Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DRACO Program
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- NASA, in collaboration with DARPA, has selected Lockheed Martin to design and build a nuclear-powered propulsion system for DRACO program.
- It is a breakthrough technology that could propel astronauts on a faster journey to Mars.
What is DRACO Program?
- DRACO stands for Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations.
- It aims to leverage nuclear reactions to significantly reduce travel time, making interplanetary missions more efficient and safer.
- The spacecraft will orbit at an altitude of approximately 700 to 1,994 kilometers, staying in orbit for over 300 years to ensure safe decay of radioactive elements.
How it is different from conventional spacecraft?
- DRACO, a nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) utilizes a nuclear reactor to heat propellant to extreme temperatures before exhausting the hot propellant through a nozzle to produce thrust.
- Compared to conventional space propulsion technologies, NTRs offer a high thrust-to-weight ratio.
- This thrust is around 10,000 times greater than electric propulsion, and a specific impulse (i.e., propellant efficiency) two-to-five times greater than in-space chemical propulsion.
Benefits of DRACO
- Shorter Journey to Mars: With nuclear-powered propulsion, astronauts could reach Mars in just three to four months, cutting the current travel time in half. The spacecraft could continue accelerating through the first half of the journey and then start slowing down again, reducing the need for extensive propellant storage.
- Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: Nuclear reactions, using the splitting of uranium atoms, are far more efficient than conventional rocket engines that rely on fuel combustion. The DRACO engine features a nuclear reactor that heats hydrogen gas to generate thrust, offering greater fuel efficiency for interplanetary travel.
- Reduced Exposure to Deep Space: Faster journeys to Mars would minimize astronauts’ exposure to the harsh environment of deep space, reducing potential risks and health hazards.
Nuclear Propulsion: Historical Context
- Legacy: The concept of nuclear propulsion for space is not new. In the 1950s and 1960s, Project Orion explored using atomic bomb explosions to accelerate spacecraft. NASA’s Project Rover and Project NERVA in the same era aimed to develop nuclear-thermal engines for space missions.
- Advancements in Safety Protocols: Unlike earlier nuclear propulsion projects, DRACO uses a less-enriched form of uranium and incorporates advanced safety protocols. The reactor will only be activated in space to minimize the risk of a radioactive accident on Earth.
Potential Applications and Future Testing:
- Military Satellite Maneuvers: DARPA’s investment in the DRACO program indicates potential military applications, such as enabling rapid maneuvers of military satellites in Earth’s orbit.
- Nuclear-Thermal Engine Test: Lockheed Martin plans to launch the demonstration spacecraft in late 2025 or early 2026.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parliamentary Privileges
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- During the ongoing Monsoon Session of Parliament, there were differences between the ruling and opposition parties, leading to complaints against 2 MPs.
- These complaints were referred to the Privileges Committee.
What is Parliamentary Privilege?
- Definition: Parliamentary privilege refers to the rights and immunities enjoyed by legislators during the course of their legislative duties.
- Protection: MPs/MLAs are protected from civil or criminal liability for actions or statements made while discharging their legislative functions.
- Constitutional Basis: The powers, privileges, and immunities of both Houses of the Indian Parliament and their members are enshrined in Article 105 whereas Article 194 deals with State Legislatures.
Understanding Privilege Motion
- Breaching Privilege: Any disregard of the rights and immunities constitutes a breach of privilege and is punishable under parliamentary law.
- Motion: A notice in the form of a motion can be moved by any member of either House against those held guilty of a breach of privilege.
- Contempt Actions: The Houses also have the right to punish actions that may not be a specific breach of privilege but are offenses against their authority and dignity.
Instances of Privilege Notices
- Indira Gandhi’s Expulsion (1978): Indira Gandhi was expelled from the Lok Sabha for obstructing government officials from collecting information for a question on Maruti.
- Subramanian Swamy’s Expulsion (1976): Subramanian Swamy faced expulsion from the Rajya Sabha for engaging in interviews perceived as “anti-India propaganda.”
- Cash for Query Scandal (2005): Eleven “tainted” MPs involved in the cash for query scandal were expelled from the Lok Sabha.
Rules Governing Privilege
- Lok Sabha: Rule No. 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book governs privilege.
- Rajya Sabha: Correspondingly, Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook deals with privilege.
- Scope of Notice: The notice must relate to a recent incident requiring the intervention of the House.
- Timing: Notices must be given before 10 am to the Speaker or the Chairperson.
Role of the Speaker/Rajya Sabha Chair
- Scrutiny: The Speaker/RS Chairperson is the first level of scrutiny for a privilege motion.
- Decision Making: They can decide on the privilege motion themselves or refer it to the Privileges Committee.
- Opportunity to Speak: If consent is given under Rule 222, the member involved is given an opportunity to make a brief statement.
Referring to the Privileges Committee
- Composition: In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker nominates a 15-member Committee of Privileges based on respective party strengths.
- Report Presentation: The Committee presents a report to the House for consideration. A half-hour debate may be permitted while considering the report.
- Final Orders: The Speaker may pass final orders or direct that the report be tabled before the House.
- Resolution: A resolution relating to the breach of privilege must be unanimously passed.
- Rajya Sabha: In the Rajya Sabha, the Deputy Chairperson heads the 10-member Committee of Privileges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fediverse
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Meta, the parent company for Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, has launched Threads, a Twitter rival, which is set to become a part of the fediverse.
- While Meta’s move has garnered attention, the company is yet to reveal its plans for utilizing the fediverse to build a decentralized social network.
What is the Fediverse?
- Network of Servers: The fediverse is a group of federated social networking services that operate on decentralized networks using open-source standards.
- Third-Party Servers: It comprises a network of servers run by third parties, not controlled by any single entity. Social media platforms can utilize these servers to facilitate communication between their users.
- Cross-Platform Communication: Users on social media platforms within the fediverse can seamlessly communicate with users of other platforms within the network, eliminating the need for separate accounts for each platform.
- Media Platforms Using: Meta’s Threads is set to join the fediverse, along with other platforms like Pixelfed (photo-sharing), PeerTube (decentralized video-sharing), Lemmy, Diaspora, Movim, Prismo, WriteFreely, and more.
Benefits of Using the Fediverse
- Decentralized Nature: Social media platforms adopt the fediverse to leverage its decentralized nature, giving users more control over the content they view and interact with.
- Cross-Platform Communications: The fediverse enables easier communication between users of different social media platforms within the network.
- Data Portability: Users can freely transport their data to other platforms within the fediverse, ensuring greater flexibility and control over their online data.
Challenges Hindering Wider Adoption
- Scalability: Decentralized servers might face challenges in handling large amounts of traffic, leading to potential scalability issues.
- Content Moderation: The decentralized nature of the fediverse poses difficulties in implementing and enforcing uniform content moderation policies across servers.
- Data Privacy: Enforcing data privacy policies becomes more challenging since data posted on one server might not be deleted due to differing data deletion policies on other servers.
The Fediverse’s Evolution
- Long-standing Idea: The concept of the fediverse has been around for decades, with attempts made by companies like Google to embrace decentralized networks.
- Emergence of Notable Platforms: Platforms like Identi.ca (founded in 2008) and Mastodon and Pleroma (emerged in 2016) have contributed to the development of the fediverse.
- ActivityPub Protocol: In 2018, the W3 (World Wide Web Consortium) introduced the ActivityPub protocol, a commonly used protocol in applications within the fediverse.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Criminal Defamation
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court’s recent decision to stay the conviction in a criminal defamation case has significant implications for the parliamentary representation of a prominent political leader.
- The court highlighted the absence of valid reasons for awarding the maximum sentence and emphasized the need for mutual respect and caution in public speeches.
