Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitutional provisions
Mains level: Minimum age requirements for parliamentary candidacy analysis
What’s the news?
- The 132nd Report on Election Process and Reform, presented to the Rajya Sabha in August 2023, recommends aligning the minimum age for candidacy with the voting age of 18.
Central idea
- A Parliamentary Committee has proposed reducing the age restriction on MPs and MLAs to 18 years. Though the EC has opposed the proposal, Constituent Assembly debates show several leaders back then favored lower age criteria for our lawmakers. Calling the current criteria outdated, the committee argued that legislative bodies could benefit from a wider range of perspectives.
Background
- On May 18, 1949, during the heated deliberations of India’s Constituent Assembly, responsible for drafting the nation’s Constitution, a pivotal debate emerged.
- The focus was the insertion of an Article outlining criteria for prospective parliamentarians’ minimum age.
- The motion proposed setting 25 years as the entry age for the Lok Sabha and 35 years for the Rajya Sabha.
- Amidst this discourse, Durgabai Deshmukh, a prominent figure in India’s freedom struggle and an advocate for women’s emancipation, proposed an amendment.
- Her amendment aimed to lower the minimum age for Rajya Sabha candidacy from 35 to 30, reflecting changing times and evolving youth engagement in civic matters.
- The amendment’s adoption led to the incorporation of Article 84 and Article 173 in the Constitution, mandating 25 and 30 years as the minimum age for entry into the lower and upper houses, respectively, at both the central and state levels.
A Global Perspective on Youth Participation
- The United Nations Human Rights Council’s 2018 report highlights challenges faced by youth in accessing their rights.
- Less than 2% of parliamentarians worldwide are under 30, indicating a lack of youth representation.
- Countries like the UK, Australia, and Canada have embraced young candidates with innovative ideas and fresh perspectives.
- European nations such as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Ireland have set lower minimum age requirements for candidates.
- Fridays for the Future, led by Greta Thunberg, exemplifies the influence of youth-led activism on global issues.
Youth and Political Participation in India
- Student Politics and University Campuses:
- University campuses, traditionally seen as breeding grounds for free debate and critical thinking, have played a pivotal role in nurturing young leaders.
- The Lyngdoh Committee’s recommendations in 2012, which introduced upper age limits for student union elections, marked a transformative shift.
- Recent statistics reveal that student union office-bearers at top Indian universities have an average age of 22.5 years, reflecting more youthful leadership.
- Panchayat-Level Representation:
- At the grassroots level, efforts to infuse youth representation have resulted in significant positive changes.
- In various states, a growing number of individuals aged 21 and above have found representation in roles such as village pradhan and block pramukh.
- This demonstrates a trend towards acknowledging the capabilities and perspectives of younger individuals in local governance.
- Parliamentary Representation:
- However, this progressive trend is not consistently reflected at the national parliamentary level.
- An analysis of India’s parliamentary history shows a decline in the percentage of MPs aged 25–40 from 26% in the first Lok Sabha to 12% in the current 17th Lok Sabha.
- Despite India’s young country status, with 65% of the population below 35 years old, the average age of MPs remains relatively high.
The Impact of Youth Representation: Amplifying Progressive Agendas
- Visibility of Youth-Centric Issues:
- Diverse representation in parliament ensures increased visibility of issues pertinent to youth.
- The long-standing demand for women’s reservation quotas highlights the effectiveness of targeted representation in addressing gender-specific concerns.
- Similarly, youth representatives can champion matters like technology, unemployment, and education, shaping policies that resonate with younger generations.
- Contemporary Relevance and Innovation:
- Young parliamentarians are poised to bring fresh perspectives and innovative solutions to complex problems.
- Issues like climate change, technology, and socio-economic disparities require dynamic approaches that youth are well-equipped to provide.
- Their engagement can foster debates that reflect the current aspirations and challenges of the population.
- Empowerment of Underrepresented Groups:
- Youth representation also holds the promise of empowering marginalized and minority groups.
- The inclusivity brought about by youth engagement ensures that the concerns of various communities are adequately addressed.
- This can contribute to a more equitable and diverse governance approach.
- Challenging Traditional Notions:
- The presence of young parliamentarians challenges traditional notions that associate political competence solely with age.
- Global examples of successful young leaders breaking barriers underscores the capacity of youth to drive change.
- Age should not be a barrier to representation when youth demonstrate awareness, dedication, and commitment to their responsibilities.
Challenges Hindering Youth Inclusion
- Experience and Maturity Concerns:
- Critics contend that younger candidates may lack the life experience and maturity required to make informed decisions on complex issues.
- The belief that political competence is directly proportional to age is deeply ingrained, presenting a challenge to reform efforts.
- Entrenched Norms and Resistance:
- Prevailing norms link effective leadership with advanced age, creating resistance to embracing younger candidates.
- Societal skepticism toward entrusting significant responsibilities to youth can impede the acceptance of policy changes.
- Divergence from International Trends:
- The Election Commission’s cautious stance on lowering the minimum candidacy age contrasts with global trends.
- Several democracies have successfully integrated younger leaders, tapping into their fresh perspectives and innovative thinking.
- Balancing Youthful Vigor and Expertise:
- Striking a balance between the energy of youth and the wisdom gained from experience remains a challenge.
- Effective leadership requires not only innovative ideas but also a nuanced understanding of the intricacies of governance.
- Perception of Representation Bias:
- Concerns exist that youth-centric representation might overshadow the needs of other demographic groups.
- Addressing this perception and ensuring comprehensive policy formulation are essential for garnering broad support.
- Cultural and Mindset shifts:
- Overcoming deep-rooted beliefs that equate age with political competence demands a cultural shift.
- Effective awareness campaigns can challenge stereotypes and create a more inclusive environment for younger leaders.
Addressing the Age Discrepancy
- The 132nd Report on Election Process and Reform, presented to the Rajya Sabha in August 2023, recommends aligning the minimum age for candidacy with the voting age of 18.
- The report highlights global practices and underscores the significance of young parliamentarians voicing contemporary issues.
Way forward
- Policy Alignment and Adaptation: Reassess existing policies to align the minimum candidacy age with the voting age, promoting consistency and inclusivity.
- Youth-Centric Educational Initiatives: Establish comprehensive political education programs and leadership training to equip young aspirants with essential governance skills.
- Cross-Generational Mentorship: Facilitate intergenerational dialogue to combine experience with innovation, allowing for a holistic approach to decision-making.
- Incentivized Youth Participation: Encourage political parties to integrate young candidates into their election strategies through incentives and tangible support.
- Collaborative Advocacy Efforts: Engage stakeholders in advocacy campaigns, leveraging global examples to advocate for reducing the minimum candidacy age.
Conclusion
- The need for a more inclusive and representative democracy demands a reevaluation of the minimum age requirements for parliamentary candidacy. As the world embraces youthful voices, India’s evolving landscape should not lag behind. A political consensus can pave the way for a more dynamic, inclusive, and progressive parliamentary system, with the potential to reshape the nation’s future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inflation trends
Mains level: Inflation and its impact
Central idea
- In recent weeks, a notable surge in vegetable prices has acted as a harbinger of a potential increase in overall inflation, as gauged by the consumer price index. This inflationary trend, if sustained, could breach the upper threshold of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) targeted inflation framework.
Inflation Trend Analysis
- Initial Indications of Upward Movement: The recent surge in vegetable prices over the past few weeks served as an early signal of an impending inflationary trend. These signs prompted expectations of an escalation in overall inflation, as gauged by the consumer price index, during the months of July and August.
- Confirmed by Official Data Release: The National Statistical Office’s data release on Monday solidified these apprehensions. Headline retail inflation surged to a 15-month high of 7.44 per cent in July, marking a substantial increase from the 4.87 per cent recorded in June.
- Food Prices as the Main Catalyst: Dissecting the data, it becomes evident that the major driving force behind this surge has been the elevated food prices. The consumer food price index soared to 11.51 per cent in July, significantly up from the 4.55 per cent reported the previous month.
- Core Inflation and Goods/Services Inflation Trends:
- Core Inflation: Excluding the volatile food and fuel components, core inflation has shown a moderation trend, as noted by ICRA.
