Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dark patterns advertising
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian government has invited public feedback on draft guidelines aimed at preventing and regulating “dark patterns” on the internet, particularly within e-commerce platforms.
- These guidelines target deceptive tactics such as false urgency, basket sneaking, confirm shaming, forced action, subscription traps, and other manipulative practices.
Understanding Dark Patterns
- The draft guidelines define dark patterns as deceptive design practices that utilize user interface and user experience interactions on any platform.
- These practices are designed to mislead or trick users into actions they did not initially intend or want to take.
- Dark patterns undermine consumer autonomy, decision-making, and choice, potentially constituting misleading advertising, unfair trade practices, or violations of consumer rights.
Types of Dark Patterns
- “False urgency” involves falsely conveying or implying a sense of urgency to users.
- “Basket sneaking” entails adding additional items to a user’s cart during the checkout process without their consent.
- “Confirm shaming” uses phrases, videos, audio, or other means to evoke fear, shame, ridicule, or guilt in users.
- “Forced action” compels users to take actions that necessitate purchasing additional goods.
- “Subscription trap” makes it nearly impossible or overly complex for users to cancel paid subscriptions.
- “Interface interference” manipulates the user interface for deceptive purposes.
- “Bait and switch” advertises a specific outcome based on user actions.
- “Drip pricing” conceals elements of prices until later in the transaction.
- “Disguised advertisement” and “nagging” are also defined in the guidelines.
Scope of Application
- The Ministry states that these guidelines will apply to all individuals and online platforms, including sellers and advertisers.
Challenges in Enforcement
- Legal experts appreciate the introduction of the draft guidelines but raises concerns about enforcement.
- They highlight the challenge of conclusively proving whether certain practices qualify as dark patterns.
- Famous is the example of the “false category” and the difficulty regulators may face in determining if claims like “only 2 rooms remaining – book now!” are genuinely accurate or misleading due to a lack of context.
- Some categories of dark patterns, such as e-retail sites adding items to users’ carts without their consent, are seen as easier to regulate, while others like “disguised advertisements” may require further clarification.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lab-Grown Human Embryos
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Scientists have successfully developed a “human embryo” in a laboratory without using traditional egg or sperm cells.
- The model was constructed using a combination of stem cells, which possess the ability to differentiate into various cell types, resulting in a structure resembling an early human embryo.
Creating Human Embryo artificially
- This model is considered one of the most comprehensive representations of a 14-day-old human embryo.
- Multiple research teams worldwide have been working on similar embryo-like models, with approximately six such models published in the current year.
- While none fully replicate early embryo development processes, they collectively contribute to scientific understanding.
Challenges in Creating the Model
- Researchers in Israel utilized stem cells and chemical components, but only a small fraction spontaneously assembled into different cell types.
- Approximately 1% of the mixture exhibited this spontaneous assembly, making the process inefficient.
Importance of Embryo Models and Research
- Ethical constraints prevent direct research on early embryo development after implantation in the uterus.
- Understanding early stages of embryo development is crucial as most miscarriages and birth defects occur during this period.
- Such research aids in the comprehension of genetic and hereditary diseases.
- Insights into why some embryos develop normally and implant successfully can enhance in vitro fertilization success rates.
Potential of Embryo-Like Models
- These models enable the study of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences on embryo development.
- They facilitate the investigation of genetic defects and the development of potential genetic therapies.
Limits of Lab-Grown Embryos
- Lab-grown embryos are solely for studying the early stages of foetal development.
- Implantation attempts are prohibited, and these models are typically destroyed after 14 days.
- Originating from a UK committee proposal in 1979, the 14-day limit aligns with natural embryo implantation completion.
- Beyond this point, embryos begin exhibiting characteristics of individuality and cannot split into twins.
- The ethical considerations shift as embryos progress from a clump of cells to entities with individual potential, often marked by the Primitive Streak.
Insights from Embryo Models
- Models like the one developed in Israel shed light on DNA duplication errors and chromosome imbalances.
- These errors are now understood to occur earlier in the development process, during ongoing DNA duplication.
- Such models aid in identifying the roles of various genes in fetal development, enabling gene manipulation for research purposes.
Conclusion
- Lab-grown human embryo models represent a significant scientific achievement.
- They provide a unique window into early embryo development and the understanding of genetic and developmental processes.
- While not suitable for reproduction, these models hold promise for advancing genetic and medical research.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Assets worth over $12 billion have been attached since 2014 under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
- Additionally, assets exceeding $1.8 billion have been recovered in the past four years under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), 2018.
About the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018
- The FEOA is a significant legal instrument designed to address the issue of economic offenders who flee the country to evade criminal prosecution or refuse to return to face charges.
- This act empowers authorities to confiscate the ill-gotten gains of these individuals and bar them from filing or defending civil claims, among other provisions.
Key Provisions of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act:
(1) Definition of Fugitive Economic Offender:
- A “fugitive economic offender” is an individual against whom an arrest warrant has been issued for committing an offense listed in the Act, and the value of the offense is at least Rs. 100 crore.
- Offenses listed in the act include counterfeiting government stamps or currency, cheque dishonor, money laundering, and transactions defrauding creditors.
(2) Declaration of a FEO:
- After considering an application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender.
- The court may confiscate properties that are proceeds of crime, benami properties, or any other property, whether in India or abroad.
- Upon confiscation, all rights and titles of the property vest in the central government, free from encumbrances.
- The central government may appoint an administrator to manage and dispose of these properties.
(3) Bar on Filing or Defending Civil Claims:
- The Act allows any civil court or tribunal to prohibit a declared fugitive economic offender from filing or defending any civil claim.
- Furthermore, any company or limited liability partnership where such an individual is a majority shareholder, promoter, or a key managerial person may also be barred from filing or defending civil claims.
- Authorities may provisionally attach properties of an accused while the application is pending before the Special Court.
(4) Powers:
- The authorities under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, will exercise powers conferred upon them by the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.
- These powers are akin to those of a civil court and include the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises upon belief that a person is a fugitive economic offender, and the seizure of documents.
Other laws related to FEOs
- The existing laws under which such fugitive economic offenders are tried include:
- Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDDBFI),
- Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, (SARFESI) and
- Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In the rapidly evolving landscape of the fintech sector, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor has called upon fintech entities to establish Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs).
What is an SRO (Self-Regulatory Organization)?
- An SRO is a non-governmental entity entrusted with the task of formulating and enforcing rules and standards governing the behaviour of participants within a specific industry.
- The primary objective of an SRO is to safeguard consumer interests, uphold ethical practices, promote equality, and nurture professionalism within the industry.
- Typically, SROs collaborate with all industry stakeholders to establish and administer regulations.
Key Characteristics of an SRO
- Impartial Governance: SROs maintain impartial mechanisms to oversee self-regulatory processes, ensuring that industry members operate within a disciplined framework and accept penalties when necessary.
- Beyond Industry Interests: SROs extend their concerns beyond the narrow interests of the industry itself. They aim to protect not only industry players but also workers, customers, and other participants in the ecosystem.
- Supplement to Existing Regulations: While SROs formulate regulations, standards, and mechanisms for dispute resolution and enforcement, they do not replace applicable laws or government regulations. Instead, they complement existing legal frameworks.
Functions of an SRO
- Communication Channel: SROs serve as intermediaries between their members and regulatory authorities like the RBI, facilitating two-way communication.
- Establishment of Standards: SROs work to establish minimum benchmarks and industry standards, fostering professionalism and healthy market behavior among their members.
- Training and Awareness: SROs provide training to their members’ staff and conduct awareness programs to promote industry best practices.
- Grievance Redressal: They establish uniform grievance redressal and dispute management frameworks to resolve issues within the industry.
Why is an SRO Necessary?
