Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras
Why in the News?
- The Government has empowered Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to operate Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK), aiming to provide generic medicines at affordable prices to underserved rural areas.
About Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK) by PACS:
| Details |
- PMBJKs were established in November 2008.
- Government-established outlets that provide affordable, quality generic medicines.
- Operated by PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Societies) in rural areas.
- PACS are empowered to run these Kendras to ensure accessibility in remote regions under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).
|
| Aims and Objectives |
To provide affordable medicines, promote healthcare equity, and reduce medical expenses for farmers, while generating local employment and ensuring PACS’ financial sustainability through the sale of medicines and allied products. |
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Administered by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers;
- Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementation agency.
Implementation:
- PACS receive technical and administrative support from the Department of Pharmaceuticals.
- PACS leverage their existing infrastructure, including land, buildings, and storage, to run the Kendras.
- PACS-run Kendras receive a 20% incentive on monthly purchases, capped at Rs. 20,000 per month.
- Kendra owners receive a 20% margin on MRP (excluding taxes).
- They can sell allied medical products.
|
| Features and Significance |
- Affordable Medicine Distribution: Ensures that generic medicines are affordable in rural areas.
- Economic and Healthcare Benefits: Reduces medical costs and improves healthcare outcomes for farmers.
- Alignment with National Health Policy: Supports equitable healthcare access, especially in remote areas.
- Strengthening Rural Infrastructure: Utilizes PACS’ infrastructure to boost rural healthcare.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to AI;
Why in the News?
The lawsuit against OpenAI in India is poised to establish key precedents for defining the legal accountability of AI developers regarding the content generated by their platforms within the country.
What are the core allegations made by ANI against OpenAI?
- Unauthorized Use of Copyrighted Content: ANI alleges that OpenAI used its copyrighted news content to train its language models without obtaining the necessary permissions, constituting copyright infringement.
- Verbatim Reproduction: ANI claims that ChatGPT generates responses that are either verbatim or substantially similar to its original articles, which violates copyright protections. They argue that this reproduction occurs without authorization.
- False Attribution and Fabricated Information: ANI highlights instances where ChatGPT has attributed false statements or fabricated interviews to the agency, which they argue damages their reputation and risks spreading misinformation.
- Ineffectiveness of Opt-Out Policy: ANI contends that OpenAI’s opt-out policy is ineffective because their content is still accessible through third-party websites, allowing OpenAI’s crawlers to scrape it despite ANI’s attempts to block access.
- Request for Legal Restraints: ANI is seeking an interim injunction to prevent OpenAI from storing, using, or reproducing its work, as well as prohibiting access to its content through any means.
How does this case reflect broader issues in AI and copyright law?
- Liability of AI Platforms: The case presents an unresolved legal question regarding whether AI platforms can be held liable for copyright infringement when they use publicly available content for training purposes. This issue is not only pertinent in India but also resonates globally, as similar lawsuits have emerged in other jurisdictions.
- Fair Use and Exceptions: The interpretation of fair use and the applicability of exceptions such as text and data mining (TDM) in the context of AI training remain ambiguous under Indian law. The court’s decision will be crucial in determining whether existing copyright frameworks can accommodate the unique characteristics of AI technologies.
- Territoriality in Data Storage: OpenAI’s defence centres on the argument that it operates outside India, complicating the application of Indian copyright law. This raises broader concerns about data sovereignty and how traditional legal concepts apply to cloud-based services and distributed AI models.
What implications does this case have for the future of AI development and media partnerships?
- Setting Legal Precedents: The case may establish important legal precedents regarding the responsibilities of AI companies toward content creators, influencing how future disputes are resolved in India and potentially beyond.
- Impact on Licensing Agreements: As seen with other publishers entering licensing agreements with AI firms, this case could encourage more formalised partnerships where media organisations negotiate terms for their content’s use in AI training, ensuring they receive compensation for their intellectual property.
- Regulatory Framework Development: The lawsuit may prompt Indian lawmakers to consider new regulations addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, potentially leading to clearer guidelines that balance innovation with the rights of content creators.
- Challenges for Smaller Publishers: While larger media organisations may have the resources to negotiate favourable terms with AI companies, smaller publishers could face difficulties without similar leverage. This disparity could affect diversity in media representation and innovation within the industry.
Way forward:
- Establish a Balanced Regulatory Framework: Policymakers should develop clear guidelines addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, incorporating provisions for text and data mining (TDM) and fair use exceptions.
- Promote Collaborative Licensing Models: Media organisations and AI firms should work towards formalised licensing agreements that outline terms for the use of copyrighted content in AI training.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Religious issues;
Why in the News?
Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court made comments against the Muslim community at an event organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s legal cell, which has caused a lot of public criticism.
What are the key ethical principles outlined in the code of conduct for judges?
- Majority Rule: Justice Yadav stated that India would function according to the wishes of the majority, referring to Hindus as the “bahusankhyak” (majority) community. He implied that the values taught to children in one community differ significantly from those in another, particularly regarding animal slaughter practices.
- Critique of Muslim Practices: He criticized certain practices within the Muslim community, such as polygamy and triple talaq, while asserting that Hindus revere women as goddesses. This comparison has been interpreted as a direct attack on Islamic traditions.
- Response from Legal Community: The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms has called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s conduct, arguing that his statements violate judicial ethics and undermine public confidence in the judiciary. Prominent legal figures have also suggested impeachment proceedings against him.
How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems?
- United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
- United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
- India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.
What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct?
- In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment.
- Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
- Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary.
- Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and the ethical responsibilities of judges to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.
The Opposition in Rajya Sabha is preparing to move a motion for impeachment of Allahabad High Court Judge for the same controversial remarks inciting communal hatred.
Impeachment Process for Judges in India:
| About |
- The process involves Parliament passing an address to the President to remove the judge.
- To pass the motion, two–thirds of the MPs present and voting in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha;
- Must approve it, with a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of each House.
|
| Key Constitutional Provisions |
- Article 124(4): The judge can only be removed by a Presidential order, passed after a majority vote in both Houses of Parliament.
- The vote must come from two-thirds of the members present and voting.
- Articles 218 of the Constitution extends the same rules to High Court judges.