- Goods and Services Inflation: Both goods (excluding food) and services inflation have demonstrated a softening trend, indicating a certain degree of stability.
Food Categories and Their Impact
- Vegetables: This category experienced a staggering price rise of 37.3 per cent, serving as a primary contributor to the overall increase.
- Spices: Prices of spices surged by 21.6 per cent, further accentuating the inflationary pressure within the food segment.
- Pulses and Products: With an inflation rate of 13.2 per cent, pulses and related products added to the upward trend in food prices.
- Cereals and Products: A rise of 13 per cent in this category also contributed to the overall surge in food inflation.
Central Bank’s Perspective
- Early Warnings Heeded: Recognizing the potential implications for overall inflation, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) took swift action during its recent monetary policy committee meeting.
- Proactive Forecast Revision: In a preemptive move, the RBI adjusted its inflation projection for the second quarter upwards. The initial estimate of 5.2 per cent was revised to 6.2 per cent, reflecting the central bank’s readiness to address the imminent inflationary pressure.
- Confirmation through Data: The RBI’s perspective received validation with the release of official data by the National Statistical Office. The subsequent surge in headline retail inflation to a 15-month high of 7.44 per cent in July, from the previous month’s 4.87 per cent, bolstered the central bank’s concerns.
- Food as a Key Driver: The central bank’s analysis correctly identified that the main driver behind this inflationary surge was the escalating food prices. The consumer food price index’s significant rise to 11.51 per cent in July, compared to 4.55 per cent in the previous month, reinforced the central bank’s focus on this critical aspect.
Impact of the inflation trends
- Consumer Affordability: The surge in vegetable prices contributes to overall inflation, impacting consumers’ ability to afford essential goods. As prices rise, individuals might need to allocate more of their budget to food, potentially reducing spending on other items.
- Budgetary Strain: Higher food prices, particularly vegetables, strain household budgets, affecting families’ purchasing power. This burden is often more pronounced for lower-income households, potentially leading to trade-offs in spending and impacting overall consumption patterns.
- Cost-Push Inflation: The rise in food prices, driven by vegetables and other factors, can lead to cost-push inflation. This occurs when higher production costs are passed on to consumers, causing a general increase in the price level across various sectors.
- Wage Pressure: Elevated inflation can lead to demands for higher wages by workers to maintain their real income levels. Businesses might face challenges managing increased labor costs, potentially affecting profitability.
- Monetary Policy Adjustment: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) might need to consider adjusting its monetary policy to address the rising inflation. This could involve raising interest rates to control demand and curb price increases, potentially impacting borrowing costs and investments.
Conclusion
- Despite optimism about a forthcoming correction in vegetable prices, the economy remains vulnerable to external shocks such as crude oil price fluctuations. The committee’s continued vigilance and strategic policy responses will be pivotal in managing inflationary pressures and maintaining economic stability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Reforming criminal justice system
Central Idea
- Union Home Minister’s introduction of three crucial bills in the Lok Sabha has set the stage for a transformative shift in India’s criminal justice system.
Overhauling Criminal Justice System
- The 3 bills introduced are-
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023,
- Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023, and
- Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
- They are collectively aimed at replacing outdated laws, have sparked debates and anticipation of profound changes in legal proceedings.
- The bills seek to repeal the archaic Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, and the Code of Criminal Procedure, introducing a modern framework aligned with contemporary legal needs.
Key Reforms Proposed:
- Capital Punishment for Mob Lynching: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill introduces capital punishment for mob lynching, emphasizing the gravity of this crime.
- Stricter Laws for Sexual Violence: Deception leading to sexual relations is designated as a separate crime. False promise of marriage carries a ten-year imprisonment term.
- Sedition and Terrorism Definitions: The bills redefine sedition and introduce a comprehensive definition of terrorism, separatism, and armed rebellion, streamlining the legal treatment of these offenses.
- Video Recording of Survivor Statements: For sexual violence cases, the video-recording of survivor statements becomes mandatory, ensuring accurate and reliable evidence collection.
- Speedy Justice: The bills propose amendments aimed at expediting the criminal justice system, aiming to bring revolutionary changes.
- Transparency and Accountability: Police accountability is emphasized through measures such as providing complaint status within 90 days, consultation with victims before withdrawal of cases, and introduction of community service for specific crimes.
Impact on Criminal Justice
- Modernization: The bills signify a transition from colonial-era laws to contemporary legal frameworks that address evolving societal concerns.
- Faster Trials: Proposed reforms, including fixed timelines for chargesheets and prosecution sanctions, aim to accelerate trial proceedings and curb undue delays.
- Evidence Integrity: The mandatory videography of search and seizure enhances transparency and prevents tampering, ensuring the integrity of evidence.
- Victim Empowerment: Consultation with victims before case withdrawal empowers them in the legal process, fostering a victim-centric approach.
- Accountability and Streamlining: Designating a police officer for custody notifications, mandatory online disclosure, and limited remission of sentences promote transparency and accountability.
Political and Social Implications
- Political Accountability: The bills emphasize that individuals with political influence will not escape legal consequences, thereby promoting fairness and equality.
- Public Safety: Stricter laws on mob lynching and sexual violence underscore the government’s commitment to ensuring public safety and protecting vulnerable groups.
- Legal Efficacy: The bills aim to elevate India’s conviction rate by introducing forensic evidence collection standards and expediting trial proceedings.
Conclusion
- The introduction of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, and its companion bills marks a significant step towards modernizing India’s criminal justice system.
- These reforms, driven by the government’s commitment to transparency, accountability, and justice, hold the potential to reshape legal proceedings, empower victims, and ensure a more equitable legal environment.
- As these bills undergo parliamentary scrutiny, the anticipation of their impact on India’s legal landscape is palpable, with expectations of a more efficient, effective, and just criminal justice system for the nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Economic Zones
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Northeast region’s journey with SEZs has been marked by challenges and missed opportunities.
- Despite the approval of five SEZs in the region between 2007 and 2021, none have become operational.
Overview of Unoperational SEZs in NE
- Unrealized IT SEZs: The report underscores the delay in establishing IT SEZs in Manipur and Sikkim, both of which were approved in 2013 and 2021 respectively.
- Nagaland’s Unfulfilled Promise: Despite approvals dating back to 2007-9, the SEZs in Nagaland remain dormant, representing a missed opportunity for economic growth.
- Pending Agro-Products Zone: The agro-products zone approved in Tripura in 2019 is yet to materialize, indicating the need for coordinated efforts to overcome hurdles.
What are SEZs?
- Distinctive Zones: A Special Economic Zone is an area characterized by distinct trade and business regulations set apart from the rest of the country.
- Economic Objectives: SEZs aim to enhance trade balance, encourage investments, generate employment, facilitate efficient administration, and amplify economic growth.
- Favorable Financial Policies: SEZs offer tailored financial policies that encompass investment, taxation, customs, trading, quotas, and labor regulations.
- Tax Incentives: Businesses within SEZs may benefit from tax holidays, a designated period of reduced taxation upon establishment within the zone.
Inception of SEZs in India
- EPZs Pioneering: India embraced the concept of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) with Asia’s inaugural EPZ established in Kandla in 1965.
- Genesis: India’s SEZ policy was inaugurated on April 1, 2000, with the intent of bolstering foreign investments and creating a globally competitive environment for exports.
- Objectives: The policy aimed to boost exports, level the playing field for domestic enterprises, and provide a comprehensive legal framework for SEZ development and operation.
- Regulatory Framework: The SEZ Act of 2005 furnished the regulatory umbrella covering crucial aspects of SEZs and the units operating within them.
Distinct Characteristics of SEZs
- Diverse Zone Types: SEZs encompass various categories such as free-trade zones (FTZs), export processing zones (EPZs), industrial estates (IEs), free ports, and more.
- Enhanced Foreign Investment: SEZs attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational corporations (MNCs) and international businesses, spurring economic growth
Setting up SEZs
- Open to All: Any private, public, joint sector, state government, or its agencies can establish an SEZ.
- Foreign Participation: Foreign agencies are also permitted to establish SEZs in India.
- States Role: State government representatives within inter-ministerial committees on private SEZs offer consultations on proposals.