Disqualification of Lawmakers
- This is an important aspect of maintaining the integrity of the legislative bodies.
- In India, disqualification can occur under constitutional provisions and the Representation of The People Act (RPA), 1951.
- Additionally, the Tenth Schedule deals with defection-related disqualifications.
Grounds for Disqualification
- Constitutional Provisions: Disqualification under Articles 102(1) and 191(1) applies to members of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies. Grounds include holding an office of profit, being of unsound mind, insolvent, or lacking valid citizenship.
- Defection: The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution provides for disqualification on the grounds of defection.
- RPA, 1951: This Act mandates disqualification for conviction in criminal cases.
Disqualification under RPA, 1951
- Section 8: Section 8 of the RPA deals with disqualification for conviction of offences.
- Objective: The provision aims to prevent the criminalization of politics and bar ‘tainted’ lawmakers from contesting elections.
- Disqualification Period: Section 8(3) specifies that a person convicted of an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for at least two years will be disqualified from the date of conviction and for an additional six years after release.
Appeal and Stay of Disqualification
- Reversal: Disqualification can be reversed if a higher court grants a stay on the conviction or decides the appeal in favor of the convicted lawmaker.
- Lok Prahari v Union of India: In a 2018 decision, the Supreme Court clarified that the disqualification will not take effect if the appellate court stays the conviction.
- Appeals Process: For example, if a convicted lawmaker appeals, it would first go to the Surat Sessions Court and then to the Gujarat High Court.
Changes in the Law
- Section 8(4) of RPA: Previously, Section 8(4) stated that disqualification takes effect after three months from the date of conviction.
- Lily Thomas v Union of India: In the landmark 2013 ruling, the Supreme Court struck down Section 8(4) of the RPA as unconstitutional.
- Significance: The verdict aimed to prevent convicted politicians from continuing to hold public office while their appeals were pending, contributing to the purification of Indian politics.
Supreme Court’s recent observations
- Lack of Reasoning: The court noted that the trial judge failed to provide any reasons for awarding the maximum sentence, considering the penal code allowed various options for punishment.
- High Court’s Omission: The Supreme Court observed that the High Court, in its judgment, overlooked the crucial aspect of the lack of reasoning behind the severe punishment.
- Impact on Representation: The court highlighted that disqualification from Parliament affects not only the individual but also the electorate represented by the person in question, raising concerns about unrepresented constituencies.
- Exercise of Caution by Public Figures: While accepting the apology for his previous “thief” remarks during the general elections, the Court reminded him of the need for caution in public speeches due to his position in public life.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: ISO Bill
Central Idea
Background
- Chief of Defence Staff (CDS): In 2019, the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) was created to ensure “jointness” among the three services in various operational and support areas.
- Delay and Progress: The efforts to reorganize the armed forces into integrated theatre commands were delayed due to a lack of consensus and further stalled by the untimely demise of the first CDS, General Bipin Rawat.
ISO Bill: Key Features
| Definition of ISO |
- Existing ISOs constituted under the Bill.
- New ISOs may be formed with personnel from at least two of the three services.
- Includes Joint Services Commands.
|
| Empowerment of Commander-in-Chief |
Commanders to exercise disciplinary and administrative control over personnel from all services attached to their respective organisations. |
| Superintendence by Central Government |
Central government has a superintendence and may issue directions related to national security, general administration, or public interest. |
| Applicability to Other Forces |
Provisions may apply to other forces raised and maintained in India, in addition to army, navy, and air force personnel. |
| Eligibility for Commander-in-Chief |
Officers eligible for appointment:
- General Officers of the regular Army,
- Flag Officers of the Navy,
- Air Officers of the Air Force.
|
| Disciplinary and Administrative Powers |
Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command will exercise disciplinary and administrative powers vested in various authorities as specified in the service Acts. |
| Role of Commanding Officer |
Introduction of Commanding Officer role with authority to initiate disciplinary or administrative actions for personnel within the Inter-Services Organisation. |
Need for the Bill
- Streamlining Multiple Legislations: Currently, service personnel of the Indian Air Force, Army, and Navy are governed by different Acts, leading to complexities in disciplinary matters.
- Promoting Integrated Staff: The bill empowers ISO commanders with disciplinary powers over service personnel, facilitating integration and joint operations among the armed forces.
- Enhancing Operational Efficiency: The proposed bill, along with theaterization, can reduce the current 17 commands to a more efficient half a dozen, enhancing operational capabilities.
- Effective Personnel Management: The bill addresses disciplinary issues in a tri-service environment, providing a unified approach for personnel from different services.
- Enhanced National Security: Collaborative efforts among the three services will address emerging challenges in modern warfare, thereby strengthening national security.
Existing Challenges
- Rigid Service Rules: Implementing changes in fixed rules of the three services presents a challenge, requiring careful consideration and consensus-building.
- Incorporating Advanced Technologies: Integrating emerging technologies like AI and drone technology into modern warfare poses a challenge that demands effective planning and adaptation.
- Logistical Issues: Formulating joint rules and collaboration is hindered by logistical challenges specific to certain services, necessitating coordination and cooperation.
- Burden on CDS: The Chief of Defence Services (CDS) carries multiple roles, leading to potential operational burdens that must be managed for effective execution.
Way Forward
- Empower Joint Service Commands: Strengthen joint service commands with operational powers at various levels to foster effective integration and coordination among the armed forces.
- Division of Powers: Division of powers between different levels of command can alleviate the workload on service headquarters, enabling more efficient decision-making and execution.
- Promotion and Standard Synergy: Developing synergy on promotions and standards across services can enhance cohesion and unity within the military structure.
- Allocate Department of Military Affairs: Allocating the charge of the Department of Military Affairs to another competent officer can share responsibilities and optimize administrative efficiency.
- Formation of Group of Ministers: Forming a Group of Ministers can facilitate expert inputs and coordinated policies, ensuring a well-rounded approach to the bill’s implementation.
- Immediate Action on Land Use and Logistics: Immediate changes in land use and logistics should be prioritized while complicated issues are deliberated to ensure smooth and coordinated implementation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Commissioner, ECI
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court dismissed a petition filed by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) challenging the appointment of an Election Commissioner.
- The court cited a previous Constitution Bench ruling that had already addressed the issue and decided not to quash the appointment.
About Election Commission of India (ECI)
- The ECI is a constitutional body was established by the Constitution of India to conduct and regulate elections in the country.
- Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the power of superintendence, direction, and control of elections.
- The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, State Legislative Councils and the offices of the President and Vice President of the country.
- Thus, the Election Commission is an all-India body in the sense that it is common to both the Central government and the state governments.
- The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per Article 324 and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act 1951.
Composition of ECI
- The ECI was established in 1950 and originally only had one Chief Election Commissioner.
- Two additional Commissioners were appointed to the commission for the first time during the 1989 General Election, but they had a very short tenure, ending on 1 January 1990.
- The Election Commissioners are assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners, who are generally IAS officers.
- They are further assisted by Directors General, Principal Secretaries, and Secretaries and Under Secretaries.
- At the state level, Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the State, who is an IAS officer of Principal Secretary rank.
- At the district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work.
Tenure
- The tenure of election commissioners is not prescribed by Indian Constitution.
- However, the Election Commission conduct of service Act, 1991 prescribes the term of service.
- Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner shall hold office for a term of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier, from the date on which he/she assumes his/her office.
Removal from office
- The Chief Election Commissioner of India can be represented removed from their office in a manner similar to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
- It requires a resolution passed by the Parliament of India a two-thirds majority in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
- Other Election Commissioners can be removed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
- A Chief Election Commissioner has never been impeached in India.
Recent incidence of criticisms of ECI
Ans. Partiality in Elections
- Over the last couple of years, several actions and omissions of the commission have come in for criticism.
