Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission, Pardoning Power
Mains level: Political use of Pardoning Power
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court bench handling petitions related to the early release of convicts in the Bilkis Bano case raised concerns about the selective application of remission policies in Indian jails.
- Justices on the two-judge bench questioned why the policy is not uniformly implemented and sought clarifications from the Additional Solicitor General representing the Gujarat government.
Also read:
What is Bilkis Bano Case?
Bilkis Bano Case and Remission
- Background of the Case: Bilkis Bano was a victim of gangrape during the 2002 riots in Gujarat, where her three-year-old daughter was also killed by a mob. She was pregnant at the time.
- Remission and Release: All 11 convicts in the Bilkis Bano case were granted remission by the Gujarat government, leading to their release on August 15, 2022.
- Justification for Release: The Additional Solicitor General defended the state’s decision, explaining that remission is distinct from sentencing and that guidelines are being considered to address concerns about its application.
Inquiry into Remission Policy Application
- Selective Implementation Query: The Supreme Court inquired why the policy of remission, aimed at granting convicts early release, is applied selectively across jails and states.
- Overcrowding and Undertrials: The court raised concerns about the overcrowding of jails, especially with undertrials, and questioned the reasons behind the policy not being consistently applied.
- Justice Nagarathna’s Query: Justice B V Nagarathna, leading the bench, emphasized that state-wise statistics are needed to understand the extent to which the remission policy is applied and whether every eligible prisoner is given an opportunity to reform.
- Relevance of Rudul Sah Case: Referring to the Rudul Sah case, where an individual remained in jail for 14 years despite acquittal, the court highlighted extreme cases where the prison system failed to provide justice. The court emphasized that fairness should prevail in both conviction and acquittal scenarios.
What is Remission?
- Stay of Execution: Remission involves suspending or postponing the execution of a sentence.
- Reduced Duration: It reduces the sentence’s duration while maintaining its original nature.
- Unchanged Sentence Nature: The sentence’s fundamental characteristics remain intact; only the duration is shortened.
- Release Date Determined: Remission sets a specific date for the prisoner’s release, marking their legal freedom.
- Conditional Release: Any breach of remission conditions cancels it, necessitating the completion of the original sentence.
Constitutional Framework for Remission:
- Prisons as State Subject: Prisons fall under the State List of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
- Pardoning Power: Article 72 (President) and Article 161 (Governor) grant pardoning, suspending, remitting, or commuting powers for sentences issued by courts.
New Norms for Remission:
(A) Eligibility Criteria
- Women and transgender convicts aged 50 and above
- Male convicts aged 60 and above, completing 50% of their sentence (excluding general remission period)
- Physically challenged convicts with 70% or more disability, completing 50% of their sentence
- Terminally ill convicts
- Convicts serving two-thirds (66%) of their sentence
- Indigent prisoners completing their sentence but detained due to unpaid fines
- Offenders aged 18-21 with no criminal involvement, completing 50% of their sentence
(B) Exceptions
- Excluded: Death sentence convicts, life imprisonment convicts, and those convicted under specific acts.
- Prohibited Acts: Terrorism-related offences, acts under anti-terror and security legislation, explosives, national security, official secrets, and anti-hijacking.
Implications and Benefits
- Justice and Equity: The new norms aim to provide justice to certain categories of prisoners and address their specific circumstances.
- Overcrowding Mitigation: By releasing eligible convicts, the policy seeks to alleviate prison overcrowding.
- Reformation Focus: Remission offers prisoners an opportunity to reform, especially those who demonstrate good behaviour or require medical attention.
- Humanitarian Approach: The policy recognizes the needs of the physically challenged, terminally ill, and aged prisoners.
- Respecting Youth: Young offenders with no further criminal engagement are given a chance for early rehabilitation.
Back2Basics: Pardoning Powers in India
- Pardoning powers in India, enshrined in Article 72 for the President and Article 161 for Governors, provide a mechanism for granting leniency, reducing sentences, or offering reprieves to convicted individuals.
- These powers play a crucial role in the justice system, allowing for the reconsideration of punishments in specific cases.
Presidential Pardoning Powers
- Scope and Authority: Article 72 empowers the President to grant pardons, respites, reprieves, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute sentences.
- Types of Pardoning:
- Pardon: Complete exoneration, restoring the person’s status as a normal citizen.
- Commutation: Reducing the severity of punishment, e.g., converting a death penalty to life imprisonment.
- Reprieve: Delaying execution to allow time for further legal remedies or evidence presentation.
- Respite: Reducing the punishment’s degree due to specific circumstances.
- Remission: Altering the punishment’s quantum without changing its nature.
Cases Covered by Article 72
- Cases tried by court-martial.
- Cases involving offences under Union’s executive power.
- Cases with a death sentence.
Governor’s Pardoning Powers
- Governor’s Authority: Article 161 grants the Governor the power to pardon, commute, suspend, or remit sentences.
- Scope and Limitation: Pardoning authority extends to offences within the state’s executive jurisdiction.
- Exclusion: Governors lack the authority to grant pardons in cases of death sentences.
Nature of Pardoning Power
- Presidential Advice: Though not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the President exercises pardoning powers based on the Council of Ministers’ advice.
- Governor’s Power: The Governor’s pardoning power is also guided by the principle of seeking advice.
- Judicial Review: The Epuru Sudhakar case highlighted the possibility of limited judicial review over the pardon powers exercised by the President and Governors. This review aims to prevent arbitrariness.
- Judicial Retained Power: Despite these powers vested in the Executive, the judiciary retains a measure of authority for judicial review, ensuring fairness and constitutionality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's youth aspirations and prominence of unemployment
What’s the news?
- A recent report released by Lokniti-CSDS has unveiled significant insights into the perspectives of India’s youth, aged 15 to 34, regarding the most pressing challenges confronting the nation.
Central idea
- The Lokniti-CSDS report provides a comprehensive insight into the concerns and preferences of Indian youth, shedding light on their perception of the country’s key challenges and their aspirations for the future. The report, conducted across 18 states with a sample size of 9,316 respondents, reveals a comprehensive picture of the concerns, hopes, and choices of India’s young population.
Findings of the Report
- Unemployment, A Central Worry:
- 36% of the surveyed youth view unemployment as the most critical challenge facing India.
- This represents an increase of 18 percentage points since the previous survey in 2016.
- 40% of highly educated respondents, including graduates and those with advanced degrees, identify unemployment as the most pressing issue.
- 16% of respondents expressed concerns about poverty.
- 13% highlight inflation as a major challenge.
- Gender plays a role: 42% of males compared to 31% of females see unemployment as their top concern.
- About 49% of the surveyed youth are currently engaged in some form of work.
- Among those working, 23% are self-employed, indicating an entrepreneurial inclination.
- Various sectors are represented: 16% are professionals, 15% are engaged in agriculture, and 27% are skilled or semi-skilled workers.
- Only 6% are employed in government jobs.
- Aspirations and Preferences:
- When considering ideal career paths, 16% of respondents aspire to roles in the health sector.
- 14% prefer jobs in the education sector.
- 10% express interest in science and technology-related roles and entrepreneurship.
- 2% are content with continuing in their current jobs.
- Employment Choices: Government Jobs and Entrepreneurship:
- 60% of respondents favor government jobs, reflecting their consistent appeal over time.
- Over 25% lean toward entrepreneurship, showcasing a growing trend in entrepreneurial ambitions.
The Significance of the Age Bracket Between 15 and 34 for India
- Demographic Powerhouse: The youth aged 15 to 34 constitute a considerable 34% of India’s population, making it a demographic powerhouse. With over 40 crore individuals, their collective influence is significant in determining societal trends, economic patterns, and policy priorities.
- Human Capital Reservoir: This age group forms the core of India’s human capital reservoir. Their energy, creativity, and potential can drive the nation’s progress across various sectors. The report’s insights highlight the youth’s aspirations, which, if harnessed, can contribute to the nation’s growth.
- Agents of Change: As the report suggests, the youth possess a dynamic outlook and are open to exploring diverse career paths. Their adaptability and willingness to embrace new opportunities position them as agents of change, capable of shaping industries and driving innovation.
- Future Workforce: This age range encompasses individuals in different stages of education and employment preparation. Their choices and preferences, as illuminated by the report, offer insights into the future composition of India’s workforce, guiding policy decisions and skill development initiatives.
- Socio-Economic Transformation: The youth’s concerns, such as unemployment and poverty, directly correlate with the socio-economic fabric of the nation. Addressing these challenges is crucial for achieving inclusive growth and elevating the living standards of millions.
