Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Will Europe ever return ‘Looted’ Asian Artifacts?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: 1970 UNESCO Convention

Mains level: Return of Artifacts

Artifacts

Introduction

  • European museums have faced increasing pressure to return cultural artifacts to their countries of origin.
  • The restitution of these artifacts carries significant implications for diplomacy and international relations.

France’s Pledge and Precedent

  • France’s Commitment: President Emmanuel Macron pledged support during the visit of Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet to return Khmer artifacts and expand the National Museum of Cambodia.
  • First European Leader: Macron became the first European leader to address demands for the return of looted antiquities in 2017, emphasizing France’s commitment to restoring cultural heritage.

Cases of Repatriation

  • Musee Guimet’s Return: France’s National Museum of Asian art, Musee Guimet, agreed to return a seventh-century Khmer statue to Cambodia, taken during the colonial era.
  • Global Initiatives: Germany and France allocated funds for reviewing African heritage objects, possibly signaling similar efforts for Asian artifacts.
  • The Met’s Decision: The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York pledged to return sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand, setting a precedent for other institutions.

Legal Basis and Challenges

  • UNESCO Convention: 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
  • Non-binding: It is a key legal framework for repatriation, but it doesn’t apply retrospectively to colonial-era looting.
  • National Legislation: Some countries, like Austria, are proposing national laws for returning objects acquired during colonialism.

Reasons for repatriation

  • Soft Power Benefits: Repatriation can enhance a nation’s soft power, showcasing a commitment to international law, reconciliation, and better relations with affected countries.
  • Rebranding Opportunity: Returning artifacts is seen as an opportunity for Western governments to rebrand and mend historical wrongs, especially in regions like Southeast Asia.
  • EU’s Role: The European Parliament discusses the need for recognizing and addressing colonial legacies and restitution, potentially creating a permanent EU body on restorative justice.
  • Cooperation is Key: To gain recognition similar to the United States, European museums need to cooperate openly with the governments of the regions from which the artifacts originated.

Conclusion

  • The return of cultural artifacts taken during colonialism is not only a legal and ethical issue but also a diplomatic endeavor.
  • European museums that engage in proactive repatriation efforts can build goodwill, foster cooperation, and enhance their soft power on the global stage.

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Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

India ranks 93 out of 180 countries in Corruption Perceptions Index 2023

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Corruption Perception Index

Mains level: Not Much

corruption

Introduction

  • Transparency International has released its Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023, ranking countries based on their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector.
  • India’s position in the ranking has shifted, but the change is minimal.

About Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Details
Introduction Introduced by Transparency International in 1995.
Frequency Published annually.
Purpose Ranks countries based on perceived corruption.
Data Sources Expert assessments and surveys of business leaders and residents.
Global Impact Widely recognized and used by governments, policymakers, businesses, and researchers.
Data Focus Primarily assesses perceived corruption within government and bureaucracy.

 

India’s Corruption Scorecard

  • India’s Global Rank: In the 2023 index, India is placed 93rd out of 180 countries, a small decline from its 85th position in 2022.
  • Corruption Score: India’s overall corruption score for 2023 is 39, down slightly from the 40 it scored in 2022.
  • Limited Change: The report highlights that India’s score fluctuations are minor, making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions about any significant changes. However, it points out that there have been actions narrowing civic space in India, including the passage of a telecommunications bill that could threaten fundamental rights.

South Asia’s Corruption Landscape

  • Pakistan and Sri Lanka: In South Asia, Pakistan (133) and Sri Lanka (115) are grappling with debt burdens and political instability. Still, strong judicial oversight in these countries helps keep the government accountable. Pakistan’s Supreme Court expanded citizens’ right to information, while Sri Lanka continues to face a crackdown on the press.
  • Bangladesh: As Bangladesh (149) moves away from its least developed country status and experiences economic growth, it faces challenges in providing public sector information due to a crackdown on the press.

Regional Insights

  • China’s Anti-Corruption Efforts: China (76) has made headlines for its aggressive anti-corruption campaign, resulting in punishments for millions of public officials over the last decade. However, doubts linger about the long-term effectiveness of these measures, which heavily rely on punishment rather than institutional checks.
  • Asia Pacific Region: The report notes that the Asia Pacific region is gearing up for a significant election year in 2024, with several countries holding elections. However, the 2023 CPI suggests little to no meaningful progress in curbing corruption in the region.