- As the fintech sector continues to evolve, SROs can play a pivotal role in ensuring the industry’s responsible growth and maintaining ethical standards.
- They address critical issues such as market integrity, conduct, data privacy, cybersecurity, and risk management.
- SROs contribute to building trust among consumers, investors, and regulators.
RBI’s Expectations from Fintech Players
- The Reserve Bank of India expects fintech companies to:
- Evolve industry best practices and privacy/data protection norms in compliance with local laws.
- Set standards to prevent mis-selling and promote ethical business practices.
- Ensure transparency in pricing.
- RBI Governor has encouraged fintechs to establish an SRO voluntarily.
Benefits of an SRO
- Industry Expertise: SROs possess deep industry knowledge, making them valuable contributors to industry discussions and educational initiatives.
- Standardized Conduct: SROs promote a standardized code of conduct that encourages ethical business practices, ultimately boosting confidence in the industry.
- Watchdog Role: SROs act as watchdogs, preventing unprofessional and unethical practices within the industry.
Conclusion
- In the dynamic fintech sector, Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs) emerge as indispensable entities.
- Their role in shaping industry behaviour, promoting ethical conduct, and safeguarding consumer interests cannot be overstated.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: African Union, G20
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Negotiators confirm the African Union (AU) will join the G-20, mirroring the European Union (EU) as a regional body within the group.
- India views this development as a significant achievement for the Indian Presidency in advancing the Global South’s interests in the G-20.
Landmark Diplomatic Shift in G20
- The AU’s potential entry into the G-20 signals a significant diplomatic shift, expanding the group’s representation and influence.
- China and Russia, despite differences on other issues, back the AU’s membership, highlighting the broader global dynamics at play.
What is the African Union?
- The African Union (AU) is an intergovernmental organization in Africa.
- It was established in 2002 as a successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
- It consists of 55 member states in Africa.
- Its primary objectives include promoting unity, cooperation, and development across the continent.
- It aims to address social, political, and economic challenges faced by African nations.
- It promotes peace, security, and stability in Africa.
History of India-Africa Relations
(1) Ancient Period:
- Ancient trade links: Indian merchants traded with the African coast for valuable goods like palm oil, gold, spices, and ivory.
- Maritime trade network: Trade routes expanded from Egypt to northern Somalia, Punt, Sudan, and Axum, enhancing economic and cultural ties.
(2) Medieval Era:
- Indian presence in East Africa: Gujarati and Saurashtrian merchants played a significant role in Africa’s east coast trade, using Indian systems of weights, measures, and currency.
- Development of internal links: Indian trade contributed to the development of internal connections within Africa, even before European involvement.
(3) Colonial Period:
- Impact of European colonialism: Indian presence in Africa changed under European colonial powers.
- Anti-apartheid struggle: Mahatma Gandhi’s involvement in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa laid the foundation for India’s solidarity with Africa.
- Advocacy against apartheid: India actively raised the issue of apartheid in international forums like the UN, NAM, and Commonwealth.
(4) Post-Colonial Period:
- Continuation of Afro-Asian solidarity: India’s approach to Africa has been guided by the vision of commerce in ideas and services rather than raw materials.
- Phases of engagement: From Nehru’s focus on Afro-Asian solidarity to phases of neglect and re-engagement, India’s Africa policy evolved.
Present Status of Ties
- Institutionalization of relations: The India-Africa Forum Summit serves as the framework for India-Africa relations under South-South Cooperation.
- Expanded diplomatic presence: India announced the opening of embassies in 18 African countries, strengthening diplomatic ties.
- Economic engagement: Bilateral trade between India and Africa has grown significantly, with India becoming Africa’s third-largest trade partner.
- Investment and development cooperation: Indian investments in Africa have increased, with the country being the seventh-largest investor in the region.
- Lines of Credit (LoC): India’s concessional LoCs support development projects in Africa, with 182 projects sanctioned, amounting to US$10.5 billion.
- Bilateral cooperation: Collaboration includes areas such as solar energy, climate change, information technology, maritime security, counter-terrorism, and military training.
- Soft power projection: India’s ITEC program offers scholarships to African students, and the Indian diaspora contributes to cultural exchange.
Significance of Africa
(1) Geostrategic Importance:
- Proximity to India: Africa’s Horn region is critical for India’s security due to emerging threats like radicalism, piracy, and organized crime.
(2) Economic Significance:
- Diversifying energy sources: Africa can help India diversify its energy sources, aligning with the Integrated Energy Policy.
- Rich resources: Africa possesses valuable minerals, metals, and abundant agricultural land, addressing India’s need for food security and resources.
- Market and investment opportunities: Africa provides a space for Indian investments and trade expansion, fostering economic cooperation.
(3) Geopolitical Considerations:
- Support for UNSC seat: Africa’s support is crucial for India’s aspiration to gain a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
- Projection of soft and hard power: India showcases its soft and hard power in Africa, contributing to its global influence.
- Peacekeeping and capacity building: India actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations and supports capacity building in African countries, strengthening bilateral ties.
Various Challenges
- Declining trade and investment: Bilateral trade and Indian investments in Africa have witnessed fluctuations, demanding efforts to enhance economic ties.
- Short-term focus: LoCs have primarily funded small-scale projects, lacking a broader development perspective.
- Competition from other powers: India faces competition from other countries like China, Brazil, and Russia, engaging Africa in various sectors.
- Lack of synchronization: Development instruments like LoCs, grants, and capacity-building initiatives operate independently, lacking coordination.
- Instances of racial attacks: Incidents of violence against African students in India pose challenges to people-to-people connections.
Chinese Challenge in Africa
- China’s extensive investments in Africa have significantly impacted the region across infrastructure, finance, natural resources, and maritime interests.
- Access to resources, untapped markets, and support for the “One China Policy” drive China’s engagement.
Strategies for India
- Develop a focused Africa strategy: India should formulate a comprehensive strategy for the next decade, identifying key areas of cooperation.
- Focus on capacity building: Investing in human capital is crucial for sustainable development in Africa.
- Collaborate with civil society organizations and diaspora: Indian organizations and the diaspora can play a vital role in implementing development projects at lower costs.
- Ensure timely project completion: Efforts should be made to expedite LoC projects, learning from countries with better implementation records.
Steps taken so far
- Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program: India’s ITEC program provides technical assistance to African countries, with around 50% of ITEC slots reserved for Africa.
- Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: The AAGC, a cooperation agreement between India, Japan, and African countries, aims for inclusive development.
- Pan African e-Network: The PAeN facilitates tele-education and telemedicine in Africa, contributing to technological advancement.
- Maritime cooperation: India’s collaboration with African nations in the maritime domain, exemplified by joint exercises, promotes regional security.
- Peacekeeping operations: India actively participates in UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, supporting African counter-terrorism efforts and capacity building.
- Duty-free tariff preferential scheme: India’s scheme benefits African nations, and the India-Africa Forum Summit plays a vital role in strengthening ties.
- India Africa Defence Ministers conclave: Initiatives like this enhance defence cooperation and bilateral relations.
Way Forward
- Enhance mutual engagement: Organize the pending fourth India-Africa Forum Summit to further strengthen the relationship.
- Allocate fresh financial resources: Allocate new resources for grants and concessional loans, prioritizing economic relations.
- Focus on emerging sectors: Develop collaborations in health, space, and digital technologies to give a 21st-century dimension to the partnership.
- Continued support in peacekeeping: Sustain India’s contributions to peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, and capacity building in Africa.
- Improve experiences of Africans in India: Ensure the safety and well-being of Africans studying or working in India, promoting people-to-people connections.
- Promote development-friendly private investments: Align development cooperation with commercial interests to support mutually beneficial projects.
