Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to Skill;
Why in the News?
Gamified and simulation-based learning can enhance workforce training by integrating game elements and virtual environments, enabling learners to practice and apply skills safely, improving both training quality and outcomes.
What are the present skilling challenges in India?
- Limited Access to Vocational Training: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022-23, only 21% of Indian youth aged 15-29 years received vocational or technical training, with a mere 4.4% having received formal training. This highlights a significant gap in the reach and effectiveness of existing skilling programs, raising concerns about the preparedness of the workforce for available job opportunities.
- Low Employability Among Graduates: The Chief Economic Advisor, V. Anantha Nageswaran, reported that only 51% of India’s graduates are considered employable. This statistic underscores the mismatch between the skills imparted through education and the actual requirements of the job market, contributing to high unemployment rates among educated youth.
- Skills Gap for Industry 4.0: A substantial portion of the workforce lacks the necessary skills for new-age jobs associated with Industry 4.0, which integrates advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data. Estimates suggest that only 1.5% of Indian engineers possess these skills, and 60% of the MSME workforce lacks essential digital competencies.
What is gamified and simulation-based learning?
- Gamified learning integrates game elements like rewards, challenges, and leaderboards into education to boost engagement and motivation.
- Simulation-based learning uses virtual environments to replicate real-world scenarios, allowing learners to practice skills in a safe, controlled space. Both methods enhance interaction, retention, and practical skill development.
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How the gamified and simulation-based learning can enhance the training modules?
- Increased Engagement and Retention: Gamified learning incorporates game elements into skill training, making it interactive and enjoyable. This approach can lead to higher participant engagement and better knowledge retention compared to traditional methods. Features like points, badges, and leaderboards can motivate learners to complete training tasks and strive for excellence.
- Practical Experience Through Simulations: Simulation-based learning allows trainees to practice skills in a controlled environment that mimics real-world scenarios. This hands-on experience helps learners understand complex systems, develop critical thinking, and improve problem-solving skills without the risk of real-world consequences.
- Customization and Progress Tracking: The gamified training modules can be tailored to address specific skill gaps identified in the workforce. Trainees can be presented with challenges that adapt based on their progress, ensuring a personalized learning experience that meets their individual needs.
- Real-World Application: By simulating actual professional circumstances, trainees can apply their knowledge practically, enhancing their readiness for employment. This approach also allows for assessment of decision-making abilities and understanding the outcomes of those decisions.
- Integration with Existing Platforms: Initiatives like SWAYAM and Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) can host these gamified and simulation-based training modules, leveraging their existing infrastructure and user base to enhance skill development across various sectors.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Vocational Training Infrastructure: Expand access to formal and informal vocational training programs, ensuring alignment with Industry 4.0 requirements. Encourage partnerships between educational institutions and industries to offer skill-based certifications.
- Leverage Technology for Skilling: Integrate gamified and simulation-based learning into existing platforms like SWAYAM and SIDH to create interactive, hands-on training modules that address skill gaps and improve employability across sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Sustainable Development; Green Economy;
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey (2023-24) claims that India has managed to grow its economy without significantly increasing its greenhouse gas emissions. This claim has sparked the debate about actual sustainable growth in India.
What does the Economic Survey (2023-24) say about GHG emissions?
- Relative Decoupling Achieved: Between 2005 and 2019, India’s GDP grew at a 7% CAGR, while GHG emissions increased by 4%.
- Emission Intensity Reduction: India reduced emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its 2030 NDC target 11 years early.
- Carbon Sink Expansion: India aims to add a 2.5–3 billion tonne carbon sink by 2030, building on the 1.97 billion tonnes achieved (2005–2019).
- Investment Needs: Achieving NDC targets requires $2.5 trillion by 2030, with a focus on domestic resources, affordable finance, and technology access.
Has India decoupled its economic growth from GHG emissions?
- Arguments against decoupling:
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- The Economic Survey does not clarify whether the observed decoupling is absolute (declining emissions with GDP growth) or relative (emissions rising slower than GDP).
- India has achieved economy-wide relative decoupling since 1990, with GDP growing six-fold while GHG emissions have only tripled. However, absolute decoupling has not been achieved, as emissions continue to rise.
- Agriculture and manufacturing, major contributors to India’s GHG emissions, require detailed sectoral analysis.
- Argument in favour of decoupling:
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- The Economic Survey indicates that between 2005 and 2019, India’s GDP grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 7%, while GHG emissions grew at a CAGR of only 4%.
- India has successfully reduced its emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target for 2030 eleven years ahead of schedule. This reduction indicates that India is managing to grow economically while lowering the emissions per unit of GDP.
- India is on track to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes (installed electricity generation capacity reaching 45.4% by May 2024) through tree and forest cover by 2030, building on a carbon sink of 1.97 billion tonnes established from 2005 to 2019.
What are the steps taken by the Government?
The Economic Survey 2023-24 outlines several key steps taken by the Indian government to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promote sustainable development:
- Reduction of Emission Intensity: India has successfully reduced its emission intensity by 33% from 2005 levels, achieving its initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target for 2030 eleven years ahead of schedule.
