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  • Innovation Ecosystem in India

    India trails in critical tech, particularly semiconductor tech

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Why in the News?

    A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe.

    What is the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index?

    • A global index launched to evaluate how 25 countries perform across five technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum.
    • Developed using public and commercial data, allowing policymakers to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.
    • Weighting of sectors: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), Quantum (5%), based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential.

    How does it assess countries’ performance?

    • Sector-wise Evaluation Using Pillars: Each of the five sectors—AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum—is assessed using multiple weighted pillars such as funding, talent, core technologies, infrastructure, and global influence.
    • Weighted Scoring System: The index assigns strategic weights to each sector (e.g., semiconductors 35%, AI 25%) based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential, resulting in an overall score that reflects each country’s relative technological strength.

    Why is India behind the top countries in key tech sectors?

    • Lower Investments and Talent Gaps: India lacks deep investments and a large skilled workforce in core tech sectors like semiconductors and quantum computing. Eg: The U.S. leads in AI and chip design due to massive R&D funding and strong academia-industry collaboration.
    • Fragmented Innovation Ecosystem: Unlike the U.S.’s decentralized model or China’s state-led coordination, India’s innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia. Eg: India ranks below France and far behind China in biotech and space sectors despite policy efforts.
    • Limited Manufacturing and Infrastructure: India has weak chip fabrication and limited quantum labs or space tech facilities compared to countries like Taiwan (chips) or Russia (space assets). Eg: India ranks 7th in space while Russia is 3rd due to superior defence assets and launch capabilities.

    Which factors drive U.S. dominance in tech?

    • Massive Investments and Funding: The U.S. leads due to consistent and large-scale public and private investments in emerging technologies. Eg: Heavy funding in AI and semiconductors ensures global leadership in research and innovation.
    • Strong Talent and Research Ecosystem: A world-class workforce, top universities, and a decentralized innovation network strengthen its technological base. Eg: Institutions like MIT and Stanford produce cutting-edge research in quantum and biotech.
    • Strategic Global Partnerships: The U.S. collaborates closely with tech leaders like Japan, South Korea, and Europe, especially in semiconductorsand quantum. Eg: Joint ventures in chip production enhance U.S. resilience and global influence.

    How do China and Europe compare in tech strengths?

    Aspect China Europe Example
    Biotechnology Strong growth due to state-led investments and large talent pool Leading in vaccine R&D, genetic engineering, and pharma Eg: China’s focus on biotech parks; Europe’s mRNA vaccine leadership
    Quantum Technology Rapidly progressing with centralised planning and funding Strong academic research and early quantum computing breakthrough Eg: China’s Jiuzhang quantum computer; Europe’s QuTech (Netherlands)
    Semiconductors Lags behind due to foreign tech dependency and tool import barriers Moderate progress; behind East Asia and U.S. in manufacturing Eg: China’s reliance on ASML’s lithography; Europe’s low chip fab capacity
    Artificial Intelligence (AI) Excels in data volume and AI applications, but weaker algorithms Strong in ethical AI, policy, and funding, but lags behind in deployment Eg: China’s use of AI in facial recognition; Europe’s AI Act regulation
    Space Technology Advanced programs with state backing; lacks international openness Lower funding and limited military use; some success in space science Eg: China’s Chang’e missions; Europe’s ESA satellite projects

     

    Why is the above comparison between Europe and China important for India? 

    • Strategic Benchmarking for Policy and Investment: It helps India identify strength areas (e.g., biotech in Europe, quantum in China) and gaps (e.g., semiconductors) to shape its own technology roadmap, investments, and global collaborations. Eg: India can learn from China’s scale-driven investments in biotech and Europe’s regulatory models in AI for better domestic implementation.
    • Opportunity for Strategic Alliances: Understanding their strengths enables India to form targeted partnerships for tech transfer, research, and market access in complementary areas. Eg: India–EU cooperation in pharmaceutical innovation, or India–China dialogue in quantum research norms can enhance India’s tech footprint.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Strategic Investments in Core Tech Sectors: India should increase targeted funding and incentives in critical areas like semiconductors, AI, and biotech, with a focus on R&D, talent development, and infrastructure. Eg: Expanding PLI schemes to include quantum and chip design startups.
    • Build Global Tech Partnerships and Talent Pipelines: Proactively engage with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S. for joint research, mutual recognition of standards, and tech collaboration. Eg: Set up Indo-EU research hubs for biotechnology and semiconductor fabrication units with Japan.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.