- Cultural and Social Trends: The age group between 15 and 34 witnesses the convergence of traditional values and modern aspirations. Understanding their perspectives can aid in shaping cultural and social trends, influencing areas ranging from consumer behavior to family dynamics.
- Global Competitiveness: India’s global competitiveness is intricately linked with the capabilities of its youth. As the report reveals, their interest in sectors like technology and entrepreneurship can position India as a hub for innovation on the global stage.
- Long-Term Implications: Investments made in education, skill development, and employment opportunities for youth can have long-term implications. Nurturing this demographic can result in a more educated, skilled, and capable population, boosting economic growth and societal progress.
Addressing Youth Concerns: A Path Forward
- Targeted Employment Generation: Address the rising concern of unemployment by implementing policies that stimulate job creation across sectors. Encourage public-private partnerships to create diverse and suitable job opportunities for educated youth.
- Inclusive Economic Policies: Formulate and execute inclusive economic policies that uplift marginalized sections of society. Tackling poverty and controlling inflation will directly alleviate concerns among youth from lower economic backgrounds.
- Gender-Responsive Initiatives: Develop gender-specific initiatives to provide equal opportunities for education and employment. Empower young women with skills and education to bridge the gender gap in the job market.
- Education Reforms: Align educational curricula with the aspirations of youth. Promote practical skills alongside traditional academic subjects, enabling them to pursue careers that resonate with their interests.
- Fostering Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Establish supportive ecosystems for entrepreneurship. Offer mentorship, funding, and regulatory frameworks that encourage young individuals to embark on entrepreneurial ventures.
- Government and Private Sector Collaboration: Foster collaborations between the government and private sector to create a diverse range of job opportunities. Provide stability through government jobs while embracing innovation through private sector growth.
- Youth-Centric Policies: Translate the insights from the report into concrete policies that address the concerns of youth. Regularly review and adapt these policies to ensure they remain relevant and effective.
Conclusion
- The prominence of unemployment as a pressing issue underscores the need for focused efforts to address this concern, especially among educated youth. As the nation strives to harness the potential of its youth population, understanding their viewpoints and preferences becomes essential for shaping policies and initiatives that align with their aspirations and drive sustainable growth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three key bills, provisions
Mains level: Reforming criminal justice system
What’s the news?
- Union Home Minister Amit Shah has put forth three significant bills for consideration in the Lok Sabha, aiming to overhaul India’s criminal justice system.
Central idea
- The proposed legislation includes the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill. The introduction of these bills has sparked a spirited debate regarding the necessity of these reforms, the perceived misuse of existing laws, and the potential implications of the proposed amendments.
What is the proposed legislation?
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill:
- This bill aims to replace the existing Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860.
- The proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill seeks to update and modernize the criminal laws to better reflect evolving societal values and democratic aspirations.
- Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill:
- This bill is intended to supersede the current Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1973.
- The proposed bill aims to reform these procedures and streamline the criminal justice process.
- This bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act of 1872.
- The proposed Bharatiya Sakshya Bill seeks to modernize and adapt these rules to the contemporary legal landscape.
How are the new Bills different from the prevalent laws?
- Indian Penal Code (IPC) Replacement (Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill):
- The existing IPC, enacted in 1860, is considered operational but might not adequately reflect changing values and democratic aspirations.
- The proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill seeks to update the IPC, with amendments to 175 sections, the addition of eight new sections, and the repeal of 22 sections.
- The aim is to align the criminal laws with contemporary socio-economic and political realities.
- Code of Criminal Procedure Replacement (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill):
- The current Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) was established in 1973.
- The new Bill introduces significant changes, including extending the period of detention without charges to 90 days.
- New discretionary powers are granted to law enforcement, such as the ‘right to handcuff,’ which was previously uncommon in India.
- The new CrPC introduces provisions that could legitimize encounters and violence during arrests.
- Amendments in the new CrPC appear to move in the opposite direction of global criminal justice jurisprudence by extending detention periods, contrary to shorter periods adopted in other countries.
- Indian Evidence Act Replacement (Bharatiya Sakshya Bill):
- The Indian Evidence Act of 1872 is being replaced by the proposed Bharatiya Sakshya Bill.
- The changes in the evidence law aim to modernize the rules and principles for the admissibility of evidence in court proceedings.
What are the similarities between the existing laws and the new Bills?
- Continuation of Existing Practices:
- The new Bills maintain many existing practices in the current legal framework, endorsing and legitimizing established procedures and norms.
- Detention and Criminal Offenses:
- The new CrPC maintains the practice of detention without charges.
- Both the existing laws and the new Bills address various criminal offenses, albeit with potential changes in definitions and terminology.
- Continued Concerns:
- Both the existing laws and the new Bills raise concerns about the potential misuse and abuse of certain provisions. For instance, concerns are raised about expanded discretionary powers granted to law enforcement as well as potential ambiguities in the new definitions of offenses.
- Gendered Provisions:
- The existing laws and the new Bills both highlight gendered provisions. For example, the new rape provisions are said to be gendered and apply specifically to women, possibly excluding other scenarios.
Concerns raised over the new bills
- Detention Period Extension:
- One of the prominent concerns is the extension of the detention period without charges from the current duration to 90 days in the proposed Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Bill.
- This longer detention period raises apprehensions about potential misuse and human rights violations, particularly in cases where individuals may be held without sufficient evidence.
- Discretionary Powers for Law Enforcement:
- The introduction of discretionary powers, such as the ‘right to handcuff,’ to law enforcement officers under the new CrPC raises ethical and practical concerns.
- These discretionary powers might lead to potential misuse, undermining individual rights, and potentially legitimizing violence during arrests.
- Gendered Provisions:
- The gendered nature of certain provisions in the new Bills is a concern. For instance, the new rape provisions apply specifically to women.
- This approach may exclude scenarios involving sexual offenses between men and women and may not adequately address the full range of potential cases.
- Broad Definitions and Ambiguity:
- The broad and vague definitions introduced in the new Bills for offenses like sedition, subversive activities, and terrorist acts are sources of concern.
- These vague definitions can lead to ambiguity in legal interpretations and may potentially infringe on individuals’ rights due to overreach.
- Repeal and Revocation of Sections:
- The complete repeal and revocation of certain sections without retaining core legal principles raises concerns about the continuity of established legal precedents.
- This discontinuity could create confusion and disrupt legal processes, particularly in the transition period.
- Impact on Minority Rights:
- The new Bills, with provisions like the ‘Love Jihad’ offense, raise concerns about their potential impact on minority rights and freedom of choice.
- Such provisions might disproportionately affect certain communities and could be seen as invasive and discriminatory.
- Lack of Public Participation:
- Concerns are voiced over the pace at which the new Bills are being introduced, with experts emphasizing the importance of seeking public input and feedback before making sweeping changes to the legal framework.
- Overarching Disruption:
- The introduction of such comprehensive changes in a relatively short span of time might lead to disruption in the legal system and raise challenges for law enforcement agencies, legal professionals, and the public.
What are the welcome changes in the new Bills?
- Definition of Terrorism and Organized Crime:
- The new Bills introduce a clear definition of terrorism and organized crime, address the evolving nature of criminal activities, and align the legal framework with contemporary challenges.
- Expedited Trial Process:
- The new Bills propose measures to expedite the trial process by setting a limit of 30 days for concluding judgments and allowing only two adjournments.
- These measures aim to prevent unnecessary delays in delivering justice.
- Mob Lynching as a Separate Offense:
- The new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill defines mob lynching as an offense, underscoring the importance of addressing violence perpetuated by mobs and providing stricter punishment for such crimes.
- Stricter Punishment for Crimes Against Women:
- The new Bills propose stricter punishment for crimes against women, reflecting a commitment to ensuring the safety and well-being of women.
- Petty Offenses and Timely Trials:
- A provision in the new Bills suggests that trials for petty offenses should be concluded within six months; otherwise, the accused will not be tried.
- This provision aims to streamline the legal process and reduce the backlog of cases.
- Recognition of Changing Political and Social Debates:
- The inclusion of offenses like love Jihad and specific provisions related to mob lynching in the new Bills demonstrates an effort to address issues that have emerged in recent political and social debates.
- Organized Crime and Community Service:
- The new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill introduces provisions related to organized crime and community service, indicating a comprehensive approach to addressing diverse criminal activities and emphasizing societal responsibility.
- Adaptation to Contemporary Needs:
- The proposed changes reflect an effort to modernize the legal framework to align with the evolving socio-economic and political landscape.
Way forward
- Public Participation and Feedback: Open the proposed Bills for public input and discussions to incorporate diverse perspectives, ensuring that the laws are comprehensive and well-rounded.