- The impeachment process ensures judicial independence by maintaining a high bar for removal, limiting political influence.
|
| Grounds for Impeachment |
- A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be impeached on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity” as per the Constitution of India.
- Further clarified in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, including:
- Misuse of office
- Grave offences that undermine the judge’s integrity
- Contravention of the provisions of the Constitution.
|
| What does the process entail? |
Procedure under the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968:
Initial Step: The impeachment motion must be signed by at least 100 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 50 MPs in the Rajya Sabha.
Committee Formation: Once the motion is introduced, the Speaker or Chairperson of the respective House forms a three-member inquiry committee:
- Headed by the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge.
- The second member is usually a Chief Justice of any High Court.
- The third member is a distinguished jurist, appointed by the Speaker or Chairman.
Inquiry Process: The committee investigates the charges, cross-examines witnesses, and regulates its procedure.
The committee may also request a medical test if the charge relates to mental incapacity.
Outcome: If the committee finds the judge not guilty, the motion is dismissed. If found guilty, it will be reported back to the House for further action. |
Instances of Impeachment in India:
- 1993: Justice V Ramaswami (Supreme Court) faced impeachment proceedings on financial impropriety. The motion was unsuccessful despite a guilty finding.
- 2011: Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court) was impeached for corruption but resigned before Lok Sabha could take up the matter.
- 2015: Justice S K Gangele (Madhya Pradesh High Court) faced impeachment on charges of sexual harassment, but the committee cleared him in 2017.
- 2015: Justice J B Pardiwala (Gujarat High Court) faced impeachment for controversial remarks about reservation but the motion was dropped after the judge expunged the remarks.
- 2017: Justice C V Nagarjuna (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana High Court) faced impeachment for financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge, but the motion was not pursued.
|
Mains PYQ:
Q Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: ISRO Mission;
Why in the News?
India has set ambitious objectives for its space programme over the next two decades, focusing on the development of powerful, reusable rockets like the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s upcoming Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).
What are the recent achievements of India’s space program?
- Chandrayaan-3 Mission: India successfully achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole with its Chandrayaan-3 mission, marking a historic milestone as the fourth country to do so. This mission demonstrated India’s growing technological capabilities in space exploration.
- Aditya L1 Mission: Launched as India’s first space-based solar observatory, Aditya L1 aims to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, contributing valuable data to solar science.
- Gaganyaan Preparations: ISRO is actively working on the Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts into orbit by 2025. This includes extensive testing of human-rated launch vehicles and crew escape systems.
- Budget Increases: The Indian government allocated approximately $1.5 billion to the Department of Space for 2024-2025, reflecting a commitment to enhance space capabilities and infrastructure.
How is India planning to expand its human spaceflight and exploration capabilities?
- Gaganyaan Mission: This mission is pivotal for establishing India’s human spaceflight capabilities, with plans for multiple uncrewed test flights leading up to a manned mission. The first crewed flight is targeted for late 2024.
- Lunar Exploration Goals: India plans to achieve a crewed lunar landing by 2040 and establish a lunar space station to facilitate ongoing research and exploration efforts on the Moon.
- Bharatiya Antariksha Station: The establishment of India’s first space station in low Earth orbit is planned by 2035, serving as a platform for scientific research and technology testing.
- Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): The development of the NGLV will enhance India’s heavy-lift capabilities, crucial for supporting human missions and larger payloads in future explorations.
What role does international collaboration play in India’s space ambitions?
- Commercial Partnerships: India has engaged in collaborations with international companies like SpaceX for satellite launches, showcasing an openness to leveraging foreign technology and expertise in its space endeavours.
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Recent reforms have opened up India’s space sector to increased foreign investment, fostering partnerships that can enhance technological capabilities and innovation within the domestic industry.
- Collaborative Research and Development: By exploring foreign collaboration opportunities, Indian corporations can access advanced rocket technologies and expertise that may not currently exist within the country, accelerating development timelines for projects like reusable rockets.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Private Sector Engagement: India should actively encourage partnerships with domestic and international private companies to accelerate the development of advanced space technologies, such as reusable rockets and heavy-lift vehicles, ensuring a competitive edge in global space exploration.
- Expand International Collaborations: India should deepen its space collaborations with countries and space agencies globally, particularly in research, technology sharing, and joint missions, to leverage global expertise and enhance its own space capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Draft UGC Regulations, 2024
Why in the News?
- The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the Draft UGC (Minimum Standards of Instructions in the Award of UG and PG Degrees) 2024 to bring sweeping reforms in India’s higher education sector.
- The new regulations will apply to all Central, State, Private, and Deemed Universities across India.
Back2Basics: University Grants Commission (UGC)
- UGC was inaugurated in 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then Minister of Education.
- it was established as a statutory body in November 1956 under the UGC Act 1956.
- The Sargeant Report (1944) recommended a University Grants Committee, established in 1945, initially handling all universities by 1947.
- Post-independence, the University Education Commission (1948) under Dr. S Radhakrishnan proposed reorganizing the committee along the lines of the UK’s University Grants Commission.
- A proposal to replace UGC with the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) is under consideration.
- UGC handles:
-
- Providing funds to higher education institutions.
- Coordination, determination, and maintenance of academic standards.
|
About the Draft UGC Regulations, 2024:
| Aims and Objectives |
- To reform India’s higher education system.
- To introduce flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, and inclusivity in higher education while removing disciplinary rigidities.
|
| Key Provisions and Features |
- Biannual Admissions: Institutions can admit students twice a year (July/August and January/February).
- Multiple Entry and Exit: Students can enter or exit their programs multiple times, with continuous assessments, recognition of prior learning, and the possibility to pursue two programs at the same time.
- Flexibility for Students: Students can choose any discipline for UG and PG programs, irrespective of their background, subject to clearing entrance exams (e.g., CUET or university-specific exams).
- Minimum Attendance Requirement: Institutions will set the minimum attendance based on program-specific requirements and statutory approvals, in line with the NEP 2020.
- UG Degree Credits: At least 50% of credits must be earned in the major discipline for an undergraduate degree. The remaining 50% credits can be from skill courses, apprenticeships, or multidisciplinary subjects.