Top and Bottom Performers

  • Top-Scoring Countries: Nations like New Zealand (3) and Singapore (5) maintain their positions at the top of the index due to robust corruption control mechanisms. Other countries in the region with strong control measures include Australia (14), Hong Kong (14), Japan (16), Bhutan (26), Taiwan (28), and South Korea (32).
  • Struggling States: The lower end of the index includes fragile states with authoritarian regimes, such as North Korea (172) and Myanmar (162). Afghanistan (162) continues to grapple with one of the worst humanitarian crises in history.

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The Crisis In The Middle East

ICJ’s Interim Ruling on Gaza Genocide Case

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Mains level: NA

gaza icj

Introduction

  • The recent interim ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding South Africa’s case against Israel has sparked global attention.
  • While the court did not pass judgment on the core issue of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, it did issue six provisional measures.

ICJ’s Interim Ruling: Six Provisional Measures Ordered

  • Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority mandated that Israel take all necessary steps to prevent acts defined under Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, encompassing actions with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
  • Immediate Military Restraint: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect.”
  • Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges ruled that Israel must prevent and punish direct and public incitement to commit genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.
  • Humanitarian Assistance: The court instructed Israel to provide humanitarian aid and basic services to Palestinians in Gaza, recognizing them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
  • Preservation of Evidence: Israel was entrusted with preserving evidence related to alleged acts under the Genocide Convention in Gaza.
  • Reporting Requirement: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was asked to submit a report on measures taken to implement the ruling within one month.

Decision on Jurisdiction

  • Jurisdiction Confirmed: The World Court clarified its jurisdiction, stating that there exists a prima facie dispute between the parties concerning the application of the Genocide Convention.
  • Article 9 of Genocide Convention: Referring to Article 9, the court emphasized that South Africa’s concerns and Israel’s dismissal indicated a genuine dispute.

Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza

  • Genocidal Acts: The court suggested that “at least some” of Israel’s acts and omissions may fall within the contours of the Genocide Convention.
  • Impact of Military Operation: Israel’s large-scale military operation in Gaza, causing civilian casualties and displacement, was highlighted.
  • Statements by Israeli Officials: The court pointed to concerning statements by senior Israeli officials, including orders for a “complete siege” of Gaza and dehumanizing remarks about troops.
  • Humanitarian Concerns: Expressing deep concern, the court warned of a potential deterioration in the humanitarian situation before the final judgment.

No Call for Ceasefire

  • Court’s Limitations: The ICJ refrained from ordering a ceasefire, with legal experts explaining that such an order could render Israel defenseless and fall outside the court’s purview.
  • International Impact: While the court’s rulings are legally binding, enforcement is lacking. However, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions.

Also read:

ICJ: Doing Justice without power

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The Crisis In The Middle East

Funding Pause for UNRWA: Allegations and Implications

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: UNRWA

Mains level: Not Much

unrwa

Introduction

  • Britain, Italy, and Finland have recently halted funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) amid allegations of its staff’s involvement in the October 7 Hamas attacks on Israel.

About UNRWA

  • UNRWA was established to aid Palestinian refugees displaced during the 1948 war surrounding Israel’s creation.
  • It provides education, health, and aid services to Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon.
  • It operates schools, health clinics, and infrastructure projects for millions of Palestinians across the Middle East.

Israel’s Criticisms

  • Israel accuses UNRWA of tolerating or collaborating with Hamas and perpetuating the Palestinian refugee crisis.
  • It alleges misuse of aid by militant groups and teaching anti-Israel sentiments in UNRWA schools.

UNRWA’s Response

  • It denied allegations, takes swift action against accused employees, and asserts no links to militant groups.
  • It sought to undertake an external review to address accusations and determine political motivations.

Impact of Funding Cuts

  • The U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland suspend aid.
  • These nations contribute nearly 60% of UNRWA’s budget in 2022, impacting day-to-day operations.
  • Humanitarian crisis deepens in Gaza, with one in four facing starvation, and aid operations hampered by the ongoing conflict.