- Infrastructure Provision: State governments must ensure the provision of essential resources like water and electricity before SEZ proposals are recommended.
- Labor Laws: SEZs adhere to normal labor laws, enforced by respective state governments, with a focus on simplification of procedures and introducing single-window clearance.
Benefits offered
- Economic Boost: SEZs aim to streamline business processes, improve infrastructure, and offer tax benefits, propelling FDI and export growth.
- Trade Growth: SEZs contribute significantly to India’s exports by providing a conducive environment for production and export-oriented activities.
- Investor Attraction: The relaxation of regulations and access to advanced infrastructure in SEZs entices international investors seeking to capitalize on export-driven opportunities.
Conclusion
- The parliamentary report serves as a clarion call to address the stagnation of SEZs in Northeast India and transform the challenges into opportunities.
- It underscores the importance of crafting a fresh industrial development scheme that is responsive to the region’s dynamics.
- By leveraging the unique strengths of the Northeast, the government has the chance to not only rectify the current situation but also contribute to the inclusive economic growth of the entire nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Harami Nala
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Union Home Minister has visited the sensitive and strategically important ‘Harami Nala’ creek in the Kutch region of Gujarat, near the India-Pakistan border.
- This channel, notorious for its historical connections to infiltrations, illegal activities, and maritime challenges, offers a glimpse into the complexities of border security and regional dynamics.
About Harami Nala
- High-Profile Attention: The spotlight on ‘Harami Nala’ has intensified with visits from prominent figures, including Union Home Minister Amit Shah, underlining the strategic importance of Sir Creek Area.
- Geographical Context: Situated at the Rajasthan border, ‘Harami Nala’ is a 22-kilometer tidal channel in Gujarat’s Kutch region, serving as a natural boundary between India and Pakistan.
- Physical Traits: It carries water and sediment, inhabited by protected marine species. The water level and flow fluctuate based on weather conditions, spanning a stretch of twenty to twenty-five kilometres.
Decoding the Name
- Meaning behind the Name: Translated as the “rogue or treacherous channel,” the name ‘Harami Nala’ encapsulates the channel’s notoriety as a potential ingress point for infiltrators.
- Historical Context: The channel’s reputation as an entry route for criminals, terrorists, and undesirable elements from Pakistan to India has led to the naming. Instances of infiltrations and discoveries of abandoned boats have reinforced its dubious repute.
- Illegal Activities: The channel’s ecosystem, including prawns and other marine life, is exploited through illegal fishing. Despite its ecological significance, this practice remains a challenge.
Harami Nala’s Historical Connections
- Geostrategic Significance: The channel’s proximity to the coast and urban centers like Gujarat and Mumbai has made it an alluring route for potential infiltrators.
- Terror Connection: Notably, Ajmal Kasab, a perpetrator of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, was believed to have entered India through Harami Nala, highlighting the channel’s strategic implications.
Challenges and Complexities
- Border Security: While Indian security efforts are robust, the channel remains a challenge due to its historical use for illicit activities.
- Maritime Interplay: The confluence of maritime dynamics, security concerns, and border complexities underscores the intricate nature of the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-USHA Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have not signed the required MoU for implementing the National Education Policy (NEP) under the PM-USHA scheme.
- Concerns revolve around budget allocation and the absence of specific funds for NEP reforms.
PM-USHA Scheme
- The Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) was introduced as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to financially support institutions in States/UTs.
- Its aim was to enhance access, equity, and excellence in higher education with improved efficiency, transparency, accountability, and responsiveness.
- The initial phase of the scheme commenced in 2013, followed by the second phase in 2018.
- In alignment with the National Education Policy, the RUSA initiative has been revamped as the Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA).
Challenges and Concerns
- Lack of Additional Funds: The MoU requires states to undertake NEP-related administrative, academic, accreditation, and governance reforms. States are concerned that there are no extra funds designated specifically for NEP reforms within the scheme.
- 40% State Contribution: States have to bear 40% of the expenses under the PM-USHA scheme, leading to further apprehensions about their ability to fund NEP initiatives.
- Incomplete Alignment: The MoU doesn’t explicitly address the financial needs for implementing NEP changes, leading to dissatisfaction among some state governments.
Government Response and Flexibility
- Consultations and Integration: The University Grants Commission (UGC) chairman emphasizes the integration between NEP and PM-USHA through the MoU, which necessitates alignment with NEP principles.
- Streamlined Approach: The PM-USHA scheme consolidates various components and offers states more flexibility in focusing on felt needs.
- Focus on Prioritized Districts: States can identify priority districts based on enrollment ratios, gender parity, and demographic proportions, ensuring tailored educational interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Malaiyali Tribe
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Malaiyali tribe, scattered across Tamil Nadu’s hilly regions, has undergone a remarkable transformation over two centuries.
- From their initial foraging lifestyle to settling atop the Yelagiri hill and constructing traditional clay huts, the tribe has transitioned into a more modern way of life.
- Amidst the evolving landscape, one old-fashioned hut remains as a testament to their history.
Malaiyali Tribe
- Historical Settlement: Over 200 Malaiyali tribespeople established a comprehensive system on Yelagiri hill with clay huts for shelter, storage, farming, and cattle.
- Modern Evolution: Today, only one antiquated hut endures, belonging to tribesman Govinthasamy, while the rest have given way to brick-and-mortar homes.
- Malaiyali Tribe: “Malai” means hill and “yali” means people, depicting the tribespeople who settled across Tamil Nadu’s hilly regions.
Significance of Red Clay
- Integral Material: Red clay played a pivotal role in building huts, burying the dead, and sustaining the tribe’s lifecycle from birth to death.
- Unique Construction: Huts were constructed with red clay on teak wood frames, embodying the tribe’s connection to nature.
- Practicality and Value: Despite its worn appearance, the hut holds immense value due to the scarcity and high cost of materials like teak wood.
Distinctive Hut Features
- Roofing: A 12-foot thatched roof made of dry bamboo leaves, waxed with cow dung to prevent leaks during monsoons.
- Interior Space: Deceptively small from outside, the hut accommodates eight people and an attic for storing household items.
- Functional Evolution: Originally meant for living, the hut transformed into a storage space for seeds during sowing and grains post-harvest.
- Elevated Structure: The hut stands on a teak wood stilt to prevent flooding during heavy rains and deter rodents.
- Storage Space: Stilts create additional storage beneath the house for grains or poultry.
- Traditional Living: The one-room structure housed various activities, highlighting the tribe’s reliance on agriculture.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urea Gold
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent launch of “Urea Gold,” a fortified fertiliser by Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd (RCF), has sparked interest as it combines urea with sulphur to enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).
- It seeks to tackle challenges of escalating urea consumption and declining agricultural efficiency.
What is Urea Gold?
- Composition: “Urea Gold” blends urea with sulphur to create a fortified fertiliser aimed at improving NUE and crop performance.
- NUE Enhancement: The fortified blend ensures gradual nitrogen release, sustaining plant health and potentially reducing fertiliser application frequency.
Challenges of Urea Consumption and NUE Decline
- Urea Consumption Surge: Urea consumption has risen from 26.7 million tonnes to 35.7 million tonnes between 2009-10 and 2022-23, making it India’s predominant fertiliser choice.
- Import Dependency: Domestic urea production relies heavily on imported natural gas. India’s annual consumption trails only China’s, where coal-based production prevails.
- Declining NUE: Only around 35% of nitrogen applied through urea benefits crops, raising concerns about resource wastage and increased fertiliser application.
Fortified Fertiliser Solution
- Coating Strategy: Fortified fertilisers entail coating primary nutrients (N, P, K) with secondary nutrients (S, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (zinc, boron, manganese, etc.).
- Enhanced Benefits: Coated fertilisers act as “carrier products” for secondary and micronutrients, thereby increasing their N and P use efficiency and ensuring controlled nutrient release.
- Innovation by Yara International: The “Procote” technology facilitates micronutrient coating, demonstrating improved fertiliser efficacy.
- Efficacy Confirmation: The trials substantiated amplified paddy and wheat yields through micronutrient-coated fertilisers, potentially mitigating NUE concerns.
Pricing and Distribution Challenges
- Pricing Complexities: Existing subsidies for coated fertilisers like zincated urea and boronated DAP may not incentivise companies to promote fortified products.