- Duration of Degrees: UG degrees can be completed in 3 to 4 years, depending on the course structure. PG degrees will typically take 1 to 2 years, though they can be longer or shorter based on the program.
|
| Accelerated and Extended Degree Programs: |
- ADP (Accelerated Degree Programs): Allows students to complete their degree in a shorter duration while covering the full curriculum.
- EDP (Extended Degree Programs): Extends the duration for students who need more time to complete the program.
- Up to 10% of the sanctioned intake can be earmarked for ADP. Students can choose ADP or EDP by the end of the first or second semester.
- ADP/EDP degrees will include a note specifying the adjusted duration, while ensuring the full academic content is covered.
- Postgraduate Eligibility: Students completing a four-year undergraduate degree (Hons./Research, BTech, BE) will be eligible for a two-year postgraduate program.
|
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education?
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- Rural and Urban Local Bodies
- Fifth Schedule
- Sixth Schedule
- Seventh Schedule
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Yuva Sahakar Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Cooperation, in written reply to a question in the Lok Sabha has informed about the progress of the Yuva Sahakar Scheme.
Current Financial Details:
- As of 30th November 2024, the following financial assistance details have been recorded:
- Sanctioned Amount: ₹4734.97 lakh to cooperatives with 18,915 beneficiary members.
- Disbursed Amount: ₹294.44 lakh.
- Sanctioned for 2024: ₹230.61 lakh, with ₹89.88 lakh disbursed.
|
About the Yuva Sahakar Scheme:
|
Details |
| Overview and Objectives |
- Launched in 2018 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- Implemented by NCDC (National Cooperative Development Corporation), which operates under the Ministry of Cooperation
- Goal: To promote the formation of new cooperative societies and encourage innovative ideas from young entrepreneurs.
- Targets cooperatives that have been operational for at least 3 months.
| NOTE: NCDC was established in 1963 as a statutory Corporation under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. |
|
| Features and Provisions |
- Loan Tenure: Up to 5 years.
- Interest Subvention: 2% subvention on the applicable interest rate for term loans related to project activities.
- Subsidy Integration: Loans can be combined with subsidies available under other Government of India schemes.
- Eligibility: All cooperatives in operation for at least 1 year are eligible for funding based on proposed projects.
|
| Significance |
- Encourages cooperatives to explore new and innovative areas.
- Dedicated fund by NCDC for youth cooperatives.
- Linked to the ₹1000 crore Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund (CSIF).
- Increased funding for cooperatives from North Eastern regions, Aspirational Districts, and those with women, SC/ST, or PwD members.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various initiatives mentioned
Why in the News?
- The Government of India, recognizing agriculture as a State subject, actively supports State governments through various policy measures and budgetary allocations aimed at improving the welfare of farmers.
- Below are some key initiatives approved by the Union Cabinet:
| Clean Plant Programme (CPP) |
- Approval Date: 09.08.2024 ; Outlay: ₹1,765.67 crore
- Objective: Enhance quality and productivity of horticulture crops.
- Key Features: Focus on providing disease-free planting material, promoting climate-resilient varieties, reducing crop losses, and improving horticultural produce quality.
- Financial Support: 50% from Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) budget and 50% as a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
- Implementation: Establishment of 9 Clean Plant Centers (CPCs) for disease diagnostics, treatments, and quarantine; development of large-scale nurseries for clean planting material propagation; creation of a regulatory and certification framework to ensure traceability in planting material production.
|
| Digital Agriculture Mission |
- Objective: Create a robust digital ecosystem for farmers by providing timely and reliable crop-related information.
- Key Features: Establish Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System (DSS), Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map, Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and expansion of IT platforms like Krishi Nivesh Portal and Krishi-DSS Portal.
- Digital Infrastructure: Promotes farmer-centric solutions, digitization, and technology-enabled agricultural services.
(Discussed in detail in one of the today’s articles.) |
| Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Scheme |
- Approval Date: 28.08.2024
- Objective: Enhance agricultural infrastructure across India.
- Key Features: Loans up to ₹2 crores with 3% interest subvention for 7 years. Covers a wide range of entities like PACS, FPOs, self-help groups, agri-entrepreneurs. 24% reserved for SC/ST entrepreneurs.
- Credit Guarantee: Available under Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for loans up to ₹2 crores.
Integration: Linked with PM Kusum ‘A’ and other community farming assets projects to enhance agricultural production.
|
| National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) |
- Approval Date: 03.10.2024; Outlay: ₹10,103 crore
- Objective: Boost domestic oilseed production and achieve self-reliance in edible oils.
- Implementation Period: 2024-25 to 2030-31
- Key Features: Target to increase oilseed production from 39 million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31. Focus on key oilseeds like rapeseed, mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and Sesamum.
- Expansion: Oilseed cultivation in rice fallow areas, and intercropping. Setting up 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units. Development of over 600 Value Chain Clusters in 347 districts.
|
| National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) |
- Approval Date: 25.11.2024; Outlay: ₹2,481 crore (GOI Share: ₹1,584 crore; State Share: ₹897 crore)
- Objective: Promote natural farming practices across India.
- Key Features: Focus on Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), scaling up natural farming across 7.5 lakh hectares through 15,000 clusters.
- Financial Assistance: ₹15,000 per hectare for 3 years to farmers for infrastructure creation.
- Infrastructure: Establishment of 15,000 BRCs to facilitate access to bio-inputs like cow dung, neem, and bioculture. Master Trainer Program for large-scale training on natural farming techniques.
|
| Additional Key Programmes Initiated in 2024-25 |
- National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS): To monitor and control pest infestations.
- AgriSURE: A fund for start-ups and rural enterprises in agriculture.
- Krishi Nivesh Portal (Phase-I): A platform for facilitating investments in the agriculture sector.
- Krishi-DSS Portal: A geospatial platform to provide decision support for Indian agriculture.
- Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM): Promoting sustainable agricultural practices through carbon credit initiatives.
|
PYQ:
[2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture?
- Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
- Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
- Social Capital development
- Free electricity supply to farmers
- Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
- Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Agriculture Mission
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has provided details of the progress and implementation of Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM).
Progress as of December 2024:
- As of 5th December 2024, the following progress has been reported:
- 29,99,306 Farmer IDs have been created.
- Digital Crop Survey (DCS) has been conducted in 436 districts during the Kharif 2024 season.
|
About the Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM):
|
Details |
| Overview and Launch |
- Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) was approved on 2nd September 2024 with an outlay of ₹2817 Crore.