    Linkage: India “lags significantly” in critical technology sectors like semiconductors, which require substantial resources (e.g., advanced manufacturing capabilities, specialized raw materials, skilled talent, significant funding), this question implicitly probes India’s challenges and trailing position in the global technological landscape.

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  • Iran’s Nuclear Program & Western Sanctions

    Places in news: Strait of Hormuz

    Prelims OnlyWorld Mapping | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Effect Of Policies & Politics Of World On India’S Interests

    Why in the News?

    Iran’s Parliament has approved a motion to block the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns worldwide.

    Strait of Hormuz

    About the Strait of Hormuz:

    • Geographic Location: The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway that connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and eventually to the Arabian Sea.
    • Dimensions: It is about 167 km long and 33 km wide at its narrowest, making it one of the world’s most strategic maritime chokepoints.
    • Bordering Countries: The strait lies between Iran (north) and Oman (south), with nearby cities such as Bandar Abbas, Khasab, and Dubai.
    • Shipping Lanes: It contains designated lanes just 3 km wide in each direction to manage heavy oil tanker traffic.
    • Key Islands: Important islands include Qeshm, Hormuz, and Hengam (controlled by Iran) and disputed ones like Abu Musa and the Tunbs, claimed by both Iran and the UAE.
    • Naval Depth Advantage: Waters near the Musandam Peninsula reach depths over 650 feet, ideal for deep-draft oil tankers.
    • Security Risks: Due to its narrowness, the strait is vulnerable to disruption from mining, military action, or cyber interference.
    • Historical Tensions: It has witnessed frequent maritime tensions, especially during Iran–West conflicts but has never been fully blocked.

    Its significance:

    • Global Oil Flow: Over 20 million barrels of crude oil per day pass through the strait, accounting for 25% of seaborne oil trade and 20% of global consumption.
    • Gas Exports: It is vital for LNG exports, especially from Qatar, reaching markets across the globe.
    • Asian Dependence: Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea import 69% of the oil that flows through the strait.
    • Market Sensitivity: Any disruption can spike global oil prices, increasing fuel and commodity costs worldwide.
    • Limited Alternatives: Overland pipelines like Saudi Arabia’s East-West (5 million bpd) and UAE’s Habshan-Fujairah (1.8 million bpd) offer only partial alternatives.

    Implications of Blockade:

    • Shipping Costs: During geopolitical tensions, insurance and freight charges for using the strait surge significantly.
    • India’s Vulnerability: India relies heavily on the region for oil imports, so instability could raise inflation, disrupt energy supplies, and impact the trade balance.
    • Strategic Response: A full blockade could trigger direct military action, particularly from the US 5th Fleet based in Bahrain.
    • Mutual Economic Impact: Disruption would affect both exporters and importers, including Iran and its major customer, China.
    [UPSC 2010] Which one of the following can one come across if one travels through the Strait of Malacca?

    Options: (a) Bali (b) Brunei (c) Java (d) Singapore*

     

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    Induction of INS Tamal

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Tamal, a stealth multi-role frigate and the last warship commissioned outside India, on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia.

    About INS Tamal:

    • Overview: It is the 8th Krivak-class and 2nd Tushil-class stealth frigate from Russia.
    • Last to be imported: Final Indian Navy ship to be commissioned abroad, under the 2016 India-Russia IGA.
    • Built at Yantar Shipyard, Kaliningrad; sister ship INS Tushil was commissioned in Dec 2024; designed by Severnoye Bureau; overseen by the Indian Navy.
    • Etymology: Name inspired by a mythical sword of Indra; mascot blends Jambavant and Eurasian Brown Bear.
    • Motto: “Sarvada Sarvatra Vijaya” – Victorious Always, Everytime.