- This significant reduction demonstrates the effectiveness of various climate action strategies implemented by the government.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: The government has made substantial progress in expanding renewable energy capacity.
- As of May 31, 2024, non-fossil sources accounted for 45.4% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, up from 32% in 2014.
- Additionally, India added 15.03 GW of solar power capacity in 2023-24, bringing the cumulative total to 82.64 GW.
- Creation of Carbon Sinks: The survey highlights that India is on track to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes through tree and forest cover by 2030, building upon the 1.97 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent already achieved from 2005 to 2019.
- Sovereign Green Bonds: The government has raised funds through sovereign green bonds, amounting to ₹36,000 crore in 2023, to finance public sector projects aimed at reducing emissions and promoting sustainable practices.
- Framework for Green Finance: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has implemented a framework for accepting green deposits and promoting renewable energy through its Priority Sector Lending (PSL) rules, fostering a green finance ecosystem in the country.
- Adaptation Expenditure: India’s climate adaptation expenditure has increased from 3.7% of GDP in 2015-16 to 5.6% in 2021-22, indicating a greater integration of climate resilience into development plans.
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What efforts must be continued by India? (Way forward)
- Pursuit of Absolute Decoupling: To achieve long-term climate commitments and sustainability goals, India must strive toward absolute decoupling, where economic growth continues alongside a reduction in emissions.
- This requires comprehensive policies focused on renewable energy adoption, emission mitigation strategies, and sustainable development initiatives.
- Investment in Renewable Energy and Climate Resilience: Continued efforts are necessary to enhance investments in renewable energy sources and technologies, alongside measures to improve energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Mines and Mineral; Challenges faced by states;
Why in the News?
Environmental activists protested outside the Madurai District Collector’s office (Tamil Nadu), voicing their opposition to Vedanta’s auction win for Tungsten Mining Rights in Melur, following the Ministry of Mines‘ announcement
Why have there been protests over mining Rights?
- Environmental Concerns: Activists and residents are vehemently opposing the tungsten mining project due to its potential impact on biodiversity. Because of the fears that mining activities could irreparably damage these sites and disrupt local ecosystems, including vital water sources like the Periyar canal.
- Community Impact: Locals fear that mining will threaten their livelihoods, as many depend on agriculture and local resources. The protests have seen significant participation from various villages in the region, highlighting widespread community opposition to the project.
- Political Response: The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu has called for the cancellation of the mining rights and plans to introduce a resolution in the Tamil Nadu Assembly to formally reject the mining project. He emphasizes that any mining activity in these areas would be unacceptable without state consent.
What does the Ministry of Mines say about Mining?
- Auction of Mineral Blocks: The Nayakkarpatti Tungsten Block covering an area of over 20.16 sq. km. was proposed for auction in February 2024. Inputs were taken from the state government of Tamil Nadu before the block was put up for auction.
- The Ministry cited the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957 as the legal framework enabling this auction process.
- Mineral Richness: The Ministry also noted that the area designated for tungsten mining was found to be rich in scheelite (a crucial ore for tungsten extraction), thus justifying its selection for mining activities.
About the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957:
- The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, provides a framework for the regulation of mining activities in India, governing the exploration, licensing, and development of minerals except for petroleum and natural gas.
- It empowers the central government to specify major minerals and the state governments to regulate minor minerals, ensuring a structured division of responsibilities in mineral resource management.
- Major minerals are high-value minerals that include coal, lignite, iron ore, bauxite, gold, silver, zinc, copper, manganese, and other ores critical for industrial and strategic purposes.
- Minor minerals are low-value, non-metallic minerals primarily used in construction and local industries, such as sand, gravel, clay, building stones, marble, and slate.
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Is there a Centre-State rift?
Yes, a notable rift exists between the Tamil Nadu government and the Union government regarding this issue.
- Lack of State Consent: The Tamil Nadu government claims it did not provide consent for the auction and had previously communicated concerns regarding environmental implications. In contrast, the Union government contends that there was no formal opposition from Tamil Nadu during the auction process.
- Political Tensions: This situation has led to heightened tensions between the state and central governments, with accusations from Tamil Nadu officials that their concerns were ignored by the Union government when granting mining rights to Hindustan Zinc Limited.
Can the state government supersede the authority of the central government in this matter?
In the context of mining rights and environmental matters, the state government cannot directly override the power of the central government. However, there are several ways available to the state government to influence or challenge the decision made by the Union government.
- Constitutional Framework: The Indian Constitution divides powers between the Union and states; mining regulation is under the Union List, while environmental protection is in the Concurrent List, granting states authority over local environmental issues.
- Biodiversity & Environmental Protection: States can challenge mining projects through laws like the Environmental Protection Act (1986) and Biological Diversity Act (2002), or by passing laws to protect ecologically sensitive areas.
- State Assembly’s Role: The state legislature can pass resolutions expressing opposition to federal actions, and applying political pressure on the Union government, especially with public protests.
- Judicial Review & Coordination: States can seek judicial review if Union actions violate constitutional or environmental laws. While states cannot override central mining rights, cooperative federalism emphasizes consultation between the Union and states.
