Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AISHE Survey
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) captures student enrollment across eight levels, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programs.
- The survey received responses from 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities/university-level institutions.
About AISHE
- AISHE is a report published by the Ministry of Education since 2011.
- Aim: Portray the status of higher education in the country.
- Survey covers all institutions in India providing higher education.
- Data collected on parameters like teachers, student enrollment, programs, exam results, education finance, and infrastructure.
- Indicators calculated: Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure.
- Higher Education defined as education obtained after completing 12 years of schooling or equivalent.
Key Takeaways:
[1] Enrollment Trends: Female Dominance
- Rising Female Enrollment: The AISHE report reveals a consistent increase in female enrollment in higher education institutions.
- 2014-15 to 2021-22: Female enrollment grew by 32%, from 1.5 crore in 2014-15 to 2.07 crores in 2021-22. In the last five years, it increased by 18.7% from 1.74 crore in 2017-18.
- PhD Enrollment Surge: The most significant growth was observed at the PhD level, with 98,636 women enrolled in 2021-22, compared to only 47,717 eight years ago.
- Proportion of Women: Among the additional 91 lakh students joining higher education in 2021-22 compared to 2014-15, 55% were women. The postgraduate level saw the highest proportion of female students, with 55.4%.
[2] Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and Gender Parity
- GER Insights: The estimated GER for the age group 18-23 years in India is 28.4, based on 2011 census data.
- State-wise GER: States with the highest GER include Chandigarh (64.8%), Puducherry (61.5%), Delhi (49%), and Tamil Nadu (47%).
- Gender Parity Index (GPI): GPI measures the ratio of female GER to male GER. In 26 states and Union Territories, GER favors women. At the national level, the GPI is 1.01, and for SC and ST categories, it is 1.01 and 0.98, respectively.
[3] Academic Discipline Enrollment
- UG Enrollment by Discipline: The Bachelor of Arts (BA) program holds the highest enrollment with 1.13 crore students, constituting 34.2% of total undergraduate enrollment. Overall, 3.41 crore students are enrolled in UG programs.
- UG Discipline Preferences: UG enrollment distribution in 2021-22 is led by Arts (34.2%), followed by Science (14.8%), Commerce (13.3%), and Engineering & Technology (11.8%). BA(Hons) accounts for 6.2%.
- PG Enrollment: Social science has the highest number of postgraduate students with 10.8 lakh. The Master of Arts (MA) program leads with 20.9 lakh students, constituting 40.7% of total postgraduate enrollment.
- PhD Discipline: In the PhD category, social sciences rank third after engineering and science. While 52,748 students pursue a PhD in engineering and 45,324 in science, 26,057 opt for PhD in social sciences.
[4] Preference for Government Institutions
- Government vs. Private: Surprisingly, 73.7% of all students attend government universities, which constitute only 58.6% of all universities.
- Government Sector Enrollment: State public universities hold the largest share of enrolment, accounting for around 31% of total university enrolment.
- Private Universities: In terms of numbers, government-owned universities enroll 71.06 lakh students, while privately managed universities enroll 25.32 lakh students. Students show a preference for government educational institutions.
[5] Demographics of Graduates
- Graduation Statistics: In the 2021-22 academic year, an estimated 1.07 crore students graduated from various programs, with 50.8% being women.
- Category-wise Graduates: Approximately 35% of graduates belong to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% are from Scheduled Caste (SC), and 5.7% are from Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities.
- Stream-wise Graduation: Arts and social sciences streams exhibit higher graduation rates. At the undergraduate level, BA degrees top the list with 24.16 lakh graduates. MA degrees dominate at the postgraduate level with 7.02 lakh graduates. In PhD programs, science leads with 7,408 graduates, followed by engineering and technology with 6,270 graduates.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019: Key Provisions
- Basic idea: CAA, 2019, aims to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955, to grant Indian citizenship to specific categories of illegal migrants.
- Eligible Religions: CAA targets Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian illegal migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, making them eligible for Indian citizenship.
- Objective: The primary objective is to facilitate citizenship for non-Muslim immigrants from India’s three Muslim-majority neighboring countries.
- Residence Requirement: The Citizenship Act, 1955, normally requires 11 of the previous 14 years of residence in India as a condition for naturalization.
- Amendment: CAA reduces this requirement to 6 years for applicants belonging to the specified religions and countries.
- Exemption from Criminal Cases: Members of the designated communities are exempted from criminal cases under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport Act, 1920, if they entered India before December 31, 2014.
Defining Illegal Migrants
- Status Under Present Laws: Existing laws prohibit illegal migrants from acquiring Indian citizenship.
- CAA’s Definition: CAA classifies an illegal migrant as a foreigner who enters India without valid travel documents (passport and visa) or overstays beyond the allowed period.
- Penalties: Illegal migrants can face imprisonment or deportation under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.
Exceptions under CAA
- Conditions for Exemption: CAA outlines four conditions that, if met, exempt certain individuals from being treated as illegal migrants:
- They belong to the specified religions (Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian).
- They hail from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan.
- They entered India on or before December 31, 2014.
- They are not in certain tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, or Tripura (Sixth Schedule) or “Inner Line” permit areas (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland).
Controversies Surrounding CAA
- Country of Origin: CAA categorizes migrants based on their country of origin, specifically Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
- Religious Exclusivity: It raises questions about why only six specified religious minorities have been considered in the Act.
- Omission of Rohingya: The Act doesn’t address the Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, who have faced persecution.
- Entry Date Differentiation: The differential treatment of migrants based on their entry date, i.e., before or after December 31, 2014, has generated debate.
- Secularism Concerns: Critics argue that granting citizenship based on religion contradicts the secular principles of India’s Constitution, considered part of the unalterable basic structure.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Supreme Court of India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Prime Minister inaugurated the diamond jubilee year celebrations of the Supreme Court, marking an important milestone in India’s judicial history.
About Supreme Court of India
- Apex Judicial Body: The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority as per the Constitution of India.
- Constitutional Mandate: Article 124 of the Constitution stipulates the establishment of the Supreme Court.
- Birth of the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court came into being on January 26, 1950, coinciding with the commencement of the Indian Constitution.
- Inauguration: Two days after India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic, the Supreme Court was officially inaugurated on January 28, 1950.
- Initial Location: Initially, the Supreme Court operated from the old Parliament House until it relocated to its present site on Tilak Marg, New Delhi, in 1958.