Conclusion

  • The pause in funding for UNRWA raises concerns about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the potential long-term impact on the region’s stability.
  • The accusations against UNRWA and the subsequent funding cuts underscore the complex challenges faced in delivering aid amid geopolitical tensions.

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Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

Turkey finally backs Sweden’s NATO bid

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NATO

Mains level: Read the attached story

Introduction

  • Sweden’s quest to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has achieved a significant breakthrough with Turkey’s parliament endorsing its membership.
  • This crucial development underscores the evolving dynamics in global politics and Sweden’s response to regional security challenges.

About NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Formation Established on April 4, 1949
Members Consists of 30 member countries
Headquarters Located in Brussels, Belgium
Mission Safeguard freedom and security through political and military cooperation
Key feature: Article 5 Mutual defense provision, attack on one is an attack on all
Operations Involved in peacekeeping and crisis management operations worldwide
NATO-Russia Relations Complex relationship with Russia, involving cooperation and tensions
Evolving Security Challenges Adapts to address evolving security challenges like terrorism, cyber threats, and hybrid warfare

Sweden’s Neutrality and Shift in Stance

  • A Two-Century Neutrality: Sweden has maintained a neutral position for over two centuries, staying out of conflicts, including both World Wars and the Cold War.
  • EU and NATO Collaboration: Despite joining the European Union and cooperating with NATO, Sweden had not previously indicated an intent to join the military alliance.
  • Changing Landscape: Sweden’s neutrality had to be reconsidered in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, prompting public opinion in favor of NATO membership.

Turkey’s Opposition and Resolution

  • Two Years of Opposition: Turkey and Hungary had opposed Sweden’s NATO membership for nearly two years.
  • Turkish Concerns: Turkey raised concerns about Sweden’s perceived leniency toward groups classified as terrorists, including the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).
  • Freedom of Speech Controversy: Quran-burning protests in Sweden, protected under freedom of speech laws, further strained relations with Turkey.
  • Recent Reforms: Sweden made several efforts to address Turkey’s concerns, tightening anti-terrorism laws, cracking down on PKK activities, and easing restrictions on arms sales to Turkey.
  • Positive Developments: Sweden also pledged support for Turkey’s European Union membership bid.

Hungary’s Influence and Response

  • Following Turkey’s Lead: Hungary, under Prime Minister Viktor Orban, had been seen as aligning with Turkey in opposing Sweden’s NATO bid.
  • Grievances with Sweden: Hungary expressed dissatisfaction with Sweden’s criticisms of the rule of law and democratic state under Orban.
  • Russia-Friendly Stance: Orban maintained a more Russia-friendly stance compared to other NATO nations.
  • Invitation for Cooperation: Following Turkey’s approval, Orban invited Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson to Budapest to discuss future security and defense cooperation as allies and partners.

Sweden’s Contribution to NATO

  • Baltic Sea Territory: Sweden’s NATO membership will extend the alliance’s presence along almost the entire Baltic Sea coastline, except for the part under Russian control.
  • Strategic Bases: This expansion provides NATO with strategic bases in proximity to Russia, streamlines supply lines, and facilitates the defense of assets in the Baltic Sea.
  • Modern Military: Despite its relatively small military size, Sweden possesses modern and experienced armed forces with advanced aircraft and submarine capabilities.
  • Global Missions: Sweden’s military has participated in previous NATO missions, adding to the alliance’s operational capabilities.

Conclusion

  • Sweden’s NATO membership approval signifies a significant shift in its longstanding neutrality, driven by changing geopolitical dynamics and regional security concerns.
  • As Sweden joins the alliance, it brings strategic advantages to NATO’s posture in the Baltic Sea region and enhances the collective defense capabilities of the alliance.

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International Monetary Fund,World Bank,AIIB, ADB and India

World Economic Forum (WEF) Summit at Davos

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: World Economic Forum (WEF)

Mains level: Read the attached story

Introduction

  • The World Economic Forum (WEF) has begun its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.

World Economic Forum (WEF)

  • Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is an international not-for-profit organization, focused on bringing the public and private sectors together to address the global political, social, and economic issues.
  • It was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist and Professor Klaus Schwab in a bid to promote global cooperation on these most pressing problems.
  • The first meeting of WEF was held more than five decades ago in Davos, which has been the home of the annual gathering almost ever since, also becoming the shorthand for the event.