- Address Concerns and Ambiguities: Carefully address concerns regarding potential misuse, gendered provisions, and ambiguity in definitions to create clear, equitable, and just laws.
- Balancing Rights and Security: Strike a balance between safeguarding individual rights and ensuring law enforcement effectiveness when granting discretionary powers.
- Expert Involvement: Engage legal experts, scholars, and human rights activists to provide insights and ensure a thorough understanding of potential implications.
- Gradual Implementation and Monitoring: Implement proposed changes incrementally to minimize disruptions and establish a robust monitoring system to evaluate their impact and address issues as they arise.
Conclusion
- While updating and adapting laws to changing societal values is required, it is crucial to underline the importance of thoughtful and balanced reforms that safeguard individual rights and prevent misuse. As these Bills continue to garner attention and feedback from the public, legal professionals, and lawmakers, it remains to be seen how these transformative changes will shape the future of India’s legal landscape.
Also read:
IPC is history: In 1837, how Macaulay cracked the code
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Organoid Intelligence and apliactions
Mains level: Organoid Intelligence, applications and ethical concerns
What’s the news?
- By utilizing brain organoids derived from stem cells, Organoid Intelligence (OI) seeks to explore new frontiers in information processing, offering potential breakthroughs in understanding brain functionality, learning, and memory.
Central Idea
- In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought forth remarkable technological advancements. Yet, the realm of cognitive computing is being further extended by Organoid Intelligence (OI), a burgeoning interdisciplinary domain that envisions innovative biocomputing models.
What is an Organoid?
- An organoid is a specialized type of tissue culture that is generated from stem cells and intended to mimic the structure and function of specific organs.
- These three-dimensional structures are cultivated in vitro, or outside the body, under controlled conditions that attempt to recreate the microenvironment of the target organ.
- The term organoid encompasses diverse structures that imitate different organs or tissues.
What is Organoid Intelligence (OI)?
- Organoid Intelligence is an emerging multidisciplinary field that merges the realms of biology and computing to explore the potential of using brain organoids to achieve cognitive capabilities and enhance our understanding of brain function.
- This novel concept envisions harnessing the unique properties of brain organoids, which mimic certain aspects of brain structure and function, to develop biocomputing models that could process information and potentially exhibit rudimentary cognitive abilities.
Potential applications of OI
- Cognitive Computing: Integrating brain organoids and computation for information processing and adaptive learning.
- Disease Modeling and Drug Testing: Using organoids to simulate diseases, test treatments, and study cognitive aspects.
- Understanding Brain Development: Analyzing Organoids to grasp early brain stages and cellular memory processes.
- Personalized Brain Organoids: Tailoring organoids to study genetics, medicine, and cognitive conditions.
- Advantages over Traditional Computing: Exploring organoids’ capabilities for intricate data tasks and energy-efficient processing.
- Biocomputers and Energy Efficiency: Developing faster, greener biocomputers with brain organoids.
- Ethical Considerations: Addressing ethical concerns like informed consent, gene editing rules, and inclusive access.
- Sustainable Alternatives: Offering eco-friendly options for intensive cognitive tasks and learning, amidst technology advancement.
Case Study: DishBrain System Experiment
- The DishBrain system stands as a compelling case study illustrating the application of Organoid Intelligence (OI). This innovative experiment, led by a team of researchers from Cortical Labs in Melbourne, demonstrates the integration of brain organoids with computational systems to achieve rudimentary cognitive capabilities.
- Experiment Overview:
- Brain Organoid Culturing: The researchers cultivated brain organoids, which are complex three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells. These organoids simulate certain aspects of brain development and function.
- In Silico Integration: Brain organoids were interfaced with computational simulations and algorithms through in silico computing. This integration aimed to enable enhanced neural processing and cognitive functions.
- Gameplay: Pong’: The brain organoids were trained to engage in the classic video game Pong. They were programmed to respond to key in-game variables, such as the movement of the virtual ball.
- Learning Mechanism: When the brain organoids failed to respond correctly in the game, the system provided feedback in the form of electrical pulses. This approach mimics the concept of reinforcement learning observed in living organisms.
- Application of the Free-Energy Principle: In the absence of real-time incentive systems like dopamine pathways, the researchers employed the free-energy principle. This principle suggests that living systems strive to minimize unpredictability. Brain organoids adapted their behavior to make the game environment more predictable.
- Key Outcomes: Within an astonishingly short span of five minutes, the brain organoids demonstrated signs of learning in response to the game stimuli. The utilization of the free-energy principle showcased the potential to guide the behavior of brain organoids using computational principles, driving them toward predictable responses.
Challenges and ethical considerations associated with Organoid Intelligence
- Challenges:
- Technological Advancements: Scaling up brain organoids and enhancing their cognitive capacities pose significant technical hurdles. Developing more sophisticated blood flow systems and introducing diverse cell types are among the challenges.
- Complexity of Learning: Despite promising results, achieving advanced cognitive capabilities in brain organoids remains a complex task. Imitating the intricacies of learning and memory seen in human brains is a challenge that requires further research.
- Gap in Knowledge: There are aspects of OI technology that are yet to be fully understood and developed. This includes improving memory storage mechanisms within brain organoids to enable more complex cognitive functions.
- Ethical Considerations:
- Informed Consent: Obtaining voluntary informed consent for cell donation is crucial to upholding donors’ rights and dignity.
- Selection Bias and Discrimination: Preventing selection biases during organoid development is essential to avoid potential discrimination risks and ensure neurodiversity.
- Gene Editing Regulations: Balancing commercial interests with ethical gene editing regulations is necessary to ensure the responsible and ethical culturing of brain organoids.
- Data Sharing and Open Access: Ensuring data sharing and open access to OI technology promotes inclusivity and diverse knowledge generation.
- Stakeholder-Informed Regulations: Developing regulations for the ethical use of OI technology requires stakeholder input to ensure responsible applications.
- Consciousness and Suffering Concerns: Ethical concerns range from the potential consciousness of brain organoids to addressing the possibility of suffering in these bioengineered systems.
Technological Advancements and Future Prospects
- Scaling up brain organoids, introducing diverse cell types, and enhancing memory storage are essential steps for augmenting OI’s cognitive potential.
- A 100-fold increase in the number of cells could yield complex cognitive capabilities, necessitating innovations in blood flow systems and cell diversity incorporation.
- The rudimentary success of DishBrain’s Pong experiment signifies the journey towards intelligence through OI.
- Although complete realization is distant, the limitations of current AI and silicon technologies in complex cognition, learning, and energy efficiency emphasize the urgency to explore sustainable alternatives.
Conclusion
- Through brain organoids, researchers are poised to unlock an unprecedented understanding of cognitive processes and revolutionize the ways we approach learning, memory, and neurological disorders. As OI advances, navigating ethical considerations and embracing technological innovations will be pivotal in ensuring a responsible and impactful journey toward an era of more sustainable and intelligent computing solutions.
Also read:
AI to improve maternal and child health in India
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sulina Canal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- As Russia threatens ships in the Black Sea, a Romanian route ‘Sulina Channel’ provides a lifeline for Ukraine’s grain exports.
Sulina Channel
- The Sulina Channel is located in the southeastern part of Romania, specifically within the Danube Delta region.
- It connects the Danube River, one of Europe’s major rivers, with the Black Sea, providing a direct route for maritime transportation.
- The channel is approximately 64 km long, making it a significant watercourse for shipping and navigation.
- It is a vital trade route for cargo vessels, commercial ships, and other maritime traffic entering or leaving the Black Sea region.
- The construction of the Sulina Channel dates back to the 19th century when it was developed to improve the navigation of large ships and vessels in and out of the Danube Delta.
Significance for Ukraine
- The Sulina Channel, the only deep and wide channel among the Danube’s branches, serves as a crucial “riverine expressway” for transporting goods from inland Ukrainian ports to the Black Sea.
- Ukrainian grain ships sail from ports like Izmail and Reni on the Chilia Channel to Sulina, where the cargo is transferred to larger vessels.
- These vessels proceed to Constanta, Romania’s major seaport, for further transport into the Mediterranean.
- This route falls under NATO’s surveillance and protection, ensuring a degree of security against Russian aggression.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Vishwakarma Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet has given its nod to the PM Vishwakarma Scheme, a groundbreaking initiative aimed at uplifting artisans and craftsmen in India.
What is PM Vishwakarma Scheme?
- Supporting Artisans: It will be a Central Sector Scheme with twofold objective: to nurture the Guru-Shishya Parampara:
- Age-old tradition of imparting skills within families, and
- To uplift artisans and craftsmen engaged in manual trades.