- Inaugural Event: The inaugural ceremony of the current Supreme Court building was presided over by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, on August 4, 1958.
Evolution of Judicial Bench Strength
- Changing Dynamics: The original 1950 Constitution envisioned a Supreme Court comprising a Chief Justice and 7 puisne Judges, allowing Parliament to alter this number.
- Progressive Growth: Over the years, the number of Judges increased to accommodate the growing workload: 8 in 1950, 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in 2009, and the current strength of 34 Judges.
- Judicial Structure: Judges sit in panels of two or three and convene in larger benches of 5 or more, known as Constitution Benches, to resolve conflicting decisions between different Supreme Court benches or address significant constitutional interpretations.
- Official Language: Proceedings in the Supreme Court are conducted exclusively in English.
Powers and Jurisdiction
- Multifaceted Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court possesses original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction.
- Final Arbiter: It serves as the ultimate court of appeal and the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.
- Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction extends to disputes involving the Government of India and one or more States, inter-State disputes, and issues related to Fundamental Rights.
- Writ Jurisdiction: Article 32 of the Constitution empowers the Supreme Court with extensive original jurisdiction to enforce Fundamental Rights by issuing writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari.
- Inter-High Court Cases: The Supreme Court can direct the transfer of civil or criminal cases between High Courts.
- International Commercial Arbitration: Under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, the Supreme Court can initiate International Commercial Arbitration.
- Appellate Authority: High Courts can grant certificates for appeals to the Supreme Court under Article 132(1), 133(1), or 134 in cases with substantial questions of constitutional interpretation.
- Certified Appeals: In civil cases, High Courts may certify that a case involves a significant question of general importance, warranting Supreme Court adjudication.
- Criminal Appeals: In criminal cases, appeals lie to the Supreme Court if the High Court has reversed an acquittal, sentenced an accused to death, imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for over 10 years, or if the High Court certifies the case’s suitability for Supreme Court appeal.
- Parliamentary Empowerment: Parliament can confer additional powers on the Supreme Court to hear appeals from High Courts in criminal proceedings.
- Special Leave to Appeal: Under Article 136, the Supreme Court may, at its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, or order passed by any Court or Tribunal in India.
- Advisory Role: The Supreme Court exercises advisory jurisdiction under Article 143, wherein the President of India can refer specific matters to the Court.
- Election Petitions: Part III of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952, allows direct filing of election petitions in the Supreme Court.
- Contempt Powers: Articles 129 and 142 empower the Supreme Court to punish for contempt of Court, including self-contempt.
- Curative Petitions: After dismissing a review petition, the Supreme Court can reconsider its final judgment through a curative petition on limited grounds.
- Binding Authority: As India’s highest court, its judgments are binding on all other courts in the country.
Location of the Supreme Court
- Article 130: Article 130 of the Constitution grants the Chief Justice of India the authority to choose the location of the Supreme Court, which can be in Delhi or any other place.
- CJI’s Discretion: The Article vests exclusive discretionary powers with the Chief Justice of India regarding the Supreme Court’s location.
- No External Compulsion: No external authority can compel the Chief Justice to act in a particular manner under this Article.
Advocating for Circuit Benches
- Law Commission Recommendation: The Law Commission’s 229th Report suggested establishing a Constitution Bench in New Delhi and four other benches in different regions of India.
- Diverging Views: However, this proposal did not garner favor among Supreme Court Judges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme
Mains level: addressing child stunting in India requires a multifaceted approach
Central Idea:
Early childhood stunting not only impacts a child’s height but also influences cognitive development, potentially leading to lower educational achievements. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of this impact, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. It discusses a recent study in Ethiopia and Peru, highlighting the negative correlation between stunting at age 5 and later cognitive skills, specifically executive functions. The findings underscore the critical role of early childhood nutrition in determining cognitive development and educational outcomes.
Key Highlights:
- Stunting at around age 5 is linked to lower executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, in later childhood.
- Traditional cognitive-achievement tests may not fully capture inherent cognitive skills, and stunting’s impact may extend beyond cognitive deficits to include behavioral factors like delayed school enrollment.
- The article highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which stunting affects educational achievements, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries.
Key Challenges:
- Existing research often focuses on specific cognitive-achievement test scores, making it challenging to fully understand the complex relationship between early human capital investments, such as nutrition, and cognitive development.
- Achieving a comprehensive assessment of cognitive skills is complicated by the interplay of cognitive abilities, educational access, and other behavioral factors.
- The article stresses the need to move beyond traditional cognitive-achievement tests and focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking early human capital investments to cognitive development.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Early childhood stunting
- Cognitive development
- Executive functions
- Behavioral factors
- Household fixed effects
- Poshan Abhiyaan
- Integrated Child Development Services
- Jal Jeevan Mission
- Swachh Bharat Mission
- Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme
- Complementary feeding
- Anganwadi worker
Key Quotes:
- “Stunting at approximately age 5 is negatively related to executive functions measured years later.”
- “Empirical studies have shown that women’s height and educational attainment are strong predictors of child stunting in India.”
- “Improvements in sanitation reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and stunting.”
- “Promoting early breastfeeding, along with continued breastfeeding for two years, is essential for optimal child development.”
Key Statements:
- The study in Ethiopia and Peru establishes a negative correlation between stunting at age 5 and later cognitive skills, emphasizing the long-term impact of early childhood stunting.
- The article stresses the need to move beyond traditional cognitive-achievement tests and focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking early human capital investments to cognitive development.
Key Examples and References:
- Sánchez et al.’s study in ‘World Development’ linking early under-nutrition to executive functions in Ethiopia and Peru.
- The role of initiatives like Poshan Abhiyaan, Integrated Child Development Services, Jal Jeevan Mission, and Swachh Bharat Mission in addressing stunting in India.
Key Facts and Data:
- The study in Ethiopia and Peru provides evidence of the negative relationship between stunting at age 5 and executive functions.
- Empirical studies highlight the predictive role of women’s height and educational attainment in child stunting in India.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively highlights the limitations of traditional cognitive-achievement tests in assessing the impact of early human capital investments on cognitive development. It emphasizes the need for a more nuanced understanding of the complex factors contributing to lower educational achievements, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The study’s focus on executive functions and the link between stunting and cognitive skills adds valuable insights to the existing literature.