- Initially planned for the financial year 2021-22, but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Aligned with the Union Budget 2024-25 and 2023-24 announcements for implementing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in agriculture.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- Digital Identities for 11 crore farmers are targeted over the next 3 years: 6 crore in FY 2024-25, 3 crore in FY 2025-26, and 2 crore in FY 2026-27.
- Digital Crop Survey to be launched nationwide: 400 districts in FY 2024-25 and all districts in FY 2025-26.
|
| Provisions and Features |
AgriStack: Includes 3 foundational registries:
1. Farmers’ Registry: A database recording information about farmers.
2. Geo-referenced Village Maps: Digital maps providing geographical data related to agricultural areas.
3. Crop Sown Registry: A digital registry tracking crops sown by farmers.
- Krishi Decision Support System (DSS): Designed to assist farmers in making data-driven decisions related to farming practices. It integrates remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.
- Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map: A map designed to help farmers understand soil health, enabling informed decisions about fertilizer usage and crop selection.
- Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES): Provides yield estimates based on scientifically designed crop-cutting experiments.
- Soil Profile Mapping: Detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Supported by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic & Research Institutions for successful implementation.
- AgriStack is designed as a federated structure, where State Governments retain ownership of the data.
- The system follows privacy standards set by the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, ensuring data security and privacy.
|
PYQ:
[2017] What is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?
- It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
- It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Bilateral Relations; India-USA relations;
Why in the News?
After the recent Elections, U.S. President-elect Donald Trump will likely hold a more favourable view of India compared to other nations.
What are the potential impacts of Trump’s protectionist trade policies on India?
- Increased Tariffs: Trump’s administration is likely to impose higher tariffs on Chinese imports, which could lead to a shift in trade dynamics.
- India might benefit from this situation as companies look to relocate their manufacturing bases away from China, potentially increasing Indian exports.
- Supply Chain Diversification: As U.S. firms seek to diversify their supply chains to reduce dependency on China, India could emerge as an attractive alternative for manufacturing and technology services, boosting economic ties between the two nations.
- Pressure on Indian Goods: Conversely, if Trump’s policies lead to retaliatory measures from China or other countries, Indian goods may face increased scrutiny or tariffs in those markets, affecting India’s export competitiveness.
How will Trump’s immigration policies affect the Indian workforce in the US?
- H-1B Visa Restrictions: Trump’s administration may implement stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting H-1B visas commonly used by Indian IT professionals. This could limit the ability of Indian workers to enter or remain in the U.S. job market.
- Talent Drain: Stricter immigration laws might lead to a talent drain, where highly skilled Indian professionals seek opportunities in other countries with more favorable immigration policies, impacting India’s tech sector.
- Focus on Skilled Workers: On the flip side, if Trump prioritizes skilled labor that aligns with U.S. economic needs, there could be opportunities for Indian professionals who meet those criteria to gain entry into the U.S. market.
What strategic opportunities and challenges will arise for India in the Indo-Pacific region?
- Strengthened Alliances: Under Trump’s leadership, India is likely to see strengthened ties with the U.S. and other allies like Japan and Australia through frameworks such as the Quad, which aims to counterbalance China’s influence in the region.
- Defence Cooperation: Enhanced defence cooperation could lead to increased military sales and joint exercises between India and the U.S., bolstering India’s defence capabilities against regional threats.
- Balancing Relations with China: While India may benefit from a closer relationship with the U.S., it will need to navigate its complex relationship with China carefully. Increased tensions between the U.S. and China could put India in a difficult position regarding its economic and security interests.
- Regional Stability Challenges: Trump’s assertive foreign policy might lead to greater instability in the Indo-Pacific region. India will need to manage its responses carefully to maintain peace while pursuing its strategic interests.
Way forward:
- Leverage Strategic Partnerships: India should capitalize on strengthened ties with the U.S. and allies like Japan and Australia to enhance its defence, trade, and technology capabilities while maintaining a robust independent foreign policy to balance regional dynamics.
- Promote Domestic Resilience: By advancing initiatives like “Make in India” and diversifying export markets, India can reduce reliance on vulnerable sectors impacted by U.S. protectionism and prepare to attract global supply chains shifting away from China.
Mains PYQ:
Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Merchant Shipping;
Why in the News?
The government is set to introduce the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, and the Coastal Shipping Bill, of 2024, aiming to drive critical reforms and deliver transformative changes to strengthen and revitalize the shipping industry.
Have the Merchant Shipping Act, of 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, of 1838 failed?
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, 1838, do not meet contemporary maritime needs and regulatory requirements as follows:
- Regulatory Gaps: Significant gaps exist for offshore vessels, which account for nearly 50% of Indian-flagged vessels. The current framework fails to regulate these vessels adequately.
- Seafarer Welfare Limitations: Welfare provisions are restricted to Indian-flagged ships, neglecting the majority of Indian seafarers (85%) who work on foreign-flagged vessels.
- Lack of Legal Framework: There is no effective legal framework to regulate private sector participation in maritime training, leading to unauthorized institutions operating without oversight.
- Inadequate Implementation of International Conventions: The existing laws lack provisions to implement various international conventions that India has signed or plans to ratify.
|
What are the key features of the New Merchant Shipping Bill 2024?
- Ease of Registration: The Bill allows for reduced ownership thresholds (from 100% to 51%) for Indian entities and permits foreign entities to hold shares in Indian vessels while ensuring majority ownership remains with Indians.
- Expanded Scope of Vessels: It broadens the definition of ‘vessels’ to include a variety of crafts (e.g., submersibles, barges), ensuring comprehensive regulatory oversight.
- Temporary Registration for Ship Recycling: Introduces provisions for temporary registration of vessels destined for demolition, facilitating operations in ship recycling hubs like Alang.
- Strengthened Coastal Security: Empowers authorities to issue instructions across all vessel categories to enhance coastal security.
- Integration with International Standards: Aligns with global best practices from leading maritime jurisdictions like the U.K., Norway, and Singapore.
What are some of the international maritime conventions that India has ratified?
- International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS): Establishes minimum safety standards in the construction and operation of ships.
- International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW): Sets standards for training and certification of seafarers.