- Farmer Adoption Hurdles: Discrepancies in pricing between fortified and non-fortified fertilisers have deterred farmers from embracing coated options.
- Optimal Implementation: Advocates suggest factory-level coating to ensure uniform nutrient distribution and user convenience. Freeing maximum retail prices (MRPs) for coated fertilisers could bolster adoption.
- Striking Pricing Balance: Since traditional fertilisers receive substantial subsidies, fortified product premiums must remain reasonable to encourage affordability.
Conclusion
- Amidst the challenges of dwindling NUE and escalating urea consumption, the introduction of “Urea Gold” and fortified fertilisers holds promise for enhancing agricultural efficiency.
- The journey to successful implementation necessitates addressing pricing discrepancies and distribution intricacies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Metagenomics
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Genome sequencing technologies played a crucial role in identifying the causative agent of the COVID pandemic.
- This approach, known as metagenomics, revolutionized pathogen identification and surveillance, enabling rapid response to emerging threats.
Metagenomics and COVID-19
- Unprecedented Scale: Scientists rapidly applied genome sequencing to identify SARS-CoV-2, making it one of the most sequenced organisms in history.
- Break from Tradition: Instead of traditional microbiological methods, patient samples were directly subjected to genome sequencing, expediting virus identification.
- Global Genome Surveillance: The success of genome sequencing led to the development of technologies like CovidSeq assay and spurred national and international SARS-CoV-2 genome surveillance initiatives.
What is Genome Sequencing?
- Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
- The genome refers to the entire set of genetic material present in an organism’s cells, including all the genes and non-coding regions.
- Genome sequencing involves reading and deciphering the order of the nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up an organism’s DNA.
- The genome sequencing process typically involves several steps:
- DNA Extraction: Genetic material (DNA) is extracted from the cells of the organism being studied.
- DNA Fragmentation: The extracted DNA is broken down into smaller fragments for sequencing. These fragments are usually around a few hundred base pairs in length.
- Sequencing: The individual DNA fragments are then sequenced using advanced sequencing technologies. Various methods, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS), can be employed for this purpose.
- Data Analysis: The sequence data generated is processed and analyzed using specialized bioinformatics tools. The data is assembled to reconstruct the complete genome sequence.
- Annotation: Once the genome sequence is assembled, it is annotated to identify genes, regulatory elements, and other functional components within the genome.
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Application in Pathogen Surveillance
- Genome Surveillance Technologies: Several technologies based on genome sequencing, such as the CovidSeq assay, were developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
- GISAID Repository: GISAID became a repository for global genome-sequence data, reflecting high-throughput genome surveillance activities.
- India’s Initiatives: India initiated a national genome-sequencing and surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2, fostering national-level efforts.
Nigerian Study and Metagenomic Sequencing
- Application of Metagenomics: Nigerian scientists employed metagenomic sequencing to study pathogen surveillance in three cohorts of patients.
- Versatile Approach: The study identified 13 distinct viruses among the cohorts and aided in detecting co-infections and undiagnosed conditions.
- Diagnostic Power: Metagenomics helped link symptoms to pesticide poisoning in some cases, showcasing its diagnostic potential.
Diverse Applications and Future Prospects
- Expanding to Other Pathogens: Genome sequencing technologies are being applied to detect other pathogens like Zika, dengue, lumpy skin disease, and drug-resistant tuberculosis.
- Environmental Surveillance: Genome surveillance is being extended to diverse sources, such as wastewater, air, soil, and animals, aiding in early detection and response strategies.
- Mainstay for Pathogen Defense: The speed, accuracy, and adaptability of genome sequencing make it a cornerstone for future pathogen detection, surveillance, and response.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Luna 25, Chandrayaan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The moon exploration scene has intensified as Russia’s “Luna 25” mission prepares for a soft landing near the lunar South Pole, challenging India’s “Chandrayaan-3” in the race to touch down first.
- While Luna 25’s earlier launch and more direct trajectory give it an edge, Chandrayaan-3’s unique features and India-Russia collaboration in space activities also merit attention.
Luna 25’s Accelerated Journey
- Launch and Orbit: Luna 25 was launched on August 10, aiming to enter lunar orbit by August 16.
- Lunar Landing Date: The Russian lander is anticipated to attempt a soft landing between August 21 and 22, ahead of Chandrayaan-3’s possible landing date of August 23.
Key Factors behind Luna 25’s Lead
- Trajectory and Fuel Storage: Luna 25 followed a direct trajectory due to its lighter payload and higher fuel efficiency.
- Payload Comparison: Luna 25’s lift-off mass is 1,750 kg, significantly lighter than Chandrayaan-3’s 3,900 kg. The latter includes a Lander-Rover and propulsion module.
- Lunar Dawn Advantage: Luna 25 benefits from an earlier lunar dawn at its landing site, ensuring optimal power generation through solar panels.
What is Lunar Dawn?
- Lunar dawn is the period on the Moon when the Sun is about to rise over the lunar horizon, resulting in the gradual illumination of the lunar surface, similar to Earth’s sunrise.
- During lunar dawn, the Moon’s surface transitions from darkness to light as the Sun’s rays gradually touch and illuminate different areas.
- It occurs due to the Moon’s rotation on its axis, causing changing lighting conditions as it orbits the Earth.
- Unlike Earth, the Moon lacks a significant atmosphere, resulting in distinct lighting, sharp shadows, and no diffusion of sunlight.
- Astronauts on lunar missions, like the Apollo missions, have observed lunar dawn first-hand, providing unique perspectives on the Moon’s surface.
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Chandrayaan-3’s Distinct Features
- Coated Rover: Chandrayaan-3 boasts a rover with a 500-metre range, unlike Luna 25.
- Scientific Objectives: Chandrayaan-3 emphasizes soil and water-ice study, especially near the southern pole, owing to craters in permanent shadow.
- Experiment Suite: Chandrayaan-3’s Lander carries experiments like RAMBHA, ChaSTE, ILSA, and LRA, providing crucial insights into moon’s properties.
Collaboration and Competition
- India-Russia Space Collaboration: Both countries have collaborated extensively in space activities, such as Russia’s contribution to India’s Chandrayaan-2 mission’s lander-rover design.
- Chandrayaan-1 to Chandrayaan-2 Gap: India developed its lander-rover technology independently after Russia’s withdrawal, leading to an 11-year gap between Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions.
Future Prospects
- Human Moon Missions Race: India, the US, and China are actively pursuing human moon missions after India’s Chandrayaan-1’s water molecule discovery in 2008.
- Progress and Challenges: While India has made strides, countries like the US and China have achieved landing and sample return missions. India’s efforts to develop heavier launch vehicles for more ambitious missions continue.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sant Ravidas, Bhakti Movement
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Prime Minister laid the foundation stone for a ₹100 crore temple dedicated to Sant Ravidas in Madhya Pradesh’s Sagar.
Guru Ravidas
- Ravidas was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the Bhakti movement and founder of the Ravidassia religion during the 15th to 16th century CE.
- Venerated as a guru (teacher) in the region of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and mainly Punjab and Haryana. He was a poet-saint, social reformer and spiritual figure.
- The life details of Ravidas are uncertain and contested. Scholars believe he was born in 1450 CE, in the cobbler caste.
- Ravidas’s devotional verses were included in the Sikh scriptures known as Guru Granth Sahib.
- The Panch Vani text of the Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism also includes numerous poems of Ravidas.
- He taught the removal of social divisions of caste and gender and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedoms.
Significance of his teachings
- Philosophy and values of Sant Ravidas like social justice, equality and fraternity have been imbued in our constitutional values.
- He had envisaged a society that is based on equality and free from any kind of discrimination.
- He gave it the name ‘Be-gampura’ (a city near Lahore) where there is no place for any kind of grief or fear.
- Such an ideal city would be bereft of fear, vulnerability or scarcity. Rule of law based on the right ideas like equality and welfare of all would be the principle for governance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 370
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- There are ongoing Supreme Court deliberations regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
- This article delves into the historical context, legal intricacies, and broader socio-political implications of this pivotal constitutional provision.