Way Forward:
- Expand initiatives like the Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme to provide comprehensive lactation support and create breastfeeding-friendly environments.
- Implement and scale up community-based complementary feeding programs to educate parents about the importance of a diverse diet for children.
- Consider adding an extra Anganwadi worker to each center to enhance preschool instructional time, potentially improving developmental outcomes and creating employment opportunities.
In summary, addressing child stunting in India requires a multifaceted approach, including comprehensive nutrition initiatives, sanitation improvements, and strategic investments in education and childcare services. The article underscores the need for evidence-based policies to enhance early childhood nutrition and cognitive development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term goals in public health policies
Central Idea:
The article highlights the need for a shift in the approach to public health management in democratic setups, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing preventive measures over immediate, politically-driven responses. It advocates for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals to ensure sustainable health strategies that address both immediate and future health needs.
Key Highlights:
- Silent victories in preventing diseases often go unnoticed in the pursuit of tangible achievements.
- Immediate response-focused initiatives divert attention from critical areas like sanitation, disease surveillance, and public health education.
- The case of dengue exemplifies the prioritization of emergency relief over long-term prevention strategies.
- The article stresses the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term goals in public health policies.
- Gaps in public health education and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry are recognized challenges.
- Disparities in achieving health policy targets, especially in nutrition programs, reveal gaps in public health efforts.
- Socio-economic factors like poverty, sanitation, and overcrowding contribute to health disparities in diseases like tuberculosis.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Preventive health measures
- Vector bionomics
- Public health education
- Pharmaceutical industry influence
- Socio-economic factors
- Health policy targets
- Separation of powers approach
Key Quotes:
- “In a democratic setup, leaders often chase tangible achievements and overlook vital preventive efforts.”
- “Public health decisions should be based on scientific evidence and long-term goals, not electoral cycles.”
- “Behavioural change is key to managing public health challenges.”
- “Effective public health management should encompass preventive measures, policy formulation, community health, and environmental health.”
Key Statements:
- “Health care will benefit from being separated from political processes.”
- “Investments in nutrition programs have far-reaching implications for health and productivity.”
- “Public health is not just about treating diseases but preventing them.”
Key Examples and References:
- Dengue as an example of prioritizing immediate relief over long-term prevention.
- Disparity in achieving targets in the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme For Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN) Abhiyan Scheme.
- Disparity in TB cases between India and the United States due to socio-economic factors.
Key Facts/Data:
- 35.5% of children under five were stunted, and 32.1% were underweight in 2019-21.
- 58.6% to 67.1% increase in prevalence of anaemic children aged 6-59 months.
- India reported 21.4 lakh TB cases in 2021, an 18% increase from 2020.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively highlights the drawbacks of immediate, politically-driven health initiatives.
- Emphasizes the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term planning in public health.
- Recognizes gaps in public health education and the impact of socio-economic factors on health outcomes.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals.
- Strengthen public health education and adopt a multidisciplinary approach.
- Emphasize evidence-based decision-making and prioritize long-term preventive measures.
- Address socio-economic factors influencing health outcomes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VIP Security
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Union Home Ministry has provided a Z+ category security cordon manned by Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) troopers around Kerala Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.
VIP Security Provisions in India
- In India, security is provided to high-risk individuals by the police and local government.
- The level of security needed by any individual is decided by the Ministry of Home Affairs, based on inputs received from intelligence agencies which include the IB and R&AW.
- Individuals such as PM, home minister, and other officials such as the National Security Advisor generally get security cover because of the positions they occupy.
- In addition to this, persons who are believed to be under threat also receive security cover.
What is Z+ Category Security?
In India, the category covers are X, Y, Y-plus, Z, Z-plus, and SPG (Special Protection Group).
- X Category: The protectee gets one gunman. Protectees in the Y category have one gunman for mobile security and one (plus four on rotation) for static security.
- Y Plus category: It receives the cover of two gunmen (plus four on rotation) for mobile security, and one (plus four on rotation) for residence security,
- Z Category: It has six gunmen for mobile security and two (plus 8) for residence security. They get 10 security personnel for mobile security, and two (plus 8) for residence security.
- Z Plus Category: It is provided by National Security Guard commandos whereas the other category of security is provided by the Delhi police or the ITBP or CRPF personnel.
What about Special Protection Group (SPG) Cover?
- The SPG cover is meant only for the PM and his immediate family.
- After Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own security guards in 1984, the Rajiv Gandhi government decided to create a special cadre of security personnel for the PM.
- In March 1985, following the recommendations of a committee set up by the Home Ministry, a special unit was created for this purpose under the Cabinet Secretariat.
- This unit, initially called the Special Protection Unit, was renamed as Special Protection Group in April 1985.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ECOWAS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The military regimes in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger announced their immediate withdrawal from the West African bloc ECOWAS.
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Regional intergovernmental organization established in 1975. |
| Objectives |
Aims to foster economic integration, cooperation, and development among West African nations. |
| Headquarters |
Secretariat headquartered in Abuja, Nigeria. |
| Member States |
15 member states: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d’ Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Togo. |
| Primary Goals & Objectives |
- Promoting economic integration among member states.
- Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
- Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors.
- Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles and good governance.
- Addressing security and political challenges through collaboration and conflict resolution.
|
| Achievements & Initiatives |
- Establishment of ECOMOG peacekeeping force for conflict resolution.
- Launching the ECOWAS Single Currency Initiative for economic integration.
- Supporting efforts to combat terrorism, human trafficking, and organized crime.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nitrogen Hypoxia
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Alabama’s recent execution of a prisoner by nitrogen hypoxia has stirred debate and controversy, marking a historic shift in execution methods after four decades.
- While some argue for the method’s effectiveness, others condemn it as cruel and inhumane.
Science behind Nitrogen Hypoxia
- Nitrogen Inhalation: Smith, 58, underwent execution by inhaling pure nitrogen, depriving the body of oxygen needed for vital functions.
- NIOSH-Approved Respirator: The state of Alabama used an industrial-grade respirator, specifically a “NIOSH-approved Type-C full facepiece supplied air respirator,” delivering nitrogen to the inmate.
- Deprivation of Oxygen: While nitrogen is harmless in normal air composition, inhaling it exclusively leads to oxygen deprivation, causing eventual death.
Execution Duration
- Unexpected Prolongation: Despite claims that nitrogen gas would cause unconsciousness within seconds and death within minutes, Smith’s execution took approximately 22 minutes.