Purpose and Essence of the WEF

  • Bringing Stakeholders Together: The WEF gathers leaders from business, government, and civil society to address global challenges and brainstorm solutions.
  • Scope Expansion: Initially focusing on European firms catching up with US management practices, the WEF’s scope broadened to encompass economic and social issues.

Annual Meeting in Davos

  • Membership: In 1975, the WEF introduced a membership system for the world’s top 1,000 companies.
  • Global Diplomacy: Davos serves as a backdrop for international diplomacy, offering leaders a conducive environment to defuse tensions and engage in critical discussions.
  • Historic Meetings: Notable meetings in Davos have included North and South Korea’s first ministerial-level talks and discussions on German reunification.
  • Birth of the G20: The idea for the G20, comprising 20 countries and initially focusing on global finance, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.

Funding and Davos’s Serene Environment

  • WEF Funding: The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnover exceeding $5 billion.
  • Davos Setting: Davos’s tranquil surroundings provide an ideal backdrop for the WEF’s mission to foster a more prosperous global economy.

Beyond Discussions: WEF’s Impact

  • Global Rankings: The WEF publishes influential global rankings and indices, such as the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.
  • Significance: WEF Summit serves as a dynamic platform where leaders and stakeholders converge to address pressing global issues, fostering cooperation and innovation on a grand scale.

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

ICJ: Doing Justice without power

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Mains level: Read the attached story

Introduction

About the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Details
Role Principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
Establishment Established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations, began work in April 1946.
Predecessor Successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) established by the League of Nations.
Inaugural Sitting Held its first sitting at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 1922.
Seat Located at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.
Jurisdiction ICJ’s jurisdiction requires consent from both parties involved in a dispute. Its judgment is final and binding.
Judges Comprises 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council.
Official Languages  English and French.
India’s Representation Four Indians have been members of the ICJ, including Justice Dalveer Bhandari, R S Pathak, Nagendra Singh, and Sir Benegal Rau.
Notable Indian Cases at ICJ
  • Trial of Veer Savarkar (1910) for extradition to Britain from France at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
  • Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India, culminated 1960).
  • Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan, culminated 1972).
  • Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India, culminated 1973).
  • Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India, culminated 2000).
  • Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India, culminated 2016).
  • Kulbhushan Jadhav (India v. Pakistan, culminated 2019).

Enforcement Challenges

  • Binding Rulings: ICJ decisions are legally binding, but they lack enforcement mechanisms, relying on the UN Security Council (UNSC) to enforce judgments.
  • Political Influence: Enforcement often falls victim to the politics of UNSC’s permanent members, as seen in potential vetoes by the US, Israel’s strong ally.

Challenges to Efficacy

  • Non-Participation: Powerful states may refuse to participate in ICJ proceedings, making compliance difficult. For instance, Russia declined to submit to the court’s jurisdiction during Ukraine-Russia conflict hearings.
  • Bureaucratic Delays: The ICJ’s slow bureaucratic process leads to years-long trials and judgments, making justice delayed justice denied.

ICJ’s Relevance

  • Expanding Jurisdiction: The ICJ now handles diverse international law areas, including human rights and environmental violations, furthering the participation of states through dispute settlement clauses.
  • Successful Reparations: The court’s rulings on reparations, such as Uganda’s payment to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, demonstrate its impact.
  • Advisory Role: The ICJ’s advisory opinions contribute to peaceful conflict resolution, as seen in its opinions on nuclear weapons and the Israeli-Palestinian wall.

Niche Position

  • Amid New Courts: Despite the emergence of new international courts and tribunals, the ICJ maintains a unique place in international judicial adjudication.
  • Fragmentation Concerns: Coexisting courts raise concerns about potential contradictions in rulings and the fragmentation of international law.
  • Guardian of World Order: The ICJ serves as a last resort when diplomacy fails, safeguarding the interests of the World Court.

Conclusion

  • The ICJ, with its rich history and evolving role in international law, faces challenges in enforcing its rulings and ensuring swift justice.
  • However, its expanding jurisdiction, successful reparations, and advisory role in peaceful conflict resolution demonstrate its continued relevance.
  • Striking a balance between centralization and decentralization in international judicial adjudication will be crucial to upholding the integrity of the World Court.

