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  • Tuberculosis Elimination Strategy

    Gendered Challenges in TB Care    

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    In the news: Case Study

    • The intersection of gender norms, economic instability, and homelessness presents unique challenges in accessing tuberculosis (TB) care for women like Reshma.
    • Amidst systemic inequities and societal biases, their journey through diagnosis, treatment, and recovery is often fraught with obstacles.
    • A recent study sheds light on the nuanced experiences of homeless women grappling with TB, urging a reevaluation of existing healthcare frameworks.

    Gendered Lens on TB Care

    • Reshma’s Story: Reshma, a homeless woman from Jaipur, embodies the complex narratives surrounding TB care. Her journey, marked by societal abandonment and inadequate healthcare, epitomizes the challenges faced by homeless women battling TB.
    • Gender Norms and Diagnosis: Patriarchal norms influence the accuracy and timeliness of TB diagnosis for women, impacting their access to healthcare facilities and adherence to treatment regimens.
    • Impact of Economic Precarity: Economic instability exacerbates the vulnerability of homeless women, hindering their ability to navigate TB care pathways effectively.

    Data Insights and Inequities

    • Study Findings: A recent survey in Jaipur highlighted the prevalence of TB among the homeless population, underscoring the dire conditions that facilitate TB transmission.
    • Gender Disparities: Homeless women, like Reshma, bear a disproportionate burden of TB infections, revealing systemic gender inequities within TB care systems.

    Barriers to Access and Treatment

    • Documentation Challenges: Lack of identity proof and access to banking services impedes homeless women’s eligibility for government-sponsored TB care Initiatives, such as the Nikshay Poshan Yojana and Nikshay Mitra.
    • Stigma and Social Dynamics: Societal stigma surrounding TB, coupled with patriarchal control over finances, further marginalizes homeless women, hindering their access to nutritional support and treatment adherence.

    Navigating Diagnosis and Care

    • Diagnostic Delays: Vague symptoms and logistical barriers contribute to delayed TB diagnosis among homeless women, prolonging their suffering and increasing the risk of disease progression.
    • Treatment Adherence: Mobility constraints and medication shortages undermine treatment adherence among homeless women, necessitating tailored interventions to address their unique needs.

    Way Forward

    • Inclusive Healthcare Policies: Recognizing the intersectionality of homelessness and gender within TB care, policymakers must prioritize the rights and well-being of homeless women in national TB eradication initiatives.
    • Investment in Care Ecosystems: A comprehensive approach to TB care for homeless women requires increased investment in counselling, tracking, and support services, acknowledging the heightened challenges they face in accessing and adhering to treatment protocols.

    Conclusion

    • Addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by homeless women in accessing TB care demands a concerted effort to dismantle gender biases, mitigate economic disparities, and foster inclusive healthcare ecosystems.
    • By prioritizing equity and empowerment, policymakers can pave the way for a more just and effective TB care paradigm for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status or gender identity.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Children’s Vulnerability to Skincare Products

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    In the news

    • With the increasing trend of children’s interest in skincare products, concerns have been raised regarding their safety and long-term impact on children’s health.
    • Influenced by social media and marketing, parents are seeking skincare routines for their children, often overlooking potential risks.

    In this article, we explore the implications of early skincare practices on children and the necessity for regulatory measures to ensure their well-being.

    Risks Associated with Children’s Skincare Products

    • Vulnerability to Harm: Children’s skin is thinner, more delicate, and less developed than adults, making them more susceptible to adverse reactions from skincare products.
    • Exposure to Toxicants: Behavioral patterns like hand-to-mouth activity increase the risk of ingesting harmful chemicals present in skincare products, posing health hazards.
    • Biological Susceptibility: Rapid growth rate, developing tissues, and immature immune systems make children biologically more vulnerable to the toxicants present in skincare products.