- Witness Accounts: Onlookers reported distressing scenes of Smith writhing, convulsing, and gasping for air during the extended execution.
Legal and Ethical Questions
- Constitutional Concerns: Smith’s lawyers attempted to halt the execution, arguing it violated the constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
- Experimental Execution Method: Critics contended that Smith was being used as a test subject for an untested method, highlighting the lack of adequate research and procedures.
- Federal Court Rulings: Despite legal challenges, federal courts, including the US Supreme Court, rejected attempts to block the execution, raising concerns about the state’s approach.
Death Penalty Landscape in the US
- Highly Charged Issue: The death penalty remains a polarizing political topic in the United States, drawing contrasting views on its justice, deterrence, and ethical considerations.
- Questionable Deterrence: Research indicates no conclusive evidence that capital punishment acts as a deterrent to crime, challenging one of its main justifications.
- Execution Methods’ Challenges: Lethal injection, the most common method, faces controversies, from botched executions to reliability issues.
- Racial and Economic Bias: Critics argue that capital punishment carries a risk of wrongful prosecution, with studies revealing racial and economic biases in its application.
Conclusion
- As the United States witnesses the first nitrogen hypoxia execution, the controversy surrounding the method raises broader questions about the ethics, constitutionality, and efficacy of capital punishment.
- With legal battles ongoing and public opinion divided, the execution of Kenneth Smith serves as a focal point for re-evaluating the nation’s approach to the death penalty and the methods employed.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh, Gilgit Baltistan
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The socio-political landscape of Ladakh is witnessing ongoing dialogues and demands on Gilgit-Baltistan, primarily presented by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
- The demands encompass a range of issues, including territorial control expansion, restoration of statehood, special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, and exclusive rights over recruitment.
Ladakh’s Current Status
- Formation as Union Territory: Ladakh, spanning 59,146 square kilometers, became a Union Territory on August 5, 2019, following the abrogation of Article 370.
- Governance: Unlike Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh does not have a legislature but is governed by two elected hill councils, LAHDC-Kargil and LAHDC-Leh.
- Population and Demographics: Ladakh, with a population of 2.74 lakh (2011 census), is a Muslim-majority UT, with Buddhists dominating Leh district and Shia Muslims in Kargil. The region witnessed varied reactions to the abrogation of Article 370, with Leh supporting UT status and Kargil expressing a desire for reunification with Kashmir.
Latest Demands of the Region
- Protests against UT Status: Over the past two years, both Leh and Kargil initiated protests against the UT status without a legislature, advocating for the restoration of statehood.
- Special Status under Sixth Schedule: There is a collective demand for special status under the Sixth Schedule and Article 371, similar to other northeastern states, to preserve the region’s ecological fragility and limit external influences.
- Exclusive Recruitment Rights: Ladakh seeks exclusive rights over recruitment, proposing the establishment of the Ladakh Public Service Commission for gazetted jobs and empowering hill councils for lower rung staff recruitment.
Territorial Control Expansion
- Historical Context: The memorandum underlines Ladakh’s historical connection to Gilgit-Baltistan, part of the pre-1947 Ladakh district now under Pakistan’s occupation.
- Territorial Control Demand: Ladakh demands an extension of territorial control up to Gilgit-Baltistan, advocating for attempts to include this area into Ladakh. Reservation of seats for Gilgit-Baltistan is sought once a legislature is granted.
- Strategic and Stability Considerations: The memorandum emphasizes that empowering locals will enhance stability in the region, especially in the context of Ladakh’s volatile Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Centre’s Response and Committees Formed
- Committees Formed: In response to street protests, the Centre formed committees in 2022 and 2024, led by Ministers G. Kishan Reddy and Nityanand Rai, respectively, to engage with LAB and KDA members.
- Assurance and Ongoing Talks: The Centre assured finding appropriate solutions to language, culture, and land conservation issues in Ladakh. Ongoing talks are aimed at addressing the demands and fostering a structured dialogue between New Delhi and Ladakh.
Conclusion
- Ladakh’s socio-political dialogue continues, reflecting the diverse sentiments and demands of its residents.
- The region’s historical context, strategic considerations, and ecological concerns play a crucial role in shaping the ongoing negotiations.
- As Ladakh awaits resolutions to its demands, the dialogue remains a critical component in navigating the complex dynamics between the Centre and this unique Union Territory.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign 'Guarantee'
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A working group constituted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has presented key recommendations to address challenges related to guarantees extended by State governments.
Understanding ‘Guarantee’
- A ‘guarantee’ involves a legal obligation for a State to make payments on behalf of a borrower, safeguarding investors/lenders from default risks.
- As defined by the Indian Contracts Act (1872), it is a contract involving three parties: the principal debtor, creditor, and surety (State government).
- The ‘guarantee’ acts as a safety net, ensuring payment in case of default by the borrower.
Purpose of ‘Guarantee’ at the State Level
- Sovereign Guarantee: Facilitates concessional loans from bilateral or multilateral agencies to public sector enterprises.
- Project Viability: Enhances project viability for activities with significant social and economic benefits.
- Resource Mobilization: Enables public sector enterprises to secure resources at favorable terms, contributing to lower interest charges.
Fiscal Risks and Working Group Recommendations
- Cash Outflows and Debt: While guarantees may not require upfront cash payments, they pose fiscal risks, leading to unanticipated cash outflows and increased debt during challenging times.
- Complex Estimation: Estimating the quantum and timing of potential costs/cash outflows is challenging due to triggers associated with guarantees.
Recommendations on ‘Guarantee’ Definition and Guidelines
- Broadened Definition: The term ‘guarantee’ should encompass all instruments creating obligations for the guarantor (State) to make future payments on behalf of the borrower.
- Guidelines for Accordance: Government guarantees should not substitute budgetary resources and should adhere to Government of India guidelines.
- Preconditions: Specify preconditions, including the period of guarantee, guarantee fee, government representation on the management board, and audit rights.
Risk Determination, Fee, and Ceiling
- Risk Weight Assignment: States should assign risk weights (high, medium, low) before extending guarantees, considering past defaults.
- Ceiling on Guarantees: A desirable ceiling for incremental guarantees during a year, limiting stress on state governments.
- Guarantee Fee Structure: Reflective of borrower’s project riskiness and activities, with a base fee of at least 2.5% per annum.