- Strengthen international cooperation: Collaborate with international allies to address the China challenge in Africa, emphasizing partnership-based approaches.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Jobless growth, subsidies and safety nets
What’s the news?
- India’s impressive economic growth numbers have not translated into a commensurate increase in employment opportunities.
Central idea
- Despite India’s impressive economic growth numbers, employment has not seen a commensurate increase. With five states heading to the polls at the end of the year, political parties are making various promises to address concerns about rising essential commodity prices. However, the question arises: Are these promises merely distractions from the systemic issue of jobless growth?
Promises vs. Solutions: Are Electoral Promises Diverting Attention from Jobless Growth?
- Unemployment’s Stark Reality: India’s economic growth stands in stark contrast to the persistent issue of unemployment, particularly among educated youth.
- Varied Electoral Promises: Political parties have introduced a range of electoral promises, including measures like providing cheaper gas cylinders and farm loan waivers. These promises often vary in their impact and effectiveness.
- State-specific Examples: In states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, where unemployment is a significant concern, electoral promises such as the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) may not effectively address the broader issue.
Agriculture’s Predicament: Can Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Non-Remunerative Prices be Effectively Addressed?
- Critical Supply Chain Resilience: The agriculture sector, India’s largest employer, grapples with issues like supply chain vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change.
- Transforming Agricultural Output: To tackle the challenge of non-remunerative prices for produce, technological interventions aimed at converting agricultural output into higher-value products are proposed as long-term solutions.
- Palliatives Amidst Inflation Concerns: In some states like Chhattisgarh, promises like providing ₹1,500 a month for women in distress are seen as addressing purchasing power issues. However, concerns about potential inflation due to such measures must be taken into account.
Fiscal Responsibility and Unemployment: Is There a Correlation?
- The Paradox of Fiscal Responsibility: States like Haryana, which strictly adhere to fiscal responsibility guidelines, continue to face high unemployment rates. This paradox highlights the complex relationship between populist policies and fiscal distress.
- Emphasis on Revenue Mobilization: To effectively implement populist policies, a focus on revenue mobilization efforts is crucial. It’s necessary to ensure that such policies do not strain state finances in the long run.
Do subsidies and safety nets take focus away from generating jobs?
- Immediate Relief vs. Long-term Employment:
- Subsidies and safety nets offer immediate relief to vulnerable sections of the population, addressing issues like distress and purchasing power.
- However, there is a concern that an overemphasis on such measures may shift focus away from the more significant task of generating sustainable employment opportunities.
- Balancing the need for immediate relief with the long-term goal of job creation is a complex challenge.
- While subsidies and safety nets serve a critical purpose, they must be complemented with policies and strategies that promote job generation, particularly in sectors that can absorb the workforce effectively.
- Policy Design and Implementation:
- Effective policymaking should aim to strike a balance between providing immediate support and fostering job growth.
- It is essential to design policies that not only address the distress of vulnerable populations but also contribute to sustainable economic development by generating employment opportunities.
Rethinking Economic Growth: Beyond GDP and Toward Employment
- Shifting the Focus from GDP: A Shift away from the Traditional Obsession with GDP Growth It emphasizes that economic growth should be intertwined with employment generation to make a meaningful impact on the lives of citizens.
- Exploring New Avenues: Rather than investing heavily in high-tech industries like semiconductor manufacturing, the article suggests exploring sectors such as mining for the energy transition. Mining can create local jobs, particularly benefiting marginalized communities and addressing unemployment.
Conclusion
- Addressing jobless growth in India requires a nuanced approach. While populist promises serve as palliatives in the absence of structural solutions, the focus should shift towards inclusive growth, technological interventions, and employment-centric policies that tackle supply chain vulnerabilities and promote sustainable economic development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heat index, heat stress, heat waves etc.
Mains level: Climate change and soaring temperatures, impacts and measures
What’s the news?
- In August, the coastal regions of Iran bore witness to an astonishing and potentially life-threatening event: a scorching heat index of 70 degrees Celsius (°C). Public holidays were declared on August 2 and 3 due to what was described as unprecedented heat.
Central idea
- The alarming incidents of rising heat temperatures are not isolated; Iran had already grappled with extreme heat earlier in the year when the Persian Gulf Airport recorded a heat index of 66.7°C. The dire consequences of such soaring temperatures demand our attention and action.
What is the heat index?
- The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature or feels-like temperature, is a measure of how hot it feels to the human body when relative humidity is factored in along with the actual air temperature.
- In essence, it quantifies the discomfort or perceived warmth caused by the combination of high temperatures and high humidity.
How is the heat index calculated?
- Dr. Robert Steadman’s Formula: Dr. Robert Steadman, a professor at Colorado State University, developed a complex formula in 1979 to calculate the heat index. This formula considers various parameters, including air temperature and relative humidity.
- Parameters in the Formula: The formula takes into account the following parameters:
- Air temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit).
- Relative humidity (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 50% RH becomes 0.50).
- Coefficients specific to the formula (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, and c9).
- Nonlinear Relationship: The formula is complex because it accounts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature, humidity, and how humans perceive heat.
- Global Variations: Different countries may have their own variations of heat index calculations, but Dr. Steadman’s formula is widely recognized and used as a standard reference.
Significance of measuring the heat index
- Accurate Perception of Heat: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. It factors in relative humidity, which significantly affects human comfort in hot conditions.
- Health Impact Assessment: Measuring the heat index is crucial for assessing the potential health risks associated with hot weather. It helps identify conditions that may lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
- Preventing Heat Stress: High humidity levels, considered in the heat index, can lead to heat stress. Monitoring the heat index assists in recognizing situations where heat stress is more likely to occur, prompting individuals to take the necessary precautions.
- Issuing Public Warnings: Weather agencies and authorities use the heat index to issue heat advisories and warnings to the public. These warnings inform people about the heightened risks associated with high heat index values, encouraging them to take protective measures.
- Workplace Safety: Measuring the heat index is vital for ensuring workplace safety, particularly in industries involving outdoor work or non-air-conditioned environments. It enables employers and workers to implement safety measures to prevent heat-related illnesses and injuries.
- Emergency Preparedness: Emergency response and preparedness agencies rely on heat index information to anticipate and respond to heat-related emergencies. This includes managing heat-related illnesses and addressing the increased demand for cooling during heatwaves.
- Adapting to Climate Change: With the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves associated with climate change, monitoring the heat index becomes essential. It assists in adapting to changing climate conditions and developing strategies to mitigate heat-related risks.
- Heat Stress: High humidity can lead to heat stress, where the body struggles to dissipate excess heat. The typical human core temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2°C. When the body can’t effectively shed surplus heat, the core temperature rises, potentially causing symptoms such as heat exhaustion, rashes, and an elevated heart rate.
- Reduced Cooling: In high humidity, the body’s natural cooling mechanism, which relies on sweating and evaporation, becomes less effective. The saturated air makes it challenging for sweat to evaporate, hindering the body’s ability to lose excess heat. This results in discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Perceived Temperature: High humidity can make the air feel significantly hotter than the actual air temperature. This increase in perceived temperature, often reflected in the heat index, contributes to a sense of extreme heat and discomfort.
- Dehydration Risk: To compensate for reduced evaporative cooling in high humidity, individuals may sweat profusely. This increased sweating can raise the risk of dehydration if fluid losses are not replenished adequately.
- Respiratory Discomfort: Humid air can pose challenges for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma. The added moisture in the air may make breathing more difficult, worsening respiratory symptoms.
- Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can disrupt sleep patterns, as sleeping in a warm and muggy environment can be uncomfortable. Restlessness and difficulties falling or staying asleep may occur in such conditions.
- Impact on Physical Activities: High humidity can hinder physical performance and work productivity. People may find it more challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks in hot and humid conditions.