- Coverage: This comprehensive scheme encompasses 18 traditional trades in its initial phase, including blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, goldsmiths, tailors, and more, who form the bedrock of rural economies.
Key Highlights of Scheme
- Financial Provision: The scheme is fortified by a budgetary outlay of ₹13,000 crore, ensuring robust financial support to artisans and craftsmen.
- Recognition and ID: Artisans and craftspeople will receive recognition through the prestigious PM Vishwakarma certificate and an official ID card, validating their skills and contributions.
- Credit Support: The scheme provides access to credit support, offering up to ₹1 lakh in the first tranche and ₹2 lakh in the second tranche, with an advantageous interest rate of 5%.
- Skill Upgradation: To enhance expertise, the scheme includes skill upgradation programs encompassing both basic and advanced training. Participants will receive a stipend of ₹500 per day during training.
- Modern Tools and Incentives: Beneficiaries will be granted up to ₹15,000 to acquire modern tools, further improving the quality and efficiency of their work.
- Digital Transactions and Marketing: Embracing modern practices, the scheme encourages digital transactions and marketing support, linking artisans with broader markets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: E-Bus Seva Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet’s recent approval of the PM e-bus Seva scheme marks a significant step towards enhancing urban mobility and promoting green transportation across India.
PM E-Bus Seva: Scheme Overview
- E-Bus Definition: The scheme’s core revolves around e-buses, which are buses powered solely by zero-emissions electricity sources for both propulsion and accessory systems.
- Scope and Cost: The PM e-bus Sewa scheme is estimated to cost ₹57,613 crore, with the Central government contributing ₹20,000 crore.
- Operational Support: The scheme is designed to provide operational support to bus services for a period of 10 years.
Implementation Strategy
- Two Segments: The scheme will be executed in two distinct segments:
- 10,000 E-Buses: In 169 cities, 10,000 e-buses will be introduced through a public-private partnership (PPP) model.
- Infrastructure Upgrades: In 181 other cities, green urban mobility initiatives will focus on improving infrastructure, bus priority, charging infrastructure, multimodal interchange facilities, and automated fare collection systems.
- Depot Infrastructure: For the first segment, the development and enhancement of depot infrastructure, including power substations, will be undertaken to support the new e-buses.
- Job Creation: The scheme is expected to generate around 45,000 to 55,000 direct jobs, contributing to employment growth.
Coverage and Funding
- Coverage: Cities with populations of three lakh and above, Union Territory capitals, as well as northeastern and hill states, are included in the scheme’s ambit.
- Funding Model: States or cities will manage bus services and payments to bus operators, with the Central government providing subsidies as outlined in the scheme. This approach promotes decentralized management.
Positive Impacts
- Environmental Benefits: The adoption of electric buses will significantly reduce noise and air pollution, contributing to cleaner and healthier urban environments.
- Carbon Emission Reduction: Electric mobility aligns with India’s commitment to curb carbon emissions and combat climate change.
- Economies of Scale: Aggregating electric bus procurement is expected to achieve economies of scale, making electric buses more financially viable and encouraging their adoption.
Conclusion
- The PM e-bus Sewa scheme signifies India’s ambitious stride towards sustainable and eco-friendly urban mobility.
- It also highlights the government’s commitment to job creation, as well as its determination to transform the transportation sector into a cleaner, greener, and more efficient mode of commuting.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Issues with Caste Censuses
Central Idea
- The upcoming Supreme Court hearing on August 18 concerning the legality of Bihar’s ongoing caste survey has generated significant legal and socio-political debates.
- This article delves into the intricacies of the caste survey, the legal challenges it faces, the implications for affirmative action, and concerns over data privacy.
Must read:
[Sansad TV] Mudda Aapka: Bihar Caste Census
Bihar Caste Survey: Legal Battles
- Petitions Challenging Survey: Multiple petitions contesting the Bihar caste survey have been filed in the Supreme Court, alleging the state government’s encroachment on the Union government’s powers.
- High Court Ruling: On August 1, the Patna High Court permitted the state to proceed with the survey, deeming it legally sound, initiated with due competence, and aligned with compelling public interest.
- Supreme Court Involvement: The Supreme Court declined to stay the survey on August 14, clearing the way for the ongoing data collection process.
Nature of the Caste Survey
- Government Initiative: Launched on January 7, the two-phase caste survey intends to collect detailed socioeconomic information to inform better government policies for marginalized groups.
- Scope and Data Collection: The survey encompasses data on caste and economic status for a population of 12.70 crore in Bihar’s 38 districts.
- Survey Progress: The first phase, a house listing exercise, was conducted from January 7 to January 12. The halted second phase resumed after the High Court’s verdict and aims to complete by mid-August.
Legal Contentions against the Survey
- Constitutional Powers: Petitioners contend that the state lacks authority to conduct a census as it is solely within the Union government’s purview, as per the Constitution and Census Act.
- Privacy Concerns: Challenges raised about data collection intruding on individuals’ right to privacy, given sensitive questions about religion, caste, and income.
- Data Security: Some argue that the data collected should not be shared with political parties, as it raises concerns about privacy and potential misuse.
High Court’s Rationale for Upholding Survey
- Affirmative Action: The High Court recognized the survey’s aim to identify and uplift backward classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes for equal opportunities.
- Competence of State Government: The Court ruled that the survey aligns with the state’s authority for better administration and policy framing.
- Legitimacy of Caste Identification: The Court referred to Indra Sawhney’s ruling to affirm caste identification’s validity for ameliorating social backwardness.
Expected Implications
- Efficacy in Battling Discrimination: Advocates argue that caste surveys are crucial to addressing caste discrimination and mapping socio-economic deprivations for a more egalitarian society.
- Potential for Expansion: A successful Bihar survey could lead to other states demanding similar surveys, which the Union government is resisting.
- Social and Political Impacts: The survey has the potential to reshape social and political dynamics by addressing the invisibility of upper castes and bolstering Mandal politics.
Conclusion
- The legal battle over the Bihar caste survey has wide-ranging implications on data privacy, constitutional powers, and social equity.
- As the Supreme Court takes up the case, its decision will not only determine the fate of this particular survey but could set a precedent for future caste surveys and their role in fostering a more inclusive and just society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- PM highlighted a significant milestone achieved during his government’s first 5-year term – the liberation of 13.5 crore Indians from the clutches of multidimensional poverty.
- This achievement, as substantiated by the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report, reflects the government’s commitment to improving the lives of millions across various dimensions of well-being.
Understanding Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
- Holistic Evaluation: The MPI gauges deprivations across health and nutrition, education, and standard of living, offering a comprehensive assessment of poverty that extends beyond traditional monetary measures.
- Three Dimensions: Health is evaluated through nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, and maternal health. Education encompasses years of schooling and school attendance. The standard of living is assessed through variables like sanitation, drinking water, and access to financial services.
- Technical Collaborators: The methodology behind India’s MPI draws inspiration from the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP), with OPHI and UNDP collaborating to formulate the national index.
Notable Achievements and Data
- Decline in Poverty: The poverty headcount ratio – the proportion of multidimensionally poor individuals – witnessed a remarkable drop from around 25% to under 15% between the periods of National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21).
- Significant Impact: This reduction signifies that a staggering 13.5 crore Indians liberated themselves from multidimensional poverty during this period.
Comparison with Historical Records
- Historical Context: The MPI’s multidimensional nature makes direct comparisons with India’s traditional poverty estimations challenging. However, the Global MPI 2023 report underscores that 415 million Indians emerged from poverty between 2005-06 and 2019-21.
- Distribution over Time: Economists elucidate that out of the 415 million, 270 million transitioned out of poverty from 2005-06 to 2015-16, with the remaining following thereafter.
- Discrepancies in Ratio: The Global MPI cites India’s poverty ratio as 16.4%, while Niti Aayog’s MPI places it at 14.96%, due to variations in metrics and definitions.
Traditional Poverty Measurement
- Historical Monetary Measure: Since 1901, poverty in India has been estimated using monetary measures that ascertain the income needed for subsistence or a minimum standard of living.
- Creation of Poverty Line: Expert committees headed by D T Lakdawala (1993), Suresh Tendulkar (2009), and C Rangarajan (2014) established a poverty line based on consumption expenditure data.
- Unresolved Data Issues: The absence of updated consumption data since 2011 has led to economists using alternative sources like NFHS data and CMIE data to estimate poverty, which has introduced uncertainty.
Conundrum of Middle-Class Definition
- Ambiguity in Classification: India lacks an official middle-class definition, making it challenging to ascertain whether those emerging from poverty automatically join the middle class.