Disclosures and Honouring Commitments
- Credit Disclosure: Banks/NBFCs should disclose credit extended to State-owned entities backed by State guarantees for improved credibility.
- Database Establishment: Set up a state-level unit to track and consolidate all guarantees, ensuring proper data compilation.
- Timely Honouring: States must honor guarantees without delay, recognizing the reputational and legal risks associated with defaults.
Conclusion
- The RBI working group’s recommendations aim to fortify fiscal management by introducing standardized practices, enhancing risk assessment, and ensuring transparent disclosures.
- These measures, if implemented, can contribute to better fiscal discipline and mitigate potential risks associated with state government guarantees.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: Chinese inroads in Africa
Introduction
- China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi, embarked on a diplomatic tour across four African nations—Egypt, Tunisia, Togo, and the Ivory Coast.
- Marking his 11th annual visit to Africa, Wang Yi’s trip aimed at bolstering economic and security cooperation, aligning with the outcomes of the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue and setting the stage for the ninth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2024.
China’s FM Visit: Key Objectives
- Implementation of Dialogue Outcomes: Execute initiatives from the China-Africa Leaders Dialogue, focusing on industrialization, agricultural modernization, and talent development support.
- Peace Mediation in Gaza: In Egypt, Wang Yi expressed China’s global mediation intentions, urging an “immediate and comprehensive ceasefire” in Gaza.
Historical Significance of Sino-African Relations
- Roots in Cold War Era: Sino-African relations date back to the 1950s, with China supporting African liberation movements during the Cold War.
- FOCAC Initiatives (2000): The first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000 marked a shift towards diplomacy, investment, and trade, evolving into a robust partnership.
- Belt and Road Initiative (2013): China’s Belt and Road Initiative strengthened ties with 52 African countries, making China Africa’s largest trading partner.
China’s Objectives in Africa
- Resource Access: Securing key resources, with Africa supplying 90% of global cobalt, platinum, and 75% of coltan, crucial for China’s tech industry.
- Geopolitical Influence: Leveraging Africa’s role as the largest bloc in the UN General Assembly to support China’s stances on issues like the South China Sea.
- Yuan Strengthening: Encouraging Africa to trade in the Chinese currency (RMB) for economic advantages and debt restructuring.
- Commercial Opportunities: Utilizing Africa’s markets for Chinese exports, benefiting from a young population and a cost-effective labor force.
Impact on Africa
- Investment, Trade, and Development Aid: Africa receives vital investment, trade benefits, and development aid from China, fostering a ‘win-win partnership.’
- Infrastructure Development: Chinese-built infrastructure and industrial parks contribute to employment opportunities, making ‘Made in Africa’ a reality.
- Agricultural Advancements: Chinese support in advancing hybrid crops enhances Africa’s agricultural sector.
- Non-Interference Approach: China’s non-interference policy in development aid garners trust, contrasting with Western practices and offering African nations autonomy.
Challenges and Controversies
- Debt Trap Concerns: Some view Chinese investments as potentially leading to debt traps, although not all African nations have poorly managed their debt.
- Authoritarian Leverage: China’s ‘non-interference’ stance may empower authoritarian regimes in Africa, raising concerns about governance and political stability.
Conclusion
- Wang Yi’s African tour signifies China’s commitment to strengthening its multifaceted partnership with the continent, addressing mutual concerns, and laying the groundwork for collaborative ventures in the years to come.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Encryption
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In today’s digital age, information is invaluable, and encryption serves as a crucial means to protect it.
- Specifically, end-to-end (E2E) encryption has transformed how human rights organizations, law enforcement, and technology companies handle sensitive information.
What is Encryption?
- Encryption Definition: Encryption involves transforming consumable information into an unconsumable form based on specific rules. Different encryption methods exist, providing varying levels of security.
- Example of DES: The Data Encryption Standard (DES) encrypts text like “ice cream” to a garbled form with a specified key, such as “kite” or “motorcycle.”
- Key Importance: A key serves as the means to unlock (decrypt) encrypted text, ensuring that only authorized individuals can access the original information.
What is End-to-End Encryption (E2E)?
- E2E Encryption Defined: E2E encryption focuses on specific locations through which information travels. In a messaging app, for instance, E2E encryption ensures that messages are encrypted both during transmission and storage, only decrypted when received by the intended recipient.
- Protection in Transit and at Rest: E2E encryption safeguards information during transmission and while stored on servers, providing comprehensive protection.
Mechanisms of Information Encryption
(A) Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Encryption:
- Symmetric Encryption: The same key is used for both encryption and decryption. Examples include DES and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
- Asymmetric Encryption: Different keys are used for encryption and decryption. Public and private key pairs, such as Curve25519, exemplify asymmetric encryption.
(B) Hash Functions:
- Hash Function Properties: Hash functions encrypt messages with properties like non-reversibility, fixed-length output, and uniqueness for unique inputs.
- Example of DES Hash Function: DES uses a complex process, including S-boxes, to encrypt messages.
Can E2E Encryption Be ‘Cracked’?
- MITM Attacks: A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack involves intercepting messages by acquiring encryption keys. Countermeasures include fingerprint comparison to detect tampering.
- Complacency Risks: Users may become complacent, assuming total security. However, malware and backdoors can compromise device security, allowing unauthorized access.
- Metadata Surveillance: While E2E encryption secures message content, surveillance can occur through metadata analysis, revealing information about message timing, recipients, and locations.
- Backdoor Risks: Companies implementing E2E encryption may install backdoors, enabling access for legal or illicit purposes. Examples, like the Snowden affair, highlight potential misuse.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent interim ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding South Africa’s case against Israel has sparked global attention.
- While the court did not pass judgment on the core issue of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, it did issue six provisional measures.
ICJ’s Interim Ruling: Six Provisional Measures Ordered
- Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority mandated that Israel take all necessary steps to prevent acts defined under Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, encompassing actions with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
- Immediate Military Restraint: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect.”
- Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges ruled that Israel must prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.
- Humanitarian Assistance: The court instructed Israel to provide humanitarian aid and basic services to Palestinians in Gaza, recognizing them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
- Preservation of Evidence: Israel was entrusted with preserving evidence related to alleged acts under the Genocide Convention in Gaza.
- Reporting Requirement: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was asked to submit a report on measures taken to implement the ruling within one month.
Decision on Jurisdiction
- Jurisdiction Confirmed: The World Court clarified its jurisdiction, stating that there exists a prima facie dispute between the parties concerning the application of the Genocide Convention.