- Nearly 66 former bureaucrats in a letter addressed to the President, expressed their concern over the working of the Election Commission.
- They felt was suffering from a credibility crisis, citing various violations of the model code of conduct during the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections.
Importance of ECI for India
- Conduction of Election: The ECI has been successfully conducting national as well as state elections since 1952.
- Electoral participation: In recent years, however, the Commission has started to play a more active role to ensure greater participation of people.
- Discipline of political parties: It had gone to the extent of disciplining the political parties with a threat of derecognizing if the parties failed in maintaining inner-party democracy.
- Upholds federalism: It upholds the values enshrined in the Constitution viz, equality,
equity, impartiality, independence; and rule of law in superintendence, direction, and control over electoral governance.
- Free and fair elections: It conducts elections with the highest standard of credibility, freeness, fairness, transparency, integrity, accountability, autonomy and professionalism.
Issues with ECI
- Flaws in the composition: The Constitution doesn’t prescribe qualifications for members of the EC. They are not debarred from future appointments after retiring or resigning.
- No security of tenure: Election commissioners aren’t constitutionally protected with security of tenure.
- Partisan role: The EC has come under the scanner like never before, with increasing incidents of breach of the Model Code of Conduct in the 2019 general elections.
- Political favor: The opposition alleged that the ECI was favoring the ruling party by giving clean chit to the model code of conduct violations made by the PM.
- Non-competence: Increased violence and electoral malpractices under influence of money have resulted in political criminalization, which ECI is unable to arrest.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cheetahs and other species in news
Mains level: Reintroduction of the Cheetahs in India, significance, conservation challenges and way ahead
What’s the news?
- Tblisi, a female cheetah translocated from Namibia, has died at Kuno National Park. This is the ninth cheetah to die at Kuno, including three of the four cubs born there. With 30% of the 20 translocated cheetahs dead in just over four months, the alarm bells are ringing.
Central idea
- To safeguard our natural heritage, societies endowed with ethics and financial resources often reintroduce locally extinct species to benefit from the ecosystem services they provide. The cheetah’s historical presence in India, its role as an evolutionary force, and its potential as a flagship species for conservation highlight the importance of this reintroduction effort.
Historical Presence of Cheetahs in India
- The historical presence of cheetahs in India can be traced back to ancient times.
- Prehistoric cave paintings, ancient texts, and the Sanskrit origin of the name cheetah provide evidence of its indigenous nature in the Indian subcontinent.
- Recent genetic analysis has also confirmed that the extinct Indian cheetah originated in Persia.
- Several Ethiopian fauna, such as the lion, the striped hyena, honey badger, caracal, and gazelles including the cheetah, are believed to have colonized India through Persia during ancient periods.
Cheetah’s Role as an Evolutionary Force
- Prey Population Control: By chasing and catching its prey, the cheetah naturally removes weak, sick, and young individuals from the population. This process ensures that only the fittest individuals survive, leading to a healthier and stronger prey population.
- Maintaining Biodiversity: As a top carnivore, the cheetah plays a vital role in regulating the population of herbivores, such as the blackbuck, which is its major prey species. By controlling herbivore populations, the cheetah indirectly influences the abundance and distribution of other plant and animal species in the ecosystem, thereby contributing to biodiversity.
- Balancing Ecosystem Dynamics: The cheetah’s presence helps maintain a balance between predator and prey species. This ecological equilibrium is essential for the overall stability and health of the ecosystem.
- Ecosystem Services: Cheetahs, like other top carnivores, provide ecosystem services by influencing the behavior and distribution of their prey species. This, in turn, affects vegetation dynamics and nutrient cycling, contributing to the overall functioning of the ecosystem.
Economic Benefits of Reintroduction
- Ecotourism Revenue: Reintroducing cheetahs can boost ecotourism in the regions where they are present. Tourists from India and around the world are likely to visit these areas to witness the magnificent cheetahs in their natural habitat.
- Employment Opportunities: The growth of ecotourism and wildlife-related activities creates employment opportunities for local residents. Jobs in hospitality, guiding, park management, and conservation efforts can improve the livelihoods of nearby communities.
- Community-Based Ecotourism: The presence of cheetahs can encourage the development of community-based ecotourism initiatives. Local communities can actively participate in tourism ventures, leading to a sense of ownership and empowerment.
- Sharing of Gate Receipts: Revenue generated from ecotourism and wildlife tourism can be shared with nearby buffer zone villages. This revenue-sharing model incentivizes local communities to support and protect the cheetah population, fostering positive attitudes towards conservation.
- Increase in Real Estate Value: Areas surrounding national parks and wildlife reserves with cheetah populations may experience an increase in real estate value due to their proximity to these ecologically significant regions.
- Research and Education Opportunities: The reintroduction of cheetahs presents opportunities for research and educational programs. Institutions and researchers can conduct studies on cheetah behavior, ecology, and conservation, contributing to scientific knowledge and environmental education.
- Wildlife-Based Enterprises: The presence of cheetahs can encourage the development of wildlife-based enterprises, such as handicrafts, souvenirs, and local products, catering to tourists interested in supporting local communities and conservation efforts.
- Positive Perception: Successful reintroduction projects can enhance India’s international image as a country committed to wildlife conservation and ecological restoration. This positive perception can attract international support and collaborations for further conservation initiatives
Challenges in Reintroduction and Conservation
- Mortality Risks: During the reintroduction process, cheetahs may face various mortality risks, such as snaring, attacks by leopards and feral dogs, starvation, disease, and road kills.
- Adaptation to Indian Conditions: The cheetahs being reintroduced are originally from Southern Africa, which has a different climate and photoperiod than India.
- Enclosed Protected Areas: Some cheetahs have experienced management-related deaths within enclosed protected areas, such as cubs dying due to malnourishment and females being killed by males.
- Disease Management: Cheetahs may be susceptible to certain diseases in the Indian environment.
- Genetic Diversity: The reintroduced population may suffer from reduced genetic diversity due to the small number of individuals initially brought in. A lack of genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding depression and hamper the long-term viability of the population.
- Interactions with Livestock: Cheetahs may occasionally prey on livestock, leading to conflicts with local communities.
Way forward
- Scientific Research and Planning: Conduct thorough scientific research to understand the ecological requirements of cheetahs, their prey species, and the potential habitats for reintroduction. Develop a detailed plan that addresses the challenges, risks, and opportunities involved in the reintroduction process.
- Habitat Restoration and Protection: Identify and restore suitable habitats for cheetahs, ensuring sufficient prey availability and minimizing human-wildlife conflicts. Implement measures to protect these habitats from further fragmentation and encroachment.
- Disease Management: Implement disease surveillance and management protocols to monitor the health of reintroduced cheetahs and prevent the spread of diseases to other wildlife and domestic animals.
- Genetic Diversity: Ensure genetic diversity among the reintroduced cheetah population by carefully selecting individuals from different sources and considering genetic health in the reintroduction process.
- International Collaboration: Foster collaboration with other countries, such as Namibia and South Africa, from where the cheetahs are sourced, to ensure the welfare and continued support for the reintroduced cheetahs.
- Public Awareness: Raise public awareness about the importance of cheetah conservation and the ecological role of these majestic animals. Educate people about the benefits of coexisting with cheetahs and supporting their reintroduction.
Conclusion
- Reintroducing cheetahs to India is a crucial step towards ecological security. With continued efforts, support from the government, and active involvement of local communities, the cheetah’s return to the Indian landscape can become a symbol of successful conservation and sustainability.
Also read:
Radio collars are killing the cheetahs in Kuno. Here is how — and why
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Species of vultures
Mains level: Role of vultures in the ecosystem, threats to vulture population and conservation efforts,
What’s the news?