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Way forward:
- Enhanced State-Central Coordination: Establish a more transparent and binding consultation process between the state and central governments before granting mining rights, ensuring that local concerns and state consent are prioritized, especially for ecologically sensitive areas.
- Thorough Environmental Review: Implement a mandatory, independent Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for mining projects in biodiversity hotspots, incorporating input from local communities, environmental experts, and authorities to address potential ecological and socio-economic impacts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal, poses one of the biggest threats to our environment. Analyse the impact of sand mining along the Indian coasts, citing specific examples. (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Emissions Gap Report 2024; Important Highlights
Mains level: Climate change; Pollution; Global Climate Goals;
Why in the News?
According to the recently released ‘Emission Gap Report 2024’ presented by UNEP, Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have reached a new high of 57.1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023, a 1.3% rise compared to 2022.
What are the key points of Emissions Gap Report 2024?
- Urgent Emission Reduction Targets: To align with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement, global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035 compared to 2019 levels.
- For a 2°C target, reductions of 28% by 2030 and 37% by 2035 are necessary. Current commitments and policies are insufficient, putting the world on track for a temperature rise of 2.6-3.1°C, which would lead to severe climate impacts.
- Potential for Significant Reductions: The report highlights that it is still technically feasible to achieve the 1.5°C pathway through aggressive action, including increased deployment of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, which could contribute 27% of the necessary reductions by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
- Additionally, actions related to forests could provide around 20% of the potential reductions in both years. A comprehensive approach involving government action, investment in mitigation strategies, and international cooperation is essential to realize these opportunities.
What are the Global Emission trends?
- Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have continued to rise, reaching a record high of 57.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2023. This marks an increase from previous years, with fossil fuel CO₂ emissions projected at 37.4 billion tonnes, up 0.8% from 2023, and total CO₂ emissions—including land-use changes—projected to be 41.6 billion tonnes in 2024.
- The increase is attributed primarily to rising emissions from major economies such as China and India, with India experiencing the largest relative increase at 6.1% and China contributing the most in absolute terms.
- The overall trend indicates that despite some positive developments in renewable energy adoption, there is no sign that global fossil fuel emissions have peaked, necessitating immediate and substantial reductions to meet climate targets.
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What is the progress of G20 countries towards NDCs?
- Mixed Progress on NDCs: Among G20 countries, six members (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, and Turkey) are projected to meet their unconditional Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets with current policies.
- However, eight members (Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, South Korea, South Africa, and the United States) require further action to achieve their targets.
- This indicates a significant disparity in progress across different G20 nations, with many needing to be on track to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.
- Need for Enhanced Ambition: The G20 must significantly ramp up its climate ambitions in the next round of NDCs to align with the goals of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. This includes committing to substantial emissions reductions—42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035.
What is the NCD target?
- Collective Emission Reduction Goals: G20 countries have pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), targeting a 42% reduction by 2030 and 57% by 2035, aligned with the Paris Agreement to limit warming below 2°C.
- Diverse Member Targets and Progress: G20 members have varied NDC targets, such as China aiming to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 with a 60-65% reduction in carbon intensity, while Argentina caps net emissions at 483 million tons of CO2 equivalent.
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What is needed to bridge the gap between 2030 and 2035 goals? (Way forward)
- Significant Annual Emission Reductions: A reduction of 7.5% per year until 2035 is necessary to align with the 1.5°C pathway, while a 4% annual reduction is needed for the 2°C target.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: The increased deployment of solar and wind technologies could deliver approximately 27% of the total emission reduction potential by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
- Action on Forests: Protecting and restoring forests could provide around 20% of the required reductions in both years.
- Comprehensive Policy Measures: A whole-of-government approach is essential, maximizing socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.
- Increased Mitigation Investment: A minimum six-fold increase in investments for climate mitigation is critical, necessitating reforms in global financial systems and strong private sector involvement.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Good Governance Week
Why in the News?
“Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore” a nationwide campaign is launched by the Government of India, from December 19–24, 2024, as part of the 4th Good Governance Week.
About the Nationwide Campaign ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’
- It is a nationwide campaign to address public grievances and improve service delivery across rural and urban areas.
- It aims to strengthen governance at the grassroots level and bring effective solutions to the common people.
- It will be conducted in all districts, states, and union territories of India, with a focus on delivering timely solutions and improving the quality of services provided to citizens.
- Key objectives of the campaign include:
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- Redressing Public Grievances: Ensuring that citizens’ complaints related to government services are resolved swiftly.
- Improving Service Delivery: Enhancing the efficiency of government services at the local level.
- Creating Awareness: Spreading knowledge about good governance practices and encouraging citizens to be proactive in using available services.
Key Observations from the Good Governance Index (GGI) 2022
- The GGI, 2022 evaluates 58 indicators across 10 governance sectors, such as agriculture and allied sectors, human resource development, public health, and law and order, among others. The key observations are as follows:
- Top Performers: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra ranked highest for good governance, excelling in public health, human resources, and economic governance.
- Service Delivery: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala were praised for transparency, accountability, and citizen-focused policies, leading in service delivery.