    Insights from Research

    • Usage Patterns: Research indicates that up to 70% of children in the U.S. have used children’s makeup and body products, highlighting the widespread exposure to skincare products among children.
    • Health Risks: Studies suggest that children’s prolonged exposure to makeup and body products may lead to adverse health effects due to their developing physiology and behavioural tendencies.
    Toxins in skincare products can pose risks to health due to their potential adverse effects. Some common toxic ingredients found in cosmetics include:

    • Polyacrylamide: Possible acrylamide contamination.
    • PTFE: Possible PFOA contamination.
    • Petrolatum: Possible PAH contamination.
    • Formaldehyde: A known carcinogen.
    • Paraformaldehyde: A type of formaldehyde.
    • Methylene glycol: A form of formaldehyde

    Regulatory Imperatives

    • Medical Concerns: Dermatologists express concern over the unsupervised use of cosmeceuticals by children, emphasizing the potential harm caused by substances like steroids and hydroquinone present in skincare products.
    • Need for Regulation: Regulatory measures are deemed essential to restrict the sale of skincare products containing harmful ingredients and protect children from inappropriate products.

    Psychological Impact

    • Unrealistic Standards: The promotion of flawless complexion as an ideal standard perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards among children, impacting their self-esteem and body image.
    • Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of targeting young consumers with skincare products, without adequate consideration of their long-term effects, warrant scrutiny and regulation.

    Way Forward

    • Prioritizing Safety: Parents are advised to prioritize safety, simplicity, and skin health when selecting skincare products for their children.
    • Return to Basics: Dermatologists advocate for a return to basic skincare practices, including a healthy diet, proper cleansing, and moisturizing, to maintain children’s skin health.
    • Functional Necessity: For child performers and those exposed to heavy makeup, gentle cleansing and hydration are recommended to counteract the effects of makeup and protect the skin’s integrity.

    Conclusion

    • As the children’s cosmetics market continues to grow, it is imperative to address the risks associated with early skincare practices and implement regulatory measures to safeguard children’s health and well-being.
    • By prioritizing safety, simplicity, and skin health, parents can navigate the skincare maze for their children and foster a healthy relationship with skincare that values function over appearance.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    The Dalai Lama’s and His Succession

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    dalai lama

    In the news

    • The question of reincarnation, typically seen as an esoteric concept, has significant political ramifications concerning the search for a successor to Tibet’s Dalai Lama.
    • As the 88-year-old spiritual leader, Tenzin Gyatso, remains in good health, the anticipation surrounding his succession intensifies, particularly against the backdrop of historical and geopolitical tensions.

    Who is the Dalai Lama?

    • The Dalai Lama (a title) is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
    • He is believed to be the reincarnation of the previous Dalai Lama and is regarded as an important figure not only in Tibet but also around the world.
    • The Dalai Lama is traditionally both the political and spiritual leader of Tibet, but after China’s occupation of Tibet in 1950, he went into exile in India and since then has been primarily a spiritual leader.
    • The current and 14th Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso, who was born in Tibet in 1935 and has been in exile in India since 1959.

    Brief Outline of Tibetan Buddhism

    • Tibetan Buddhism became the predominant religion in Tibet by the 9th century AD, evolving from the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions of Buddhism and incorporating many tantric and shamanic practices.
    • It has four major schools: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug, with the Janang School being one of the smaller schools that grew as an offshoot of the Sakya School.
    • Since 1640, the Gelug School has been the predominant school of Tibetan Buddhism, and the Dalai Lama belongs to this school.

    Hierarchy and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism

    • The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is one of Buddhism’s key beliefs.
    • Tibet’s hierarchical system seemingly emerged in the 13th century, and it was around this time that the first instances of “formally recognizing the reincarnations of lamas” can be found.
    • The Gelug School developed a strong hierarchy and instituted the tradition of succession through reincarnation, with the fifth Grand Lama of the school being conferred the title of Dalai Lama.
    • Several procedures/tests are followed to recognize Tulkus (recognized reincarnations).