    Important Features:

    • Indigenous components: It uses Indian-made parts in 26% of its systems, including those from companies like BEL and Tata.
    • Stealth capacity: It has radar, sonar, and electronic systems to detect enemy ships and submarines.
    • Patrol features: It can carry helicopters that help in sea patrol and rescue missions.
    • Size: It is 125 metres long, weighs about 3,900 tonnes, and can move very fast, over 30 knots.
    • Digital warfare: It has modern control systems that allow all its weapons and sensors to work together.
    [UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    Options: (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

     

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Integrating Rare Donor Registry of India with e-Rakt Kosh

    Prelims Only | Social Justice | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News?

    The ICMR has launched the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is further planning to integrate the RDRI with the e-Rakt Kosh Digital platform.

    What are Rare Blood Types?

    • Rare blood groups are defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens (HFAs) or negative combinations of multiple common antigens.
    • In India, examples include Bombay (hh), P-null, Rh-null, and rare profiles like S-s-U-.

    About the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI):

    • Launch: It was launched by the ICMR–National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH) in collaboration with four regional medical institutes.
    • Purpose: It aims to address the shortage of rare blood types such as Bombay (hh), Rh-null, and P-Null, critical for patients with thalassemia, haemophilia, and sickle cell disease.
    • Uniqueness: Over 4,000 donors have been screened using multiplex PCR, suited for Indian genetic diversity, and catalogued using 300+ rare blood markers.
    • Rare Phenotypes Tracked: The registry focuses on rare phenotypes defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens; already 170 Bombay group donors have been identified.
    • Key Features:
      • DNA-Based Testing: Molecular assays are used for accurate donor typing, enabling a centralised national database accessible through a dedicated web portal.
      • Integration with e-Rakt Kosh: RDRI is designed to be integrated with e-Rakt Kosh, enabling cross-platform donor search and matching by medical professionals nationwide.
      • Real-Time Support: The platform allows secure data access, real-time requisitions, and timely transfusion support for patients requiring rare blood types.
      • Global Linkages: The initiative aims to connect with International Rare Donor Panels and develop a frozen rare blood inventory to ensure long-term availability.
    • Challenges: Key challenges include low awareness, shortage of trained personnel, and lack of antibody screening at decentralised blood banks.

    What is E-Rakt Kosh?

    • Overview: e-Rakt Kosh is a national digital platform developed by C-DAC under the National Health Mission, launched in 2016.
    • Real-Time Information: It offers live updates on blood availability, donor records, and donation camp details across India via a centralised interface.
    • National Coverage: The system covers over 3,800 blood centres across 29 states and 8 Union Territories, integrated with UMANG, e-Hospital, and the National Health Portal.
    • Notable features include:
      • Donor Safety and Tagging: It maintains traceable donor databases, including health history and rare blood group tagging, ensuring safe and verified transfusions.
      • Inventory Monitoring: e-Rakt Kosh manages stock levels, tracks expired units, and ensures safe disposal, thereby improving quality control.
      • Camp Management: It facilitates registration and scheduling of blood donation camps, sends alerts for shortages, and streamlines resource planning.
      • Critical Access Role: Once integrated with RDRI, it will allow direct access to rare blood group data, crucial during emergency transfusions.
      • Transparency and Logistics: The system enhances transparency, strengthens blood logistics, and improves communication between blood banks, hospitals, and donor groups.
    [UPSC 2001] A man whose blood group is not known meets with a serious accident and needs blood transfusion immediately. Which one of the blood groups mentioned below and readily available in the hospital will be safe for transfusion?

    Options: (a) O, Rh- * (b) O, Rh+ (c) AB, Rh- (d) AB, Rh+

     

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    11th International Yoga Day

    Prelims Only | Art and Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister led the celebrations for the 11th International Day of Yoga on 21st June.