Facts for Prelims: Heat-related Terminologies in News
- Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.
- Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.
- Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.
- Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.
- Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.
- Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.
- Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.
- Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.
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Way forward: Measures to adapt
- Recognize the Danger: Acknowledge that a heat index value of 67°C or higher can be extremely dangerous for both humans and animals, especially with direct and prolonged exposure.
- Invest in Early Warning Systems: Develop and invest in early warning systems that provide timely alerts and advisories about extreme heat events. This helps individuals and communities prepare for and respond to heatwaves effectively.
- Adjust Work Timings: Consider making changes to work schedules to avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. This can reduce heat exposure and the risk of heat-related illnesses.
- Find Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Identify and implement sustainable cooling solutions, such as the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Ensuring access to air conditioning and promoting better building designs for heat resilience are also important.
- Promote Public Awareness and Education: Raise public awareness about the risks associated with extreme heat, and educate individuals and communities about heat safety measures. Knowledge empowers people to take proactive steps to protect themselves during heatwaves.
Conclusion
- As we confront rising heat index values across the globe, our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of extreme heat on human health and well-being becomes paramount. Proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the heat index, are essential to safeguarding lives and ensuring a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate challenges.
Must read:
Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kuiper Belt
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Two Japanese astronomers have uncovered potential evidence of an “Earth-like planet” within our solar system.
- This mysterious planet is believed to have resided in the Kuiper Belt, a circumstellar disk beyond Neptune’s orbit that consists of outer solar system objects.
- The Kuiper Belt, like the planets, orbits the Sun.
What is the Kuiper Belt?
- The Kuiper Belt, also known as the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, is a flat ring of small icy bodies orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune’s orbit.
- Gerard Kuiper, a Dutch-American astronomer, first hypothesized its existence in the 1950s.
- This belt contains millions of icy objects, collectively referred to as Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) or trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs).
- It is considered a remnant from the early history of our solar system.
- The Kuiper Belt is thought to be the source of many short-period comets that orbit the Sun in less than 20 years.
- It primarily consists of small icy bodies, including dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets.
- Pluto, once classified as the ninth planet, is one of the most well-known objects in the Kuiper Belt but was reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006, partly due to its location within this belt.
The Astronomers’ Findings
- The Japanese researchers suggest that if this new planet exists, it would be 1.5 to 3 times the size of Earth.
- The discovery challenges previous theories of a distant “Planet Nine” and posits the possibility of a planet closer to us, within the Kuiper Belt.
- The astronomers predict the existence of an Earth-like planet and several trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) on unique orbits that could serve as observational signatures of this potential planet’s perturbations.
- They estimate that this planet could be situated between 200 and 500 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, tilted about 30 degrees. For reference, Pluto is 39 AU from Earth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has introduced a range of groundbreaking features on the popular Unified Payments Interface (UPI) platform.
Hello! UPI: Voice-Enabled UPI Payments
- Hello! UPI, a remarkable addition, facilitates voice-enabled UPI payments in Hindi and English.
- Users can make UPI payments through voice commands via apps, telecom calls, and IoT devices.
- Future plans include expanding this feature to support several regional languages, further enhancing accessibility.
Credit Line on UPI: Streamlined Access to Credit
- The RBI Governor introduced Credit Line on UPI, an initiative aimed at promoting financial inclusion and innovation.
- This offering allows users to access pre-sanctioned credit from banks via UPI, simplifying the credit acquisition process.
- Features include interest-free credit periods, defined charges, and seamless customer engagement channels.
- The goal is to expedite the credit access process, driving economic growth and digital banking efficiency.
UPI LITE X: Offline Money Transfers
- UPI LITE X introduces offline money transfers, enabling users to send and receive funds even without internet connectivity.
- This feature empowers transactions in areas with poor network coverage.
- UPI LITE payments are known for their speed and efficiency, making them a preferred choice for users.
UPI Tap & Pay: Convenience Redefined
- UPI Tap & Pay offers a new way to complete payments at merchant locations.
- In addition to traditional scan-and-pay, users can now tap Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled QR codes.
- This feature enhances convenience, making transactions swift and effortless.
Conversational Payments: AI-Enabled Transactions
- Conversational UPI Payments and Conversational Bill Payments represent a paradigm shift in human-machine interaction.
- These AI-enabled transactions aim to deepen the adoption of digital payments across India.
- Users can make voice-enabled UPI payments through UPI Apps, telecom calls, and IoT devices in Hindi, English, and regional languages.
- NPCI has collaborated with AI4Bharat at IIT Madras to develop language models for Hindi and English payments.
BillPay Connect: Simplified Bill Payments
- BillPay Connect introduces a nationalized number for bill payments across India.
- Customers can conveniently fetch and pay bills through messaging apps with a simple ‘Hi.’
- Even users without smartphones or immediate data access can pay bills via a missed call, followed by a verification call.
- Voice Assisted Bill Payments via smart home devices offer added convenience and instant confirmation.
- This innovation enhances security and reassurance for both customers and collection centers.
Conclusion
- These pioneering features unveiled by NPCI mark a significant leap in India’s digital payment landscape.
- They not only enhance accessibility but also redefine convenience, making digital transactions more user-friendly.
- With innovative offerings like voice-enabled payments and streamlined credit access, NPCI continues to play a pivotal role in India’s technological advancement.
- The journey towards a digitally empowered India takes a giant stride forward with these game-changing UPI features.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Electron Scattering Experiment
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- In the world of atomic and nuclear physics, the quest to understand the inner workings of matter has been a constant journey of discovery.
- Scientists have long sought ways to unravel the mysteries hidden within atomic nuclei, and recent breakthroughs in experimental techniques have taken us one step closer to achieving this goal.
Historical Milestones
- 150 years ago, scientists like Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger, and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments exposing a thin gold foil to radiation.
- These experiments revealed that every atom has a dense central nucleus where mass and positive charge are concentrated.
- Seven decades ago, physicist Robert Hofstadter led a team that bombarded thin foils with high-energy electrons, allowing scientists to probe atomic nuclei’s inner structure.
Recent advancements
- Researchers at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan have demonstrated a setup using electron scattering to investigate unstable nuclei.
- This advancement opens new avenues for understanding the fundamental building blocks of matter.
- The SCRIT (Self-Confining Radioactive-isotope Ion Target) setup is more sophisticated than previous experiments using thin foils.
- SCRIT can hold caesium-137 atom nuclei in place and facilitate electron interactions, a critical innovation.
The Experimental Process
- Electrons are accelerated in a particle accelerator to energize them.
- These energized electrons are directed at a block of uranium carbide, resulting in a stream of caesium-137 ions (atoms stripped of electrons).
- The ions are transported to the SCRIT system, which traps target ions along the electron beam path using electric attractive forces.
- This “overlap” ensures a high probability of electron-ion collisions.
Probing Nuclear Structure
- Understanding the experimental setup’s probe into nuclear structure requires exploring interference patterns.
- When light passes through a small hole, it creates concentric circles of light and dark patches due to interference.
- Similarly, when an electron scatters off an atomic nucleus, it behaves like a wave during the interaction, resulting in interference patterns.
- A magnetic spectrometer is used to record these interference patterns, offering advantages in clean and fine-tuned interactions.
Results and Implications
- The experimental results confirm the internal structure of the caesium-137 nucleus, aligning with previous studies and theoretical calculations.
- The real significance lies in the development of the “femtoscope,” which can probe the femtometer scale (10^-15 meters) of atomic nuclei, unlocking new possibilities in nuclear physics.
Unresolved Nuclear Structure
- The challenge in nuclear physics is the absence of a unified theory explaining atomic nuclei’s structure, despite various existing models.
- Scientists encounter intriguing properties, such as the “island of stability,” where heavier nuclei of unstable elements defy the trend of faster decay via radioactivity.