    Key Issue: Chinese Interference

    • Political Intrigue: The announcement of the Dalai Lama’s reincarnation sparks concerns about Chinese interference, as China seeks to control the succession process to assert dominance over Tibetan culture and politics.
    • International Ramifications: The Dalai Lama’s reincarnation is not only a spiritual matter but also a geopolitical issue, with international stakeholders closely monitoring developments to safeguard Tibetan autonomy and cultural heritage.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:

    Q.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:

    1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
    2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment
    3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    Bengaluru’s First Driverless Metro Train, Aided by AI: All You Need to Know

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    metro

    In the news

    • The Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) is embarking on a significant milestone with the introduction of driverless trains equipped with cutting-edge technology.
    • As the first of its kind in Bengaluru, these trains represent a leap forward in urban transportation infrastructure.

    About CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train

    • Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC): The driverless metro trains are equipped with CBTC technology, enabling seamless communication between trains and control systems.
    • Unattended Train Operations (UTO): The trains boast full automation, including tasks such as door operations and train movement, under Enhanced Supervision Capability from the Operations Control Centre (OCC).
    • Enhanced Safety Measures: In addition to automation, the trains feature advanced safety protocols to ensure passenger well-being and operational efficiency.

    Manufacturing and Design

    • Manufacturers: The train coaches are manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co Ltd, in collaboration with Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd., as part of the Make In India Initiative.
    • Technological Integration: These trains mark the first integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for track monitoring and safety enhancement.
    • Customization for Bengaluru’s Needs: The design and manufacturing process have been tailored to address the specific requirements and challenges of Bengaluru’s urban environment.

    Special Features

    • AI-Powered Track Monitoring: AI algorithms analyze sensor data to detect anomalies and ensure track safety.
    • Advanced Surveillance Systems: Front and rear-view cameras enable real-time monitoring of passenger activities and enhance security measures.
    • Emergency Egress Device (EED): Equipped with a user-friendly emergency system to ensure passenger safety during unforeseen circumstances.
    • Enhanced Passenger Comfort: The trains are designed with features aimed at enhancing passenger comfort and convenience during travel.

    Safety Parameters

    • Testing Protocol: The prototype trains undergo a series of static and dynamic tests, including signalling, collision detection, and obstacle avoidance.
    • Statutory Approvals: Trials conducted by regulatory bodies such as the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) and the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) ensure compliance with safety standards.
    • Stringent Quality Assurance: The safety testing process includes comprehensive checks and balances to verify the reliability and performance of the trains under various operating conditions.

    Operational Considerations

    • Transition Period: Initially, the trains will operate with a human train operator for a transitional period of at least six months.
    • Gradual Rollout: Revenue operations will commence with a limited number of trains, gradually transitioning to full-scale driverless operations.
    • Training and Skill Development: The transition to driverless operations will involve training programs and skill development initiatives for metro staff to ensure a smooth transition and operational efficiency.

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  • Direct Benefits Transfers

    Centre extends Ujjwala Subsidy by another Year

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    In the news

    • In pretext of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, the Union Cabinet approved the extension of the subsidy under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for LPG cylinders, offering a subsidy of ₹300 (earlier ₹200) per cylinder for up to 12 refills per year.

    About Ujjwala Scheme

    Details
    Launch 1 May 2016
    Introduced By Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
    Aim Provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to rural and disadvantaged households, reducing reliance on traditional fuels like firewood, coal, and cow dung cakes.
    Phases
    1. Phase I: Launched on May 1, 2016, aimed to release 8 Crore LPG connections by March 2020.
    2. Ujjwala 2.0: Aimed to release an additional 1 crore LPG connections, achieved in January 2022, subsequently expanded to release an additional 60 lakh LPG connections.
    Financial Support ₹1600 financial assistance provided for each LPG connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
    Deposit-Free Connections Beneficiaries receive deposit-free LPG connections, including the first refill and a free hotplate.
    Benefits
    • Eligible beneficiaries receive a free LPG connection.
    • Subsidy on the first six refills of 14.2 kg cylinders or eight refills of 5 kg cylinders.
    • Option to use EMI facility for stove and first refill costs.
    • Opportunity to join the PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) scheme for direct subsidy transfers to bank accounts.

    Try a similar PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

    With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:

    1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
    2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
    3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Ensure Pakistan does not divert loans to foot defence bills: India to IMF

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India stresses the need for stringent monitoring during a recent review of the loan to Pakistan when the new PM Shehbaz Sharif seeking additional funding support from the IMF.