    About International Day of Yoga:

    • Celebration: The International Day of Yoga is observed annually on June 21 across the world since 2015, following a UN resolution in 2014.
    • Proposed by India at UN: Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed the idea during his UN address in September 2014, highlighting yoga’s global relevance.
    • UN Recognition: The resolution was introduced by India’s Permanent Representative and was adopted without a vote, supported by 177 countries.
    • First Observance: The first celebration was held on June 21, 2015, with events in cities like New York, Paris, Beijing, and New Delhi.
    • Purpose of the Day: The day recognizes Yoga’s health benefits, including physical fitness, stress relief, and spiritual well-being.

    Back2Basics: Yoga

    • Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and is deeply rooted in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
    • Meaning of Yoga: The word “Yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit root “yuj”, meaning “to join or unite” the mind, body, and spirit.
    • Historical References:
      • Rig Veda and Upanishads: Yoga-like practices are mentioned in the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BCE) and further developed in the Upanishads (800–400 BCE).
      • Patanjali’s Contribution: Sage Patanjali, considered the father of classical yoga, compiled the Yoga Sutras around the 2nd century BCE, outlining a systematic philosophy.
    • Eight Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga (Yoga Sutras)
      1. Yama – Ethical principles (e.g., non-violence, truth).
      2. Niyama – Personal observances (e.g., cleanliness, contentment).
      3. Asana – Physical postures.
      4. Pranayama – Breath control.
      5. Pratyahara – Withdrawal of senses.
      6. Dharana – Concentration.
      7. Dhyana – Meditation.
      8. Samadhi – State of spiritual absorption or self-realization.
    • Schools and Styles of Yoga:
      • Multiple Traditions: Yoga is practiced in various schools, each with distinct methods and focus.
      • Popular Styles: These include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Kundalini, Bikram, and Yin Yoga, catering to both beginners and advanced practitioners.

    Why was 21st June chosen for this day?

    • The date of June 21 was chosen because it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, symbolising spiritual significance across various cultures.
    • In Hindu mythology, this day marks the transition to Dakshinayana and is associated with the first yogi, Shiva, who began teaching yoga to humanity.

    Tap to read more about Summer Solstice (June 21).

     

    [2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?

    (a) Mimamsa and Vedanta

    (b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika

    (c) Lokayata and Kapalika

    (d) Sankhya and Yoga

     

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    [pib] Estimates Committee of Parliament

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Parliament & State Legislatures

    Why in the news?

    The Lok Sabha Speaker inaugurated the National Conference of Estimates Committees of Parliament and State/UT Legislative Bodies in Mumbai.

    About the Estimates Committee:

    • Overview: The Estimates Committee is one of the 3 major financial standing committees of Parliament, along with the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU).
    • Objective: It examines the budgetary estimates of ministries and departments and works to enhance economy, efficiency, and accountability in public expenditure.
    • Other name: Known as the “Continuous Economy Committee” because of its ongoing scrutiny of how public money is spent.
    • Legal Basis: The committee functions under Rule 310 of the Lok Sabha Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business.
    • History: It was set up in 1950, based on a suggestion by then Finance Minister John Mathai.
    • Composition and Tenure:
      • Lok Sabha Exclusive: The committee has 30 members, all from the Lok Sabha; there is NO representation from the Rajya Sabha.
      • Election and Chairperson: Members are elected annually through proportional representation using a single transferable vote, and the Speaker appoints the Chairperson, typically from the ruling party.
      • Ministers are NOT eligible: If a member becomes a minister, he/she automatically vacate the seat on the committee.
      • Term Limit: Each member serves for a one-year term.

    Key Functions and Powers:

    • Scrutiny of Estimates: It reviews the budget estimates to suggest ways to reduce expenditure without affecting policy outcomes.
    • Suggesting Reforms: It recommends alternative administrative practices to minimise waste and improve efficiency.
    • Project Review: It undertakes study visits and reviews the implementation status of major public sector projects.
    • Report Submission: The committee submits detailed reports and suggestions to the Lok Sabha, which may lead to policy or format changes.
    • Follow-Up Mechanism: Ministries are required to submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs) on the committee’s recommendations.
    • Jurisdictional Limits: The committee CANNOT examine PSUs, as this role belongs exclusively to the Committee on Public Undertakings.
    [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the largest Committee of the Parliament?