- Income Disparity: Private research by PRICE categorizes the middle class based on annual income between ₹5 lakh and ₹30 lakh, a considerable jump from the income levels of individuals transitioning from poverty.
- Survey Insights: As per PRICE’s survey, out of India’s population of 1,416 million, 432 million fall under the “Middle Class” category, while 732 million are classified as “Aspirers.”
Conclusion
- The reduction of 13.5 crore individuals from multidimensional poverty is a testament to India’s commitment to holistic development.
- While multidimensional poverty indices gauge well-being across dimensions, traditional poverty estimation methods use monetary measures.
- India’s achievements reflect its focus on inclusive growth, emphasizing improvements in health, education, and living standards.
- As the nation continues its journey, these achievements illuminate the path towards building a more prosperous, equitable, and resilient society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deemed Forest, Forest Classification
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Odisha government has rescinded a contentious order that declared the discontinuation of the ‘deemed forests’ category under the amended Forest Act.
- This reversal comes after concerns were raised regarding the implications of the order on forest classification and protection.
Understanding ‘Deemed Forests’
- Definition: ‘Deemed forests’ refer to areas that are not formally classified as forests by central or state authorities in official records.
- Legal Ambiguity: The term ‘deemed forests’ lacks a clear legal definition, including under the Forest Conservation Act of 1980.
- Broad Interpretation: The Supreme Court’s T N Godavarman Thirumulpad Case (1996) embraced an expansive interpretation of forests. It encompassed statutorily recognized forests, irrespective of their reservation status, under the Forest Conservation Act.
- Inclusive Scope: ‘Forest land’ within Section 2 of the Act extends beyond the dictionary meaning to include areas recorded as forests in government records, regardless of ownership, according to the court.
Recent Relevance and Controversy
- News Spotlight: The issue of ‘deemed forests’ has gained attention, particularly in Odisha and Karnataka, where allegations of unscientific classification and impact on agriculture and mining persist.
- Calls for Reclassification: Advocates assert that ‘deemed forests’ should adhere to the dictionary meaning of forests, irrespective of ownership. Concerns have been raised about arbitrary classifications affecting farmers and mining activities.
- Classification Challenges: Critics argue that the existing subjective classification lacks a well-defined scientific criterion, leading to conflicts and hardships for communities.
Forest Classification in India
The Forest Survey of India (FSI) classifies forest cover in 4 classes:
- Very Dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density of 70% and above.
- Moderately dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 40% and 70%.
- Open forests: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 10% and 40%.
- Scrubs: All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy density less than 10%.
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Motivations behind Reclassification
- Reassessment in 2014: The Centre initiated a review of forest categorization in 2014 to address the classification process’s shortcomings.
- Need for Objective Criteria: While the dictionary definition guided initial classifications, a lack of objective criteria resulted in subjective designations that hindered clarity and fairness.
- Addressing Hardships: Officials classified land as ‘deemed forest’ without considering local needs, leading to difficulties for farmers and communities dependent on such lands.
- Commercial Demands: Some regions categorized as ‘deemed forests’ hold commercial value for mining, prompting calls for reclassification.
Implications in Odisha
- State-Level Identification: Since 1996, Odisha had designated nearly 66 lakh acres as ‘deemed forest’ with the assistance of district-level expert committees. However, many of these areas were not officially recognized as forests in government records.
- Controversy and Debate: The decision sparked controversy as experts and activists raised concerns about the potential ramifications of discontinuing the ‘deemed forest’ classification. The move could impact conservation efforts and the legal status of these lands.
Conclusion
- The Odisha government’s decision to reverse the order discontinuing the ‘deemed forests’ category underscores the significance of clear forest classification and protection policies.
- The episode emphasizes the intricate balance between legal interpretations, conservation imperatives, and policy implementation in the realm of environmental protection.
- Moving forward, it is essential for authorities to align policies with legal frameworks to ensure sustainable forest management and safeguard the delicate ecological balance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urea Gold
Mains level: Urea Gold, Fortified fertilizer, significance, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- Late last month, Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially launched Urea Gold fertiliser.
Central idea
- In a significant development, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled Urea Gold, a novel fertiliser product, created by Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd (RCF), a state-owned entity. This pioneering formulation involves enhancing urea with sulphur to address crucial agricultural challenges.
What is Urea Gold?
- Traditional urea primarily consists of 46% nitrogen (N). Urea Gold represents a leap forward by combining 37% nitrogen and 17% sulphur.
- This innovative composition serves two primary purposes: bolstering soil quality and boosting nitrogen utilization efficiency.
Soil Deficiencies Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUE)
- Soil Deficiencies in India
- Indian soils suffer from deficiencies, particularly in key nutrients like sulphur (S).
- This deficiency is particularly crucial for certain crops such as oilseeds and pulses, which play a significant role in India’s agricultural output. These crops require adequate sulphur for healthy growth and optimal yield.
- The deficiency in sulphur can hinder their productivity and affect the overall agricultural landscape.
- Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUE) Challenge
- NUE refers to the proportion of applied nitrogen fertilisers that is effectively taken up by crops for growth and yield production.
- Only about 35% of the nitrogen from urea, a commonly used fertiliser, is utilized by crops in India.
- The rest, roughly 65%, is lost through various processes, including ammonia volatilisation into the atmosphere and leaching into the ground as nitrate.
Challenges in Urea Consumption in India
- Import Dependency: India heavily relies on imported urea due to insufficient domestic production. Around 7.6 million tonnes of urea were imported out of the total 35.7 million tonnes sold last fiscal year.
- Feedstock Dependency: The feedstock for domestic urea production, natural gas, is predominantly imported. This adds to the overall import dependence for the fertiliser.
- High Consumption: Urea is India’s most widely used fertiliser, with consumption rising from 26.7 million tonnes to 35.7 million tonnes between 2009-10 and 2022-23.
- Environmental Impact: Excessive urea usage contributes to environmental problems such as air and water pollution. Ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching are associated with these environmental challenges.
- Higher Input Costs: Inefficient fertiliser use due to low NUE leads to higher input costs for farmers. They need to apply more fertiliser to achieve desired yields.
Significance of Urea Gold
- Nutrient Enrichment: Urea Gold is a novel fertiliser fortified with sulphur (S). It contains 37% nitrogen (N) and 17% sulphur, addressing soil deficiencies that are critical for crops like oilseeds and pulses.
- Targeted Improvement: The sulphur content in Urea Gold addresses the specific nutrient requirements of oilseeds and pulses, which are crucial components of Indian agriculture and are significantly import-dependent.
- Packaging and Pricing Shift: Urea Gold’s introduction might entail packaging in 40-kg bags, adapting to the preferences of farmers.While exact pricing remains undisclosed, market trends suggest Urea Gold could be priced between Rs 400 to Rs 500 per 40-kg bag.
- Enhanced NUE: The sulphur-coated urea granules in Urea Gold facilitate a controlled and gradual release of nitrogen. This extended nutrient availability improves NUE, leading to reduced fertiliser application frequency and better crop health.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Urea Gold’s dual focus on addressing soil deficiencies and improving NUE contributes to more sustainable agricultural practices. It reduces excessive fertiliser use and associated environmental impact.
- Economic Benefit: The improved NUE offered by Urea Gold has the potential to reduce input costs for farmers, as they can achieve similar or better yields with lower fertiliser quantities.
- Potential Yield Boost: The sustained nitrogen release mechanism of Urea Gold can potentially lead to increased crop yields due to longer periods of vibrant foliage and enhanced nutrient availability.
Potential Hurdles
- Pricing Uncertainty: Lack of clear pricing details for Urea Gold could impact its adoption among farmers.
- Subsidy Disparity: The current additional rates offered by the government may not sufficiently incentivize companies to promote fortified fertilisers like Urea Gold.
- Limited Farmer Incentives: Farmers might perceive fortified fertilisers as more expensive compared to traditional options, leading to reluctance in adoption.
- Distribution Challenges: Ensuring uniform distribution and application of fortified fertilisers presents logistical complexities.
- Regulatory Influence: Regulatory aspects, such as pricing controls and subsidy structures, can affect the feasibility of fortified fertiliser products.
- Awareness Gap: Limited farmer awareness regarding the benefits and correct usage of fortified fertilisers might hinder their willingness to switch.
- Production Scalability: Scaling up fortified fertiliser production to meet demand and ensure availability poses a significant hurdle.
Way Forward
- Price Rationalization: The government could consider revisiting subsidy rates to make fortified fertilisers economically attractive for both companies and farmers. This would encourage the adoption of innovative products like Urea Gold.