- Agriculture & Rural Development: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar showed improvements in agriculture and rural development, aligning with the goals of Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore.
- Health & Education: Kerala and Tamil Nadu excelled in healthcare and education, with significant investments in infrastructure and public schemes.
- Sustainable Development: States like Sikkim emphasized environmental governance and sustainable development practices.
PYQ:
[2016] What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ and ‘ethical governance’? (150 words) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eurasian Little Gull
Why in the News?
For the first time, the Eurasian Little Gull was spotted in the National Capital Region (NCR) near Sultanpur National Park at Chandu.
About the Eurasian Little Gull:
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Details |
| Overview and Physical Characteristics |
- Scientific Name: Larus minutus
- Common Name: Eurasian Little Gull
- Size: 30-33 cm in length, wingspan 75-85 cm; Weight: 70–150 grams
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| Habitat and Features |
- Breeding Habitat: Marshy wetlands, shallow freshwater lakes, and estuaries in Northern Eurasia (Russia, Eastern Europe).
- Winter Migration: Offshore waters, coastal areas, and estuaries around the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea.
- Migratory Pattern: Migrations from northern breeding grounds to warmer regions in winter.
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| Conservation Status |
- Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.
- Rare sightings of the species in India, particularly inland regions like NCR.
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PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are-
(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibians |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Meditation Day
Why in the News?
India has played a leading role in co-sponsoring and guiding the unanimous adoption of a UN General Assembly draft resolution to declare December 21 as World Meditation Day.
- The theme for 2024 is- “Inner Peace, Global Harmony”.
About the World Meditation Day
- It is a global observance that was officially recognized following the adoption of a UN General Assembly resolution on December 6, 2024. However, the 21st of December has been designated as the date for this annual observance.
- It is also symbolic, of falling on the Winter Solstice (December 21), which is associated with new beginnings, reflection, and spiritual growth in Indian tradition.
- The date is also exactly six months after the International Day of Yoga on June 21, which marks the Summer Solstice.
The objective behind this Decision
- Promote Well-Being: To globally encourage meditation for enhancing mental health and overall wellness.
- Encourage Inner Reflection: Recognizing December 21 as a time for self-reflection and meditation, especially during Uttarayana in Indian tradition.
- India’s Global Leadership: Reinforces India’s commitment to global wellness, following its leadership in declaring International Day of Yoga.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices?
1. Meditation and control of breath
2. Severe ascetic exercises in a lonely place
3. Recitation of holy songs to arouse a state of ecstasy in their audience
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Turner Prize
Why in the News?
- Jasleen Kaur, an Indian-origin artist, was awarded the Turner Prize for her exhibit that pays tribute to her family’s history of migration to Scotland.
What is the Turner Prize?
| About |
- Named after JMW Turner (1775-1851), known for his dramatic seascapes and innovative use of color and light, it was first awarded in 1984 by Patrons of New Art.
- It aims to promote interest in contemporary art and assist the Tate Gallery in acquiring new works.
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| What makes it special? |
- One of the most prestigious awards in contemporary art, awarded annually by the Tate Gallery to an outstanding British artist.
- Spotlights new talent and helps lesser-known artists gain international recognition.
- The winner receives £25,000, and shortlisted artists receive £10,000 each.
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| Significance in British Culture |
- A major cultural event in the UK, attracting wide media coverage and public attention.
- Its controversial nature fuels discussions about the definition of art and the role of contemporary artists.
- Winning the Prize often defines an artist’s place in British culture, establishing them as a significant figure in the art world.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Inter-state water dispute; Resource distribution;
Why in the News?
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) has restarted its protest against the Polavaram multipurpose project in Andhra Pradesh, claiming it will flood large areas in Malkangiri, Odisha, displacing many tribal communities.
What were the recommendations by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) 1969?
The Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT), was established to resolve water-sharing disputes concerning Godavari River water among the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh). It made several key recommendations regarding the utilization of Godavari River water. Notable points include:
- Water Allocation: The Tribunal allowed Andhra Pradesh to divert 80 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of Godavari water at 75% dependability for irrigation and other uses, which could also substitute releases from the Nagarjunasagar project for the Krishna delta.
- Inter-State Agreements: The Tribunal recognized various inter-state agreements that specified how water from the Godavari and its tributaries could be utilised, ensuring equitable distribution among the states involved.
- Project Approvals: The GWDT endorsed the construction of projects like Polavaram, provided they adhered to specified Full Reservoir Levels (FRL) and operational guidelines.
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What are the social and environmental impacts of the Polavaram Project?
- Social Impact: The project is expected to displace over 150,000 people across approximately 276 villages, with many of these being tribal communities. For every five acres irrigated, one tribal family is projected to lose their land.
- Infrastructure Strain: The project has faced funding challenges for rehabilitation efforts, leading to halted work on necessary infrastructure like canals, which could exacerbate social tensions among displaced populations.
- Environmental Impact: The dam’s backwaters will submerge an estimated 3,731 hectares of forest land. The environmental impact assessments have raised concerns about ecosystem disruption, including increased vulnerability to erosion and regional landslides.
How is the project being managed politically and administratively?
