share a common ancestry with other great apes and have undergone genetic divergence over millennia.
- Genetic Variation: Every individual carries unique genetic variations, contributing to the diversity within human populations.
- Cultural Evolution: Human societies have evolved culturally and genetically, contributing to the global pool of knowledge and skills.
Promoting Equality and Diversity
- Inclusive Society: Recognizing genetic diversity underscores the importance of equality and inclusion across all aspects of society.
- Cultural Diversity: Embracing cultural diversity enriches human experience and promotes mutual understanding and cooperation.
- Addressing Biases: Understanding the genetic basis of traits can help address biases and stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, and identity.
Challenges and Conservation
- Habitat Degradation: Human activities pose threats to biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity.
- Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes, such as climate change, can impact the adaptive potential of species, highlighting the importance of evolutionary resilience.
- Community Engagement: Collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities and stakeholders are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Conclusion
- Continued Learning: Advancements in evolutionary biology deepen our understanding of life’s complexities and guide efforts towards a sustainable future.
- Celebrating Diversity: Embracing genetic, cultural, and ecological diversity enriches human experience and promotes harmony in a rapidly changing world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: detrimental effects of the booming coaching industry on students
Central Idea:
The article discusses the detrimental effects of the booming coaching industry on students’ mental health, educational values, and overall well-being. It emphasizes the need for a shift in focus towards holistic education and the nurturing of students’ inner needs.
Key Highlights:
- Concerns regarding the negative impact of the coaching industry on students’ welfare, leading to suicides and academic disengagement.
- Rise of coaching centres catering to various competitive exams, resulting in students abandoning traditional schooling.
- Lack of policy support for students beyond school, allowing coaching centres to become dominant in shaping students’ education.
- The importance of addressing mental health, learning, and understanding in education, as highlighted in the National Education Policy.
- Critique of the coaching culture for neglecting essential aspects such as sleep, social interaction, and identity development.
- Emphasis on the role of education in understanding and catering to the diverse needs and aspirations of students.
- Advocacy for a shared vision where student well-being is prioritized over mere academic achievement.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing the pressure for academic success with the need for holistic development.
- Overcoming the entrenched influence of coaching centres on students and parents.
- Realigning educational priorities to focus on mental health and emotional well-being.
- Addressing societal expectations that contribute to stress and false expectations among students.
- Encouraging collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to foster a supportive educational environment.
Main Terms:
- Coaching industry
- Competitive exams (e.g., NEET, JEE, CUET)
- Mental health
- Holistic education
- National Education Policy
- Identity development
- Academic pressure
- Emotional stability
- Well-being
- Co-agency
Important Phrases:
- “Children are not machines”
- “The role of education”
- “True education is value imparting”
- “Learning is a process”
- “Obsession with coaching”
- “Holistic development”
Quotes:
- “Children are walking away from classroom teaching into coaching centres, often with parental support.”
- “The obsession with coaching will never be able to validate and strengthen new ideas, approaches, and research, required for human flourishing.”
- “Students go to school to become purposeful, reflective, and responsible.”
Useful Statements:
- “If coaching centres are going to be the foundation of these years, then the youth of today will become directionless.”
- “Children suffer from anxiety and are unable to cope.”
- “As a country, we need a shared vision, where well-being is the goal of education and co-agency is a guiding light.”
Examples and References:
- Rise of coaching centres like Kota, which have become parallel systems to traditional schooling.
- Concerns about students opting for dummy schools to focus solely on coaching, neglecting the value of classroom education.
Facts and Data:
- The coaching industry generates Rs 6,000 crore annually and is growing at a rate of 7-10% per year.
- Instances of student suicides linked to academic pressure and coaching culture.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively critiques the dominance of the coaching industry and highlights the need for a more holistic approach to education. It exposes the negative consequences of prioritizing academic achievement over students’ mental health and overall well-being. However, it could provide more concrete suggestions for addressing these issues and overcoming the challenges posed by the coaching culture.
Way Forward:
- Implement guidelines and regulations for coaching centres to ensure student welfare.
- Strengthen support systems for students beyond academics, focusing on mental health and emotional development.
- Promote collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to create a nurturing educational environment.
- Encourage a shift in societal attitudes towards education, valuing holistic development over narrow academic success.
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