- Subsidy Structure: Tailoring subsidies to reflect the enhanced benefits of fortified fertilisers, such as improved NUE and reduced environmental impact, could encourage their adoption.
- Education Campaigns: Launching awareness campaigns about the advantages of fortified fertilisers, like Urea Gold, can educate farmers and dispel misconceptions about their higher costs.
- Field Demonstrations: Organizing on-field demonstrations of the benefits of fortified fertilisers could provide tangible evidence to farmers, boosting their confidence in making the switch.
- Long-Term Perspective: Encouraging farmers to consider the long-term economic and environmental benefits of fortified fertilisers could shift their focus from initial cost concerns.
- Market Diversification: Exploring partnerships with private sector players and agribusinesses to promote fortified fertilisers could enhance market penetration.
- Gradual Transition: Gradually phasing in fortified fertilisers while continuing to offer traditional options at subsidized rates can ease farmers into adopting the new products.
Conclusion
- Urea Gold’s introduction marks a significant step towards addressing the complexities of modern agriculture. To fully harness the power of fortified fertilisers, a multi-faceted approach is needed – blending cutting-edge technology with conducive policies – to steer Indian agriculture towards sustainable growth and heightened productivity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitutional provisions
Mains level: Caste census analysis
What’s the news?
- The upcoming Supreme Court hearing on August 18th regarding petitions challenging the Patna High Court’s decision to uphold the Bihar government’s caste survey has sparked significant debate and interest.
Central idea
- The caste survey, initiated by the State government, aims to gather comprehensive socio-economic data to shape targeted policies for marginalized communities. The Patna HC’s recent dismissal of petitions against the survey has reignited discussions surrounding the necessity and constitutionality of such an initiative.
What is a caste-based survey?
- A caste-based survey is a comprehensive data collection initiative launched by the Bihar state government in India. This endeavor aims to gather detailed socio-economic information about various castes, sub-castes, and religious groups within the population of Bihar.
- The survey is estimated to collect socio-economic data for a population of 12.70 crore in the 38 districts of Bihar.
- The primary objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the living conditions and economic status of different communities, especially those that have historically faced marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage.
Why the need for a caste census?
- Incomplete Data: The standard Census focuses solely on SC and ST data, leaving a substantial void in comprehending the socio-economic aspects of OBCs and their subdivisions.
- Targeted Policies: A lack of comprehensive data obstructs the creation of effective policies tailored to the distinct requirements of different caste groups.
- Equitable Development: The caste census has the potential to reveal disparities within various castes, enabling customized development strategies for historically marginalized communities.
- Historical and Contemporary Insights: With deep historical roots, the caste system’s evolution can be better understood through a comprehensive census that captures both historical and contemporary dynamics.
- Political and Governance Implications: The initiative carries political implications, potentially influencing electoral strategies and governance agendas focused on the welfare of backward classes.
- Constitutional Clarification: Legal scrutiny over caste surveys provides clarity on the authority to conduct such initiatives, delineating roles between state and central governments.
- Inclusive Governance and Policy Efficacy: By focusing on accurate and comprehensive caste-specific data, policies can be better tailored to uplift marginalized groups, promoting inclusive governance.
- Evidence-Based Decision-Making: In a data-centric era, decisions grounded in concrete socio-economic data hold greater potential for equitable and effective governance.
Union government’s stance
- Unfeasibility: The Union government categorically declared that a socio-economic caste census is deemed unfeasible, administratively difficult, and cumbersome.
- Historical Policy Decision: The Union government’s affidavit, responding to a writ petition from the State of Maharashtra, highlighted that excluding castes beyond Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) was a conscious policy decision made since the 1951 Census.
- Official Discouragement of Caste: The Union government asserted that the policy of official discouragement of caste has been in place since the 1951 Census, implying a deliberate stance against extensive caste-based categorization.
- Previous Survey Flaws: In 2011, the Union government conducted a Socio-Economic and Caste Census; however, due to data flaws, the raw data collected from nearly 130 crore Indians was never made public.
Why is it being challenged?
- Constitutional Jurisdiction: Opponents of the survey argue that the Bihar state government’s decision to conduct the caste-based survey infringes upon constitutional jurisdiction. They contend that only the central government has the exclusive authority to carry out comprehensive censuses.
- Census Act Compliance: The absence of a formal notification under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948, issued by the central government raises doubts about the legitimacy of the state government’s appointment of District Magistrates and local authorities for data collection. This legal requirement plays a crucial role in determining the authority to conduct such surveys.
- Executive Order Controversy: Challengers claim that the survey’s data collection, facilitated through an executive order, violates the Puttaswamy judgment, which emphasizes safeguarding personal data from government intrusion.
- State vs. Central Mandate: While the High Court maintains that the state government is authorized to formulate policies for better administration, this stance contradicts the argument that only the central government can undertake comprehensive censuses.
- Privacy Apprehensions: The High Court’s dismissal of privacy concerns based on the Puttaswamy judgment’s triple-test criteria for data collection is being contested. Opponents stress that personal data sensitivity necessitates more stringent considerations.
Way forward
- Legal Resolution: Await the Supreme Court’s verdict to obtain a clear understanding of the constitutional validity of state-level caste surveys. This ruling will provide a framework for future actions and delineate the roles of state and central governments.
- Collaboration with the Central Government: To address concerns about legal jurisdiction and the Census Act, the state government could seek collaboration and endorsement from the central government. This collaboration could help ensure compliance and legitimacy.
- Privacy Safeguards: Implement stringent privacy measures in the survey. Ensure that personal data collection adheres to established legal standards, safeguarding citizens’ rights and addressing potential privacy concerns.
- Balanced Implementation: Strike a balance between political considerations and the integrity of the survey. Prioritize unbiased data collection over immediate political gains.
- Effective Use of Data: Utilize the survey data to inform targeted policies aimed at reducing socio-economic disparities among different caste groups. Ensure that the survey’s outcomes translate into tangible welfare improvements.
- Long-Term Vision: Plan for continuous monitoring and updates of collected data. Use this data to guide policy adjustments in response to changing socio-economic dynamics over time.
Conclusion
- While the State’s efforts to gather comprehensive socio-economic data and address the concerns of marginalized groups are commendable, the constitutional and privacy challenges inherent in the initiative should not be overlooked. The outcome of this legal battle is likely to have far-reaching implications for the understanding of caste dynamics, policy formulation, and political strategies in India.
Also read:
The Caste Census and Mandal Politics: Analysis
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Murmansk Port
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- India’s engagement with Russia’s Arctic region has been strengthening with India-bound goods constituting the maximum share of cargo handled this year by Murmansk, located about 2,000 km northwest of Moscow.
About Murmansk Port
- Murmask Port is a major seaport located in northwestern Russia, specifically in the city of Murmansk.
- The port was established in 1916 as a supply point for the Russian military during World War I.
- It is situated in the city of Murmansk, which is the largest city north of the Arctic Circle in Russia.
- It is located on the Kola Peninsula on the shores of the Barents Sea.
- The port serves as a crucial gateway to the Arctic region.
- The port is an important node along the Northern Sea Route, a shipping route that connects Europe and Asia via the Arctic Ocean.
- Its ice-free waters enable year-round maritime activities, making it an important hub for shipping and trade in the Arctic.
Significance of the Port
- Murmansk Port is strategically located near rich natural resources, including minerals, oil, and gas in the Arctic region.
- It plays a role in facilitating the export of these resources.
- The port is well-connected to various transportation networks, including railroads, pipelines, and roads.
- It serves as a hub for moving goods to and from the Arctic and the rest of Russia.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Matangini Hazra, Kanaklata Barua
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On the eve before Independence Day, President of India paid tributes to great women freedom fighters like Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua.
[A] Matangini Hazra
- Early Life and Dedication: Born in 1869 in Hogla village, West Bengal, Matangini Hazra’s early life was marked by poverty and lack of formal education. She married at a young age and was widowed by 18. Devoted to social causes, she emerged as a dedicated freedom fighter.
- Gandhian Influence: During the Nationalist movement, Hazra’s admiration for Mahatma Gandhi earned her the nickname “Gandhiburi” in her village. She actively participated in protests, earning her several arrests and jail sentences.
- Quit India Movement: A prominent leader during the Quit India Movement of 1942, Hazra led a procession of around 6,000 protesters, mostly women, towards the Tamluk police station. She was shot three times by British police during a confrontation, and she passed away at the age of 73 while chanting “Vande Mataram.”
- Legacy: Matangini Hazra’s sacrifice inspired revolutionaries to establish local governments. In 1977, the first statue of a woman revolutionary in Kolkata Maidan was dedicated to her. Schools, streets, and neighborhoods across Bengal are named after her as a tribute to her immense contribution to the freedom struggle.