Historical Context of Accession
- Geo-Political Situation: Jammu and Kashmir’s unique special status originated from the tumultuous geo-political circumstances following India’s Independence and Partition.
- Standstill Agreements: Maharaja Hari Singh’s decision to enter into “Standstill Agreements” with both India and Pakistan highlighted the State’s strategic positioning and economic interests.
- Instrument of Accession: Faced with internal turmoil and external aggression, Maharaja Hari Singh’s Instrument of Accession sought India’s military assistance while retaining significant autonomy in internal matters.
Evolution of Article 370
- Instrument of Accession’s Reflection: Article 370 was crafted in line with the Instrument of Accession’s principles, preserving the unique terms of Jammu and Kashmir’s association with India.
- Autonomy Preserved: This provision aimed to strike a balance between safeguarding the State’s autonomy and integrating it into the larger Indian Union.
- Limited Legislative Authority: Article 370 outlined a limited scope for Parliament to legislate on certain subjects, primarily defense, foreign affairs, and communications, with consultation and concurrence requirements.
- Special Relationship: This provision established Jammu and Kashmir’s distinct relationship with India, emphasizing that its integration would be contingent on mutual consent.
Abrogation of Article 370
- Long-Standing Opposition: The abrogation of Article 370 was a persistent demand of the mainstream political party and its precursor.
- Multistage Process: The process of abrogation involved presidential orders, amendments, and parliamentary resolutions, culminating in its nullification.
Petitioners’ Arguments against Revocation
- Lack of Consultation: Senior litigant accused the Union government of ignoring the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir during the Article 370 abrogation process.
- Series of Executive Acts: He highlighted that the abrogation was executed through a series of executive acts, starting from the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and state government.
- Changing Provisions: He pointed out that the proviso to Article 370 (3) was altered to sidestep the need for the recommendation of the now-defunct Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before rendering Article 370 inoperative.
Nature of Relationship
- Federal vs. Quasi-Federal: Litigant underscored that the relationship between the Union government and Jammu and Kashmir was purely federal, distinct from other states’ quasi-federal relationships.
- Consent of the State: He argued that such significant decisions should have required the consent of the state and its people, considering the unique federal structure.
CJI’s Inquiries
- Permanent Character of Article 370: The CJI raised a significant question about the permanence of Article 370 in the Constitution. He inquired whether a constitutional amendment was required to transform its temporary nature into permanence.
- Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly: He asked whether the absence of abrogation by the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly before its dissolution in 1957 should be considered as deeming Article 370 permanent.
Supreme Court’s Interpretation
Ans. No Comparison with Brexit-Type Referendum
- Brexit Referendum: The CJI referenced the Brexit referendum as a political decision taken in the U.K. which does not align with India’s constitutional framework.
- Uniqueness of Constitutional Democracy: India’s democracy is grounded in the Constitution, and thus decisions like Article 370’s abrogation involve adherence to established legal procedures.
Conclusion
- The ongoing courtroom exchange underlines the essence of constitutional democracy in India, wherein the expression of public opinion occurs through established democratic mechanisms.
- The Chief Justice’s observations and the petitioners’ arguments shed light on the intricate balance between executive actions, parliamentary representation, and the preservation of constitutional principles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bakhshali Manuscript
Mains level: National Manuscripts Bill
Central Idea
- India’s rich heritage of ancient manuscripts, ranging from mathematical texts to religious scriptures, holds invaluable historical and cultural significance.
- The proposed National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, aims to safeguard and document this wealth, ensuring accurate records, accessibility, and conservation.
Unveiling the National Manuscripts Bill
- Bill Objectives: The forthcoming National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, plans to document, catalog, and preserve Indian heritage texts. It is set to be introduced in the Winter Session of Parliament.
- NMA Composition: The bill proposes the formation of a 10-member National Manuscripts Authority (NMA) with representatives from Culture, Finance, and Education ministries, Central Sanskrit University, State representatives, and private agencies.
- Apex Policy Making Body: NMA will oversee digitization, conservation, preservation, editing, and publication of manuscripts. It will function as the apex policy-making body in these areas.
India’s Manuscript Treasure
- Historic Significance: The Bakhshali manuscript, with its early use of zero, symbolizes the intellectual and mathematical achievements of ancient India. Numerous such manuscripts in various scripts exist in libraries worldwide.
- Vast Manuscript Collection: India boasts around 10 million manuscripts in 80 ancient scripts, encompassing themes like history, religion, literature, and more.
- Cultural Diversity: Manuscripts are written on diverse materials and span themes in Sanskrit as well as regional languages.
- Preservation Challenge: The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is tasked with preserving this treasure, an essential endeavor to safeguard cultural and historical identity.
Empowering the National Manuscripts Authority
- Regulation and Investigation: NMA will possess the powers of a civil court to manage manuscript access. It will also have an investigative arm to probe theft and desecration incidents.
- Collaboration: NMA can partner with educational institutions for scholarships and fellowships related to manuscript studies.
- Digital Portal: The NMA will establish a dedicated digital portal for indexing, cataloguing, and sharing manuscript copies.
- Private Ownership: The authority can acquire manuscripts from private owners if their uniqueness and content’s significance warrants it. Compensation would be determined by experts.
Revitalizing Manuscript Studies
- Linking Manuscripts with Livelihood: There is a need to intertwine manuscript studies with livelihood, fostering renewed cultural engagement.
- Global Interest: The proposed survey and documentation of Indian manuscripts abroad are expected to elevate global interest in these texts.
Digital Endeavors by NMM
- Digitization Efforts: The National Mission for Manuscripts has digitized a substantial number of manuscripts, totaling around 3.3 lakh manuscripts and 3.1 crore folios.
- Online Access: While over 1.18 lakh manuscripts have been uploaded, approximately 70,000 are accessible to the public online.
- Other Cultural Institutions: Manuscripts are housed in esteemed institutions like the Sarasvati Mahal Library in Thanjavur, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi, and the Oriental Research Institute in Jammu and Kashmir.
Conclusion
- The proposed National Manuscripts Bill seeks to bridge the past with the present, ensuring the preservation and accessibility of India’s diverse manuscript legacy.
- By establishing the National Manuscripts Authority and promoting digital initiatives, India aims to share its invaluable cultural wealth with the world, fostering a deeper understanding of its historical and intellectual heritage.
Back2Basics: Bakhshali Manuscript
- The Bakhshali Manuscript is an ancient mathematical document. It was discovered in 1881, buried in a field in Bakhshali village near Peshawar (Pakistan).
- It is written in Sharda Script.
- It predates the work of Brahmagupta, a 7th-century mathematician, and an inscription in the 9th-century Gwalior’s Chaturbhuj Temple.
- The manuscript is composed of 70 fragile leaves made of birch bark.
- It contains hundreds of mathematical notations, including the use of zero as a placeholder.
- Zeros in the manuscript are represented by dots that serve as placeholders for different place values.
- In 1902, the manuscript was presented to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library, where it has been preserved since.
- The manuscript is a compilation of mathematical material from multiple periods. Some pages date as far back as the 3rd to 4th century, while others are from the 8th and 10th centuries.
Influence on Modern Mathematics
- The manuscript is a compendium of rules and illustrative examples.
- Each example is stated as a problem, the solution is described, and it is verified that the problem has been solved.
- The sample problems are in verse and the commentary is in prose associated with calculations.
- The topics covered include fractions, square roots, arithmetic and geometric progressions, solutions of simple equations, simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations and indeterminate equations of the second degree.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President’s Assent
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The President of India granted approval to four significant legislations, encompassing the Digital Personal Data Protection Act and a law related to controlling services in Delhi.
- These Bills, recently endorsed during the Monsoon Session of Parliament, signify the nation’s resolve to adapt its legal framework to contemporary challenges.
Legislations receiving President’s Assent
- The Digital Personal Data Protection Act: This law aims to establish a framework to prevent the misuse of individuals’ data by online platforms. It addresses issues related to data privacy and protection in the digital realm. Tap here to read more.
- The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act: This act provides for the establishment of a three-member authority responsible for handling the transfer and postings of Group A officers under the Delhi government. It pertains to the administration of services in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Tap here to read more.