    Options: (a) The committee on Public Accounts. (b) The committee on Estimates* (c) The Committee on Public Undertakings (d) The committee on Petition

     

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  • [21st June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Lighting the spark in U.K.-India cultural relations

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.

    Linkage: The article emphasizes India’s “deep cultural heritage” and states that India is “uniquely positioned to lead” in the creative economy, reaffirming a “shared creative spirit” with the UK. This question probes the underlying strengths and uniqueness of Indian culture that enable such leadership and sustained collaboration.

    Mentor’s Comment:  The landmark moment for India-UK ties, not only with the ratification of the long-awaited Free Trade Agreement but more so with the signing of the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) between both nations. This represents a significant cultural pivot and recognizes creative industries as drivers of economic growth, inclusion, and diplomacy. It also places India, with its deep heritage and burgeoning digital skills, in a leadership role within the global creative economy — a sector projected to constitute 10% of global GDP by 2030. The POCC opens up a digital-cultural corridor between India and the UK, at a time when cross-border cultural diplomacy is becoming central to international relations.

    Today’s editorial analyses the Free Trade Agreement between the UK and India. This content would help in GS Paper I (Indian Society), GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III ( Indian Economy)  in the mains Paper.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    In May 2024, India and the United Kingdom approved their long-awaited Free Trade Agreement, marking a major step forward in their economic relationship.

    What is the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC)?

    • POCC is a cultural agreement signed on May 2 between U.K. Secretary of State for Culture Lisa Nandy and India’s Minister for Culture Gajendra Singh Shekhawat.
    • It aims to strengthen India-U.K. cultural ties and enhance cooperation across the creative economy. It represents a shared commitment to cross-cultural collaboration and economic growth.

    What are its main focus areas?

    • Digital Technologies for Culture: Focuses on using emerging tools like AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms to preserve and share cultural experiences. Eg: Creating virtual museum tours or AI-powered cultural archives.
    • Exhibitions and Collections: Promotes collaboration between museums and institutions to share art, history, and heritage collections. Eg: Joint exhibitions by the British Museum and Indian cultural institutions.
    • Performances and Events: Encourages cultural exchanges through music, dance, theatre, and film festivals. Eg: Participation of Indian artists in the Serendipity Arts Festival – Birmingham chapter.
    • Cultural Property: Aims to protect and restore heritage artifacts and traditions, including tackling illicit trafficking. Eg: UNESCO–Royal Enfield’s Himalayan Knot project conserving textile traditions.
    • Sustainability: Supports environmentally responsible practices in cultural projects and promotes green initiatives in the arts. Eg: Sustainable exhibition design and eco-friendly performances during India-UK cultural collaborations.

    What is the creative economy? 

    The creative economy includes sectors such as art, music, design, film, architecture, publishing, fashion, advertising, digital media, software, and crafts—all of which rely on individual creativity, skill, and talent. Eg: Bollywood contributes to both India’s cultural identity and economy through movies, music, and dance.

    Why is the creative economy important for both India and the U.K.?

    • Drives Economic Growth: The creative economy is projected to contribute 10% of global GDP by 2030. Eg: India’s creative sector is already worth $35 billion, and is rapidly expanding with global collaborations.
    • Generates Employment: It is a major employment multiplier, especially in sectors like film, design, digital content, and heritage arts. Eg: In India, it employs 8% of the workforce, second only to agriculture.
    • Boosts Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Fosters partnerships and mutual understanding between nations through shared cultural experiences. Eg: The POCC agreement strengthens UK-India ties via co-created exhibitions and performances.
    • Supports Innovation through Technology: Integrates AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms into creative practices, making the sector dynamic and future-ready. Eg: The British Council’s Arts and Technologies report calls for embedding digital tools in India’s creative education.
    • Promotes Inclusive Development: Engages non-metro regions and artisan communities, helping balance regional inequalities. Eg: Creative hubs in Badgam (J&K) and Tiruppur (TN) show the power of decentralised cultural growth.