- Maritime Labour Convention (MLC): Focuses on the rights and welfare of seafarers, ensuring decent working conditions.
- International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC): Addresses liability for oil pollution damage from ships.
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL): Aims to minimize pollution from ships, covering various aspects of marine pollution.
- Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC): Limits the liability of shipowners in case of maritime claims.
- Wreck Removal Convention: Provides a legal framework for the removal of wrecks to prevent marine pollution.
|
Will the new Bills address maritime training and education as well?
Yes, the new Merchant Shipping Bill, of 2024, specifically addresses maritime training and education, aiming to fill regulatory gaps and ensure standardization.
- Establishment of a Legal Framework: The new Merchant Shipping Bill introduces clear legal provisions to regulate maritime training institutes, addressing the absence of such a framework in the existing law.
- Elimination of Unauthorised Institutes: It empowers the government to act against unauthorised maritime training institutes, ensuring only approved institutions operate and deliver high-quality, standardised education.
- Alignment with Global Standards: The Bill ensures maritime training aligns with international best practices, enhancing the employability and skills of Indian seafarers in the global maritime sector.
Way forward:
- Robust Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of the new Bills by establishing transparent regulatory mechanisms, leveraging technology for compliance, and regular monitoring to address gaps swiftly.
- Stakeholder Engagement and Capacity Building: Foster collaboration between the government, private sector, and international maritime bodies to enhance infrastructure, promote innovation, and build capacity for sustainable growth in the maritime sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to women;
Why in the News?
After an EY employee’s death allegedly linked to work pressure, a report highlights Indian women in professions like IT and auditing exceeding 55-hour workweeks, with marginalized unorganized sector workers facing varied hours.
What are the present issues arising at Workplaces in India?
- Long Working Hours: Many Indian professionals, especially women in sectors like auditing and IT, work over 55 hours per week, contributing to high levels of stress and burnout.
- Mental Health Impact: A significant percentage (49%) of Indian workers report that workplace stress negatively affects their mental health, highlighting the urgent need for better work-life balance.
- Lack of Legal Protections: Unlike several countries that have implemented laws to protect employees’ right to disconnect from work outside official hours, India lacks specific legislation addressing this issue.
- Cultural Attitudes: There is a pervasive workaholic culture where employees feel compelled to remain available outside working hours, often leading to a blurring of boundaries between personal and professional life.
What benefits and challenges would India face in enforcing a ‘right to disconnect’ law?
Benefits:
- Improved Employee Well-Being: Enforcing a right to disconnect could help mitigate stress and improve mental health among employees, leading to a healthier workforce.
- Enhanced Productivity: Research indicates that allowing employees to disconnect can lead to increased productivity during working hours as they can focus better without after-hours distractions.
- Work-Life Balance: Such legislation would promote a more balanced approach to work, allowing employees to prioritize personal time and family life.
Challenges:
- Economic Concerns: Implementing a right to disconnect may b e seen as detrimental to economic growth in a competitive landscape like India, where companies often push for extended working hours.
- Resistance from Employers: Many employers may resist such regulations, fearing it could hinder their operational flexibility and responsiveness.
- Cultural Shift Required: There would need to be a significant cultural shift within organizations to embrace the right to disconnect, moving away from the expectation of constant availability.
How does the concept align with India’s economic growth and competitive landscape?
- Boosting Productivity: Recognizing the right to disconnect could enhance overall productivity by fostering a healthier work environment. This aligns with India’s goal of becoming the third-largest economy by 2030.
- Attracting Talent: A commitment to employee well-being through such legislation could make Indian companies more attractive to skilled professionals, particularly in competitive sectors like technology.
- Global Competitiveness: As global standards for employee rights evolve, India risks falling behind if it does not adapt its labor laws. Implementing a right to disconnect could position India favorably in the global market.
Way forward:
- Legislative Framework: Introduce comprehensive laws recognizing the right to disconnect, ensuring strict enforcement mechanisms and sector-specific guidelines to accommodate diverse workplace needs while safeguarding employee well-being.
- Cultural Transformation: Promote awareness campaigns and organizational policies to shift workplace culture towards respecting personal time, emphasizing the long-term benefits of work-life balance for productivity and economic growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC IAS/2019)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: New National Manuscripts Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.
Why Center is re-evolving this scheme?
- Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
- The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
|
About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):
| Aims and Objectives |
- To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
- Set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
- Manuscripts are often on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf, and are at least 75 years old, with significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
- India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts covering various themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
- Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records.
- 80% of manuscripts are privately owned, limiting public availability.
|
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
- Managed by the National Archives of India.
- Currently operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
|
| Features and Programs under the Mission |
- Documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third of them have been uploaded.
- Only 70,000 of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy.
- Preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios has been conducted over 21 years.
|
PYQ:
[2008] Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register?
(a) Abhidhamma Pitaka
(b) Mahabharata
(c) Ramayana
(d) Rig-Veda |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Food Security Act, 2013
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court remarked that a long-term solution to food security issues is generating employment, while advocate Prashant Bhushan pointed out that the National Food Security Act (NFSA) still relies on 2011 census data.
About National Food Security Act, 2013:
|
Details |
| Launch |
- NFSA was signed into law on 12th September 2013, with retroactive effect from 5th July 2013.
- It aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately 2/3rd of India’s population.
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- Provide subsidized food grains to 2/3rd of India’s population, covering about 75% of rural and 50% of urban areas.
- Converts food security programs into legal entitlements.
- Recognizes maternity entitlements for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Central Government directs states to implement the provisions of the Act (Section 38).
- Mandates that the subsidized prices remain fixed for 3 years (with no revision yet).
- Ensures that eligible households have a legal right to food grains at subsidized rates under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
|
| Features and Programs |
- PDS provides 5 kg/person/month: Rice (₹3/kg), Wheat (₹2/kg), Coarse grains (₹1/kg).
- Eldest woman (18 years or above) in the household is considered the head of the family for issuing ration cards.
- Provides free meals to pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children aged 6 months to 14 years under ICDS and mid-day meal schemes.
- Ensures pregnant and lactating women receive a ₹6,000 cash benefit, payable in installments.
- Midday Meal and ICDS are universal, and PDS reaches 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations.
- Priority Households get 5 kg of food grains per person per month, and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households get 35 kg per month.
|
Why figures from 2011 Census still drive it?