[B] Kanaklata Barua
- Young Martyr: Kanaklata Barua, a symbol of courage, was just 17 years old when she became a martyr. She led the Mrityu Bahini procession to unfurl the Tricolour at Gohpur police station in Assam during the Quit India Movement.
- Daring Spirit: Despite the age limit for joining the Mrityu Bahini being 18 and above, Barua’s determination led her to be an exception. Just two days into joining, she was at the head of the procession, holding the Tricolour.
- Tragic End: In a confrontation with the police at the police station, Barua refused to let go of the flag, even as bullets rained down. She fell, holding onto the flag until another volunteer took it from her. Her bravery and sacrifice left an indelible mark on the movement.
- Legacy: Kanaklata Barua’s story continues to inspire generations. In her honor, the Coast Guard named a Fast Patrol Vessel “ICGS Kanaklata Barua” in 2020, ensuring that her legacy lives on as a testament to her remarkable spirit and dedication to India’s freedom.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annapurna Food Packet Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Rajasthan’s government launched the Annapurna food packet scheme as part of its welfare initiatives, aiming to support 1.10 crore people, especially those hit hard by the pandemic.
Annapurna Food Packet Scheme
- The scheme primarily benefits families identified through the National Food Security Act (NFSA) survey, encompassing poor and destitute families.
- It also extends beyond NFSA beneficiaries to encompass families that received ₹5,500 pandemic assistance, totalling around 1.05 crore beneficiaries.
Benefits and Contents
- Monthly Distribution: Eligible beneficiaries can collect Annapurna food packets monthly from fair price shops (FPS) at no cost.
- Content Details: Each packet contains essential items – 1 kg gram pulses, sugar, and iodized salt, 1 litre soybean refined edible oil, 100 grams each of chilli powder and coriander powder, and 50 grams of turmeric powder.
- Commission to FPS: FPS will receive a ₹10 commission per packet distributed, incentivizing their participation.
Back2Basics: National Food Security Act (NFSA)
- The NFS Act was enacted on 12th September 2013, with retrospective effect from 5th July 2013.
- It integrates legal entitlements for prevailing food security initiatives of the GoI, encompassing the Midday Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and the Public Distribution System (PDS).
- The NFSA enshrines a legal right for individuals belonging to “eligible households” to acquire food grains at subsidized rates.
Features
- Recognizing Maternity: The NFS Act acknowledges the importance of maternal health by incorporating maternity entitlements within its provisions.
- Coverage Spectrum: While the Midday Meal Scheme and ICDS are accessible to all, the PDS caters to about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).
- Special Benefits: Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and specific categories of children enjoy the privilege of daily free cereals, enhancing their nutritional security.
- Subsidized Rates: The act establishes central issue prices (CIPs) for food grains, offering rice at Rs 3/kg, wheat at Rs 2/kg, and coarse grains at Rs 1/kg through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karnail Singh Isru, Goan Liberation
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Karnail Singh Isru, a valiant activist, is remembered with reverence and admiration on India’s Independence Day.
- He made the ultimate sacrifice while participating in the Goa Liberation Movement, striving for the state’s accession to India.
Who was Karnail Singh Isru?
- Birth and Childhood: Born on September 9, 1930, in Chak 30 village (now in Pakistan), Isru lost his father at a young age and was raised by his mother. His upbringing was marked by a strong sense of justice and a longing for freedom.
- Inspired by National Heroes: Isru’s admiration for national heroes like Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh, along with their dedication to the freedom movement, ignited a fire within him. Their struggle against colonial oppression left a deep impact on his young mind.
Joining the Goa Liberation Movement
- Formation of Ideals: Isru’s involvement in student activism and his presidency of the student union highlighted his commitment to social justice. He joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) and embraced rationalist ideals.
- Goa Liberation Movement: In the 1950s, despite India’s independence, the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli remained under Portuguese rule. CPI sent Satyagarhis, followers of Gandhian principles, to Goa to hoist the Indian flag on Independence Day.
His Fateful Journey
- Sahodrabai Rai’s Leadership: Isru, alongside other Satyagarhis, embarked on the march towards Goa under the leadership of Sahodrabai Rai. They aimed to challenge colonial rule and establish India’s sovereignty in the region.
- Tragedy Strikes: As they entered the Patradevi village in North Goa, Portuguese forces opened fire on the Satyagarhis. Isru’s unwavering determination led him to the forefront, but tragically, he was struck by a bullet in his chest. His sacrifice was a significant moment in the fight for Goa’s liberation.
Legacy and Remembrance
- Tributes in Punjab: Isru’s memory is etched in the heart of Punjab, where the government and political parties organize annual functions to honor his sacrifice. A statue, library, park, and school bear his name, reflecting the respect he commands.
- Recognition in Goa: In Goa, a bronze bust of Isru was installed in the primary school of Patradevi village, commemorating his sacrifice. His bravery and dedication are a source of inspiration for generations.
Also read:
In news: Goa Liberation Day
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aditya L1 mission
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Although the mission launch date is yet to be announced, the Aditya-L1 satellite has arrived at the Satish Dhawan Space Center (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, for integration with the launch vehicle, PSLV.
Aditya-L1 Mission
- Aditya-L1’s primary objective is to closely observe the Sun and gather insights into its corona, solar emissions, flares, solar winds, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
- The satellite is equipped with seven advanced payloads for these scientific endeavors.
- The mission promises round-the-clock imaging of the Sun, enabling an unprecedented understanding of its behavior and impacts.
Significance of the mission
- Solar Influence: The evolution of every celestial body, including Earth and distant exoplanets, is intricately linked to its parent star. The Sun’s weather and environment have a profound impact on the entire solar system.
- Space Weather Impact: Variations in solar activity can disrupt satellite orbits, damage electronics, trigger power blackouts, and induce disturbances on Earth. Accurate knowledge of solar events is essential for comprehending and predicting space weather phenomena.
L1 Lagrange Point Advantage
- Continuous Solar Observations: Positioned at the Lagrangian Point 1 (L1) — about 1.5 million km from Earth — Aditya-L1 will be uniquely positioned to observe the Sun without the interference of occultation or eclipses. L1 is an orbital location where gravitational forces create stable regions of attraction and repulsion.
- L1’s Significance: The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO) is stationed at L1 and has facilitated groundbreaking solar research. Aditya-L1’s observations will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of solar behavior.
Comparison with International Missions
- Closer than Ever: While NASA’s Parker Solar Probe has ventured closer to the Sun, Aditya-L1 will focus on direct solar observations from a greater distance.
- Technical Challenges: Many instruments and components for Aditya-L1 are being developed in India for the first time, representing both a challenge and an opportunity for the nation’s scientific and engineering communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the platform
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has unveiled a Public Tech Platform for Frictionless Credit to transform credit accessibility and lending efficiency.
About the Public Tech Platform
- It is developed by the RBI’s subsidiary Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH).
- It aims to streamline the credit delivery process by enabling seamless digital information flow to lenders.
- It intends to simplify the credit assessment by providing an end-to-end digital ecosystem that facilitates the smooth exchange of essential digital data among stakeholders.
Features of the Platform
- Open Architecture: The platform adopts an open architecture model, fostering interoperability and collaboration among various financial sector players.
- Plug and Play Model: The open Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and standards enable seamless integration and interaction among participating entities.
- Efficiency and Scalability: The platform aims to enhance lending efficiency, reduce costs, expedite disbursement, and scale up lending operations.
Launch and Scope
- Calibrated Rollout: The platform is set to launch as a pilot project on August 17, 2023, with gradual access to information providers and use cases.
- Initial Focus: The pilot phase will focus on credit products like Kisan Credit Card loans, dairy loans, collateral-free MSME loans, personal loans, and home loans.
- Integration and Services: The platform will integrate services such as Aadhaar e-KYC, state government land records, satellite data, PAN validation, Aadhaar e-signing, account aggregation, and more.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Fort
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Every year on August 15, India commemorates its Independence Day with the hoisting of the national flag at the iconic Red Fort in Delhi.
- This historic tradition, initiated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, holds deep significance in India’s journey towards self-rule and liberation from colonial rule.
About Red Fort
- Constructed by: The Red Fort, also known as “Lal Qila” in Hindi, was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Its construction began in 1638 and was completed in 1648. It was designed to be the main residence of the Mughal emperors.
- Architectural Marvel: The Red Fort is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture, characterized by its red sandstone walls and intricate marble decorations. It combines Persian, Timurid, and Indian architectural styles.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Red Fort was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. It is recognized for its historical and cultural significance and its exceptional architectural design.