- National Project Status: Declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, the Central Government is responsible for executing the project while ensuring compliance with environmental and rehabilitation norms.
- Polavaram Project Authority: A governing body has been established to oversee project execution, comprising representatives from both state and central governments. This authority is tasked with ensuring timely execution and adherence to regulatory requirements.
- Political Dynamics: The project has become a focal point for regional politics, particularly as parties like the BJD leverage opposition against it to bolster their regional identity amidst changing political landscapes in states like Odisha.
What are the legal and regulatory challenges faced by the Polavaram Project?
- Ongoing Litigation: Multiple states have challenged the project in court on grounds of inadequate environmental assessments and potential adverse impacts on their territories. Legal disputes have persisted since at least 2011, complicating project timelines.
- Regulatory Compliance Issues: Environmental clearances for the project have been contentious, particularly following changes in flood situation estimates that were not incorporated into updated designs. This has raised questions about compliance with earlier environmental impact assessments conducted in 2005.
- Funding Challenges: Financial constraints have hindered progress on rehabilitation efforts for displaced populations, leading to further legal scrutiny regarding compliance with social justice norms and commitments made during project approval processes.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Impact Assessment and Mitigation: Conduct updated environmental and social impact assessments, including backwater studies, and implement robust mitigation measures for displaced populations, ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks.
- Strengthen Inter-State Collaboration: Establish a transparent and inclusive mechanism involving all affected states to address concerns, promote equitable resource sharing, and expedite the resolution of legal and administrative challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related manufacturing sector;
Why in the News?
Manufacturing output grew by 21.5% in 2022-23, but the GVA (Gross value addition) only grew by 7.3%. This is because input costs increased sharply by 24.4%, making production more expensive. As a result, even though industries produced more, their profits and value-added were reduced.
Note: GVA represents the value added by industries, while manufacturing output refers to total production. GVA reflects the economic contribution, factoring in costs like inputs.
What is the present scenario of India’s manufacturing sector?
- Growth Momentum: India’s manufacturing sector is experiencing significant growth, with a reported output increase of 21.5% in 2022-23, as indicated by the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI).
- This growth is attributed largely to the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, which has played a crucial role in boosting production across various sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
- Sectoral Contributions: Key sectors benefiting from the PLI scheme, such as basic metals and motor vehicles, collectively contributed 58% to total manufacturing output, showcasing robust performance driven by these incentives.
- Positive Economic Indicators: The gross value added (GVA) from manufacturing grew by 7.3%, highlighting an overall recovery in the sector post-COVID-19 disruptions.
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What are the current challenges facing the manufacturing sector?
- Input Cost Surge: A significant challenge is the rising input prices, which increased by 24.4% in 2022-23. This surge has created a gap between manufacturing output growth and GVA growth, indicating that while production volumes are increasing, profitability is being squeezed due to higher costs.
- Regional Imbalance: Manufacturing activity is heavily concentrated in a few states—Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh—accounting for over 54% of total manufacturing GVA. This concentration limits equitable development across the country.
- Skill Development Needs: There is a pressing need for skill enhancement to meet the demands of evolving manufacturing technologies and processes.
How can digital transformation contribute to the future of manufacturing?
- Adoption of Advanced Technologies: Digital transformation can enhance manufacturing efficiency through automation, data analytics, and IoT (Internet of Things) integration. This can lead to improved productivity and reduced operational costs.
- Supply Chain Optimization: Digital tools can streamline supply chain management, making it more resilient to disruptions and better able to respond to global demand fluctuations.
- Enhanced R&D Capabilities: Investing in digital technologies can foster innovation in product development and advanced manufacturing techniques, positioning India as a leader in high-tech manufacturing sectors.
What strategies can be implemented to stimulate growth in manufacturing? (Way forward)
- Expand PLI Scheme Scope: To further stimulate growth, the PLI scheme should be extended to include labour-intensive sectors such as apparel and furniture, as well as emerging industries like aerospace and space technology. This could unlock new growth opportunities and reduce import dependency.
- Streamline Import Regime: Implementing a simplified three-tier tariff system for imports—0–2.5% for raw materials, 2.5%–5% for intermediates, and 5%–7.5% for finished goods—could help lower input costs and enhance competitiveness.
- Focus on MSMEs: Tailoring PLI incentives for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by lowering capital investment thresholds could empower these businesses to scale up and innovate.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has provided state-wise details of farmers registered under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PMKMY).
- Top Three States: Haryana (5,74,467), Bihar (3,45,038), Chhattisgarh (2,02,734).
- Bottom Three States/UT: Lakshadweep (72), Ladakh (114), Goa (150).
- Recently, the PMKMY (launched on 12th September 2019) has completed 5 successful years.
About Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PMKMY)
| Details |
Type: Central Sector Scheme
Objective: To provide a voluntary, contributory pension scheme for farmers aged 18–40 years, ensuring ₹3,000/month pension after they turn 60 years of age. |
| Implementation & Structural Mandate |
Implemented by: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Pension Fund Manager: Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India
State-wise Registration: Registered farmers are managed by the respective state governments in collaboration with LIC. The scheme encourages a structured approach involving the collection of contributions and government matching funds.