- Article 9 of Genocide Convention: Referring to Article 9, the court emphasized that South Africa’s concerns and Israel’s dismissal indicated a genuine dispute.
Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza
- Genocidal Acts: The court suggested that “at least some” of Israel’s acts and omissions may fall within the contours of the Genocide Convention.
- Impact of Military Operation: Israel’s large-scale military operation in Gaza, causing civilian casualties and displacement, was highlighted.
- Statements by Israeli Officials: The court pointed to concerning statements by senior Israeli officials, including orders for a “complete siege” of Gaza and dehumanizing remarks about troops.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Expressing deep concern, the court warned of a potential deterioration in the humanitarian situation before the final judgment.
No Call for Ceasefire
- Court’s Limitations: The ICJ refrained from ordering a ceasefire, with legal experts explaining that such an order could render Israel defenseless and fall outside the court’s purview.
- International Impact: While the court’s rulings are legally binding, enforcement is lacking. However, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions.
Also read:
ICJ: Doing Justice without power
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
Mains level: Farm Loan
Introduction
- In the first nine months of the current fiscal year, farm loan disbursals have exceeded 90 percent of the Budget estimate, prompting expectations of a significant hike in the Interim Budget for the next fiscal year (2024-25).
- Finance Minister had set a target of ₹20 lakh crore for agriculture credit during the previous fiscal year (2023-24).
Budget Promises and Performance
- Credit Target Increase: Finance Minister Sitharaman had announced an agriculture credit target of ₹20 lakh crore for FY 2023-24. The current disbursement data indicates that this target is likely to be exceeded.
- Sectoral Focus: The Ministry reported that credit disbursed to the Animal Husbandry and Fisheries sector in FY 2023-24 reached ₹1,91,412 crore, constituting 65 percent of the ₹2.93 lakh crore target.
- Working Capital and Term Loans: Disbursements included over ₹77,000 crore as working capital and over ₹1.13 lakh crore as term loans.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme Impact
- Significant Growth: Agricultural credit has witnessed substantial growth from ₹7.3 lakh crore in FY 2013-14 to ₹21.55 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, driven by the success of the KCC scheme.
- Operative KCC Accounts: The KCC scheme, facilitating timely and hassle-free credit, boasts over 7.36 crore operative accounts as of the end of 2023.
- Interest Subvention: Concessional interest rates, with a 7 percent lending rate and a 1.5 percent per annum interest subvention, were offered for short-term crop and allied activity loans up to ₹3 lakh through KCC.
About Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide timely and flexible credit support to farmers for various agricultural and related needs. |
| Launch |
Introduced in 1998 to issue KCC to farmers, facilitating the purchase of agricultural inputs and cash withdrawals for production needs. |
| Credit Support |
- Short-term credit for crop cultivation.
- Post-harvest expenses and produce marketing loans.
- Household consumption needs.
- Working capital for farm assets maintenance and allied activities.
- Investment credit for agriculture and allied activities.
|
| Implementing Agencies |
Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks, and Cooperatives. |
| Eligible Farmers |
- Individual and joint borrowers who are owner cultivators.
- Tenant farmers, oral lessees, and sharecroppers.
- Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) of farmers, including tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
|
| Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) |
The short-term loan limit for the 5th year, plus the estimated long-term loan requirement, determines the KCC limit. |
Regulatory Framework and Initiatives
- RBI Mandate: RBI mandates a priority sector lending target for banks, with a specific allocation of 18 percent for agriculture and a 10 percent sub-target for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) for FY 2023-24.
- Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI): An additional 3 percent PRI is provided for prompt and timely repayment, effectively reducing the interest rate to 4 percent per annum.
- Collateral-Free Agriculture Loans: RBI is set to raise the limit for collateral-free agriculture loans to ₹1.6 lakh from ₹1 lakh, aiming to enhance the coverage of small and marginal farmers.
- Streamlined Lending Practices: Banks have streamlined lending by eliminating ‘no dues’ certificates for small loans up to ₹50,000 and accepting alternative documentation or affidavits for loans to specific categories of farmers.
Financial Inclusion and NABARD Initiatives
- Joint Liability Groups (JLGs): NABARD’s creation of ‘Joint Liability Groups’ has facilitated lending without collateral to tenant/landless farmers and non-farm workers, fostering trust between banks and JLG members.
- JLGs Performance: By March 31, 2023, a total of 257.9 lakh JLGs had been formed and linked to credit, contributing to the broader financial inclusion agenda.
Conclusion
- The surge in farm loan disbursals indicates the success of various government initiatives, particularly the KCC scheme, in promoting financial inclusion and supporting the agricultural sector.
- The likely increase in the agriculture credit target in the upcoming Interim Budget underscores the continued commitment to rural financing and development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNRWA
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.
About UNRWA
- UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
- It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
- It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.
Israel’s Criticisms
- Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
- It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.
UNRWA’s Response
- It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
- It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.
Impact of Funding Cuts
- The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
- These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
- Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.
Conclusion
- The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
- The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Radioactive wastes mentioned
Mains level: Nuclear Pollution
Introduction
- A recent study conducted by researchers at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, analyzed 20 years of radiological data (2000-2020) from six nuclear power plants in India.
- The findings highlight the minimal impact of radioactive discharges from these plants on the environment.
- The study aims to reinforce India’s commitment to its nuclear power program, challenging unfounded beliefs and influencing public and policy perspectives.
Radiological Analysis and Plant Selection
- Twenty-Year Data: The analysis covered radiological data from 2000 to 2020 from seven nuclear power plants.
- Focus on Fission Products: The study focused on concentrations of fission products and neutron-activated nuclides within a 5 km radius of each nuclear plant, considering samples collected up to a maximum radius of 30 km.
Gaseous and Liquid Discharges
- Components of Gaseous Waste: The gaseous waste released into the atmosphere included fission product noble gases, Argon-41, radioiodine, and particulate radionuclides (cobalt-60, strontium-90, caesium-137, and tritium).
- Liquid Discharge Components: Liquid discharge consisted of fission product radionuclides (radioiodine, tritium, strontium-90, caesium-137) and activation products like cobalt-60.
- Strict Regulatory Compliance: The discharges underwent dilution and dispersion, adhering to strict radiological and environmental regulatory regimes.