    How are new technologies shaping the creative sector?

    • Enhancing Cultural Experiences through AR/VR: Augmented and virtual reality bring immersive experiences to museums, exhibitions, and performances. Eg: Museums in the U.K. use VR to recreate historical events, allowing virtual tours and deeper engagement.
    • Expanding Global Reach via Digital Platforms: Digital platforms enable creators to reach global audiences instantly. Eg: Indian artists now showcase their work on OTT platforms and global streaming services.
    • Boosting Innovation in Storytelling with AI: Artificial Intelligence helps generate content, animation, music, and design, improving efficiency and creativity. Eg: AI tools are used in film editing and scriptwriting to speed up production.
    • Creating New Art Forms and Jobs: Tech-based sectors like gaming, digital art, and interactive media are emerging as new creative industries. Eg: India’s gaming sector, driven by youth and mobile access, is becoming a major employer in digital creativity.
    • Transforming Creative Education: New technologies are integrated into curricula to train the next generation of artists and designers. Eg: The British Council’s report urges India to include tech-based tools in creative education programs.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Education & Skill Development: Invest in creative education, vocational training, and digital literacy to build a future-ready workforce equipped for sectors like design, animation, gaming, and digital content.
      Eg: Setting up creative arts institutes and expanding courses in AR/VR, AI, and multimedia design.
    • Strengthen International Collaboration & Policy Support: Foster cross-border partnerships and provide policy incentives for creative industries to innovate, grow, and access global markets. Eg: Agreements like the India–U.K. Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) help promote cultural exchangeand creative trade.

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  • Coastal Zones Management and Regulations

    How India ‘added’ more than 3,500 km to its coastline

    Explained | Geography | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the News?

    India’s coastline has increased by about 48%, not because of new land but due to better digital mapping and updated measurements. It has grown from 7,516 km to 11,098 km, giving a clearer view of the country’s natural borders.

    What led to the increase in India’s measured coastline length?

    • Use of High-Resolution Mapping Technology: The shift from low-resolution (1:4,500,000) to high-resolution data (1:250,000) allowed finer measurement of the coastline’s bends and curves. Eg: Modern GIS software captured intricate coastal shapes that older manual methods missed.
    • Inclusion of Previously Omitted Offshore Islands: Many small offshore islands that were earlier not visible or excluded due to manual limitations are now included. Eg: Several minor islands around the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep regions added extra coastline length.
    • Coastline Paradox and Irregularity of Landforms: Coastlines are naturally irregular; measuring them at a finer scale captures more detail, thus increasing total length. Eg: Like using a one-meter ruler instead of a one-kilometre one—more small features are counted, increasing overall length.

    Why is the coastline paradox relevant to India’s coastal mapping?

    • Scale-Dependent Measurement: The coastline paradox shows that a coastline’s length varies based on the scale or resolution used for measurement—the finer the scale, the longer the coastline appears. Eg: Measuring with 1:250,000 scale data gives a much longer length than with 1:4,500,000 scale data.
    • Irregular Nature of Coastlines: Coastlines are highly irregular, full of bends, curves, and inlets, which get missed at lower resolutions but captured at higher ones. Eg: A low-resolution map smooths out land features, while high-resolution GIS tools map every minor curve.
    • No Fixed Length: The paradox proves that coastlines do not have a finite length—they can always be measured in more detail, leading to ever-changing figures. Eg: Even with current high-tech tools, the actual coastline length keeps increasing with better precision in future reassessments.

    How does reassessing the coastline and islands impact governance and security?

    • Accurate Administrative and Developmental Planning: Reassessment provides a clear understanding of territorial boundaries, aiding in efficient governance and infrastructure development. Eg: Updated coastline data helps plan coastal roads, ports, and disaster response systems in states like Gujarat and West Bengal.
    • Strengthening Maritime Security and Surveillance: Precise mapping helps in identifying vulnerable points, enabling better deployment of naval and coast guard resources. Eg: Mapping of remote islands assists in setting up radar stations and surveillance posts in regions like Lakshadweepand Andaman & Nicobar.
    • Strategic Assertion and Environmental Management: Helps in asserting sovereignty over maritime zones and managing coastal ecosystems more effectively. Eg: Reassessment supports India’s claim over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and strengthens climate resilienceplanning in coastal areas.