- The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of ketoprofen and aceclofenac and their formulations for animal use under Section 26A of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 (23 of 40) in a notification dated July 31, 2023
Central idea
- Experts dedicated to vulture conservation have warmly welcomed this initiative, recognizing it as a game changer for India’s beleaguered vulture population. However, the true test lies in the effective implementation of the ban, while the experts also advocate for extending similar protective measures to other raptors (birds of prey).
What are Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac?
- Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac are both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and alleviate fever. They belong to the same class of medications, but have slight differences in their chemical structures and properties.
Background
- In the 1990s, India witnessed a sharp decline in its vulture populations due to the use of diclofenac, a pain reliever administered to cattle.
- Vultures feeding on cattle carcasses ingested the drug, leading to their painful deaths.
- The alarming revelation in 2004 showed that 97% of the vulture population had been lost, primarily affecting species like oriental white-backed vultures, long-billed vultures, and slender-billed vultures.
The Vulture Recovery Plan
- In response to the crisis, the Indian government and various agencies formulated a Vulture Recovery Plan in 2004.
- The plan aimed to ban the veterinary use of diclofenac, find safer substitutes, and establish conservation breeding centers for vultures.
- Since vultures are slow breeders and have long lifespans, any increase in the annual mortality rate above 5% could threaten their survival.
- In 2006, the use of diclofenac as a veterinary drug was banned and later gazetted in 2008.
- The ban prompted the recommendation to use the safer drug, meloxicam, as an alternative.
- Despite this progress, other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ketoprofen and aceclofenac, still pose a threat to vultures.
Threats posed by Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac to vultures
- Conversion to Toxic Metabolites: When cattle or other livestock are treated with ketoprofen or aceclofenac, these drugs can be metabolized and converted into toxic compounds, such as diclofenac. Diclofenac is extremely harmful to vultures and can cause kidney failure and death when they consume the carcasses of treated animals.
- Slow Metabolism in Vultures: Vultures have a slow metabolism compared to other birds, which makes them more susceptible to the harmful effects of these drugs. The accumulation of toxic metabolites in their bodies over time can lead to severe health issues and fatalities.
- Scavenging Behavior: Vultures are obligate scavengers, meaning they primarily feed on carrion (dead animals). However, this scavenging behavior makes them highly vulnerable to ingesting contaminated animal remains.
Challenges in Implementation
- Conflicting Situations on the Ground: One of the key challenges in implementing the ban is the presence of conflicting situations on the ground. While many experts and organizations support the ban to protect vultures, there may be opposing views from stakeholders who have vested interests in the use of these drugs.
- Role of State and Central Governments: While the ban decision comes from the central government, it is essential to observe how the state and central governments collaborate to enforce the prohibition effectively.
- Immediate Implementation and Awareness: The ban has been introduced without a specified date for implementation, making it an immediate measure. This calls for swift action from state authorities and relevant agencies to ensure that the ban is followed promptly.
- Potential Opposition to the Ban: Given the significance of livestock and agriculture in India, there may be opposition to the ban from certain quarters, who rely on the use of Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac for animal treatment.
- Extending Safety Measures to Other Raptors: Ensuring the safety of drugs for other raptors might require additional research and testing to understand potential risks and adverse effects on these birds.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Enforcement: Collaborate closely between state and central governments to ensure effective enforcement of the ban. Implement regular inspections and penalties for non-compliance to deter violations.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct comprehensive awareness campaigns to educate veterinarians, farmers, drug suppliers, and the public about the ban’s importance for vulture conservation.
- Monitor and Evaluate Impact: Set up a robust monitoring system to assess the ban’s effectiveness in curbing drug usage and its impact on vulture populations.
- Research and Safe Alternatives: Explore safer alternatives to Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac for veterinary use that do not harm vultures or the environment.
- Extend Safety Measures to Other Raptors: Conduct studies to determine the safety of drugs for other raptor species and consider their conservation needs in regulatory measures.
- International Collaboration: Engage in international collaborations to share knowledge and experiences in vulture conservation and protect these birds globally
Conclusion
- The ban on ketoprofen and aceclofenac marks a positive development in vulture conservation efforts in India. To ensure success, immediate action is required, and public awareness should be raised. The collective efforts of the government, experts, and stakeholders are essential to safeguard India’s vultures and preserve their ecological importance
Also read:
Efforts for Vulture Conservation
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Himalayan Vulture
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a remarkable achievement for conservation efforts, researchers have successfully recorded the first instance of captive breeding of the Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in India.
About Himalayan Vultures
|
| Scientific Name |
Gyps himalayensis |
| Range and Habitat |
Found in the Himalayan region and adjoining areas of India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. Inhabit high-altitude mountainous regions. |
| Feeding Habits |
Scavengers that feed on carrion, playing a crucial role in the ecosystem by cleaning up carcasses and preventing the spread of diseases. |
| Conservation Status |
Near Threatened (IUCN)
Schedule-IV (WPA) |
| Breeding Behavior |
Build nests on cliffs and rocky ledges. Monogamous and form long-term pair bonds. |
| Cultural Significance |
Hold cultural and religious importance in some Himalayan cultures as symbols of purification and spiritual significance. |
Details of the Breeding Process
- Date and Nestling: The successful hatching of a Himalayan vulture nestling was observed on March 14, 2022, at the Assam State Zoo, Guwahati. The nestling was later moved to an artificial brooding facility on March 15.
- Observations: Researchers closely observed the housing, feeding, frequency of feed, and the growth and coloration of the nestling.
- Vulture Conservation Breeding Centers: India has established four Vulture Conservation Breeding Centers (VCBC) in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal. These centers focus on conserving White-rumped vultures, Slender-billed vultures, and Indian vultures, all of which are categorized as ‘Critically Endangered.’
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pepper Trade
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Pepper, often referred to as the “king of spices,” played a pivotal role in driving exploration, colonization, and cultural exchanges between the East and West.
Early Origins and Mystique of Pepper
- Luxury Commodity: Pepper, once considered a luxury good, was produced predominantly along India’s Malabar Coast and was shrouded in secrecy and legend. European Christians believed it came from the mythical land of “Prester John,” while Arabs, who controlled the trade, believed it grew behind waterfalls guarded by fire-breathing dragons.
- Ancient Trade: Archaeological evidence indicates that pepper was consumed in ancient India as early as 2000 BCE. It was exported to other parts of Asia and North Africa, with the mummified remains of Ramesses the Great from 1213 BCE found with peppercorns in Egypt.
- Arab Dominance: By the 10th century, Arab traders held a virtual monopoly on the spice trade, connecting India with the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, controlling supply and prices.
Pepper’s Role in Global Commerce
- Currency and Rent: Pepper became so valuable that it was used as currency and rent in various parts of the world. For example, in 408 BCE, the King of Visigoths demanded 3,000 kilograms of pepper as part of the siege of Rome.
- Spices and the Age of Discovery: The European craving for spices, particularly pepper, was a driving force behind the Age of Discovery. Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in search of India, while Vasco da Gama found the route to India around the Cape of Good Hope.
- Portuguese and Dutch Dominance: The Portuguese initially controlled the spice trade from the Malabar region but were unable to dominate the pepper-producing areas. The Dutch East India Company monopolized the sale of pepper and challenged Portuguese supremacy.
- English East India Company: Queen Elizabeth I granted the English East India Company the right to trade in the East Indies in 1600. The Company’s expeditions marked the foundation of the English colonial presence in India.
Cultural Exchanges and Islam’s Spread:
- Malabar’s Trading Legacy: The Malabar Coast, known as “the city of spices,” served as a hub for international trade. The Zamorin welcomed traders from various cultures, including Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities.
- Islamic Influence: The pepper trade helped spread Islam across regions, extending from East Africa to southern China. Malabar witnessed a significant Islamic presence going back almost a thousand years.