    Background:

    • Taking a tough stance, India has batted for “stringent monitoring” of any emergency funds provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to Pakistan, stressing that such funds must not be redeployed towards defense bills or repayment of loans from other countries.
    • India’s position was put across to the IMF’s executive board during a recent review of an ongoing $3 billion short-term Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) granted to Pakistan by the Fund.

    About International Monetary Fund (IMF):

    • The IMF works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries.
    • It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
    • The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member countries.

    Aims and Objectives:

    • Furthering international monetary cooperation;
    • Encouraging the expansion of trade and economic growth;
    • Discouraging policies that would harm prosperity.

    Functions of IMF:

    • Policy Advice: As part of this process, which takes place at the global and regional levels, the IMF identifies potential risks and recommends appropriate policy adjustments to sustain economic growth and promote financial stability.
    • Financial Advice: The IMF provides financial support to countries hit by crises to create breathing room as they implement policies that restore economic stability and growth. It also provides precautionary financing to help prevent crises. IMF lending is continuously refined to meet countries’ changing needs. The causes of crises can be domestic, external, or both.
      • Domestic factors include inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies, which can lead to large current account and fiscal deficits and high public debt levels; an exchange rate fixed at an inappropriate level, which can erode competitiveness and result in the loss of official reserves, and a weak financial system. Political instability and weak institutions also can trigger crises.
      • External factors include shocks ranging from natural disasters to large swings in commodity prices. With globalization, sudden changes in market sentiment can result in capital flow volatility. Both are common causes of crises, especially for low-income countries.

    Significance of IMF monitoring:

    • Essential in identifying risks that may require remedial policy adjustments.
    • International cooperation on these efforts is critical in today’s globally integrated economy, in which the problems or policies of one country can affect many others.
    • Focuses on individual countries or bilateral surveillance, and the global economy or multilateral surveillance.

    Conclusion: There is uncertainty around Pakistan’s ability to quickly negotiate a new IMF program after the current one expires in April 2024 remains very high. Pakistan’s government liquidity and external vulnerability risks will remain very high until there is clarity on a credible longer-term financing plan

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Remembering the Forgotten Women of Science in India

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Role Of Women & Women Organization

    women

    In the news

    • As Women’s Day (8th March) approaches, the spotlight turns to women scientists throughout history who shattered glass ceilings and left indelible marks on the scientific landscape.
    • Their stories advocate for inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the realm of science.
    • Celebrating Women Scientists: Initiatives like Vigyan Prasar’s resource book profiling Indian women scientists and anthologies like “Lilavati’s Daughters” and “Gutsy Girls of Science” highlight the achievements and struggles of women in science, providing inspiration for future generations.
    • Biographical Works: Books like “Janaki Ammal: Life and Scientific Contributions” and “Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist” delve into the extraordinary lives of pioneering women like E.K. Janaki Ammal, offering insights into their groundbreaking research and battles against sexism, casteism, and racism.

     Gender Disparity in Indian Science

    • Underrepresentation in Leadership: The Indian Academy of Sciences, founded by Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman in 1934, has never been led by a woman scientist. Statistics reveal that women comprise only 14% of India’s working scientists, with a meager 15% representation among faculty members in research institutes nationwide.
    • Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Over 65 years, only 20 women scientists have been honoured with India’s prestigious SSB Prize for Science & Technology, despite 571 total recipients.

    Status of Women in STEM: A Global Perspective

    • Global Gender Gap: India’s STEM workforce comprises only 27% women, compared to 32% in non-STEM fields, highlighting disparities in gender representation.
    • Research Participation: Worldwide, women constitute only 33% of researchers, with even lower representation in engineering and technology sectors.
    • Educational Disparity: A gender gap persists in STEM education, with only 18% of girls pursuing higher-level STEM studies, compared to 35% of boys.