    What challenges exist in accurately counting India’s offshore islands?

    • Ambiguity in Definitions and Tidal Variations: Some landforms may appear as islands during high tide but get connected to the mainland during low tide, causing confusion in classification. Eg: Certain coastal features in Sundarbans and Gulf of Khambhat shift between island and non-island status based on tide levels.
    • Discrepancies Across Agencies and Lack of Standardisation: Different agencies like state governments, Coast Guard, and Surveyor General have reported varying island countsdue to inconsistent definitions and methods. Eg: In 2016, the Surveyor General listed 1,382 islands, while other agencies reported 1,334, leading to a need for data reconciliation.

    Way forward: 

    • Standardised Methodology and Regular Reassessment: Adopt a uniform classification system for islands and coastlines across all agencies, and institutionalise periodic reassessments using high-resolution GIS and satellite data every 10 years.
    • Integrated Coastal Management and Strategic Mapping: Develop a centralised coastal database linking administrative, ecological, and security data to support policy-making, climate resilience, and maritime defence planning.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public health care at the grassroots level.

    Linkage: This article explicitly highlights alcohol consumption as a significant public health issue in India, leading to injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and contributing to approximately 2.6 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2021.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India – EU

    Explained: Significance of PM Modi’s Croatia visit, and India’s historic ties with the country

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister is visiting Croatia as part of his three-nation tour, which includes Cyprus and Canada. It is his first foreign trip since Operation Sindoor and the first-ever by an Indian PM to Croatia.

    Why is India’s PM’s visit to Croatia strategically important for India-Europe ties?

    • First-Ever Visit Signals Diplomatic Priority: PM of India visit marks the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Croatia, signalling India’s intent to strengthen ties with smaller but strategically located EU nations. Eg: This visit follows recent high-level engagements with the EU, including EAM S. Jaishankar’s tour of key European nations and the EU chief’s visit to India.
    • Gateway to Broader European Engagement: Croatia’s location on the Adriatic Sea and participation in EU and NATO makes it a vital link for India to access Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe. Eg: Ports like Rijeka and Split could serve as future nodes for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
    • Strategic Counter to China’s Growing Presence: The visit is a part of India’s effort to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by building stronger ties with countries like Croatia. Eg: Croatia is part of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), where India can build alternative trade and energy partnerships.

    What is the significance of Croatia’s location in India’s trade and connectivity plans?

    • Strategic Adriatic Sea Access to Europe: Croatia is located on the Adriatic Sea, offering India a western maritime gateway to Europe and easy access to landlocked Central and Eastern European nations. Eg: Ports like Rijeka, Split, and Ploče can facilitate India-Europe cargo movement, reducing dependence on northern European routes.
    • Link to Trans-European Transport Corridors: Croatia sits at the intersection of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), enabling smoother logistics and intermodal trade connectivity across the EU. Eg: Goods arriving at Croatian ports can be distributed via rail or road to Germany, Austria, Hungary, and beyond.
    • Potential Hub in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Croatia could be a key extension point in IMEC, connecting India to Europe through Middle Eastern and Mediterranean routes. Eg: A route through Adriatic ports would offer faster, diversified supply chain options to bypass chokepoints like the Suez Canal.

    How have India-Croatia relations evolved since Yugoslavia’s breakup?

    • Early Recognition and Diplomatic Ties: India was among the first non-European countries to recognise Croatia’s independence in 1992 and quickly established formal diplomatic relations. Eg: The Indian mission in Zagreb opened in 1996, and ties were upgraded to the ambassadorial level by 1998.
    • Continuity of Warm Relations from Yugoslav Era: Friendly ties from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) days continued, especially since Marshal Tito (of mixed Croatian and Slovene heritage) had a strong personal rapport with Indian leadership. Eg: Croatia once accounted for two-thirds of India-Yugoslavia trade, laying a historical economic foundation.
    • Stable Relations Amid Croatia’s Western Integration: Despite Croatia’s focus on EU and NATO membership, India maintained cordial ties and engaged through trade, cultural diplomacy, and multilateral platforms. Eg: Croatia joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013, yet bilateral trade and cultural exchanges with India have steadily grown.