Pepper’s Evolution and Legacy
- From Luxury to Staple: Improved production techniques and cultivation in tropical regions led to pepper becoming a household staple. Its significance in driving exploration and colonial empires remains a significant part of world history.
Conclusion
- Pepper’s journey through history reflects the transformative power of trade and the influence of commodities in shaping the world.
- Once a prized luxury, pepper became a driving force behind exploration, colonization, and cultural exchanges between East and West.
- Its significance as a global commodity and the desire to control its trade shaped the course of history, and its legacy as a vital spice endures in our daily lives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Money Bills vs. Financial Bills
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The debate surrounding the classification of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Bill as a Money Bill and its implications has sparked discussions on the nuances of Money Bills and Financial Bills in India’s parliamentary process.
Money Bills vs. Financial Bills
|
Money Bills |
Financial Bills |
| Definition and Scope |
Article 110 – Deals with taxes, government borrowing, expenditure, receipt of money from the Consolidated Fund of India, among others. |
Broader scope beyond Article 110(1) |
| Rajya Sabha’s Role |
Introduced only in Lok Sabha, no Rajya Sabha approval needed
Lok Sabha has the discretion to accept or reject any recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha on a Money Bill. |
Can be introduced in either house, requires approval from both houses. |
| Origin and President’s Recommendation |
Must be introduced only in Lok Sabha, and the President’s recommendation is required for its introduction. |
Can be introduced in either house, no President’s recommendation needed. |
| Passage Procedure |
Passed by Lok Sabha, sent to Rajya Sabha for recommendations within 14 days.
Rajya Sabha’s recommendations are not binding.
If rejected by Lok Sabha, the Bill is considered passed without Rajya Sabha’s concurrence. |
Require agreement of both houses for passage, subject to Rajya Sabha amendments or rejections. |
Supreme Court’s Perspective
- Striking Down Amendments: In Nov 2019, a five-judge Constitution Bench, headed by the then CJI Ranjan Gogoi, struck down amendments to the 2017 Finance Act, passed as a Money Bill. The court found the amendments altering the structure and functioning of various tribunals contrary to constitutional principles.
- Referring the Matter: The court referred the issue of whether these amendments could have been passed as a Money Bill to a seven-judge bench for consideration, indicating the complexity of the matter.
- Doubts Over Aadhaar Act: The same Constitution Bench expressed doubts about the correctness of the 2018 verdict upholding the 2016 Aadhaar Act, which was also passed as a Money Bill. This matter is yet to be conclusively settled, as petitions seeking a review of the Aadhaar Act ruling remain pending in the Supreme Court.
Conclusion
- The distinction between Money Bills and Financial Bills is crucial in India’s parliamentary process, as it determines the extent of Rajya Sabha’s role and the passage procedure.
- While Money Bills have limited Rajya Sabha involvement and cannot be amended or rejected by it, other Financial Bills and ordinary Bills require the agreement of both houses for passage.
- The Supreme Court’s perspective on the correct classification of certain Bills as Money Bills adds further complexity to the debate, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of these constitutional provisions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 370, Basic Structure
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court is currently deliberating on the abrogation of Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
- The court is exploring whether Article 370 can be equated with the Basic Structure of the Constitution, a principle that enshrines essential features beyond the Parliament’s amendment powers.
What is Basic Structure Doctrine?
|
| Definition |
A constitutional principle that certain essential features or basic elements of the Indian Constitution cannot be amended by the Parliament. |
| Purpose |
To preserve the core values and structure of the Constitution, protecting its democratic, secular, and federal character. |
| Establishment |
Established by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case in 1973. |
| Essential Features |
Includes supremacy of the Constitution, democratic republic, judicial review, separation of powers, federal structure, rule of law, fundamental rights, and parliamentary system. |
| Limitation on Amendment |
Restricts Parliament’s amending power under Article 368. |
| Judicial Review |
The Supreme Court uses the doctrine to strike down amendments that violate the Basic Structure. |
Also read:
Wow Wednesday : Evolution of Basic Structure Doctrine
Debate over Article 370
- Constitutional Process: It has been argued that the abrogation of Article 370 was a purely political act and that there was no constitutional process available to revoke it.
- Equating with Basic Structure: The court questioned whether considering the abrogation of Article 370 as impossible amounts to equating it with the principles of the Basic Structure of the Constitution.
- Article 370 as a “Compact”: It has been contended that Article 370 was not part of the Basic Structure but a “compact” between the princely State of J&K and the Government of India, engrafted into the Indian Constitution.
- Government’s Actions: Concerns have been raised about the government’s insertion of Article 367(4)(d), which some argue circumvented the “residuary power” of the State and allowed the Parliament to act as the J&K Constituent Assembly.
Challenges and Concerns Raised
- Permanence of Article 370: The permanence of Article 370 after the Constituent Assembly’s dissolution in 1957 and the procedure followed by the NDA government during the abrogation have been debated.
- Constitutional Machinery: Criticisms have been raised that the Parliament and President took over the powers of the State without considering the views of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Breakdown of Constitutional Structure: Some argue that the events leading up to the abrogation constituted a “complete breakdown” of the constitutional structure, as the State’s powers were absorbed by the Centre, and the State was bifurcated without proper consent.
Conclusion
- The Supreme Court’s ongoing hearings on the abrogation of Article 370 continue to raise important questions about its status and the process involved.
- The court’s decision will have significant implications for understanding the constitutional relationship between the Centre and the States and the sanctity of special provisions like Article 370.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jan Vishwas Bill
Mains level: Substandard drugs manufacturing
Central Idea
- The Jan Vishwas Bill, aimed at enhancing ease of doing business, has sparked a heated debate over certain amendments that modify the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
- While the bill intends to streamline regulatory provisions, critics argue that it may allow manufacturers of substandard medicines to evade imprisonment and instead pay fines for their offenses.
Jan Vishwas Bill
- Amendment I: The first amendment under the Jan Vishwas Bill eliminates imprisonment for companies repeatedly using government analysis or test reports to promote their products. Instead, offenders will be subject to a fine not less than five lakh rupees, as opposed to the previous fine of not less than ten thousand rupees.
- Amendment II: The second, more contentious amendment allows for the “compounding” of offenses under section 27 (d) of the existing Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Compounding enables companies to pay a fine as an alternative to undergoing criminal proceedings. However, section 27 (d) covers offenses related to drugs not of standard quality (NSQ) or colloquially termed substandard drugs.
Controversy and Concerns
- NSQ Drugs and Their Risks: Substandard drugs (NSQ) are products that fail to meet Indian Pharmacopoeia requirements, leading to potential harm to consumers. Examples include drugs with low levels of active ingredients, affecting treatment effectiveness and causing antibiotic resistance.
- Criticism of Inclusion of Section 27 (d): The inclusion of NSQ drugs under section 27 (d) for compounding has raised concerns among many. Critics argue that it could allow companies to escape liability for manufacturing substandard products by merely paying a fine.
Scope of Offenses Eligible for Compounding
- Eligible Offenses: Compounding will be available for manufacturers whose drugs are NSQ, enabling them to avoid criminal proceedings by paying a fine.
- Government’s Stance: The government contends that compounding will be reserved for minor aberrations or quality control issues, and companies involved in spurious or adulterated drug manufacturing will not be eligible. It aims to offer an alternate mechanism for minor offenses to reduce litigation delays and foster ease of doing business.
Impact on Good Manufacturing Practices
- Schedule M Requirements: In 2018, amendments were made to Schedule M of the drug act to improve drug manufacturing practices. However, a significant number of drug manufacturers have yet to adopt these measures.