- This phenomenon raises questions about nuclear structure and the existence of stable clusters.
Future Prospects
- Researchers aim to use femtoscopes to explore nuclei with irregular shapes, bridging the gap between expected and unexpected nuclear structures.
- This promises to illuminate the fundamental nature of atomic nuclei and advance our understanding of the universe at its most basic level.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in 2017 revealed India’s highest-ever recorded unemployment rate at 6.1%.
- The 2021-22 PLFS indicated a reduction to 4.1%, still higher than some developed economies like the U.S., where unemployment rates varied from 3.5% to 3.7% between July 2022 and July 2023.
- Comparing India and the U.S. unemployment rates is complex due to their vastly different economies.
About Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
| Established |
2017 (The PLFS was initiated in 2017 as part of the larger National Sample Survey (NSS) program) |
| Administered by |
National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |
| Objective |
To collect data on labor force participation, employment, and unemployment in India. |
| Key Data Collected |
– Workforce Participation
– Employment Types and Sectors
– Unemployment
– Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics |
| Significance |
Provides vital information for policymaking, research, and analysis related to the labor market in India. |
| Frequency |
Periodic surveys conducted at regular intervals. |
Defining Unemployment
- Unemployment, as per the International Labour Organization (ILO), involves being jobless, available for work, and actively seeking employment.
- The unemployment rate is the ratio of the unemployed to the labor force, but it can decrease if the economy lacks job creation or people stop job hunting.
Measuring Unemployment in India
- In developing economies, like India, social norms can limit job search decisions.
- The 2009-10 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey revealed that many women who engaged in domestic work would work if opportunities were available within their households but are not considered unemployed since they aren’t actively seeking jobs.
- Measuring unemployment in India is complicated due to the informal job market, where individuals hold various roles throughout the year.
Different Metrics for Classification
- The Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) and the Current Weekly Status (CWS) are two major measures for classifying individuals in India.
- UPSS considers an individual employed even if they worked for more than 30 days in a subsidiary role.
- CWS counts an individual as employed if they worked at least one hour on one day within the past week.
- UPSS typically yields lower unemployment rates than CWS since finding work over a year is more likely than in a week.
Impact of Informal Economy
- The low bar for classifying individuals as employed means that unemployment rates are lower in rural areas than urban regions in agrarian economies.
- Definitions may ‘underestimate’ unemployment but are designed to capture the informal economy’s nuances.
The Lockdown Effect
- The lockdown in March 2020 disrupted the Indian economy, but PLFS unemployment rates did not reflect this immediately.
- UPSS status may still consider those who lost jobs during the lockdown as employed if they spent most of the previous year working.
- CWS criteria show higher unemployment rates due to shorter reference periods but may not fully capture the long-term impact of the lockdown when aggregated across different periods.
Conclusion
- Unemployment is becoming a significant factor in upcoming elections, making it crucial to understand its definition and measurement complexities in developing economies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VGF
Mains level: EV infrastructure promotion
Central Idea
Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Scheme
- VGF means a grant to support projects that are economically justified but not financially viable.
- The VGF scheme was launched in 2004 to support projects that come under Public-Private Partnerships.
- The scheme is designed as a Plan Scheme to be administered by the Ministry of Finance and amount in the budget are made on a year-to-year basis.
- Such a grant under VGF is provided as a capital subsidy to attract the private sector players to participate in PPP projects that are otherwise financially unviable.
- Projects may not be commercially viable because of the long gestation period and small revenue flows in future.
|
VGF for Battery Infrastructure
- This scheme aims to create 4,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of BESS projects by 2030-31, offering financial support of up to 40% of the capital cost in the form of VGF.
- It is expected to lower battery storage costs, enhancing their practicality.
- Designed to leverage renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, the scheme aims to provide clean, dependable, and cost-effective electricity to the public.
How would it work?
- By offering VGF support, the scheme targets achieving a levelised cost of storage (LCoS) ranging from ₹5.50-6.60 per kilowatt-hour (kWh).
- It would thus make stored renewable energy a viable option for managing peak power demand across the country.
- The VGF disbursement will occur in five stages linked to BESS project implementation milestones.
Benefits to Consumers and Infrastructure
- To ensure consumer benefits, a minimum of 85% of BESS project capacity will be allocated to distribution companies (Discoms).
- This strategy enhances renewable energy integration into the electricity grid, minimizes wastage, and optimizes transmission network usage, reducing the need for costly infrastructure upgrades.
- This approach stimulates healthy competition and encourages BESS ecosystem growth, drawing substantial investments and generating opportunities for related industries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN
Mains level: India-ASEAN Relations
Central Idea
- Prime Minister departed for Indonesia to participate in the 20th ASEAN-India summit and the 18th East Asia Summit (EAS) in Jakarta.
- During the visit, he will meet with leaders from the ten ASEAN countries and attend the EAS, including leaders from ASEAN nations, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, and the U.S.
Why discuss this?
- India-ASEAN relations have evolved significantly over the years, moving from a distant past to a robust partnership.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|
| Established |
August 8, 1967 |
| Member Countries |
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam |
| Objective |
To promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability among member countries. |
| Key Areas of Cooperation |
– Economic Integration
– Political and Security Cooperation
– Social and Cultural Cooperation |
| Significance |
Promotes economic growth, stability, and peace in the Southeast Asian region. It is also a forum for diplomatic dialogue and conflict resolution. |
| ASEAN Secretariat |
Jakarta, Indonesia (The ASEAN Secretariat is the organization responsible for coordinating ASEAN activities.) |
Evolution of India-ASEAN Relations
- 1950s and Early 1960s: During this period, India played a significant role in supporting the decolonization efforts of Southeast Asian countries.
- 1960s to 1980s: India maintained some distance from the region due to internal issues and viewed ASEAN as a product of the Cold War.
- 1990s to 2010s: India adopted the ‘Look East Policy,’ leading to a full dialogue partnership with ASEAN in 1995 and becoming a full member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996.
- 2010s to Present: India-ASEAN cooperation intensified with the ‘Act East Policy,’ resulting in the elevation to a Strategic Partnership in 2012 and a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2022.
Key Areas of Cooperation
- Trade Relations: The India-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA) and substantial trade volumes have strengthened economic ties, with commodity trade reaching $98.39 billion in the period April 2021-February 2022.
- Business & Investment: ASEAN is a major source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for India, with cumulative FDIs from ASEAN to India totaling $117.88 billion between 2000-2021. The ASEAN India-Business Council (AIBC) promotes collaboration between private sector players from India and ASEAN.
- Socio-Cultural Cooperation: Cultural affinities between ASEAN and India foster people-to-people interactions through initiatives like student exchange programs.
- ASEAN-India Projects: Collaboration in agriculture, science & technology, environment, renewable energy, and defense promotes mutual growth. The ASEAN-India S&T Development Fund (AISTDF) contributes $1 million to support joint collaborative R&D research projects.
- Strategic Cooperation: Platforms like the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference (ASEAN PMC) and ADMM-Plus facilitate dialogue on security issues.
- Defense Cooperation: India is enhancing arms sales and defense ties with ASEAN countries to promote regional security, such as the recent approval by the Philippines for a USD 374 million purchase of the BrahMos shore-based anti-ship missile system in January 2022.
- Technological Cooperation: ISRO’s collaboration supports ASEAN countries in space science and technology.
- Connectivity: Projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and Kaladan Multimodal Project enhance regional connectivity.
Why India Needs ASEAN?
- Significant Trade & Commercial Relations: ASEAN is a major destination for India’s service sectors and a vital source of foreign investments.
- Development of North East India: ASEAN provides an alternate route for India’s access to North Eastern India, facilitating development and strategic interests.