    What are the key economic and cultural links between India and Croatia?

    • Growing Bilateral Trade: Economic ties have steadily improved, with bilateral trade increasing from $199.45 million in 2017 to $337.68 million in 2023. Eg: India exports medicines, machinery, chemicals, and apparel, while Croatia exports chemicals, precision instruments, and timber products to India.
    • Deep Cultural and Civilisational Connect: Cultural exchanges trace back centuries, with scholars and missionaries engaging with Indian traditions and languages. Eg: Croatian scholar Ivan Filip Vezdin printed the first Sanskrit grammar in Latin in 1790 after learning from Kerala Brahmins—a reprint was gifted to PM Modi.
    • Academic and Heritage Bonds: Indian culture continues to attract interest in Croatia, particularly in universities and historical architecture. Eg: Croatian involvement in the construction of the Church of Sao Braz in Goa in the 1560s and Indian studies programmes in Croatian academic institutions reflect enduring links.

    Why should India deepen engagement with Central and Eastern Europe amid China’s BRI?

    • Strategic Counter to China’s Expanding Influence: Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are key participants in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing Beijing’s geopolitical footprint in the region. Eg: Strengthening ties with countries like Croatia, Poland, and Hungary allows India to offer an alternative partnership model based on mutual respect and balanced trade.
    • Support for India’s Global Aspirations: Many CEE countries support India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)and other multilateral forums. Eg: Engaging with pro-India nations in the EU helps India shape global norms and strengthen its diplomatic leverage.
    • Geostrategic and Economic Gateway to Europe: CEE countries lie at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, making them vital for India’s trade connectivity, energy cooperation, and access to European markets. Eg: Croatia’s role in the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) and its ports linked to Trans-European corridors can serve as hubs for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

    Way forward: 

    • Institutionalise Strategic and Economic Dialogue: India should establish regular high-level forums and joint working groups with Croatia and other CEE countries to deepen cooperation in trade, infrastructure, and digital technology.
    • Enhance Cultural and Academic Exchange: Boosting people-to-people ties through scholarships, cultural festivals, and collaborative research will strengthen India’s soft power and foster long-term partnerships across the region.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Croatia, an EU member, is highlighted as part of a broader strategy to strengthen India-EU ties. The article explicitly states that this growing importance of India-EU relations comes in the context of the EU “trying to de-risk from China”.

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  • Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

    Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access Broadband

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the News?

    BSNL announced the soft launch of Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) broadband in Hyderabad.

    About Quantum 5G FWA:

    • Overviews: It is India’s first SIM-less, fixed wireless access broadband service.
    • Development: It delivers fibre-like internet over 5G radio and was developed entirely by Indian vendors under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
    • How does it work?
      • Customers are provided with a CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) device that connects wirelessly to the nearest BSNL 5G base station.
      • The CPE auto-authenticates without requiring a SIM card, using Direct-to-Device technology.
      • Internet is delivered over the air, eliminating the need for trenching or fibre installation.
      • The service currently reaches 85% of Hyderabad households using BSNL’s existing tower infrastructure.

    Key Features:

    • Indigenous: Includes core network, RAN, and CPE, all developed by Indian vendors.
    • High Performance: Achieves up to 980 Mbps download, 140 Mbps upload, and <10 ms latency—ideal for streaming, gaming, and remote work.
    • Quick Setup: Customers can self-install the device with no need for physical fibre connections.
    • Enterprise Capability: Supports network slicing and Service Level Agreement (SLA)-backed links for MSMEs and industrial clusters.
    • Strategic Vision: Positions BSNL as a leader in next-generation broadband and enhances rural and urban connectivity.
    [UPSC 2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?

    1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G, and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.

    2. LTE is data-only technology, and VoLTE is voice-only technology.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*

     

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