Radiological Measurements and Concentrations
- Air Particulates: Average gross alpha activity in air particulates across all seven nuclear plants remained below 0.1 megabecquerel (mBq) per cubic meter.
- Specific Markers: Concentrations of iodine-131, caesium-137, and strontium-90 in air particulates were below 1 mBq per cubic meter for iodine-131, with caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations three orders lower and below 10 microbecquerel per cubic meter.
Water Bodies and Sediments
- Rivers, Lakes, and Sea Water: Caesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations in rivers and lakes were below 5 mBq per liter, and sea water near the nuclear plants registered less than 50 megabecquerel per liter.
- Sediment Analysis: Sediment analysis revealed that caesium-137 concentration was highest at the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, while strontium-90 concentration peaked at the Narora Atomic Power Station.
Tritium Detection and Total Doses
- Tritium Presence: Tritium was detectable at all sites except the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, where it was not detected during the study period.
- Total Doses: Though total doses remained below regulatory limits, Rajasthan, Madras, and Tarapur power plants showed relatively higher total doses. Efforts are being made to further limit doses at these sites to keep them as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Conclusion
- The BARC study’s comprehensive analysis concludes that the environmental impact of Indian nuclear power plants, based on 20 years of radiological data, has been minimal.
- The findings not only emphasize the safe operation of these plants but also contribute to dispelling unwarranted beliefs, supporting India’s commitment to advancing its nuclear power program.
- The study’s insights are poised to shape public and policy perspectives on nuclear energy in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anaemia Mukt Bharat
Mains level: complexities of malnutrition, providing a comprehensive view of the two-way relationship between nutrition and health.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess
Central Idea:
The article suggests that India’s upcoming National Security Strategy should incorporate a goal of having 10 universities in the top 100 global university rankings by India@100. It argues that the evolving nature of warfare, driven by advancements in technology and changing geopolitical dynamics, necessitates a strong connection between academic knowledge (Shaastra) and military capability (Shastra). The article emphasizes the importance of enhancing India’s educational institutions, particularly through strategic interventions, to bolster national security in an era where the line between civilian and military technology is blurring.
Key Highlights:
- Cathal Nolan’s thesis from “The Allure of Battle” is referenced, emphasizing the significance of endurance and technology over decisive battles in military history.
- The article highlights the changing global dynamics, particularly the US-China relationship and its impact on technology access and partnerships.
- The erosion of the distinction between civilian and military technology is discussed, with examples such as drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.
- The potential risks and responses of major players like China and the US are outlined, reflecting the evolving nature of global geopolitics.
Key Challenges:
- The article acknowledges criticisms of global university rankings, citing them as popularity contests, unreliable, incomplete, ideological, and unequal.
- The challenge of determining the relative importance of different disciplines, such as sciences versus humanities, is mentioned.
- The article underscores India’s current position in global university rankings (only 11 in the top 500) and the need for rapid improvement.
Key Terms:
- Shaastra: Academic knowledge.
- Shastra: Weapons or military capability.
- Foundational technologies: Technologies critical for national security.
- Friendshoring: The potential threat to partnerships with countries deemed friendly.
- Dual circulation: A policy shift by China to prioritize Chinese technologies over foreign ones.
- National Security Strategy: A document outlining a country’s approach to ensuring its security.
- Global university rankings: Lists evaluating universities based on various criteria.
Key Phrases:
- “Shaastra and Shastra are siblings”: Stresses the interconnectedness of academic knowledge and military capabilities.
- “Foundational technologies behind a high fence”: Refers to the US strategy of restricting access to critical technologies.
- “Friendshoring is threatened”: Indicates the potential impact on partnerships with friendly nations.
- “Dual circulation now means”: Describes China’s emphasis on using Chinese technologies.
- “Charge into the valley of death”: A reference to a Tennyson poem, highlighting the need for strategic thinking over blind bravery.
Key Quotes:
- “Sweat saves blood, blood saves lives, but brains save both” – Field Marshal Rommel: Emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking in military endeavors.
Key Statements:
- “The distinction between civilian and military technology erodes with drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.”
- “China’s response by banning Tesla cars and Apple phones from army bases.”
- “Global rankings matter: 71% of universities have a ranking goal, and 68% use them as a tool for management.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to the historical role of American universities, particularly MIT, in military partnerships.
- China’s proactive approach to global university rankings, starting with Project 211 in 1995.
- Mention of the Defense Technology Council proposed in India to improve project management.
Key Facts and Data:
- India has 11 universities in the top 500 global university rankings.
- China has 71 universities in the top 500 QS rankings due to strategic initiatives from 1995 to 2022.
- American universities have historically played a crucial role in military advancements.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively links the evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess. It presents a critical analysis of the challenges posed by changing geopolitical dynamics and the potential impact on national security. The integration of historical references, global examples, and quotes adds depth to the argument.
Way Forward:
- Implement strategic interventions to enhance the top 20 government universities in India.
- Consolidate independent research labs into top institutions for better research outcomes.
- Concentrate government research funding to universities and incentivize corporate research collaboration.
- Introduce performance-based funding to encourage improvements in research metrics and rankings.
- Strengthen partnerships between universities and the proposed Defense Technology Council for effective project management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGS
Mains level: misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS
Central Idea:
The Rural Development Ministry mandated Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), despite protests from workers and questionable government claims. The article highlights the complexities of ABPS, the lack of evidence supporting its benefits, and the misrepresentation of research findings that supposedly endorse ABPS. It argues for the continuation of account-based payments in MGNREGS.
Key Highlights:
- ABPS Complexity: ABPS in MGNREGS involves Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and linking to bank accounts, leading to potential glitches causing wage delays and denial of work.
- Government Claims: The government asserted that ABPS would eliminate duplicate job cards, reduce delays, and lower payment rejections, but these claims are questioned.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Officials reportedly deleted job cards under pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets, leading to spelling mismatches and exaggerated savings claims.
- LibTech Study: A public research group’s study, cited by the government, found no statistically significant difference in efficiency between ABPS and account-based payments.
- Misrepresentation: The Ministry misrepresented the LibTech study, incorrectly claiming that it endorsed ABPS despite no significant gains.
Key Challenges:
- Technological Glitches: Workers face issues due to errors in Aadhaar seeding, authentication, and bank account linking, causing financial losses and delays.