- Countering Chinese Expansion: Strengthening ties with ASEAN countries helps India counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Maritime Freedom: Collaboration with ASEAN ensures a free and peaceful Indo-Pacific region based on a rules-based order.
- Facing Politico-security Challenges: Cooperation in addressing security threats like climate change, terrorism, and refugee crises benefits both sides.
- Support for Indian Initiatives: ASEAN’s support is crucial for India’s success in regional policies and initiatives.
- Emerging Market: India benefits from ASEAN’s agricultural and industrial products, while ASEAN relies on India’s demographic dividend.
- Global Reforms: ASEAN’s global influence aligns with India’s vision for reforms in international forums.
- Diaspora: Southeast Asia’s significant Indian diaspora fosters cultural ties and people-to-people relations.
- Elevating India’s Global Status: Partnership with ASEAN enhances India’s geopolitical standing.
Challenges to Stronger Cooperation
- Large Trade Deficit: Trade imbalance and issues with the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have impacted India’s economic relations with ASEAN, with the trade deficit rising from around $5 billion in FY11 to USD 21.8 billion in FY19.
- Balancing China: ASEAN countries’ engagement with China and concerns over military capabilities impact the depth of cooperation with India.
- Delays in Connectivity Projects: Long gestation periods for connectivity projects hinder progress.
- Issues within ASEAN: Different political systems and human rights issues pose challenges to stronger cooperation.
Way Forward
- Enhance Trade Relations: Focus on the blue economy and sustainable development to boost economic ties.
- Accelerate Connectivity Projects: Expedite the completion of infrastructure projects and build new trade and transport linkages.
- Strengthen Regional Role: India must play a more prominent role in the region to address geopolitical challenges.
- Establish Dedicated Departments: Dedicated departments under central ministries can facilitate better cooperation with ASEAN.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to ASEAN signifies its strategic engagement with the Indo-Pacific region.
- Despite challenges, enhancing cooperation in trade, connectivity, defence, and socio-cultural aspects can pave the way for mutual growth and regional peace.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ISRO missions
Mains level: Rapid commercialization of Space and governance, India's role
What’s the news?
- Chandrayaan 3’s landing on August 23 is a significant development in India’s space exploration efforts. This event prompts reflection on recent developments in outer space activities and their implications for peaceful purposes.
Central idea
- The year 2023 has seen India make significant strides in the realm of outer space activities. From becoming a signatory to the US Artemis Accords, which focus on the responsible use of outer space, to deepening engagements with the United States through initiatives like the US-India Civil Space and Commercial Space Working Groups, India has emerged as a key player in the global space arena.
Evolution of Outer Space Governance
- Historical Initiatives: The journey of outer space governance began with the historic launch of Sputnik in 1957. This event spurred the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolutions 1721 A and B in 1961. These resolutions marked the early acknowledgment of the need for international collaboration in space exploration.
- Consolidation of Principles: Over the years, space-faring nations consistently upheld the principles enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. These principles have gradually evolved into customary international laws. This evolution signifies the transformation of outer space into an inclusive and democratized domain.
- Widespread Participation: Presently, outer space is accessible to more than 80 countries, each deriving various advantages from space-based satellite services. This widespread participation reflects the successful international cooperation that has expanded access to space resources.
Outer Space as a Global Common
- The concept of a global common traditionally applies to areas beyond the sovereignty of any single nation, inspired by ideas like Grotius’s Mare Liberum (free sea).
- In the United Nations framework, outer space is recognized as one of the global commons alongside the high seas, the atmosphere, and Antarctica.
Two Perspectives on Global Commons
- From a geopolitical and military standpoint, considering outer space as a global common facilitates international cooperation and security.
- Nations worldwide recognize that areas beyond their jurisdiction, such as outer space, are vital for maintaining international order and regional security.
- Rejecting the idea of outer space as a global common could undermine the freedom of navigation, a fundamental principle upheld by initiatives like the QUAD.
- Constraining Perspective:
- Alternatively, viewing outer space as a global common can limit the economic and commercial exploitation of its resources.
- It implies shared ownership, public governance, and restrictions on usage, aligning with the concept of the common heritage of mankind concept as expressed in the Moon Agreement of 1979.
- This concept extends beyond outer space, applying to the high seas and deep-sea beds, emphasizing the need for responsible resource management.
Challenges and Complexity in Outer Space Governance
- Commercial Planetary Resource Extraction: Private companies and nations are exploring the potential for mining resources from celestial bodies such as the moon and asteroids. This raises complex questions about property rights, resource allocation, and environmental concerns in outer space.
- Resource Management: As commercial interests grow, the management of outer space resources becomes increasingly intricate. Determining how to allocate resources fairly and sustainably while avoiding overuse or exploitation poses a significant challenge. Balancing the interests of different nations and entities in resource-rich areas like the Moon adds to the complexity.
- Environmental Concerns: Space debris and orbital congestion pose environmental risks to space activities. With an increasing number of satellites and space missions, managing space debris and ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities have become pressing challenges.
- Security and Militarization: The militarization of outer space and concerns about security in space have grown. Nations are developing space-based capabilities for defense and surveillance, raising questions about the potential weaponization of space and the need for arms control measures.
- International Collaboration: Ensuring effective international collaboration in space governance can be challenging due to differing national interests, technological disparities, and political tensions.
- Technological Advancements: Rapid technological advancements in space exploration, including the development of reusable rockets and miniaturized satellites, change the landscape of space activities. Keeping regulatory frameworks up-to-date with these advancements is a constant challenge.
India’s Crucial Role in Space Resource Management
- Involvement in International Agreements: India is both a signatory to the Moon Agreement of 1979 and the Artemis Accords. This dual commitment places India in a unique position to influence and contribute to the development of international frameworks for space governance.
- Complex Decision-Making: The complexity arises from the fact that while India has signed the Artemis Accords, it has not yet ratified the Moon Agreement. This highlights India’s need to carefully evaluate its stance on these agreements and the implications for its future space activities and resource management.
- Global Impact: India’s decisions and actions in the realm of space resource management have global implications. As one of the major space-faring nations, India’s approach will significantly influence the international framework for managing space resources, including lunar and celestial bodies.
- International Cooperation: India’s robust international cooperation in space programs, including multilateral and bilateral engagements, positions it as a key collaborator with advanced space powers and emerging space nations.
- Balancing Competing Objectives: India’s role is vital in striking a balance between competing objectives in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. This involves ensuring responsible resource utilization, promoting equitable access, and upholding international law and principles.
Conclusion
- India’s growing prominence in the field of outer space activities requires a thoughtful approach to its role in shaping the future of space resource management. Balancing competing objectives, promoting peaceful use of outer space, and contributing to the development of an international framework are essential steps to ensure the responsible and equitable exploration and utilization of space resources for the benefit of all humankind.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change
Mains level: The problem of air pollution, serious threat, efforts in progress and viable solutions
What’s the news?
- According to UN Secretary-General António Guterres, the Earth has entered an era of global boiling, marked by scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns.
Central idea
- With scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns becoming the new normal, the urgency to address the triple-planetary crisis of biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution has never been more apparent. Amidst this global turmoil, it’s crucial to recognize that one silent but deadly adversary is among us: air pollution.
The Silent Killer: Air Pollution
- Global health statistics are grim, with lung cancer claiming 10 million lives worldwide in 2020, a number projected to rise by another 3.2 million by 2050, according to a report by the Indian National Institute of Health.
- South Asia, home to two billion people, is a grim example, hosting nine of the world’s ten most polluted cities, with Delhi topping the list.
- Despite some progress in terms of Air Quality Index (AQI) improvements, Delhi remains in the grip of perilous air pollution, especially during the winter months.