- The Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act: This act designates digital birth certificates as the exclusive conclusive proof of age, which can be used for various purposes. It introduces the concept of digital certificates for births and deaths. Tap here to read more.
- The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act: This act focuses on promoting ease of business by decriminalizing minor offenses. It introduces amendments to 183 provisions of 42 Acts to reduce legal complexities and facilitate business operations. Tap here to read more.
What is President’s Assent?
- Article 111 of the Indian Constitution governs the President’s assent to bills, which marks the final step in the legislative process.
- The President possesses the power of veto, giving them three options under Article 111 when presented with a bill passed by Parliament:
- Assent: The President can give their approval to the bill, leading to its enactment as a law.
- Withhold Assent: The President can refuse to sign the bill, preventing it from becoming a law.
- Return for Reconsideration: If the bill is not a Money Bill, the President can send it back to Parliament for reconsideration. If Parliament passes the bill again, with or without amendments, the President must give their assent.
Types of Veto
- Absolute Veto: The President exercises this veto when refusing to sign a bill, causing it to be rejected and not turned into law. It is typically used when a Private Member’s Bill is used to pass a law or in the event of a change in the cabinet before the President’s signature, where the incoming government advises against signing the legislation.
- Suspensive Veto: This allows the President to send a bill back to Parliament for further examination or deliberation. If Parliament reapproves the bill with or without amendments, it is adopted as law without the President’s veto.
- Pocket Veto: In this form of veto, the President neither signs the bill nor sends it back to the legislature. The bill remains pending, and its outcome is uncertain. Unlike the U.S. President, the Indian President is not required to return the bill within a specific timeframe.
- Qualified Veto: Unlike other types, this veto can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority. However, this type of veto is not vested with the Indian President.
[A] Assent to Ordinary Bill:
For an ordinary bill, the President has three options:
- Assent: The President can sign the bill, transforming it into an act.
- Withhold Assent: The President can withhold their approval, resulting in the bill not becoming law.
- Return for Reconsideration: The President can send the bill back to the Houses for reconsideration. The Houses may amend the bill or not before returning it to the President for assent.
[B] Assent to Money Bill:
- The President can give or withhold assent to a Money Bill. However, a Money Bill cannot be returned by the President to the House for reconsideration under the Indian Constitution.
[C] Assent to Constitutional Amendment Bill:
- In the case of Constitutional Amendment Bills, the President’s assent is mandatory.
- The President cannot withhold or return such bills; they become Constitutional Amendment Acts, modifying the Constitution in accordance with their provisions.
Making a Law Operational
- After receiving the President’s assent, a law becomes effective.
- The government drafts guidelines and standards to operationalize the law.
- Implementation requires the issuance of these guidelines.
- Rules should be issued within 6 months of law passage, as recommended by the parliament.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2022:
Q. Consider the following statements:
- A bill amending the Constitution requires a prior recommendation of the President of India.
- When a Constitution Amendment Bill is presented to the President of India, it is obligatory for the President of India to give his/her assent.
- A Constitution Amendment Bill must be passed by both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha by a special majority and there is no provision for joint sitting.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Three key bills
Mains level: Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, IPC, CrPC, Macaulay's role in shaping India's legal landscape, Rationale behind the new bills
What’s the news?
- On the final day of the Monsoon Session, Home Minister Amit Shah unleashed a surprising and profound transformation of India’s criminal justice system.
Central idea
- The introduction of three key Bills in the Lok Sabha signals a pivotal departure from the colonial-era approach to criminal laws. The intent to supplant the archaic Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, the Evidence Act of 1872, and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1973 aims to usher in relevance, simplicity, and expedited justice.
Three Key Bills
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill:
- This bill aims to replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860.
- The IPC defines crimes, sets out their elements, and prescribes corresponding penalties.
- The proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill seeks to revamp the existing penal code to ensure it aligns with contemporary values and caters to the needs of modern society.
- Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill:
- This bill is presented alongside the others and intends to replace the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1973.
- The CrPC outlines procedures related to the administration of criminal justice, including aspects like investigation, arrest, bail, trial, and sentencing.
- The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill’s primary objective is to streamline these procedures, enhance efficiency, and ensure the equitable treatment of all citizens under the law.
- Bharatiya Sakshya Bill:
- The third bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act of 1872.
- The Indian Evidence Act governs the rules of evidence in legal proceedings, including what can be presented as admissible evidence and how it should be evaluated.
- The proposed Bharatiya Sakshya Bill seeks to modernize and adapt the rules of evidence to current legal requirements, making the legal process more effective and transparent.
The need for codification
- Complex Legal Landscape: The intricate mix of legal sources—parliamentary charters, Acts, Regulations, customary laws, and religious laws—led to confusion, contradictions, and inconsistencies.
- Administrative Challenges: The need for effective governance under expanding British colonial control was hindered by fragmented legal systems, causing disorder and unequal justice.
- Clarity and Predictability: The absence of a unified legal framework caused uncertainty for citizens and administrators, lacking clear guidelines for legal matters.
- Efficiency in Governance: Codification streamlined administration, enabling efficient enforcement, and consistent application of laws.
- Enhancing the Rule of Law: Codified laws ensured fairness, transparency, and accessibility, upholding the rule of law more effectively.
- Eliminating Contradictions: A uniform code resolved inconsistencies and conflicts among different legal systems, ensuring equitable treatment.
Rationale behind the new bills
- Eliminating Colonial Influence: The current laws, such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, carry a British colonial stamp. The new bills aim to discard this colonial legacy and establish laws that are truly representative of the needs and aspirations of the Indian population.
- Relevance to Modern Society: The colonial-era laws were formulated in a different historical context and might not effectively address the complexities of contemporary Indian society. The new bills intend to update and adapt the legal framework to align with present-day realities.
- Enhancing Justice for Citizens: The colonial laws were primarily designed to protect British interests. The new bills seek to prioritize the interests of common Indian citizens, ensuring that the justice system serves their needs and rights.
- Simplification and Speedy Justice: The new bills aim to simplify legal procedures, making them more accessible and understandable. This simplification is expected to expedite legal processes, ensuring a quicker delivery of justice.
- Adapting to Technological Advancements: Rapid technological progress has introduced new dimensions to crime and evidence. The new bills are likely to address cybercrime, digital evidence, and other technological challenges in the modern context.
- Aligning with Contemporary Values: The bills aim to incorporate modern values, human rights principles, and global legal standards into the legal framework. This ensures that the laws are relevant, progressive, and in harmony with present-day societal values.
- Removing Outdated Provisions: Over time, some provisions of the colonial laws might have become obsolete or irrelevant. The new bills aim to remove or modify such provisions to ensure a more coherent and effective legal framework.
How did the rebellion of 1857 influence the fate of the IPC?
- Initial Delays and Resistance: Despite Macaulay’s efforts to draft the IPC, its enactment faced hurdles. The project encountered governmental inertia, resistance from European residents who opposed having the same legal status as indigenous populations, and a loss of momentum for reform.
- Governors-General’s Opposition: Governors-General like Auckland and Ellenborough opposed reforms, considering them unnecessary. This opposition reflected a reluctance to change the existing legal framework and resisted codifying the legal system.
- East India Company Rule: The governance of India was under the control of the East India Company rather than the British Crown. This administrative structure affected the decision-making process and the pace of legal reforms.
- Impact of the Rebellion of 1857: The Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny) was a widespread uprising against the East India Company’s rule. It challenged the authority of the Company and led to significant consequences.
- Change in Ruling Authority: The Rebellion marked the decline of the East India Company’s control. In 1858, the British Crown assumed direct control over India, ending the Company’s rule. This transition from Company rule to direct Crown rule was a significant historical shift.
- Crisis of Legitimacy: The Rebellion and its aftermath raised a crisis of legitimacy for colonial rule. The British claim to enlightened and just governance was seriously undermined by the harsh reprisals and brutal actions taken in response to the Rebellion.
- Impact on British Perception: The British political classes became aware of the damage caused to the legitimacy of British rule due to the repressive responses to the Rebellion. The principles of constitutionalism and the rule of law, which formed the basis of British governance claims, were called into question.
- Enactment of the IPC: In this context, the enactment of the IPC was seen as a means to address legitimacy concerns. The codification of laws was considered a step towards presenting a more just and orderly legal system, aiming to restore confidence in British rule’s claims of legality and fairness.