- Layout: The Red Fort is a massive structure with walls extending over 2 kilometers. It is designed in the shape of an irregular octagon, with two main entrances: the Lahore Gate and the Delhi Gate.
- Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas: The complex houses the Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public Audience) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience). The former was used for addressing the general public, while the latter was reserved for private meetings and discussions.
- Mumtaz Mahal: Within the complex, there is a white marble structure known as Mumtaz Mahal, often mistaken for the Taj Mahal. It is the burial place of Shah Jahan’s wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Historical Significance of the Red Fort
- Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Era: Under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal rule, Delhi emerged as a pivotal capital city. It became synonymous with the seat of power, and the Mughals established their dominion from the magnificent Red Fort.
- Symbolic Rulership: The Mughal emperors’ association with Delhi granted them symbolic legitimacy even as their actual authority waned. They continued to be recognized as the sovereign rulers of India, despite their diminishing control.
- Rebellion of 1857: The Rebellion of 1857 further emphasized the Red Fort’s symbolic significance. The rebels rallied around the aged Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, underscoring the fort’s role as a rallying point for indigenous authority.
Impact of British Imperialism
- British Rule and Red Fort: After suppressing the Rebellion of 1857, the British retained the Red Fort but stripped it of its grandeur. They transformed the fort into a British garrison, erasing elements of its Mughal heritage.
- Co-opting Symbolism: Despite reducing Delhi’s significance, the British recognized its symbolic importance. The Delhi Durbars and the decision to shift the capital to Delhi from Calcutta highlighted its centrality and authority.
Red Fort and India’s Independence Struggle
- INA Trials: The Red Fort regained prominence during the Indian National Army (INA) trials, where INA officers were tried for treason. These trials evoked nationalistic sentiments and established the Red Fort as a symbol of resistance against British oppression.
- Reclaiming for Independence: As India approached independence, Nehru’s decision to hoist the national flag at the Red Fort in 1947 symbolized the reclamation of this historical site from British colonial rule. It marked the assertion of India’s sovereignty and the culmination of its struggle for freedom.
Key events
- INA Trials: The Red Fort played a crucial role in the trials of the Indian National Army (INA) officers in the mid-1940s. The trials stirred nationalist sentiments and highlighted the site as a symbol of resistance against British rule.
- Nehru’s Flag Hoisting: Jawaharlal Nehru’s decision to hoist the national flag from the Red Fort on August 15, 1947, signified the reclamation of the site from colonial dominance and marked India’s emergence as a sovereign nation.
Annual Celebration and Symbolism
- Continuing Tradition: The tradition of hoisting the national flag and delivering the Independence Day address from the Red Fort continues to this day.
- Reclamation of Identity: The celebrations at the Red Fort annually emphasize the triumph of India’s struggle for independence and the reclaiming of its cultural and historical identity from colonial rule.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cauvery River
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Tamil Nadu has urged the Supreme Court to compel Karnataka to release 24,000 cusecs of water immediately.
- The state seeks the release of 36.76 TMC for September 2023, as per the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal’s (CWDT) award.
About Cauvery River
- The Cauvery River, also spelled as ‘Kaveri’ and known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil, originates from Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range located in Karnataka’s Kodagu district.
- It spans approximately 800 km, traversing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, until it eventually reaches the Bay of Bengal.
- The river’s catchment area covers regions in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.
- Key tributaries that join the Cauvery include Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, and Bhavani.
- Distinguishing it from other rivers in South India, the Cauvery remains perennial due to its dual reliance on both advancing and retreating monsoons for rainfall.
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Cauvery Water Dispute: Historical Background
- 1892 Onset: The water dispute dates back to 1892 between the British-ruled Madras Presidency and the princely state of Mysore (now Karnataka).
- 1924 Agreement: A 50-year agreement mediated by the British aimed to quell tensions but merely laid the groundwork for future disagreements.
- Post-Independence Battles: Karnataka’s dam constructions in the 1960s-80s sparked Tamil Nadu’s appeal to the Supreme Court. The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) followed.
- Interim Measures: The Cauvery River Authority (CRA) in 1998 implemented interim orders. Contentious issues persisted despite CWDT’s 2013 award.
- Final Award: The CWDT’s award in 2013 allocated water quantities for Tamil Nadu (419 TMC), Karnataka (270 TMC), Kerala (30 TMC), and Puducherry (7 TMC).
Water Sharing Criteria
- Monthly Schedule: Karnataka, the upper riparian state, is mandated to provide Tamil Nadu with a specified water quantity each month.
- Annual Allocation: In a “normal” year, Karnataka must provide 177.25 TMC to Tamil Nadu, of which 123.14 TMC is during the southwest monsoon.
- Challenges: The contentious period is the monsoon when disagreements often arise due to varying rainfall.
Constitutional Provisions for Water Sharing
- Article 262: Empowers Parliament to address inter-State river disputes; IRWD Act, 1956 enacted under this article.
- Seventh Schedule: Defines the legislative authority over water resources in Entry 17 (State List) and Entry 56 (Union List).
Resolving Cauvery Water Sharing
(A) Supreme Court’s 2018 Verdict
- Cauvery as National Asset: The Supreme Court declared Cauvery a “national asset” and upheld inter-State river water equality.
- Allocation Adjustments: The Court noted deficiencies in CWDT’s assessment, leading to Karnataka receiving marginal relief and Tamil Nadu’s allocation reduced to 177.25 TMC.
- Formation of CMB: The Court directed the establishment of the Cauvery Management Board (CMB) for effective implementation of orders.
(B) Cauvery Water Management Scheme
- CWMA Establishment: The Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) was formed to regulate water releases with assistance from the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC).
- Permanent and Technical Bodies: CWMA oversees water regulation, while CWRC ensures data collection and implementation of the final award.
Current Status and Future Implications:
- Ongoing Challenge: The Cauvery water dispute remains an ongoing challenge with historical and legal dimensions.
- Resource Management: The establishment of CWMA and CWRC aims to address the dispute through effective water management.
- Continued Struggle: The dispute underscores the complexity of water sharing in a federal system and the need for equitable solutions.
Tamil Nadu’s Contention
- CWMA’s Decision: The CWMA sought 10,000 cusecs for 15 days from Karnataka, but Karnataka proposed only 8,000 cusecs up to August 22.
- Previous Agreement: Karnataka’s refusal to adhere to the earlier agreement of 15,000 cusecs for 15 days at the CWRC meeting irked Tamil Nadu.
- Distress-sharing Formula: TN CM supports a distress-sharing formula, but Karnataka has not embraced it.
Karnataka’s Perspective
- Rainfall Deficit: Karnataka claims lower rainfall in Cauvery’s catchment areas, including Kerala, leading to reduced inflow into its reservoirs.
- Challenging Situation: Karnataka stated that it couldn’t release water as the reservoirs received less inflow this year.
- Lack of Consistency: Despite Karnataka’s endorsing distress-sharing, the state declined to accept the formula.
Future Scenario
- Tamil Nadu’s Concerns: The Mettur reservoir’s storage is critically low, impacting farmers and the upcoming kuruvai crop.
- Water Shortage: The current water availability may last only 10 days, considering dead storage and drinking water needs.
- Awaiting Supreme Court: The case’s outcome now rests with the Supreme Court’s interpretation and decision.
- Need for a Resolution: The pressing need for a mutually acceptable distress-sharing formula is evident.
Ongoing Challenges and Factors Prolonging the Dispute:
- Erratic Water Levels: Flood-drought cycles, pollution, and groundwater depletion have led to unpredictable water levels.
- Idealistic Calculations: SC’s verdict relies on favorable conditions that often do not align with reality.
- Dependency and Population: Both states rely heavily on the river, causing conflicting water needs for urban areas and agriculture.
- Inefficient Water Use: Inefficient irrigation methods lead to low crop productivity per unit of water used.
- Hydropolitics and Delays: Political parties capitalize on water disputes for mobilization. Prolonged tribunal adjudications contribute to delays.
Global Lessons
- Good Water Neighbors Project: Collaboration between Israelis, Jordanians, and Palestinians demonstrates the power of dialogue and cooperation for shared water resources.
- Nile Basin Initiative: Regional partnership among Nile Basin countries showcases cooperation for equitable water management, enhancing prosperity and peace.
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Conclusion
- The Cauvery River dispute is a microcosm of water-related challenges in India.
- To address this century-old struggle, collaborative efforts, sustainable practices, and empowered community involvement are essential.
- By learning from global examples and innovating locally, a future of equitable water allocation, prosperity, and harmony can be envisioned.
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