    List of Notable Women Scientists mentioned in the News Article

     

    1. Gagandeep Kang: Known for her work in the field of microbiology and vaccine development, particularly in studying the epidemiology of rotavirus and other infectious diseases prevalent in India.
    2. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: A prominent figure in the biotechnology industry, she founded Biocon, one of India’s leading biotechnology companies, and has contributed significantly to the development of affordable biopharmaceuticals and healthcare solutions.
    3. Rohini Godbole: Renowned theoretical physicist known for her research in high-energy physics, particularly in the field of particle phenomenology and collider physics. She has also been actively involved in promoting science education and gender equality in STEM fields.
    4. Prajval Shastri Majumdar: Notable astrophysicist known for her research on the formation and evolution of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and black holes. She has made significant contributions to understanding the dynamics of the universe through her work in observational astronomy.
    5. Kamala Sohonie: A pioneering biochemist, she was the first Indian woman to receive a Ph.D. in the field of science. Her research focused on enzymology and biochemistry, particularly in understanding the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in bacteria.
    6. Lilavati (referred to in “Lilavati’s Daughters: The Women Scientists of India” anthology): Lilavati is a legendary figure in Indian mathematics, known for her contributions to algebra and arithmetic. Her legacy has inspired generations of mathematicians and scientists.
    7. Archana Sharma: A renowned cytogeneticist known for her research in understanding chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. She has contributed significantly to the field of genetics and genetic counseling.
    8. E.K. Janaki Ammal: An eminent botanist known for her research on plant breeding, genetics, and taxonomy. She made significant contributions to understanding the diversity of plant species in India and played a crucial role in the conservation of plant biodiversity.
    9. Bibha Chowdhuri: A pioneering physicist known for her research in cosmic ray physics and particle physics. She made significant contributions to understanding the properties of cosmic rays and their interactions with matter.

    Significance of Women’s Participation in STEM

    • Economic Growth: Women’s involvement in STEM fields can catalyze economic growth, with potential GDP gains of up to 10% reported in studies.
    • Gender Diversity: Enhancing female representation fosters diversity and inclusivity, enriching scientific discourse and innovation.
    • Targeted Interventions: Involving women in research ensures the relevance and applicability of scientific outcomes to diverse communities.
    • Inclusive Decision Making: Women’s perspectives contribute valuable insights to scientific research, leading to more informed decision-making processes.
    • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): STEM empowerment aligns with SDG 5, promoting gender equality and women’s access to transformative technologies.

    Challenges Faced by Women

    • Implicit and Explicit Biases: Women scientists encounter biases suggesting their unsuitability for scientific pursuits, perpetuating the Matilda Effect wherein their achievements are undervalued, leading to discrimination in perks, promotions, and opportunities.
    • Societal Stereotypes: Deep-rooted stereotypes perpetuate the notion that certain STEM fields are inherently male-dominated, discouraging women from pursuing these careers.
    • Lack of Role Models: Limited visibility of female role models hinders aspiring women scientists from envisioning themselves in STEM leadership roles.
    • Self-Efficacy Gap: Gender disparities in self-efficacy beliefs create barriers for women, affecting their confidence to pursue STEM disciplines.
    • Work-Life Balance: Dual responsibilities and societal expectations impede women’s career progression in STEM, necessitating flexible policies and support systems.
    • Systemic Discrimination: Bias and discrimination in educational institutions and workplaces perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in STEM.

    Government Initiatives for Women in STEM

    • STI Policy by DST: The Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy aims to achieve 30% women’s participation in science and technology by 2030, with significant strides in women’s leadership roles.
    • Indo-US Fellowship: International collaborative research opportunities empower women scientists to expand their horizons and contribute to global scientific endeavors.
    • Vigyan Jyoti: Initiatives like Vigyan Jyoti encourage young girls to pursue STEM education, addressing gender disparities from an early age.
    • Gender Advancement Programs: GATI and KIRAN initiatives focus on creating gender-sensitive institutions and providing career opportunities for women in S&T.
    • CURIE Initiative: The CURIE program supports the development of research infrastructure in women’s universities, fostering a conducive environment for women’s participation in R&D.
    • SWATI Portal: It is aimed at creating a single online portal representing Indian Women and Girls in STEMM. It is a complete interactive database.