- Data Discrepancy: The 2021 census is getting extensions indiscriminately. It would have identified additional beneficiaries, possibly up to 10 crore more people.
- Ration Card Issue: Many migrant workers had still not received ration cards, despite several court orders.
- Logistical and Administrative Constraints: Updating census-based allocations requires substantial administrative coordination and a shift in policy across the Centre and States.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements:
- The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.
- The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
- Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Egyptian Cotton Leafworm
Why in the News?
A moth species called Egyptian cotton leafworm can hear sounds emitted by stressed plants, a study confirmed.
About the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm
| Details |
- Scientific name: Spodoptera littoralis.
- Polyphagous pest affecting crops like cotton, tomatoes, maize, tobacco, and peppers.
- Found across tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, Middle East, and South Asia.
- The moth has been spreading to new areas due to climate change.
- Larvae damage crops by feeding on leaves, stems, and flowers, reducing crop yield and quality.
|
| Findings of the Study |
- Female moths use plant acoustic emissions (sound clicks) to decide where to lay eggs.
- These sounds, undetectable to humans, help the moths identify healthier, hydrated plants for egg-laying.
- Moths avoid stressed, dehydrated plants that produce stress-related sounds.
|
| Impact on Agriculture |
- Harmful in cotton-growing regions.
- Larvae cause significant damage to a variety of crops, particularly cotton, tomatoes, and tobacco, impacting the quality and quantity of the produce.
|
PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following statements is / are correct regarding vegetative propagation of plants?
1. Vegetative propagation produces clonal population.
2. Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
3. Vegetative propagation can be practiced most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CCEA, ECTA
Why in the News?
A stocktake visit for the India-Australia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) recently concluded in New Delhi.
Key Takeaways from the Meet
- The discussions covered a wide range of critical aspects of the CECA, including:
- Trade in goods and services
- Mobility and agri-tech cooperation
- Market access modalities that align with India’s food security objectives.
- Both sides emphasized their shared commitment to ensuring that the CECA produces meaningful benefits and delivers a balanced outcome for both nations.
- The discussions have opened up pathways for enhanced collaboration in areas such as agricultural innovation, market access, and supply chain resilience.
About India-Australia CCEA Negotiations:
- CECA is a comprehensive trade agreement between India and Australia.
- More comprehensive than the earlier India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) , which is a limited trade agreement in force since December 2022.
- Negotiations for CECA began in May 2011, suspended in 2016, and re-launched in 2021 after concluding the ECTA.
- So far 10 rounds of negotiations have taken place.
Key Features of CECA:
- Covers goods, services, digital trade, government procurement, and Rules of Origin/Product-Specific Rules Schedule.
- New areas: competition policy, MSMEs, innovation, agri-tech, critical minerals, sports.
India-AU Trade Statistics:
- 2023-24:
- India’s imports from Australia fell by 15% to USD 16.15 billion.
- India’s exports to Australia rose by 14.23% to USD 7.94 billion.
Australia is India’s 13th largest export destination and 14th largest import source. |
|
PYQ:
[2017] ‘Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of negotiations held between India and:
(a) European Union
(b) Gulf Cooperation Council
(c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(d) Shanghai Cooperation Organization |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Skill;
Why in the News?
Gamified and simulation-based learning can enhance workforce training by integrating game elements and virtual environments, enabling learners to practice and apply skills safely, improving both training quality and outcomes.
What are the present skilling challenges in India?
- Limited Access to Vocational Training: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022-23, only 21% of Indian youth aged 15-29 years received vocational or technical training, with a mere 4.4% having received formal training. This highlights a significant gap in the reach and effectiveness of existing skilling programs, raising concerns about the preparedness of the workforce for available job opportunities.
- Low Employability Among Graduates: The Chief Economic Advisor, V. Anantha Nageswaran, reported that only 51% of India’s graduates are considered employable. This statistic underscores the mismatch between the skills imparted through education and the actual requirements of the job market, contributing to high unemployment rates among educated youth.
- Skills Gap for Industry 4.0: A substantial portion of the workforce lacks the necessary skills for new-age jobs associated with Industry 4.0, which integrates advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data. Estimates suggest that only 1.5% of Indian engineers possess these skills, and 60% of the MSME workforce lacks essential digital competencies.
What is gamified and simulation-based learning?
- Gamified learning integrates game elements like rewards, challenges, and leaderboards into education to boost engagement and motivation.
- Simulation-based learning uses virtual environments to replicate real-world scenarios, allowing learners to practice skills in a safe, controlled space. Both methods enhance interaction, retention, and practical skill development.
|
How the gamified and simulation-based learning can enhance the training modules?
- Increased Engagement and Retention: Gamified learning incorporates game elements into skill training, making it interactive and enjoyable. This approach can lead to higher participant engagement and better knowledge retention compared to traditional methods. Features like points, badges, and leaderboards can motivate learners to complete training tasks and strive for excellence.
- Practical Experience Through Simulations: Simulation-based learning allows trainees to practice skills in a controlled environment that mimics real-world scenarios. This hands-on experience helps learners understand complex systems, develop critical thinking, and improve problem-solving skills without the risk of real-world consequences.
- Customization and Progress Tracking: The gamified training modules can be tailored to address specific skill gaps identified in the workforce. Trainees can be presented with challenges that adapt based on their progress, ensuring a personalized learning experience that meets their individual needs.
- Real-World Application: By simulating actual professional circumstances, trainees can apply their knowledge practically, enhancing their readiness for employment. This approach also allows for assessment of decision-making abilities and understanding the outcomes of those decisions.
- Integration with Existing Platforms: Initiatives like SWAYAM and Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) can host these gamified and simulation-based training modules, leveraging their existing infrastructure and user base to enhance skill development across various sectors.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Vocational Training Infrastructure: Expand access to formal and informal vocational training programs, ensuring alignment with Industry 4.0 requirements. Encourage partnerships between educational institutions and industries to offer skill-based certifications.
- Leverage Technology for Skilling: Integrate gamified and simulation-based learning into existing platforms like SWAYAM and SIDH to create interactive, hands-on training modules that address skill gaps and improve employability across sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sustainable Development; Green Economy;
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey (2023-24) claims that India has managed to grow its economy without significantly increasing its greenhouse gas emissions. This claim has sparked the debate about actual sustainable growth in India.