Contribution: Farmers contribute between ₹55 and ₹200 per month, depending on their entry age. |
| Beneficiaries & Benefits |
Beneficiaries: Farmers aged 18–40 years.
Benefits: Assured pension of ₹3,000 per month post-60 years, matching contribution by the Government of India, administered by LIC.
Exclusions: Income taxpayers, members of government pension schemes, and those already enrolled in other pension schemes. |
PYQ:
[2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)
- Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
- Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
- Social Capital development
- Free electricity supply to farmers
- Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
- Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAR-T Cell Therapy
Why in the News?
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has been a key supporter of research projects focusing on CAR T-cell therapies for cancers.
About CAR T-Cell Therapy:
| What is it? |
- Acronym for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T–Cell Therapy;
- Innovative immunotherapy in which T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are genetically modified to express a receptor (CAR) that targets specific proteins on cancer cells.
- T-cells are part of the immune system and help identify and eliminate infected or cancerous cells.
|
| Objective of the Therapy |
- To treat blood cancers, especially B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL).
- Aimed at patients whose disease relapsed or was resistant to conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation).
- Specifically targets CD19, a protein found on the surface of B-cells, which includes cancerous B-cells.
|
| Implementation and Structural Mandate |
- Developed jointly by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Bombay) and Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Mumbai since 2015.
- Approved by DCGI (Drug Controller General of India) in March 2021 for Phase 1 trials in children and adults with relapsed B-ALL and B-NHL.
- Supported by academic grants from Department of Biotechnology and government agencies.
- Trials were conducted at Tata Memorial Center (TMC), and other hospitals.
|
| Future Scope for Phase II |
- Phase 1 Trials: Conducted from 2021 to 2023 on children and adolescents with B-ALL and adults with B-NHL, with promising results matching international standards in terms of efficacy and safety.
- Phase 2 Trials: Have been approved and are currently ongoing. These trials will expand on the efficacy and long-term safety of the therapy, including larger cohorts of patients.
Future Scope: Holds the potential for expanding to other cancers, such as Multiple Myeloma, Glioblastoma, and Hepatocellular Carcinomas, based on continued research and results from Phase II trials. |
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body?
(a) They protect the environmental allergens body.
(b) They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.
(c) They act as immuno-suppressants in the body.
(d) They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP)
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Health has re-strategized the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) under the 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign to reduce TB cases and mortality through targeted interventions and a multi-pronged approach.
Menace of TB in India:
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India accounted for 26% of global TB cases and deaths in 2023.
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a National TB Prevalence Survey in 20 states, reporting 312 TB cases per lakh population.
- The TB incidence rate decreased by 17.7%, from 237 per 100,000 in 2015 to 195 per 100,000 in 2023.
- Similarly, TB-related deaths have declined by 21.4%, from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 22 per lakh population in 2023.
|
About the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP):
|
Details |
| About |
- Former Name: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
- Objective: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) as a public health issue in India by 2025, as per PM Modi’s 2018 target.
- Focus Areas: Early detection, complete treatment, prevention, and strengthening TB care and control services.
Key Components of NTEP:
- Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
- Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients across India.
- Nikshay: A case-based web-enabled TB information system for monitoring and case management.
- Private Sector Engagement: Involving private healthcare providers for standardized care.
|
| Objectives under the National Strategic Plan |
100-Day TB Elimination Campaign is an intensified effort launched to fast-track the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) cases across the country.
- Eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2025.
- Achieve Universal Access to quality TB care.
- Prevent the emergence of drug-resistant TB through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
- Reduce the burden of TB through preventive interventions and awareness campaigns.
- Ensure better case management through Nikshay, a case-based monitoring system.
- 6. Engage with the private sector to ensure standardized and quality TB care.
|
| Steps taken by Govt |
- Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
- Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients.
- Nikshay System: Web-enabled case-based monitoring and management system for TB patients.
- Private Sector Engagement: Ensuring standardized TB care by involving private healthcare providers.
- National TB Prevalence Survey: Conducted to assess the TB burden in 20 states.
- Enhanced Diagnostic Facilities: Including genetic and molecular tests for early detection.
- Targeted Interventions for Vulnerable Populations: Focus on high-risk groups, including children and marginalized populations.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS TUSHIL
Why in the News?
INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, is set to be commissioned by the Indian Navy at Kaliningrad, Russia.
About INS Tushil:
| Details |
- INS Tushil is a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, part of the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6).
- It is the seventh in the series of Krivak III frigates, following the Talwar-class ships (three built at Baltiysky Shipyard in St. Petersburg) and the Teg-class ships (three built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad).
Development of INS Tushil:
- Built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
- Contract signed in Oct 2016 between Indian Navy, JSC Rosoboronexport, and Government of India.
- Indian team of specialists from the Warship Overseeing Team monitored the construction.
- Extensive trials, including Factory Sea Trials, State Committee Trials, and Delivery Acceptance Trials, were conducted in 2024.
|
| Special Features |
- Speed of over 30 knots
- Stealth design with advanced radar-absorbing features.
- Equipped with guided missiles, advanced weapon systems, and radars.