The Looming Threat of Air Pollution
- Lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory ailments, and mental health issues continue to devastate lives.
- Delhi’s air, laden with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, high particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and ozone, deprives over 30 million residents of their basic human right to breathe clean air.
- Vulnerable groups like immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, children, and the elderly suffer disproportionately.
- In 2019, a Lancet report attributed 1.67 million deaths in India to air pollution, accounting for a staggering 17.8% of total deaths in the country.
Efforts in Progress to Combat Air Pollution
- PUSA Decomposer: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has developed the PUSA Decomposer, which employs biotechnology to tackle agricultural pollution. This innovative solution addresses the burning of crop residues, a significant contributor to air pollution.
- State-level Policies: Many state governments have implemented policies like GRAP 3 (Graded Rapid Action Plan) to monitor air quality in pollution hotspots. The establishment of Green War Rooms represents a proactive approach to managing and mitigating air pollution in these regions.
- Startups and Innovation: Numerous startups, often led by young entrepreneurs, are actively engaged in finding sustainable solutions to air pollution. These initiatives include the conversion of agricultural waste into valuable products, reducing the environmental impact of farming practices.
International Initiatives and Collaborations to Combat Air Pollution
- UNESCO Initiatives: UNESCO has undertaken various initiatives to address air pollution. One notable initiative is the implementation of an internal carbon tax on all flight tickets. This tax aims to reduce carbon emissions from air travel, a significant contributor to global air pollution.
- World Air Quality Project: The World Air Quality Project provides real-time air quality data, allowing residents to make informed decisions about their activities and travel based on current air quality conditions. This empowers individuals to protect their health by avoiding areas with poor air quality.
- Collaboration with UNEP: UNESCO collaborates with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on environmentally conscious practices. For example, the ‘Virtual Meetings’ project promotes digital working to reduce the need for travel and its associated carbon emissions.
- Clean-Air-For-Schools: UNESCO’s Clean-Air-For-Schools program focuses on spreading education and awareness about clean air among students and the wider community. This initiative aims to engage future generations in the fight against air pollution.
- Promotion of Sustainable Practices: International initiatives also promote sustainable practices in various sectors. This includes the adoption of electric vehicles, the replacement of traditional lighting systems with energy-efficient LED arrangements, and the implementation of solar-powered offices to reduce carbon emissions.
- Protection of Historical Sites: Efforts are underway to protect historical and cultural sites from the harmful effects of air pollution. Developing strategies to curb air pollution in the vicinity of these sites is essential for their preservation.
- Green Solutions: UNESCO encourages the development of green solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, to mitigate air pollution in urban areas.
Viable solutions to combat air pollution
- Urban Planning and Design: Cities worldwide are adopting innovative urban planning and design strategies to prioritize human health and environmental sustainability. Car-free zones, green spaces, and smart urban layouts can significantly reduce air pollution by promoting alternative transportation methods and reducing traffic congestion.
- Public Transportation: Electrified public transportation systems, including electric buses and trains, offer a sustainable and low-pollution alternative to traditional fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. These initiatives reduce emissions and contribute to cleaner air in urban areas.
- Nature-Based Solutions: Integrating nature-based solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, into urban landscapes can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. These green spaces also provide additional benefits for public health and well-being.
- Biotechnology: Innovative biotechnology, like the PUSA decomposer mentioned earlier, can play a crucial role in reducing agricultural pollution, a significant contributor to poor air quality.
- Renewable Energy: Transitioning to clean and renewable energy sources can significantly reduce the air pollution associated with fossil fuel combustion. China’s shift to clean energy and electrified mobility serves as a prime example of this transition’s positive impact.
- Sustainable Farming Practices: Initiatives like Indonesia’s Carbon Efficient Farming Project and efforts in Thailand and Vietnam to reduce open straw burning demonstrate the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices to minimize air pollution.
- International Collaboration: Global initiatives, such as those by UNESCO and the World Air Quality Project, facilitate international cooperation to combat air pollution. These efforts include measures like implementing carbon taxes on flight tickets and promoting environmentally conscious practices.
- Youth-Led Advocacy: Young activists worldwide are actively raising awareness about air pollution and advocating for cleaner air. Their efforts, including real-time air quality data monitoring and environmental education, play a vital role in inspiring change.
Conclusion
- The time for action is now. The problem of air pollution was created by people, and it is people who must find and implement solutions, supported by effective air quality policies and action plans. The choice is ours, and it is one that demands urgency, resolve, and a collective commitment to securing a cleaner, healthier world for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20 Initiatives
Mains level: the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future.
What’s the news?
- The interconnected challenges of food security, climate change, and sustainable agriculture emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach. The G20 Indian Presidency can play a pivotal role in fostering international cooperation to address these issues.
Central idea
- The intricate link between food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture has far-reaching consequences for the Earth and its inhabitants. Climate change threatens food security through erratic weather and extreme events, while agricultural practices exacerbate climate change, creating a damaging feedback loop.
Climate Variability and Food Insecurity
- Climate variability, characterized by erratic weather patterns such as droughts and floods, directly impacts agriculture. It can lead to crop failures, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased food insecurity.
- Erratic weather patterns disrupt traditional farming practices and make it challenging to predict and plan for successful harvests.
- Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by extreme weather events like droughts and floods.
How does land use play a significant role in both climate change and food security?
- Unsustainable land use practices, such as deforestation and the expansion of agriculture, release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
- On the other hand, practices like reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation can sequester carbon and improve soil health, benefiting both agriculture and climate change mitigation.
The Role of Sustainable Agriculture
- Mitigating Environmental Impact: Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices that aim to minimize the environmental degradation associated with conventional farming. This includes reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm ecosystems and water quality.
- Maintaining or Improving Productivity: Sustainable agricultural practices are designed to maintain or even improve agricultural productivity while reducing environmental harm. This is essential to ensuring a stable and sufficient food supply, particularly in the face of climate change-related disruptions.
- Enhancing Climate Resilience: Sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use, can enhance the resilience of farming systems. These practices make agriculture less susceptible to disruptions caused by climate variability, such as extreme weather events.
- Carbon Sequestration: The article suggests that sustainable land use practices, such as reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation, can sequester carbon from the atmosphere. This not only helps mitigate climate change but also improves soil health, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.
How can agriculture be made more sustainable and resilient in communities in developing countries?
- Increasing Crop Diversity: Encouraging farmers to diversify their crop choices can improve resilience. Growing a variety of crops can increase the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable weather patterns and pests. Crop diversity also enhances nutrient cycling in the soil, improving overall soil health.
- Diversifying Farming Systems: Promoting mixed farming systems that include livestock and aquaculture alongside traditional crops can enhance resilience. These integrated systems can optimize resource use, provide multiple sources of income, and improve nutrient cycling.
- Efficient Irrigation Systems: Investing in efficient irrigation systems can help farmers cope with changing rainfall patterns and water scarcity. These systems can improve soil health and water conservation, reducing vulnerability to climate-related challenges.
- Promoting Organic Farming Practices: Encouraging organic farming practices, which minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, can reduce environmental harm and improve the resilience of agricultural systems. Organic practices often focus on building healthy soils, which can better withstand climate variability.
- Cultivating Climate-Resistant Crops: Promoting the cultivation of climate-resistant crop varieties and drought-resistant seeds, such as millets, can help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions. These crops are often better suited to withstand droughts and extreme temperatures.
- Strengthening Market Links: Facilitating connections between farmers and markets can help ensure that farmers receive fair prices for their produce. This can improve the economic resilience of farming communities and incentivize sustainable practices.
- Microfinance Opportunities: Providing access to microfinance opportunities can assist farmers in investing in sustainable agricultural practices. Financial support can help farmers acquire the resources they need to adopt more resilient and sustainable farming methods.