What does the Economic Survey (2023-24) say about GHG emissions?
- Relative Decoupling Achieved: Between 2005 and 2019, India’s GDP grew at a 7% CAGR, while GHG emissions increased by 4%.
- Emission Intensity Reduction: India reduced emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its 2030 NDC target 11 years early.
- Carbon Sink Expansion: India aims to add a 2.5–3 billion tonne carbon sink by 2030, building on the 1.97 billion tonnes achieved (2005–2019).
- Investment Needs: Achieving NDC targets requires $2.5 trillion by 2030, with a focus on domestic resources, affordable finance, and technology access.
Has India decoupled its economic growth from GHG emissions?
- Arguments against decoupling:
-
-
- The Economic Survey does not clarify whether the observed decoupling is absolute (declining emissions with GDP growth) or relative (emissions rising slower than GDP).
- India has achieved economy-wide relative decoupling since 1990, with GDP growing six-fold while GHG emissions have only tripled. However, absolute decoupling has not been achieved, as emissions continue to rise.
- Agriculture and manufacturing, major contributors to India’s GHG emissions, require detailed sectoral analysis.
- Argument in favour of decoupling:
-
- The Economic Survey indicates that between 2005 and 2019, India’s GDP grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 7%, while GHG emissions grew at a CAGR of only 4%.
- India has successfully reduced its emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target for 2030 eleven years ahead of schedule. This reduction indicates that India is managing to grow economically while lowering the emissions per unit of GDP.
- India is on track to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes (installed electricity generation capacity reaching 45.4% by May 2024) through tree and forest cover by 2030, building on a carbon sink of 1.97 billion tonnes established from 2005 to 2019.
What are the steps taken by the Government?
The Economic Survey 2023-24 outlines several key steps taken by the Indian government to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promote sustainable development:
- Reduction of Emission Intensity: India has successfully reduced its emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target for 2030 eleven years ahead of schedule.
- This significant reduction demonstrates the effectiveness of various climate action strategies implemented by the government.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: The government has made substantial progress in expanding renewable energy capacity.
- As of May 31, 2024, non-fossil sources accounted for 45.4% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, up from 32% in 2014.
- Additionally, India added 15.03 GW of solar power capacity in 2023-24, bringing the cumulative total to 82.64 GW.
- Creation of Carbon Sinks: The survey highlights that India is on track to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes through tree and forest cover by 2030, building upon the 1.97 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent already achieved from 2005 to 2019.
- Sovereign Green Bonds: The government has raised funds through sovereign green bonds, amounting to ₹36,000 crore in 2023, to finance public sector projects aimed at reducing emissions and promoting sustainable practices.
- Framework for Green Finance: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has implemented a framework for accepting green deposits and promoting renewable energy through its Priority Sector Lending (PSL) rules, fostering a green finance ecosystem in the country.
- Adaptation Expenditure: India’s climate adaptation expenditure has increased from 3.7% of GDP in 2015-16 to 5.6% in 2021-22, indicating a greater integration of climate resilience into development plans.
|
What efforts must be continued by India? (Way forward)
- Pursuit of Absolute Decoupling: To achieve long-term climate commitments and sustainability goals, India must strive toward absolute decoupling, where economic growth continues alongside a reduction in emissions.
- This requires comprehensive policies focused on renewable energy adoption, emission mitigation strategies, and sustainable development initiatives.
- Investment in Renewable Energy and Climate Resilience: Continued efforts are necessary to enhance investments in renewable energy sources and technologies, alongside measures to improve energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mines and Mineral; Challenges faced by states;
Why in the News?
Environmental activists protested outside the Madurai District Collector’s office (Tamil Nadu), voicing their opposition to Vedanta’s auction win for Tungsten Mining Rights in Melur, following the Ministry of Mines‘ announcement
Why have there been protests over mining Rights?
- Environmental Concerns: Activists and residents are vehemently opposing the tungsten mining project due to its potential impact on biodiversity. Because of the fears that mining activities could irreparably damage these sites and disrupt local ecosystems, including vital water sources like the Periyar canal.
- Community Impact: Locals fear that mining will threaten their livelihoods, as many depend on agriculture and local resources. The protests have seen significant participation from various villages in the region, highlighting widespread community opposition to the project.
- Political Response: The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu has called for the cancellation of the mining rights and plans to introduce a resolution in the Tamil Nadu Assembly to formally reject the mining project. He emphasizes that any mining activity in these areas would be unacceptable without state consent.
What does the Ministry of Mines say about Mining?
- Auction of Mineral Blocks: The Nayakkarpatti Tungsten Block covering an area of over 20.16 sq. km. was proposed for auction in February 2024. Inputs were taken from the state government of Tamil Nadu before the block was put up for auction.
- The Ministry cited the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957 as the legal framework enabling this auction process.
- Mineral Richness: The Ministry also noted that the area designated for tungsten mining was found to be rich in scheelite (a crucial ore for tungsten extraction), thus justifying its selection for mining activities.
About the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957:
- The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, provides a framework for the regulation of mining activities in India, governing the exploration, licensing, and development of minerals except for petroleum and natural gas.
- It empowers the central government to specify major minerals and the state governments to regulate minor minerals, ensuring a structured division of responsibilities in mineral resource management.
- Major minerals are high-value minerals that include coal, lignite, iron ore, bauxite, gold, silver, zinc, copper, manganese, and other ores critical for industrial and strategic purposes.
- Minor minerals are low-value, non-metallic minerals primarily used in construction and local industries, such as sand, gravel, clay, building stones, marble, and slate.
|
Is there a Centre-State rift?
Yes, a notable rift exists between the Tamil Nadu government and the Union government regarding this issue.
- Lack of State Consent: The Tamil Nadu government claims it did not provide consent for the auction and had previously communicated concerns regarding environmental implications. In contrast, the Union government contends that there was no formal opposition from Tamil Nadu during the auction process.
- Political Tensions: This situation has led to heightened tensions between the state and central governments, with accusations from Tamil Nadu officials that their concerns were ignored by the Union government when granting mining rights to Hindustan Zinc Limited.
Can the state government supersede the authority of the central government in this matter?