- Deletion of Job Cards: Job card deletions surged, raising concerns about the accuracy of the process and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- Misleading Claims: The government’s claims of efficiency gains with ABPS are contradicted by research, indicating a lack of transparency and credibility.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS): A payment system using Aadhaar authentication and linking for financial transactions.
- Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): A social security scheme providing rural employment.
- Aadhaar Seeding: Linking Aadhaar numbers with relevant databases, such as job cards and bank accounts.
- Job Card Deletions: Removal of MGNREGS job cards, allegedly driven by the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
Key Quotes:
- “Incorrectness in any of the above steps for ABPS means that the worker is denied work, does not receive wages, or is not paid in their preferred account.”
- “In the last two years alone, job cards of over 7 crore workers got deleted.”
- “LibTech’s study is based on a sample of 3.2 crore transactions. The difference was not statistically significant, providing evidence that ABPS is not quicker than account-based payments.”
Key Statements:
- The government’s claims of ABPS benefits lack credibility, with evidence pointing to errors in job card deletions and questionable efficiency gains.
- The misrepresentation of research findings by the Ministry undermines the justification for making ABPS mandatory.
Key Examples and References:
- Research papers in Economic and Political Weekly highlighting errors in job card deletions and the pressure to meet Aadhaar seeding targets.
- The Ministry’s press release misrepresenting the LibTech study’s findings.
Key Facts and Data:
- A 247% increase in job card deletions in FY 2022–23, with over 7 crore workers affected.
- As of January 11, 2024, out of 25.6 crore registered workers, only 16.9 crore are eligible for ABPS.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the complexities and challenges associated with ABPS, questions the government’s claims, and exposes the misrepresentation of research findings to support the mandatory implementation of ABPS in MGNREGS.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for account-based payments in MGNREGS due to the difficulties and glitches associated with ABPS.
- Emphasize the need for transparency, credibility, and evidence-based decision-making in the implementation of payment systems.
- Call for a reevaluation of the decision to make ABPS mandatory, considering the workers’ concerns and the lack of proven benefits.
By addressing these issues, the government can ensure a more efficient and transparent payment system in MGNREGS.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Poorna Swaraj Declaration
Mains level: Not Much
Since 1950, January 26, Republic Day has marked the day India’s Constitution came into effect.
However, the Constitution was prepared the way before the chosen date, adopted officially by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949.
Why do we celebrate our Republic Day on January 26, then?
- The answer lies in the history of the Indian freedom struggle during which the date held significance since 1930.
- On January 26, 1930, the historic “Poorna Swaraj” declaration was officially promulgated, beginning the final phase of India’s freedom struggle where the goal would be complete independence from British rule.
Republic Day: The context of the 1920s
- The Non-Cooperation Movement ended unceremoniously in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident.
- Mahatma Gandhi, at the time, felt that the country was “not yet ready” for his non-violent methods of protest.
- Thus, the 1920s did not see further mobilisation at the scale that was seen during the Non Cooperation Movement and the anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Precursor to the Poorna Swaraj Demand
- 1920s saw the rise of revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.
- It witnessed the coming of age of a new generation of Congress leaders such as Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Vallabhai Patel and C Rajagopalachari,
- Hence the 1920s laid the ground for the future course of India’s freedom struggle.
- Notably, in 1927, British Authorities appointed the Simon Commission – a seven-man, all European team under Sir John Simon – to deliberate on political reforms in India.
- This sent a wave of outrage and discontentment across the country.
Nehru Report and its protagonism for Dominion Status
- For the first time since 1922, protests against the Simon Commission spread nationwide, with chants of “Simon Go Back” echoing across the country.
- In response, the INC appointed its own commission under Motilal Nehru.
- The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted dominion status within the Empire.
- In the Balfour Declaration of 1926, dominions were defined as “autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs.
- Dominions were to be united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
Do you know?
In 1926, countries like Canada, Australia and New Zealand were granted dominion status.
Internal disagreement within the Congress over Dominion Status
- Crucially, even within Congress, the (Motilal) Nehru Report did not enjoy universal support.
- Young leaders such as Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted India to break all ties with the British Empire.
- They argued that under dominion status, while India would enjoy a certain level of autonomy, the British Parliament and Crown would still have the ability to meddle in Indian affairs.
- Importantly, for both Bose and Nehru, attaining dominion status would make India party to colonial exploitation elsewhere in the British Empire, mainly Africa.
- With a far more radical worldview than their predecessors, Bose and Nehru looked at anti-colonialism not only as a local political issue for India but in a more global lens.
- However, Gandhi was still very much for dominion status, arguing that it would be a welcome step in India’s anti-colonial struggle. His views would soon change.
Irwin’s retreat from the Dominion status promise
- In 1929, Viceroy Irwin had vaguely announced that India would be granted dominion status in the future.
- Known as the Irwin Declaration, it was warmly welcomed by Indians but faced massive backlash back in Britain.
- The British population was still pro-Empire and India was seen as the Empire’s Crown Jewel.
- Importantly, as the world economy went into a recession, India was arguably Britain’s most valuable colony with its vast land, resources, and population crucial for its economy.
- Thus, under pressure from back home, Irwin went back on his word.
Realizing the bluff
- In a meeting with Gandhi, Muslim League’s Jinnah and a few other leaders, he said that he could not promise India dominion status any time soon.
- This would be a turning point as the Congress grew increasingly united on the issue.
- With the British unable to follow through on even reasonable reforms, Indians supported increasingly “radical” goals – a fully independent republic being one of the first.
Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
- The Lahore Session of the INC convened in December 1929.
- On December 19, the historic “Poorna Swaraj” resolution was passed in the session.
- This declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on January 26, 1930.
- The Congress urged Indians to come out and celebrate “independence” on that day.
- The Indian tricolour was hoisted across the country by Congress party workers and patriotic songs were sung as the country reconfigured its strategy for Independence.
- It is with this declaration that India’s national movement “shifted from the language of charity to the language of justice.”
Republic Day in post-Independence India
- From 1930 till India finally won its independence in 1947, January 26 was celebrated as “Independence Day” or “Poorna Swaraj Day” with Indians reaffirming their commitment towards sovereignty on that day.
- However, India won independence from the British on August 15, exactly two years after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies to end World War II.
- When leaders had to decide on a day to promulgate India’s new constitution, January 26 was thought to be ideal.
- Not only did this date already hold nationalist significance, the Constitution in many ways reflected the “Poorna Swaraj” declaration of two decades back.
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