    Way Forward

    • Continued Advocacy: Initiatives and publications spotlighting women scientists serve as reminders of the ongoing need for advocacy and support to address gender inequality in the scientific community.
    • Redefining the Culture in STEM: Mandating women’s representation in boards, implementing women-centric mentoring programs, and providing flexible work setups and childcare support.
    • Investment in Women-Only Institutions: Establishing women’s technology parks and institutions to address specific challenges faced by women in STEM.
    • Paid Internships: Encouraging states to offer paid internships to girl science students, particularly in rural areas, to enhance their participation in STEM.
    • Positive Parenting: Fostering supportive environments at home to challenge stereotypical perceptions and inspire young girls to pursue careers in STEM.

    Conclusion

    • As Women’s Day approaches, reflections on the contributions and struggles of women scientists underscore the importance of fostering inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the scientific community.
    • By celebrating their achievements and advocating for systemic changes, we pave the way for a more equitable and empowering future for women in science.

     

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  • J&K – The issues around the state

    Ladakh and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    In the news

    • A shutdown and protest rally in Ladakh recently demanded statehood for the newly created Union Territory (UT) and its inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
    • This highlights a broader issue concerning governance and autonomy in the region.

    Centre’s Offer to Ladakh Representatives

    • Article 371-like Protections: MHA offered to extend Article 371-like protections to Ladakh, addressing concerns raised by the Leh Apex Body (ABL) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).
    • Exclusion from Sixth Schedule: While acknowledging concerns, the government opts against including Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule, indicating a different approach to address regional issues.

    Background: Ladakh’s Governance Post Article 370 Repeal

    • Recognition as Union Territory: Post the repeal of Article 370, Ladakh was recognized as a separate Union Territory “without legislature,” akin to UTs like New Delhi and Pondicherry.
    • Demand for Sixth Schedule Inclusion: Organizations like ABL and KDA have advocated for Ladakh’s inclusion under the Sixth Schedule, seeking greater autonomy in governance.

    What is the Sixth Schedule?

    • Article 244 in Part X of the Constitution outlines a special system of administration for designated ‘scheduled areas’ and ‘tribal areas.’
    • The Fifth Schedule deals with scheduled areas and tribes in states except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (ATM2).
    • The Sixth Schedule focuses on tribal areas in these four northeastern states.

    Salient Features of Sixth Schedule:

    (1) Autonomous Districts

    • Tribal areas are constituted as autonomous districts within the executive authority of the state.
    • The governor holds powers to organize and re-organize these districts, including boundary changes and division into autonomous regions.

    (2) District and Regional Councils:

    • Each district council consists of 30 members, including nominated and elected
    • Regional councils also exist within autonomous regions.
    • These councils administer areas under their jurisdiction, making laws on specific matters with the governor’s assent.
    • They can establish village councils or courts for dispute resolution, with specified jurisdiction over appeals.
    • District councils manage various facilities and services within their areas, including education and healthcare.
    • They also have the authority to impose taxes and regulate certain activities.

    (3) Laws Exemptions and Modifications:

    • Acts of Parliament or state legislatures may not apply directly or may apply with modifications.
    • The president or governor holds the power of direction in this regard, depending on the region.

    (4) Governor’s Authority:

    • The governor may appoint a commission to examine and report on matters concerning autonomous districts or regions.
    • He/she also has the authority to dissolve a district or regional council based on commission recommendations.

    Tribal Areas under Sixth Schedule

    • Assam: North Cachar Hills District, Karbi Anglong District, Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
    • Meghalaya: Khasi Hills District, Jaintia Hills District, Garo Hills District.
    • Tripura: Tripura Tribal Areas District.
    • Mizoram: Chakma District, Mara District, Lai District.

    Reasons for such Demands in Ladakh

    • Cultural Autonomy: Tribes in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram maintain distinct cultures, customs, and civilizations. Unlike tribes in other parts of India, they have not assimilated much with the majority population.
    • Meeting tribal aspiration: The Parliamentary standing committee recommended including of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule because its tribal communities account for 79.61% of its total population.
    • Autonomy and self-governance: Extending the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh could provide greater autonomy and self-governance to the local tribal communities.
    • Cultural preservation: It could also help to protect the unique cultural identity of the local communities and preserve their traditional practices and customs.