Macaulay’s complex role in shaping India’s legal landscape
- Macaulay’s Role in Charter Act Debates: During the deliberations of the 1833 Charter Act in the UK Parliament, Macaulay played a significant role in advocating for a uniform legal code for India.
- Advocating Uniformity and Certainty: Macaulay passionately argued that India needed a legal system characterized by uniformity where possible; diversity where necessary, and certainty in all cases. This approach would provide clarity and consistency in legal matters.
- Advantage of Absolute Governments: Macaulay believed that the ability to establish a comprehensive legal code was a distinct advantage of absolute governments over popular ones. This viewpoint underscored his belief in the efficacy of centralized legal reforms.
- Desire for a Role in India: While advocating for the uniform code, Macaulay subtly indicated his interest in securing a role as a law member in India. He recognized the potential financial benefits that such a position could bring.
- Financial Motivations: Macaulay’s interest in the law member role was driven by financial considerations. He anticipated a substantial salary and the prospect of accumulating wealth during his tenure in India, which would significantly improve his financial situation.
- Impactful Arrival in India: Macaulay’s arrival in India in 1834 marked the beginning of his active involvement in the legal and legislative affairs of the country. His subsequent contributions and initiatives left a lasting impact on India’s legal landscape.
Conclusion
- While Macaulay’s legacy carries both praise and censure, his codification journey serves as a foundation for the ongoing transformation. As the new Bills navigate legislative processes, India must remain committed to justice that transcends punitive measures and embodies equity, accessibility, and modern relevance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Innovations and collaboration between Swiss-Indian Partnership
Mains level: The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment between Switzerland and India, diverse achievements and future trajectory
What’s the news?
- On the 75th anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Switzerland and India commemorate a historic alliance that has fostered achievements in diverse sectors and look forward to deepening collaboration in areas like innovation, sustainable development, and healthcare.
Central idea
- In the annals of diplomatic history, the Treaty of Friendship and Establishment signed between Switzerland and India in 1948 stands as a testament to the enduring bond that has flourished for 75 years. As we commemorate this significant milestone, it is both opportune and prudent to reflect on the accomplishments achieved and envision the promising avenues that lie ahead.
What is The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment?
- The Treaty of Friendship and Establishment between Switzerland and India, signed in 1948, holds historical significance as one of India’s earliest diplomatic agreements after gaining independence.
- It marked the establishment of formal diplomatic ties between the two nations and set the tone for their subsequent bilateral relationship.
- This treaty emphasized mutual respect and cooperation, laying the groundwork for collaborations across various sectors such as vocational training, economic investments, technological exchange, and sustainable development.
Historical Significance and Diverse Achievements
- India’s Earliest Diplomatic Endeavors: The 1948 Treaty marked one of India’s earliest diplomatic endeavors and established a foundation of mutual respect. The ensuing decades witnessed fruitful cooperation in various sectors.
- Investments in Skill Development: Switzerland’s investment in vocational training institutes and rail wagon factories aided India’s workforce development.
- Milk Cooperatives: The establishment of milk farmer cooperatives in Kerala contributed to the dairy industry’s growth.
- Technological Synergy: India’s IT expertise supported global undertakings, including Y2K bug resolution.
- Climate-Friendly Innovation: Swiss-Indian collaboration led to Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), a low-carbon cement alternative.
- Economic Partnership: Switzerland’s position as India’s 12th largest foreign investor fostered economic growth.
Future Trajectory in the Swiss-Indian Partnership
- Swiss-Indian Innovation Platform:
- An upcoming milestone, the Swiss-Indian Innovation Platform, is a testament to the commitment of both nations towards fostering innovation.
- By harnessing the strengths of India’s technological advancements and Switzerland’s innovation prowess, this platform aims to address pressing global challenges.
- Notably, the focus on combating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) showcases the partnership’s practical relevance in tackling contemporary healthcare concerns.
- Sustainable Development:
- Both nations share a steadfast commitment to sustainable development.
- Building on their historical collaboration, they are likely to channel their efforts towards joint initiatives that promote eco-friendly practices, address climate change, and ensure responsible resource utilization.
- Healthcare Cooperation:
- The partnership’s trajectory is expected to be marked by deeper collaboration in healthcare.
- Drawing upon India’s technological prowess and Switzerland’s pharmaceutical innovations, joint ventures can pave the way for groundbreaking medical solutions, contributing to global health and well-being.
- Investment and Trade:
- Switzerland’s position as India’s 12th largest foreign investor underscores the depth of economic engagement.
- With over 330 Swiss companies actively operating in India, this partnership has facilitated investment, job creation, and technology transfer, contributing to India’s economic growth.\
- Free Trade Agreement:
- Anticipating the horizon, discussions surrounding a Free Trade Agreement between the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and India hold immense promise.
- This agreement not only deepens trade ties but also catalyzes increased investments and innovation in both regions, boosting economic vitality.
- Shared Values, Shared Growth:
- Built upon the foundation of shared values, the economic relationship is characterized by mutual respect and common interests.
- The economic collaborations not only boost trade figures but also underscore the friendship’s ability to drive prosperity for both nations.
Conclusion
- As we celebrate this milestone, the trajectory ahead appears promising, anchored in sustainable development, innovative solutions, and cooperative endeavors. It is a tryst with destiny that not only celebrates past achievements but anticipates an even brighter future for the intertwined destinies of Switzerland and India.
Also read:
India Switzerland Relations
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: youth well-being and sustainable development goals, challenges and holistic approach
What’s the news?
- A recent study, as depicted in the Youth Well-being Framework, underscores the multifaceted nature of well-being among the younger population. This framework serves as a guiding principle for policymakers and societies alike to holistically address the needs of adolescents.
Central idea
- Investing in youth is recognized as a cornerstone for human capital advancement. This investment goes beyond economic implications, integral to intrinsic well-being. Modern youth development covers various factors—physical health, nutrition, skills, employability. While physical and mental health are vital, well-being extends to personal experiences, life quality assessments.
What is youth well-being framework?
- The Youth Well-being Framework is a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to assessing and promoting the well-being of young individuals.
- It goes beyond traditional measures of well-being that focus solely on economic indicators and instead considers a wide range of factors that contribute to the overall quality of life and life satisfaction of young people.
- Key domains:
- Physical Health: This domain includes factors such as access to healthcare, nutrition, physical activity, and overall health status. It recognizes the importance of physical well-being as a foundational element for a good quality of life.
- Mental and Emotional Well-being: Mental health, emotional resilience, and psychological well-being are essential components of this domain. It addresses issues like stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges that young individuals may face.
- Social Connections: This domain focuses on the importance of social relationships, friendships, family support, and a sense of belonging. Positive social connections are vital for emotional well-being and overall life satisfaction.
- Education and Skills Development: Access to quality education, skills training, and the ability to acquire knowledge and competencies for personal and professional growth are central to this domain.
- Economic Empowerment: This domain emphasizes the importance of economic opportunities, employment prospects, and financial stability for young people as they transition into adulthood.
- Human Rights and Empowerment: Recognizing the rights of young individuals and empowering them to participate in decision-making processes, engage in civic activities, and contribute to their communities are key aspects of this domain.
- Subjective Well-being: Beyond objective measures, this domain considers young people’s subjective experiences and perceptions of their own well-being and life satisfaction.
- Social and Cultural Context: The broader social and cultural environment in which young people live influences their well-being. This domain takes into account factors like cultural norms, social inequalities, and policy frameworks.
Linking youth well-being with Sustainable Development Goals
- SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-being: Investing in the well-being of young individuals during the critical transition to adulthood establishes lifelong health habits.
- SDG 4 – Quality Education: Access to quality education equips youth with essential skills, enabling informed decisions about their lives and contributing to overall well-being.
- SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth: Empowering youth with meaningful employment opportunities enhances financial well-being, purpose, and self-esteem.
- SDG 10 – Reduced Inequality: Addressing structural inequalities supports the well-being of marginalized youth, promoting equality and inclusivity.
- SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Creating safe environments for youth by addressing issues like violence and discrimination contributes to overall well-being.