In the context of mining rights and environmental matters, the state government cannot directly override the power of the central government. However, there are several ways available to the state government to influence or challenge the decision made by the Union government.
- Constitutional Framework: The Indian Constitution divides powers between the Union and states; mining regulation is under the Union List, while environmental protection is in the Concurrent List, granting states authority over local environmental issues.
- Biodiversity & Environmental Protection: States can challenge mining projects through laws like the Environmental Protection Act (1986) and Biological Diversity Act (2002), or by passing laws to protect ecologically sensitive areas.
- State Assembly’s Role: The state legislature can pass resolutions expressing opposition to federal actions, and applying political pressure on the Union government, especially with public protests.
- Judicial Review & Coordination: States can seek judicial review if Union actions violate constitutional or environmental laws. While states cannot override central mining rights, cooperative federalism emphasizes consultation between the Union and states.
|
Way forward:
- Enhanced State-Central Coordination: Establish a more transparent and binding consultation process between the state and central governments before granting mining rights, ensuring that local concerns and state consent are prioritized, especially for ecologically sensitive areas.
- Thorough Environmental Review: Implement a mandatory, independent Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for mining projects in biodiversity hotspots, incorporating input from local communities, environmental experts, and authorities to address potential ecological and socio-economic impacts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emissions Gap Report 2024; Important Highlights
Mains level: Climate change; Pollution; Global Climate Goals;
Why in the News?
According to the recently released ‘Emission Gap Report 2024’ presented by UNEP, Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have reached a new high of 57.1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023, a 1.3% rise compared to 2022.
What are the key points of Emissions Gap Report 2024?
- Urgent Emission Reduction Targets: To align with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement, global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035 compared to 2019 levels.
- For a 2°C target, reductions of 28% by 2030 and 37% by 2035 are necessary. Current commitments and policies are insufficient, putting the world on track for a temperature rise of 2.6-3.1°C, which would lead to severe climate impacts.
- Potential for Significant Reductions: The report highlights that it is still technically feasible to achieve the 1.5°C pathway through aggressive action, including increased deployment of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, which could contribute 27% of the necessary reductions by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
- Additionally, actions related to forests could provide around 20% of the potential reductions in both years. A comprehensive approach involving government action, investment in mitigation strategies, and international cooperation is essential to realize these opportunities.
What are the Global Emission trends?
- Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have continued to rise, reaching a record high of 57.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2023. This marks an increase from previous years, with fossil fuel CO₂ emissions projected at 37.4 billion tonnes, up 0.8% from 2023, and total CO₂ emissions—including land-use changes—projected to be 41.6 billion tonnes in 2024.
- The increase is attributed primarily to rising emissions from major economies such as China and India, with India experiencing the largest relative increase at 6.1% and China contributing the most in absolute terms.
- The overall trend indicates that despite some positive developments in renewable energy adoption, there is no sign that global fossil fuel emissions have peaked, necessitating immediate and substantial reductions to meet climate targets.
|
What is the progress of G20 countries towards NDCs?
- Mixed Progress on NDCs: Among G20 countries, six members (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, and Turkey) are projected to meet their unconditional Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets with current policies.
- However, eight members (Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, South Korea, South Africa, and the United States) require further action to achieve their targets.
- This indicates a significant disparity in progress across different G20 nations, with many needing to be on track to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.
- Need for Enhanced Ambition: The G20 must significantly ramp up its climate ambitions in the next round of NDCs to align with the goals of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. This includes committing to substantial emissions reductions—42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035.
What is the NCD target?
- Collective Emission Reduction Goals: G20 countries have pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), targeting a 42% reduction by 2030 and 57% by 2035, aligned with the Paris Agreement to limit warming below 2°C.
- Diverse Member Targets and Progress: G20 members have varied NDC targets, such as China aiming to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 with a 60-65% reduction in carbon intensity, while Argentina caps net emissions at 483 million tons of CO2 equivalent.
|
What is needed to bridge the gap between 2030 and 2035 goals? (Way forward)
- Significant Annual Emission Reductions: A reduction of 7.5% per year until 2035 is necessary to align with the 1.5°C pathway, while a 4% annual reduction is needed for the 2°C target.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: The increased deployment of solar and wind technologies could deliver approximately 27% of the total emission reduction potential by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
- Action on Forests: Protecting and restoring forests could provide around 20% of the required reductions in both years.
- Comprehensive Policy Measures: A whole-of-government approach is essential, maximizing socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.
- Increased Mitigation Investment: A minimum six-fold increase in investments for climate mitigation is critical, necessitating reforms in global financial systems and strong private sector involvement.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC IAS/2022)
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Good Governance Week
Why in the News?
“Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore” a nationwide campaign is launched by the Government of India, from December 19–24, 2024, as part of the 4th Good Governance Week.
About the Nationwide Campaign ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’
- It is a nationwide campaign to address public grievances and improve service delivery across rural and urban areas.
- It aims to strengthen governance at the grassroots level and bring effective solutions to the common people.
- It will be conducted in all districts, states, and union territories of India, with a focus on delivering timely solutions and improving the quality of services provided to citizens.
- Key objectives of the campaign include:
-
- Redressing Public Grievances: Ensuring that citizens’ complaints related to government services are resolved swiftly.
- Improving Service Delivery: Enhancing the efficiency of government services at the local level.
- Creating Awareness: Spreading knowledge about good governance practices and encouraging citizens to be proactive in using available services.
Key Observations from the Good Governance Index (GGI) 2022
- The GGI, 2022 evaluates 58 indicators across 10 governance sectors, such as agriculture and allied sectors, human resource development, public health, and law and order, among others. The key observations are as follows:
- Top Performers: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra ranked highest for good governance, excelling in public health, human resources, and economic governance.
- Service Delivery: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala were praised for transparency, accountability, and citizen-focused policies, leading in service delivery.
- Agriculture & Rural Development: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar showed improvements in agriculture and rural development, aligning with the goals of Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore.
- Health & Education: Kerala and Tamil Nadu excelled in healthcare and education, with significant investments in infrastructure and public schemes.
- Sustainable Development: States like Sikkim emphasized environmental governance and sustainable development practices.
PYQ:
[2016] What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ and ‘ethical governance’? (150 words) |
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now