    Challenges posed by this demand

    • Fragmentation: The demand to extend the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh has faced some opposition from certain quarters, who argue that it could lead to further fragmentation of the region and create new administrative challenges.
    • Losing political capital: There are also concerns over the potential impact of the demand on the political and administrative structure of the region.

    Conclusion

    • While stopping short of Sixth Schedule inclusion, MHA’s move demonstrates a commitment to balancing local autonomy with national governance priorities.
    • If implemented, it would mark the first instance of special provisions being introduced for a Union Territory, potentially setting a precedent for future governance arrangements in such regions.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelim 2015:

    Q.The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made to:

    (a) Protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes

    (b) Determine the boundaries between states

    (c) Determine the powers, authorities, and responsibilities of Panchayats

    (d) Protect the interests of all the Border States

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  • Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.

    India’s Solar Slowdown: Trends and Projections

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    solar

    In the news

    • Following two years of robust growth, India’s solar capacity additions sharply declined by 44% in 2023, the lowest since 2016.
    • What triggered this slowdown, and will this trend persist? Let’s explore.

    Solar Capacity Addition in 2023

    • Decline in Capacity: India added 7.5 gigawatts (GW) of solar power capacity in 2023, a significant drop from the previous year’s record of 13.4 GW. This marked the lowest levels since 2016, except for the pandemic-affected 2020.
    • Large-scale Projects Hit Hard: Capacity additions in large solar power projects declined by over 50% to 5.8 GW from 11.7 GW in 2022. However, rooftop solar power capacity continued to grow by 1.7 GW, consistent with 2022 levels.
    • Cumulative Capacity: India’s cumulative solar power capacity reached 72 GW by the end of 2023, with large-scale projects contributing over 60 GW.

    Reasons for the Decline

    • Regulatory Hurdles: Solar power producers faced regulatory hurdles, including stricter grid connectivity rules and a Supreme Court directive in 2021 mandating the relocation of overhead power cables to protect the Great Indian Bustard habitats.
    • Challenges in Compliance: Compliance with amended grid code provisions became more demanding, leading to delays in project execution. Land acquisition challenges also persisted, further delaying project timelines.

    Outlook for 2024

    • Temporary Setback: The decline in solar capacity addition in 2023 appears to be a temporary setback. The pipeline for 2024 is robust, with 105.3 GW of capacity planned, including an additional 70.6 GW awaiting auction.
    • Delayed Projects: Large-scale projects that were delayed and granted extensions from December 2022 to June 2023 will contribute significantly to capacity additions in 2024.

    Impact of ‘Make in India’

    • Reduction in Imports: India’s solar capacity initially relied on imported cells from China. However, the imposition of customs duties on imported solar modules and cells led to a significant decline in imports.
    • Promoting Local Manufacturing: The introduction of the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) enabled local manufacturers to participate in government bids. However, the ALMM mandate was suspended until April 2024 to maintain momentum in solar installations.

    Alignment with India’s Energy Targets

    • Renewable Energy Capacity: In 2023, India’s renewable energy capacity exceeded 180 GW, with solar contributing 40%. Despite missing the initial targets due to the pandemic, India achieved 60 GW of large-scale solar projects a year later.
    • Future Targets: India aims to achieve a renewable energy target of nearly 600 GW by 2032, with solar accounting for 365 GW. To meet this target, 30 GW of fresh solar capacity must be added annually for the next 8 years.

    Various Policy Initiatives

    • Solar Park Scheme (2014): Initiated in, the Solar Park Scheme aims to develop a series of solar parks, each with a capacity of around 500 MW, across various states.
    • Rooftop Solar Scheme (2016): The Rooftop Solar Scheme endeavours to harness solar power by installing solar panels on residential rooftops.
    • National Solar Mission (2010): The National Solar Mission stands as a crucial endeavor by both the Indian government and state authorities to foster sustainable development and tackle energy security challenges.
    • SRISTI Scheme (2018): The SRISTI Scheme is formulated to encourage the implementation of rooftop solar power projects in India, promoting sustainability.
    • International Solar Alliance (2015): Formed in 2015, the International Solar Alliance serves as a collaborative platform promoting the adoption of solar energy technologies through member-driven initiatives.
    • Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (2019): Launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2019, the PM-KUSUM scheme aims to facilitate the deployment of off-grid solar pumps in rural areas and reduce reliance on the grid in connected regions.