- SDG 17 – Partnerships for the Goals: Engaging youth in decision-making and policy processes amplifies the impact of sustainable development efforts.
What are the challenges?
- Health Disparities: Ensuring good health and well-being for all youth is hindered by disparities in access to healthcare and nutritious food, especially among marginalized groups.
- Education Inequities: Quality education remains elusive for many young individuals, particularly those in disadvantaged regions, due to inadequate infrastructure, resources, and skilled educators.
- Youth Employment: Providing decent work and economic opportunities for youth is a challenge, exacerbated by global economic fluctuations and the changing nature of work.
- Marginalization: Vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities and those with disabilities, face discrimination, limiting their access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
- Mental Health: The prevalence of mental health issues among youth, exacerbated by factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, poses a significant challenge to overall well-being.
- Inclusive Governance: Involving youth in decision-making processes is often hindered by institutional barriers and lack of platforms for meaningful participation.
- Inadequate Resources: Insufficient financial investment in youth-related programs, education, and healthcare limits progress in enhancing well-being.
- Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on youth well-being and its intersections with SDGs hampers evidence-based policymaking
A human rights approach to youth well-being
- Empowerment: Empowering marginalized groups by advocating for their rights and providing opportunities for personal growth and societal progress.
- Inclusion: Mainstreaming youth perspectives into government departments, policymaking, and budget allocation for youth development.
- Equity: Addressing power imbalances and discrimination to ensure equal access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
- Progress Monitoring: Monitoring youth progress and well-being to ensure that policies and initiatives effectively cater to their needs.
- Youth Participation: Engaging youth in policymaking and community development projects, fostering their sense of purpose and contributing to positive change.
Way forward
- Empowering Youth Voices: Actively involve young individuals in decision-making processes, policy formulation, and community initiatives. Their unique perspectives and insights are essential for effective solutions.
- Creating Safe Spaces: Establish platforms where youth can express themselves without fear of discrimination. Safe spaces encourage open dialogue and the sharing of diverse viewpoints.
- Youth-Led Projects: Support and fund projects initiated by young people that address local challenges. These initiatives empower youth to drive positive change within their communities.
- Education for Empowerment: Design education programs that equip young individuals with critical thinking skills, empowering them to engage constructively in society and effect meaningful change.
- Diverse Representation: Ensure diverse representation of youth, including those from marginalized backgrounds and ethnic minorities, in decision-making bodies and leadership roles.
- Equal Access to Opportunities: Remove barriers that hinder marginalized youth from accessing education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Promote equitable access to resources.
- Collaborative Networks: Build networks that connect youth with mentors, professionals, and organizations. Such networks provide guidance, exposure, and pathways for personal and professional growth.
- Data-Driven Strategies: Gather data on the challenges faced by different youth groups. Utilize this data to tailor policies and programs that address specific needs and enhance overall well-being
Conclusion
- Investing in youth well-being extends beyond economic growth, encompassing physical health, mental resilience, education, and empowerment. The alignment with SDGs, adoption of human rights principles, and inclusive policies are pivotal for fostering holistic youth development. Empowering youth to shape their future ensures a brighter and more prosperous society for all.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Takakia
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Takakia, a unique moss genus that has thrived at high altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau for millions of years, has captured the attention of international scientists.
- Astonishingly, the same habitat that nurtured Takakia for eons is now rapidly transforming due to climate change, highlighting the urgency of conservation efforts.
Takakia and its Evolution
- Adaptive Traits: Takakia is slender turf with finger-like leaves and resilience to harsh weather conditions. Genetic traits protecting it from frost and high UV radiation have evolved over 65 million years.
- Living Fossil: Despite its rapidly evolving genome, Takakia’s physical appearance has remained unchanged for over 165 million years, making it a remarkable example of a living fossil.
- Evolutionary Paradox: The juxtaposition of constant appearance and evolving genome poses an intriguing challenge for evolutionary biologists, shedding light on the species’ unique adaptation.
Its scientific significance
- Hybrid Characteristics: Takakia blends features from mosses, liverworts, and green algae, intriguing researchers for its evolutionary diversity.
- Ancient Separation: Research confirms that Takakia’s divergence from other mosses occurred around 390 million years ago, soon after the emergence of the first land plants.
Climate Change Impacts on Takakia
- Changing Habitat: Takakia’s habitat, which sheltered it for millions of years, is now experiencing rapid climate change within decades.
- Temperature and Glacier Shifts: Recorded measurements since 2010 indicate a temperature increase of nearly half a degree Celsius per year on the Tibetan Plateau, accompanied by a glacier’s retreat of almost 50 meters per year.
- Species Resilience: Unlike some other plants that benefit from warming, Takakia’s populations have diminished over the study period. Its struggle to cope with rising temperatures raises concerns about its survival.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earendel
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The remarkable discovery of the star Earendel by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2022 has been further illuminated by the James Webb Space Telescope.
About Earendel
- Earendel is the farthest star ever detected, observed within the first billion years after the big bang.
- It’s a massive B-type star, more than twice as hot as the Sun, and a million times more luminous.
- The star is part of the Sunrise Arc galaxy, detectable due to the gravitational lensing
- Gravitational lensing is a natural phenomenon where the mass of a massive object bends and magnifies light from a background object.
- The massive galaxy cluster WHL0137-08 acts as a “magnifying glass,” allowing telescopes to observe Earendel even though it’s distant.
How was it discovered?
- JSWT discovery: The James Webb Space Telescope employed its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to build upon Hubble’s observations of Earendel.
- Star’s Characteristics: The revelations from NIRCam showcase Earendel as a massive B-type star, surpassing our Sun’s heat by over twofold and radiating luminosity a million times greater.
- 9 Billion Light-Years Away: Situated approximately 12.9 billion light-years from Earth, Earendel holds insights into the early universe’s cosmic evolution.
- Gravitational Lensing: Both Webb and Hubble harnessed gravitational lensing—a phenomenon where foreground galaxies magnify distant objects—to detect Earendel, with galaxy cluster WHL0137-08 acting as a cosmic magnifying lens.
Glimpse into it’s Past
- Single Point of Light: Due to its immense distance, Earendel appears as a solitary point of light even on Webb’s high-resolution infrared imagery.
- Snapshot from 1 Billion Years Post-Big Bang: Although Earendel remains a faint pinpoint, the telescope’s data indicates that we are witnessing the star as it appeared 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
- Historic Perspective: This revelation pushes the boundaries of our knowledge, as the previous farthest observed star had been documented around 4 billion years post-Big Bang.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PushP Portal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The National Power Committee (NPC) has urged States to contribute their insights towards shaping incentives for both buyers and sellers on the Power High Price Day Ahead Market (HP-DAM) and Surplus Power Portal (PUShP).
- This innovative platform, introduced by the Ministry of Power, aims to enhance power availability, optimize utilization, and facilitate efficient power trading.
PUSHp Portal
- Concept Launch: The Ministry of Power unveiled the HP-DAM and PUShP to address power scarcity during peak demand periods and to encourage surplus power trading.
- Price Flexibility: The platform allows certain sellers to offer power at prices exceeding the ceiling of Rs 12 per unit during peak demand, promoting higher availability.
- Surplus Power Indication: Power distribution companies (DISCOMs) can display their surplus power availability on the portal, indicating the block times, days, or months.
- Requisition Mechanism: DISCOMs in need of power can requisition the surplus power from the portal, promoting efficient allocation.
Operational Mechanism
- Cost Determination: New buyers will pay both variable charges (VC) and fixed costs (FC) as regulated by authorities.
- Reassignment Implications: Once power is reassigned, the original beneficiary relinquishes the right to recall power, including the entire FC liability.
- Reducing Fixed Costs: This approach alleviates the fixed cost burden on DISCOMs, making power distribution more efficient.
- Optimal Capacity Utilization: The platform ensures that all available generation capacity is effectively utilized, mitigating wastage.
Back2Basics: Day Ahead Market
- A Day Ahead Market is a platform for trading electricity where delivery occurs within 24 hours from the following day’s midnight.
- Electricity is traded in 15-minute time blocks, and prices are determined through auction bidding.
- The auction process establishes prices and the quantum of electricity traded, ensuring transparency.
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