- Enhanced combat capabilities with a focus on anti-surface and anti-air warfare.
- Helicopter deck for operations.
|
| Significance |
- Boosts India’s naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Part of an ongoing effort to modernize the fleet with advanced technologies.
- Strengthens India-Russia defence ties.
- Will be key in maritime security and regional defense, especially in contested waters.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Devolution of funds;
Why in the News?
Recently, Tamil Nadu hosted the Sixteenth State Finance Commission, highlighting the need for fair resource allocation to performing states and addressing fiscal imbalances between the Union and states.
What are the primary challenges faced by State Finance Commissions?
- Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: There is a significant disparity in revenue-raising capabilities between the Union and state governments. The Union holds greater powers to generate revenue, while states bear most of the expenditure responsibilities. This imbalance has led to insufficient funds for states to meet developmental needs.
- Inequitable Resource Distribution: Despite efforts to achieve equitable redistribution through vertical and horizontal devolution, actual outcomes often fall short of expectations.
- For instance, the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s effective devolution was only 33.16% of the Union’s gross tax revenue, despite a declared share of 41%.
- Inadequate Devolution: The increasing reliance on cess and surcharges by the Union government has further constrained the financial resources available to states. This trend undermines the intended fiscal autonomy that states require to implement local schemes effectively.
- Demographic and Urbanization Challenges: Progressive states like Tamil Nadu face unique challenges related to ageing populations and rapid urbanisation, which strain their fiscal capacities while necessitating increased investment in infrastructure and services.
How can compliance with constitutional mandates be improved?
- Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Ensuring that SFCs operate within a robust legal framework that mandates transparency and accountability can enhance compliance with constitutional directives. This includes clearer guidelines on resource allocation and devolution processes.
- Public Disclosure: Mandating public disclosure of financial data and project details in accessible formats can foster greater transparency and allow for citizen engagement in governance, thereby ensuring that SFCs adhere more closely to their constitutional roles.
- Participatory Budgeting: Encouraging participatory budgeting practices can help align state financial decisions with local needs, ensuring that resources are allocated in a manner that reflects constitutional mandates for equitable development across regions.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of SFCs?
- Revising Devolution Principles: A reassessment of the principles governing vertical and horizontal devolution is essential to create a fairer distribution system that recognizes both the needs of less-developed states and the contributions of high-performing states like Tamil Nadu.
- Augmenting State Resources: Increasing the share of gross central taxes allocated to states from 41% to at least 50% could provide states with greater fiscal autonomy, allowing them to fund locally relevant initiatives effectively.
- Focus on Growth Incentives: Developing a progressive resource allocation methodology that rewards high-performing states can stimulate economic growth while ensuring that less-developed states also receive adequate support for their development needs.
- Addressing Urbanization Needs: Specific reforms aimed at addressing urbanization challenges—such as earmarking funds for infrastructure development—will be crucial for progressive states experiencing rapid urban growth.
Conclusion: State Finance Commissions must address fiscal imbalances, enhance devolution principles, and prioritise growth incentives to empower states. This is vital for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through equitable and inclusive development.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (UPSC IAS/2013)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Oilfields in India;
Why in the News?
The Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, aimed at boosting domestic petroleum and mineral oil production while encouraging private investment to reduce reliance on imports.
What is the Oilfields Bill?
- The Oilfields Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948, which originally governed both oil and mineral operations. The amendment seeks to delineate the regulation of petroleum from mining activities, aligning it more closely with contemporary needs in the oil and gas sector. By doing so, it aims to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.
|
What are the major proposed changes?
- Definition of Mineral Oils: The Bill expands the definition of “mineral oils” to include naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as crude oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil. However, it explicitly excludes coal, lignite, and helium from this definition.
- Introduction of Petroleum Leases: The Bill replaces references to “mining leases” with “petroleum leases,” defining these leases as agreements for various activities including exploration and production of mineral oils. Existing mining leases will remain valid under this new framework.
- Decriminalization of Offences: The Bill removes criminal penalties for violations of the Oilfields Act, replacing them with financial penalties. For instance, violations that previously could lead to imprisonment will now incur fines up to ₹25 lakh, with additional daily penalties for ongoing violations.
- Central Government Powers: The Bill empowers the central government to create rules regarding the granting and regulation of petroleum leases, including aspects like environmental protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.
- Encouragement of Private Investment: It includes provisions aimed at attracting private investment into the sector by ensuring stable lease terms and clarifying regulatory frameworks.
What are the criticisms and concerns?
- Impact on State Rights: Critics, including members from the DMK party, argue that the Bill undermines state rights regarding taxation on mining activities. They fear that redefining leases could shift regulatory power away from states to the central government, potentially affecting state revenue from royalties.
- Legal Challenges: There are concerns that framing petroleum operations under a different legal category could lead to conflicts with existing judicial rulings that affirm state powers over mining taxes. A recent Supreme Court ruling emphasized that states have exclusive rights to tax mining activities.
- Environmental Concerns: Opposition members have raised alarms about the potential environmental impacts of allowing greater private sector involvement in petroleum extraction. They advocate for prioritizing public sector companies like ONGC over private entities.