- Compounding for Non-Compliance: Under the Jan Vishwas Bill, companies failing to implement Schedule M requirements within the stipulated time will be prosecuted under section 27 (d).
Industry Perspective
- Industry Support for Compounding: Some manufacturers view compounding as a positive step, preventing minor offenses from leading to lengthy litigation and business disruptions. They argue that non-intentional aberrations should not result in imprisonment, especially for first-time offenders.
- Balancing Enforcement and Business Growth: Advocates of compounding emphasize that strict action should be taken against repeat offenders or those engaging in offenses with malicious intent. Balancing enforcement and encouraging quality production will enable the pharmaceutical industry to thrive and produce safe, effective products.
Conclusion
- Striking a balance between enabling business growth and enforcing quality standards will be critical in determining the long-term impact of the bill on the pharmaceutical industry.
Also read:
In news: Jan Vishwas Bill, 2022
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Voyager 1 and 2
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- After more than four decades in space, Voyager 2, Earth’s longest-running space probe, experienced a communication loss with NASA.
Voyager Mission
- Originally planned to explore the five outer planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) with four complex spacecraft, NASA changed its approach due to budget constraints.
- The agency decided to send two identical probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, initially slated to explore only Jupiter and Saturn. In 1974, they were redirected to explore Uranus and Neptune as well.
- The Voyager spacecraft took advantage of a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that occurs once every 175 years.
- This alignment allowed the spacecraft to harness the gravity of each planet, enabling them to swing from one to the next using minimal fuel.
Features of the Voyager
- Identical Design: Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are equipped with 10 different instruments to carry out various experiments. These instruments include cameras for celestial imaging, infrared and ultraviolet sensors, magnetometers, plasma detectors, and cosmic-ray sensors.
- Nuclear Power Source: As their missions involved traveling far from the Sun, the spacecraft relied on a small nuclear power plant fueled by the radioactive decay of plutonium pellets, providing hundreds of watts of power.
- Golden Phonograph Records: Each spacecraft carries a golden phonograph record, intended as a time capsule for any extraterrestrial life that might encounter the probes in the distant future. The record contains images, natural sounds, music, greetings in multiple languages, and instructions for playing it.
Notable Achievements of Voyager Spacecraft
- Jupiter Encounter: Voyager 1 reached Jupiter on March 5, 1979, followed by Voyager 2 on July 9. Among the exciting discoveries were active volcanoes on Jupiter’s moon, Io, and three new moons: Thebe, Metis, and Adrastea.
- Saturn Revelations: Voyager 1 passed by Saturn’s moon, Titan, revealing it was not the largest moon in the solar system, as previously thought. Titan’s atmosphere was found to be composed mainly of nitrogen, and it likely had clouds and methane rain.
- Uranus Exploration: Voyager 2 arrived at Uranus in 1986, providing stunning photographs and confirming that its main constituents are hydrogen and helium. The spacecraft discovered 10 new moons, two new rings, and made significant observations about Uranus’s atmosphere.
- Neptune Flyby: Voyager 2 became the first human-made object to fly past Neptune in 1989. It discovered new moons and rings, observed the Great Dark Spot—a massive spinning storm on Neptune—and measured winds blowing at 1,100 kph.
Continuing Journey Among the Stars
- Entering Interstellar Space: Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 officially entered interstellar space in 2012 and 2018, respectively. These milestones helped astronomers define the edge of interstellar space, around 18 billion kilometers from the Sun.
- Communication Loss and Hope: Voyager 2 recently experienced a glitch after a faulty command, affecting its ability to receive commands and transmit data. However, the “heartbeat” signal detected by NASA assures that the spacecraft is still operational, and scientists hope to regain full communication soon.
- Silent Journey: While most instruments on the spacecraft are no longer operational, both Voyagers will continue their silent journey among the stars, powered by their small nuclear power sources. Eventually, their missions will end.
Conclusion
- Voyager 2, a symbol of human ingenuity and exploration, continues its journey through the cosmos, exploring distant planets and paving the way for future space missions.
- Despite communication loss, the spacecraft’s “heartbeat” signal signifies its resilience and ongoing operation, reminding us of the indomitable spirit of human curiosity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nicobar Islands
Mains level: GNI Project
Central Idea
- The ambitious ₹72,000-crore Great Nicobar Project, proposed by the Union government, is facing environmental scrutiny as the number of trees expected to be felled has been revised to 9.64 lakh, higher than the previously estimated 8.5 lakh
What is GNI Project?
- The GNI Project refers to the “Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island,” a proposed mega project being piloted by NITI Aayog.
- The project aims to develop the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands in the Bay of Bengal by constructing –
- Transhipment port
- Dual-use military-civil international airport
- Power plant and
- A township over a span of 30 years on more than 160 sq. km of land, of which 130 sq. km is primary forest
Features of the Project
- Transshipment hub of the East: The proposed port will allow Great Nicobar to participate in the regional and global maritime economy by becoming a major player in cargo transhipment.
- Naval control: The port will be controlled by the Indian Navy, while the airport will have dual military-civilian functions and will cater to tourism as well.
- Urban amenities: Roads, public transport, water supply and waste management facilities, and several hotels have been planned to cater to tourists.
Significance of the Project
The GNI Project holds both economic and strategic significance:
- Economic Significance: It positions Great Nicobar as a transhipment hub in the East, strategically located along the East-West international shipping corridor. This can potentially boost revenue and make India a significant player in cargo transhipment.
- Strategic Significance: The development of Great Nicobar has been deemed crucial for national security and consolidating India’s position in the Indian Ocean Region. The project serves as an oceanic outpost and addresses concerns over increased Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean.
Challenges and Concerns
- Biodiversity Threat: The project’s development, township construction, and influx of people may lead to habitat destruction and degradation, posing a threat to numerous species on the island.
- Indigenous Tribes Displacement: The project could displace two isolated and indigenous tribes, the Shompen and the Nicobaris, jeopardizing their way of life and cultural heritage.
- Deforestation Impact: Cutting down an estimated 9.64 lakh trees in prehistoric rainforests could significantly impact the island’s ecology and biodiversity.
- Inadequate Environmental Assessments: Concerns have been raised about the haste in obtaining clearances and the adequacy of environmental and social impact assessments.
- Fragile Topography: The region’s tectonic volatility and disaster vulnerability add to the challenges, particularly considering the 2004 Tsunami’s impact on tribal communities.
Major Concerns
- Tree Felling Estimate: Minister of State (Environment) Ashwini Kumar Choubey revealed that approximately 9.64 lakh trees may need to be cut down for the development in the Great Nicobar Project. However, there is a possibility that the actual number of trees felled could be lower.
- Environmental Consequences: The forest earmarked for development on the Great Nicobar Island is an evergreen tropical forest with high biological diversity, housing nearly 650 species of flora and 330 species of fauna.
- Compensatory Afforestation: To offset the tree felling, the government plans to carry out compensatory afforestation in Haryana. The state has agreed to provide an area of 261.5 square km for this purpose.
- Tribal concerns: The island administration did not grant forest land ownership to local tribespeople as required under the Forest Conservation Rules, 2017, raising concerns about consent and rights recognition.
- Inconsistencies with Stage-I Clearance: The approval process for the project faced delays, and claims over forest land under the FRA were not processed adequately.
Conclusion
- The Great Nicobar Project’s environmental concerns, including extensive tree felling, potential habitat destruction, and challenges related to tribal communities, call for a careful reconsideration of the project’s impact and approach.
- Striking a balance between economic development and environmental conservation is crucial, emphasizing sustainable practices and preserving the island’s rich biodiversity and cultural heritage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's electronics and IT hardware production capabilities, challenges and measures
What’s the news?
- The central government has placed restrictions on the import of laptops, tablets, and computers with immediate effect. As per the notification, the import would be allowed under a valid license for restricted imports.