    Conclusion

    • Despite the temporary slowdown, India remains committed to expanding its solar capacity to meet its ambitious renewable energy targets and contribute to global sustainability efforts.

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA): Lessons for India

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    In the news

    • The Digital Markets Act (DMA) marks a significant milestone for the European Union (EU) as it reinforces its role as a global trendsetter in regulating the tech industry.
    • With its implementation, six tech giants designated as “gatekeepers” – Amazon, Apple, Google parent Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft, and TikTok owner ByteDance – are required to adhere to new regulations.

    EU’s Leadership in Tech Regulation

    • Pioneering Regulations: The EU has a history of imposing significant fines on tech giants, enforcing strict antitrust rules, and pioneering norms to regulate social media and artificial intelligence.
    • Global Impact: The DMA sets a precedent for tech regulation worldwide, with countries like Japan, Britain, Mexico, South Korea, Australia, Brazil, and India drafting similar rules to prevent tech dominance in digital markets.

    Key Provisions of the DMA

    • Regulated Services: The DMA targets 22 services, including operating systems, messenger apps, social media platforms, and search engines, offered by the designated tech gatekeepers.
    • Penalties for Non-Compliance: Tech companies face hefty fines of up to 20% of their annual global revenue for repeated violations or potential breakup for systematic infringements.

    Implications for Tech Giants

    • Shift in Business Practices: Tech giants are compelled to adapt their business models to comply with the DMA, such as Apple’s decision to allow iPhone users to download apps from sources outside its App Store.
    • Reduced Monopolistic Practices: The DMA aims to curtail monopolistic practices by providing users with choices for default browsers, search engines, and app sources.

    Challenges and Criticisms

    • Security Risks: While Apple’s decision to allow app downloads outside its App Store offers more freedom to users, it also raises concerns about potential security risks associated with third-party sources.
    • Market Fragmentation: Critics argue that additional fees imposed by tech giants for alternative app sources may deter developers, leading to market fragmentation and hindering competition.
    • Consumer Awareness: Despite offering choice screens for default services, smaller players like Ecosia raise concerns that users may stick with familiar options due to lack of awareness about alternatives.

    EU’s Vigilance and Future Outlook

    • Regulatory Oversight: EU competition Chief Margrethe Vestager emphasizes close scrutiny to ensure tech firms comply with DMA regulations and prevent circumvention of rules.
    • Consumer Choice: The DMA prioritizes consumer choice by allowing users to select default services and promoting competition among tech companies.
    • Continuous Evaluation: The effectiveness of DMA regulations will be continuously evaluated to address emerging challenges and ensure a fair and competitive digital ecosystem.

    Application in India: Unique Considerations

    • Market Dynamics: India’s digital market differs significantly from the EU, with distinct internet penetration levels, consumer preferences, and regulatory challenges.
    • Debate on Ex-Ante Regulation: The EU’s adoption of ex-ante regulations raises questions about its applicability in India and the need for tailored approaches to address local market dynamics.
    • Ground Realities: Legal experts emphasize the importance of aligning regulatory frameworks with ground realities and testing laws in local contexts to ensure effective implementation.

    Way Forward: Tailored Solutions for India

    • Customized Regulation: India’s DMA should be crafted in consultation with businesses and consumers to address the country’s unique market dynamics and regulatory challenges.
    • Pragmatic Approach: Regulatory frameworks must be flexible and responsive to ground realities, ensuring that laws effectively address local needs and promote competition and innovation.

    Conclusion

    • The DMA represents a significant step towards promoting fair competition and consumer empowerment in the digital landscape.
    • As the EU leads the way in tech regulation, the DMA’s implementation will have far-reaching implications globally, shaping the behavior of tech giants and safeguarding consumer interests in an increasingly digitized world.

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