Way forward:
- Balanced Federal Approach: Establish a collaborative mechanism between the Centre and states to address concerns over taxation and royalties, ensuring equitable revenue sharing while maintaining clear regulatory roles.
- Sustainable Exploration Framework: Mandate robust environmental safeguards and prioritize public sector leadership alongside private investment to balance economic growth with ecological preservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hornbill Festival
Why in the News?
This year’s edition of the Hornbill Festival has sparked a significant public debate regarding the relaxation of Nagaland’s liquor prohibition law, a subject that has been contentious for over three decades.
What is Hornbill Festival?
- The Hornbill Festival is a celebration held every year from 1 – 10 December, in Kohima, Nagaland.
- The festival was first held in the year 2000.
- It is named after Indian hornbill (Buceros bicornis), the large and colourful forest bird which is displayed in the folklore of most of the state’s tribes.
- Festival highlights include the traditional Naga Morungs exhibition and the sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, flower shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows etc.
- It is a platform for showcasing the major cultural festivals of 14 recognised Naga tribes, each with its unique traditions and practices.
- About Great Indian Hornbill:
- IUCN Status: Vulnerable (upgraded from Near Threatened in 2018), CITES: Appendix I
- Known as great pied hornbill, it is one of the largest hornbill species.
- Can live up to 50 years in captivity.
- Primarily fruit-eating, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles, and birds.
- Revered in many tribal cultures and rituals due to its size and colour.
- Found mainly in India, especially in the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.
- Nilgiris North Eastern Range supports some of the highest densities of nesting birds.
- Known as ‘forest engineers’ or ‘farmers of the forest’, they play a key role in seed dispersal of tropical trees, indicating the health and balance of their forest ecosystems.
What is the Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition (NLTP) Act 1989?
- The NLTP Act is a law enacted by the Government of Nagaland that prohibits the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol in the state.
- The Act is one of the most stringent liquor prohibition laws in India, and its core features are as follows:
- Key Features of NLTP Act 1989:
-
- Complete Ban on Alcohol: The NLTP Act bans the production, sale, and consumption of all forms of alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and spirits. This includes both local (like rice beer) and commercial alcohol.
- Exceptions: There are some exceptions under the law, such as alcohol being allowed for medical or scientific purposes and in certain regulated settings, like special licenses for non-local tourists during specific events (e.g., the Hornbill Festival).
- Support from Religious Groups: The Act has received strong support from Christian church bodies, which constitute a majority in the state, as they view alcohol consumption as morally unacceptable and harmful to community life.
Role of Alcohol in the Hornbill Festival:
- The Hornbill Festival is often seen as an exception to the state’s liquor prohibition.
- Thutse (local rice beer) is traditionally consumed during the festival, and according to academic Theyiesinuo Keditsu, the Hornbill Festival is the only time in the year when the state permits the open sale and consumption of alcohol, including Thutse.
|
PYQ:
[2016] In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?
(a) Sand deserts of northwest India
(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat
(d) Western Ghats |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Library Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided information regarding the National Mission on Libraries (NML) Scheme in Rajya Sabha.
About National Mission on Libraries (NML):
| Establishment |
Launched in 2012 by the Ministry of Culture to implement National Knowledge Commission (NKC, 2005) recommendations on library and information sciences development. |
| Objectives |
To modernize public libraries, create a digital database, enhance library staff competence, and promote equitable library access, especially in backward areas. |
| Structural Mandate |
Nodal Agency: Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), Kolkata to oversee and coordinate efforts. (It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture.)
Key Components:
1. National Virtual Library of India (NVLI): Digital resources, census of libraries, and reading habit studies.
2. Model Libraries: 6 Ministry libraries, 35 state central libraries, 35 district libraries, and 629 district libraries with network connectivity.
3. Library Survey: A survey of 5,000 libraries for infrastructure, resources, and usage data.
4. Capacity Building: Training programs for improving skills and knowledge of library staff. |
PYQ:
[2015] India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pro and cons of making the database available publicly available under open source licensing. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided details of the National Mission on Cultural Mapping in the Rajya Sabha.
About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):
| Details |
- Launched by: Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
- Implemented by: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
|
| Aims and Objectives |
- Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
- Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial stages will focus on Bihar.
- IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data. Web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD):
- Part of NMCM, by the Ministry of Culture and IGNCA.
- Purpose: Documents India’s villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
- 7 Categories: Covers Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and unique features.
|
|
| Features |
- Raise awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
- Create National Register of Artists and Art Practices.
|
PYQ:
[2018] Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary; Madhav National Park
Why in the News?
- Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
- Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.
About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:
|
Ratapani TR |
Madhav TR |
| Location |
- Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
- 824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
|
- Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
- 354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
|
| History |
- Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
- Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
|
- It was initially a national park.
- Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
- Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
|
| Flora and Fauna |
- Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
- Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
- Water Bodies: Barna Reservoir, Ratapani Dam, seasonal streams.
|
- Biome: Dry deciduous forests with significant scrub and grasslands.
- Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
- Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.
|
Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?
- A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
- A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
- These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
- The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
- Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
- Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
- Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans |
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