- Policy Support: Implementing policies that emphasize sustainable agriculture and provide incentives for sustainable practices can create an enabling environment for farmers. These policies can include subsidies for sustainable practices, access to credit, and support for climate adaptation.
Global Prospects through the G20 Indian Presidency
- International Cooperation: The G20 Indian Presidency offers a platform for international cooperation. G20 countries can collaborate and coordinate efforts to address pressing global challenges, including climate change and food security.
- Knowledge Sharing: The G20 provides a forum for knowledge sharing among member nations. Countries can exchange best practices, share research findings, and pool resources to tackle common issues more effectively.
- Policy Advocacy: G20 member countries can use their collective influence to advocate for policies that promote sustainability, resilience, and equity in global food systems. This can include advocating for climate-resilient agricultural practices and sustainable land use.
- Resource Mobilization: The G20 can facilitate resource mobilization to support initiatives aimed at creating a more sustainable and resilient global food system. This includes financial support for sustainable agriculture projects and climate adaptation efforts.
- Innovation and Research: G20 countries can promote international cooperation in agriculture research and innovation. By working together, they can accelerate the development of sustainable crop varieties, pest-resistant crops, and advanced farming technologies.
- Global Food Security: The G20 can play a pivotal role in enhancing global food security. This involves coordinating efforts to improve food distribution systems, reduce food losses and waste, and promote sustainable agriculture to ensure a stable food supply for vulnerable populations worldwide.
- Agricultural and Rural Development: G20 member nations can leverage their resources and expertise to support agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Investments in infrastructure, capacity development, and financial assistance to smallholder farmers can alleviate poverty and promote sustainable farming practices.
Conclusion
- Fostering international cooperation is essential to addressing the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future. The G20, with its potential to drive global strategies, should play a pivotal role in coordinating efforts to mitigate climate change, adapt agricultural practices, and ensure food security on a global scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Seethakali Folk Art
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Seethakali folk dance of Kerala has been fading from the public domain, and around three decades ago, it was on the verge of extinction.
Seethakali Folk Art
- Seethakali is a traditional folk dance that originates from the rich cultural heritage of Kerala.
- It is performed primarily by Dalit artists from the Veda and Pulaya communities.
Key Features
- Seethakali is a unique form of folk art that combines elements of storytelling dance, drama, and song.
- The central narrative revolves around the epic Ramayana, particularly focusing on the characters of Sita, Ram, and Laxman.
- Artists adorn themselves with eye-catching makeup, traditional ornaments, and elaborate costumes, enhancing the visual appeal of the performance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: One-Hour Trade Settlement, T+1 Settlement Cycle
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- SEBI aims to implement a One-Hour trade Settlement by March 2024.
- Additionally, an Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA)-like facility for secondary market trading is anticipated to launch in January 2024.
Do you know?
India is the first jurisdiction in the globe that has moved to T+1 settlement (trade plus one day). We are now talking about one-hour settlement and that will be a stepping-stone to instantaneous settlement.
Understanding Trade Settlement
- Trade settlement involves the exchange of funds and securities on the settlement date.
- It is considered complete when purchased securities are delivered to the buyer, and the seller receives the funds.
- India transitioned to a T+1 settlement cycle earlier this year, facilitating faster fund transfers, share deliveries, and operational efficiency.
SEBI’s Stance
- SEBI believes that achieving instantaneous trade settlement will take additional time due to necessary technology development.
- Therefore, SEBI plans to implement a one-hour trade settlement before the instantaneous settlement.
- SEBI expects instantaneous trade settlement to be launched by the end of 2024.
Benefits of One-Hour Trade Settlement
- In the current T+1 settlement cycle, the seller receives funds in their account the day after a trade.
- With one-hour settlement, the seller would receive funds within an hour of selling shares, and the buyer would have shares in their demat account within an hour.
Back2Basics: T+1 Settlement Cycle
- The T+1 settlement cycle means that trade-related settlements must be done within a day, or 24 hours, of the completion of a transaction.
- For example, under T+1, if a customer bought shares on Wednesday, they would be credited to the customer’s demat account on Thursday.
- This is different from T+2, where they will be settled on Friday.
- As many as 256 large-cap and top mid-cap stocks, including Nifty and Sensex stocks, come under the T+1 settlement.
- Until 2001, stock markets had a weekly settlement system.
- The markets then moved to a rolling settlement system of T+3, and then to T+2 in 2003.
- In 2020, Sebi deferred the plan to halve the trade settlement cycle to one day (T+1) following opposition from foreign investors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The government has recently announced its commitment to enhancing the control of dual-use items to prevent their misuse by non-state actors and terrorists.
- Dual-use items refer to goods that can be utilized for both civilian and military purposes.
Understanding Dual-Use Items
- Dual-use items are commodities with the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
- They are heavily regulated due to their capacity to be initially intended for civilian use and later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
- Some examples include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, thermal imaging equipment, specific models of drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and certain types of ball bearings.
Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
- International Cooperation: Most industrialized nations have established export controls on specific categories of designated dual-use technologies.
- Multilateral Agreements: Various international treaties and agreements govern the export of these items.
- India’s Participation: India is a signatory to major multilateral export control regimes like the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Wassenaar Arrangement (WA), Australia Group (AG), and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). It is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).
- DGFT’s Role: In India, the Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) plays a pivotal role as a facilitator of exports and imports. The DGFT maintains a specialized list known as SCOMET (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies) to regulate dual-use items.
What is the SCOMET List?
- SCOMET item is an acronym for Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies.
- These are dual-use items that can be used for both civilian and military applications. India’s Foreign Trade Policy regulates the export of items on the SCOMET List.
- Exporting these items and technologies falls under strict regulations. It can either be prohibited or permitted only under a license.
- The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
Necessity of Controlling Dual-Use Items
- India’s Commitment: India is firmly committed to non-proliferation efforts related to dual-use items.
- Integral Component: Export control over these items forms an integral part of India’s broader export control system.
- Compliance: It ensures that sensitive and dual-use goods, including those covered by the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), are traded in full compliance with India’s obligations under various international regimes.
Conclusion
- The government’s commitment to enhancing export control measures for dual-use items reflects its dedication to global non-proliferation efforts and the responsible trade of sensitive technologies.
- Collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and stakeholders remain crucial in achieving effective export control of these items.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023
Mains level: Issues with the Bill
Central Idea
Why discuss this?
- The amendment permits the diversion of forest land for certain projects near international borders without forest clearance under the Forest (Conservation) Act (FCA) 1980.
- Other Northeastern states, including Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, and Sikkim, governed by the ruling govt at centre or its allies, have also objected to the 100-km exemption clause.
Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023
|
| Objective |
Clarify and enhance the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 |
| Scope |
Applicability to land designated as forest since 1980 |
| Exemptions |
Land within 100 km of borders for national security, roadside amenities, and public roads |
| Assignment of Forest Land |
Prior approval required from central government for all entities |
| Permitted Activities |
Expanded to include check posts, fencing, bridges, zoos, safaris, and eco-tourism facilities |
Is FCA Applicable to the Northeast?
- Constitutional protections like Article 371A for Nagaland and 371G for Mizoram prohibit the application of certain laws enacted by Parliament in these states.
- In 1986, Nagaland extended the FCA’s application to specific forests, but its status remains uncertain due to conflicting ministry statements.
- Mizoram, since becoming a state in 1986, has the FCA in force, covering a significant portion of its forest areas.
FCA Application in the Rest of the Northeast
- The FCA is applicable in the rest of the Northeast, including Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
- The FCA clearance process differs among these states.
Conclusion
- Protecting Northeastern forests requires a balance between legal frameworks like the FCA and FRA.
- Clear guidelines and proactive measures can safeguard both forest rights and the environment in the region.
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