Central Idea
- India has imposed restrictions on the import of personal computers, laptops, and other IT hardware from China to promote domestic manufacturing and reduce dependence on Chinese imports. This move is part of the government’s efforts to boost the electronics sector and strengthen India’s self-reliance in the production of IT hardware.
What does the notification for the restriction on imports state?
- Restricted Categories: The notification restricts the import of personal computers, laptops, palmtops, automatic data processing machines, microcomputers and processors, and large or mainframe computers falling under the HSN code 8471.
- Import Against a Valid License: Imports of laptops, tablets, all-in-one personal computers, and ultra-small form factor computers and servers under HSN 8741 will be allowed only against a valid license for restricted imports.
- Exemption for Research and Development: The government has granted exemption from import licenses for imports up to 20 items per consignment used for research and development, testing, benchmarking, evaluation, repair and re-export, and product development purposes. However, these imports can only be used for the stated purposes and not for sale.
- Exemption for Repair and Return: The license for restricted imports is not required for the repair and return of goods that were repaired abroad, as per the Foreign Trade Policy.
China’s Dominance in IT Hardware Imports
- Increase in Electronic Goods Imports:
- India has witnessed a significant increase in imports of electronic goods and laptops/computers in recent years.
- During the April-June quarter, the import of electronic goods surged to $6.96 billion, accounting for 4–7 percent of the overall imports.
- Dominance in the Personal Computers Category:
- Among the seven categories of restricted imports, China holds a substantial share in the personal computer segment, which includes laptops and palmtops.
- In the April-May period, imports of personal computers from China amounted to $558.36 million, representing roughly 70–80 percent of India’s total imports in this category.
- Surge in imports from China:
- While there was a decline in imports from China in the previous financial year, it is crucial to address the sharp surge in imports in the two preceding years (2021–22 and 2020–21).
- In 2021–22, imports of personal computers and laptops from China saw a year-on-year increase of 51.5 percent, amounting to $5.34 billion.
- Similarly, in 2020–21, there was a significant year-on-year increase of 44.7 percent, with imports totaling $3.52 billion.
Reasons behind the restrictions
- Boosting Domestic Production: India aims to strengthen its domestic production capabilities in the electronics sector. By restricting imports, the government wants to push companies to manufacture these goods locally in India.
- Reducing Reliance on China: India has seen a significant increase in imports of electronic goods and laptops/computers from China in recent years. By imposing restrictions, India intends to reduce its reliance on Chinese imports and diversify its sources of electronic products.
- Supporting the PLI Scheme: The move is seen as a direct boost to the Center’s production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for IT hardware. The restrictions aim to encourage companies to participate in the scheme and invest in local production.
- Addressing Trade Imbalance: India has faced a trade imbalance in the electronics sector with China. By limiting imports, India aims to address this imbalance and potentially improve its trade position.
- Strengthening the Domestic Electronics Industry: The restriction is part of India’s broader strategy to develop and strengthen its electronics manufacturing sector. By promoting domestic production, India seeks to create job opportunities and enhance its industrial capabilities.
Conclusion
- India’s decision to restrict IT hardware imports from China aims to reduce import reliance on a single country. With the right incentives and measures in place, this restriction could pave the way for a robust and competitive domestic IT hardware industry in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Money Bills and Financial Bills and related provisions and procedure
Mains level: Money Bills and Financial Bills debate and Supreme Court in interpretations
What’s the news?
- The recent discussions over the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Bill have brought to light an important constitutional question – Is it a Money Bill or an Ordinary Bill? The distinction between these two types of bills holds significant implications for the legislative process and decision-making.
Central Idea
- In a recent statement, Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pralhad Joshi clarified that the DPDP Bill is a regular Bill and not a Money Bill. This clarification comes against the backdrop of earlier reports suggesting that the Bill was being introduced under Article 117 of the Constitution, which deals with special provisions for Finance Bills.
What is a Finance Bill?
- Definition: A Finance Bill is a type of Financial Bill that relates to revenue or expenditure matters.
- Money Bill Criteria: A Finance Bill becomes a Money Bill when it exclusively deals with matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (g) of the Constitution.
- Classification of Finance Bills
- Category 1: Financial Bills related to Article 110(1)(a) to (f):
- Introduced or moved only on the President’s recommendation.
- Cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.
- Examples: Money Bills and other Financial Bills originating solely in the Lok Sabha.
- Category 2: Financial Bills related to other matters (Article 110(1)(g)):
- Similar to ordinary Bills.
- Require the President’s recommendation if they involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- It can be introduced in the Rajya Sabha, amended by it, or deliberated by both Houses in a joint sitting.
Money Bill Requirements
- Exclusivity: A Money Bill must exclusively deal with matters specified in Article 110(1)(a) to (g).
- Certification: A Money Bill must be certified by the Speaker.
Preconditions for a Financial Bill to become a money bill
- Introduction: Must be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha, as per Article 117(1) of the Constitution.
- President’s Recommendation: Can only be introduced on the President’s recommendation, as per Article 117(1) of the Constitution.
Key Differences between Finance Bills and Money Bills
- Scope: Finance Bills cover general revenue and expenditure matters, while Money Bills exclusively address specific matters listed in Article 110(1)(a) to (g).
- Introduction: Finance Bills can be introduced in either House, but Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
- President’s Recommendation: Finance Bills require the President’s recommendation if they involve expenditure, while Money Bills always require the President’s recommendation.
- Rajya Sabha’s Role: The Rajya Sabha can discuss and recommend amendments for Finance Bills, but its role is limited for Money Bills. The Lok Sabha can reject the Rajya Sabha’s recommendations for Money Bills.
Important Legal Perspective
- 2017 Finance Act:
- In November 2019, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by the then Chief Justice of India, Ranjan Gogoi, struck down amendments to the 2017 Finance Act passed as a Money Bill.
- The court directed the formulation of fresh norms for appointing tribunal members and raised questions about the correct interpretation of Article 110. The matter was referred to a seven-judge bench.
- 2016 Aadhaar Act:
- The Supreme Court also expressed doubts over its 2018 verdict upholding the 2016 Aadhaar Act, which was passed as a Money Bill.
- Review petitions regarding the Aadhaar Act are still pending before the court.
Conclusion
- The distinction between Money Bills and Financial Bills is essential for understanding the legislative process and the powers of the two Houses of Parliament. The role of the Supreme Court in interpreting and upholding the constitutional validity of various Bills remains critical to ensuring a robust and accountable legislative framework.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Integrated system of medicine, Homeopathy system of medicine etc
Mains level: India's path towards universal health care, challenges and measures
What’s the news?
- In a recent development, the ICMR and the Ministry of Ayush have agreed to enhance cooperation in health research related to integrated medicine.
Central idea
- The recent push to integrate AYUSH medicinal systems into mainstream health care to achieve universal health coverage and decolonize medicine is a commendable pluralistic approach. However, this endeavor must prioritize safety and efficacy standards for every participating system. Unfortunately, Homeopathy falls short of meeting these essential criteria.
What is an integrated system of medicine?
- An integrated system of medicine refers to an approach that combines elements from different healthcare systems or modalities, such as conventional medicine and traditional, complementary, or alternative medicine, with the goal of providing comprehensive and patient-centered care.
What Is Homeopathy?
- Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine founded in the late 18th century by Samuel Heinemann, a German physician.
- Homeopathy is a medical system based on the belief that the body can cure itself. Those who practice it use tiny amounts of natural substances like plants and minerals. They believe these stimulate the healing process.
- This is based on the idea that a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy individual can stimulate the body’s natural healing response to overcome similar symptoms in an ill person.
Key principles of Homeopathy
- The Law of Similar: Homeopathy follows the principle that a substance that produces symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person.
- Minimum Dose: Homeopathic remedies are prepared through a process of dilution and potentization, which involves repeatedly diluting the original substance and shaking it vigorously. The belief is that this process enhances the remedy’s healing properties while minimizing any potential toxicity.
- Individualization: Homeopathy treats each person as a unique individual and tailors the treatment to address their specific symptoms and overall constitution.
- Totality of Symptoms: Rather than focusing solely on a specific disease or isolated symptoms, homeopathy takes into account the totality of a person’s physical, mental, and emotional symptoms to find an appropriate remedy.
Concerns over the efficacy and safety of Homeopathy
- Weak Evidence: The evidence supporting the efficacy of homeopathy is considered weak. The Nuremberg Salt Test (1835), a well-conducted double-blind randomized controlled trial, discredited homeopathy, attributing its claimed effects to imagination, self-deception, or potential fraud.
- Inconsistent Systematic Reviews: Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have consistently shown that homeopathic treatments lack clinically significant effects across various ailments, population groups, study types, and treatment regimes.
- Unregistered Trials: Researchers found that more than half of the 193 homeopathic trials conducted in the last two decades were not registered. Surprisingly, unregistered trials showed some evidence of efficacy, while registered trials did not, casting doubt on the validity and reliability of the evidence.
- Lack of confidence: The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued warnings against using homeopathy for serious conditions such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and infant flu and diarrhea. This indicates a lack of confidence in its effectiveness in treating such illnesses.
- Ineffectiveness for Serious Conditions: Evidence suggests that homeopathy may not work effectively in treating cancers and may not help reduce the adverse effects of cancer treatments.
- Potential Delay in Effective Treatment: One of the safety concerns related to homeopathy is its potential to delay the application of evidence-based clinical care for serious or life-threatening conditions. This delay can have detrimental effects on patients’ health outcomes.
Arguments in favor of Homeopathy
- Historical Usage: Supporters of homeopathy often highlight its long historical usage and widespread popularity, arguing that its effectiveness is demonstrated by its continued use over the centuries.
- Individualization of Treatment: Homeopathy emphasizes individualized treatment, tailoring remedies to address a person’s unique symptoms and overall constitution. This personalized approach is believed to be beneficial for patients who may not respond well to standardized treatments.
- Minimal Side Effects: Homeopathic remedies are highly diluted, which proponents claim minimizes side effects and makes them safe for use, even in sensitive patient populations.
- Holistic Approach: Advocates assert that homeopathy takes a holistic view of health, considering not only physical symptoms but also mental and emotional aspects of a person’s well-being.
- Anecdotal Testimonials: Supporters of homeopathy often provide anecdotal testimonials from patients who claim to have experienced positive outcomes from using homeopathic remedies. Supporters of homeopathy often cite testimonials from famous figures like Gandhi and Tagore to bolster its credibility.
Way forward: Key areas that India needs to focus on regarding Homeopathy
- Evidence-Based Medicine: India needs to prioritize evidence-based medicine across all healthcare systems, including homeopathy. Rigorous research, clinical trials, and systematic reviews should be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of homoeopathic treatments.
- Integration and Pluralism: India should adopt a balanced approach to healthcare by integrating various medicinal systems, including allopatry and AYUSH, while ensuring that only evidence-based and effective practices are incorporated into mainstream healthcare.
- Regulatory Oversight: Strengthen regulatory bodies to oversee the practice of homeopathy and ensure adherence to quality standards and ethical guidelines. This will help maintain patient safety and foster trust in the healthcare system.
- Education and Awareness: Promote education and awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about the strengths and limitations of homeopathy. Informed decision-making and patient choice should be encouraged based on scientific evidence.
- Holistic Health Approach: Emphasize a holistic approach to healthcare that considers not only physical symptoms but also mental, emotional, and social aspects of health. This approach should be integrated into all medical systems, including homeopathy.
- Continuous Improvement: Continuously review and update the integration of homeopathy and other medical systems based on emerging evidence and changing healthcare needs. This iterative approach will lead to a more responsive and effective healthcare system.
Conclusion
- For India’s path towards universal health care, an evidence-based and ethics-driven medicine approach should be embraced, ensuring that only safe and effective treatments are integrated into mainstream healthcare practices.
Also read:
World Ayurveda Congress: Aligning traditional medicine with modern medicines
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vivad se Vishwas II Scheme
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Centre has launched the Vivad se Vishwas II scheme, a one-time settlement scheme, to effectively resolve pending contractual disputes with vendors or suppliers to the government and its undertakings.
Vivad se Vishwas II Scheme
- The scheme was announced in the Union Budget 2023-24.
- It aims to settle government and government undertakings’ contractual disputes wherein arbitral awards are challenged in courts.
- The Vivad Se Vishwas I scheme was announced under Union Budget 2020 to reduce ongoing legal disputes under direct taxation.
- Around 150,000 cases were resolved with the recovery of about 54 per cent of the amount under litigation.
- The scheme was started in March 2020, and closed on March 31, 2021.
Key details about the Scheme
- Deadline and Guidelines: The scheme sets an October 31 deadline for firms to submit their claims for consideration. The Department of Expenditure had earlier issued guidelines for its operation in late May.
- Eligibility: The scheme applies to domestic contractual disputes where one of the parties is either the Government of India or an organization working under its control.
- Cut-off Dates: To be considered for settlement, an arbitral award must have been secured by the aggrieved party by January 31, 2023, while the cut-off date for court orders is set at April 30.
- Graded Settlement Terms: The scheme offers graded settlement terms based on the pendency level of the disputes. For cases involving court awards, the settlement amount offered to the contractor can be up to 85% of the net amount awarded or upheld by the court. For arbitral awards, the threshold is “up to” 65% of the net amount.
- Processing and Registration: Eligible claims shall be processed only through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), which has developed a dedicated web-page for implementing this scheme. For Ministry of Railways’ contractors, claims can be registered on the Indian Railways E-Procurement System.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet approved amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act to allow commercial mining of lithium and five more minerals.
- This move is aimed at increasing the exploration and mining of these valuable resources from newly discovered mines by opening them to private sector participation.
Mining of Critical Minerals
- Minerals Removed from Atomic Minerals List: The law removes lithium, beryllium, titanium, niobium, tantalum and zirconium from the list of atomic minerals, which previously restricted their exploration and mining to state-run companies only.
- Private Sector Participation: With the removal of these minerals from the atomic minerals list, private companies can now participate in the exploration and mining processes.
Why such move?
- New Lithium Reserves in J&K: Earlier this year, lithium reserves were discovered in the federally administered region of Jammu and Kashmir. The government plans to find more reserves later this year.
- Expected Increase in Exploration and Mining: The government expects a significant increase in the exploration and mining activities of these minerals across the country due to private sector involvement.
Significance of Private Sector Involvement
- Force Multiplier: The involvement of private companies is seen as a “force multiplier” as it is expected to boost the production of these critical minerals, meeting the growing demands of the country.
- Increased Production Capacity: The participation of private players is likely to lead to increased production capacity, enabling India to meet the rising demand for electric vehicle batteries and other industrial applications.
Need for Vigorous Exploration and Production
- Meeting Growing Demands: India’s increasing focus on electric vehicles and other technological advancements necessitates a robust supply of critical minerals. Vigorous exploration and production are crucial to fulfill the country’s requirements.
Conclusion
- The passage of the law by India’s Parliament marks a significant step towards increasing the exploration and mining of critical minerals, including lithium, for electric vehicle batteries and other industrial applications.
- By allowing private sector participation, the government aims to bolster the production capacity and meet the growing demands of the country, ensuring a sustainable and technologically advanced future.
Also read:
Discovery of Lithium Deposits in J&K
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