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Child Rights – POSCO, Child Labour Laws, NAPC, etc.

Why is Child Marriage still high in West Bengal?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Child Marriage

child marriage

Introduction

  • Recent Study Insights: A Lancet study highlights the ongoing challenge of child marriage in India, with significant prevalence in states like West Bengal.
  • Focus on Four States: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra are noted for their high rates of child marriages, particularly among girls.

Key Findings of the Lancet Study

  • Widespread Prevalence: The study reveals that one in five girls in India is married below the legal age, with notable disparities across states.
  • Rising Numbers in West Bengal: West Bengal has seen a significant increase in child marriages, with over 500,000 more girls married as children.

Impact of Child Marriage

  • Human Rights Violation: Child marriage is recognized as a form of sexual and gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
  • Health Consequences: The practice has detrimental effects on maternal and child health, as evidenced by incidents like infant deaths in Murshidabad.

Policy Interventions in West Bengal

  • Kanyashree Prakalpa Scheme: A conditional cash transfer scheme aimed at encouraging education and discouraging child marriage among teenage girls.
  • Rupashree Prakalpa: A cash incentive scheme for the marriage of girls, which sometimes counteracts the objectives of Kanyashree.

Challenges in Combating Child Marriage

  • Educational Strides vs. Child Marriage: Increased school enrollment of girls in West Bengal has not translated into a reduction in child marriage rates.
  • Literacy and Child Marriage Correlation: High literacy rates in certain districts have not led to a decrease in child marriage, indicating complex underlying factors.
  • Migration and Social Norms: Migration patterns and social norms contribute to the persistence of child marriage, with families marrying off daughters before migrating for work.

Implementation of Laws and Regulations

  • Inadequate Law Enforcement: Despite existing laws like The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006, enforcement remains weak in West Bengal compared to other states.
  • Proposed Amendments: Efforts to raise the legal age of marriage for women to 21 years are underway, with the bill referred to a Parliamentary Standing Committee.

Looking Ahead: Strategies for Change

  • Need for Comprehensive Approach: Addressing child marriage requires a multi-faceted approach involving panchayats, schools, local communities, and political will.
  • District Action Plans: The West Bengal government’s call for district action plans is a step forward, but effective implementation and social campaigns are crucial.
  • Enforcing Laws and Raising Awareness: Strengthening law enforcement and raising public awareness are key to reducing child marriage rates in West Bengal and across India.

Conclusion

  • Persistent Challenge: Despite policy efforts, child marriage remains a significant issue in India, particularly in states like West Bengal.
  • Balancing Incentives and Enforcement: While schemes like Kanyashree and Rupashree aim to address the issue, balancing incentives with strict law enforcement is essential.
  • Collaborative Efforts for Change: A collaborative effort involving all stakeholders, along with a strong political commitment, is necessary to effectively combat child marriage and protect the rights of young girls.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Maldives

Social Media row between India and Maldives over Tourism

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Souring of India-Maldives ties

maldives

Introduction

  • Trigger: PM Modi’s social media posts promoting tourism in Lakshadweep led to a contentious exchange between Maldivian politicians, government officials, and Indian social media users.
  • Context: The posts highlighted Lakshadweep’s beauty but did not mention the Maldives or other island nations.
  • Maldivian Reaction: Following PM Modi’s posts, some Maldivian social media users, including government officials, responded with offensive and derogatory comments targeting Indians and the Prime Minister.

Escalation of the Issue

  • Sensational Headlines: Local Maldivian news websites sensationalized the issue, falsely claiming that India was campaigning against Maldivian tourism.
  • Government Officials’ Involvement: High-ranking Maldivian officials engaged in the social media dispute, exacerbating the situation.

Maldivian Social Media Campaign

  • #VisitMaldives Hashtag: In response to India’s promotion of Lakshadweep, Maldivian officials and supporters pushed the ‘#VisitMaldives’ hashtag, featuring local resorts and beaches.
  • Territorial Claims: Some Maldivian users falsely claimed that Lakshadweep is not Indian territory but belongs to the Maldives.

Accusations Against India

  • Alleged Competition: Maldivian social media users accused India of trying to compete with the Maldives as a tropical vacation destination.
  • Racist Remarks: The posts led to a range of racist comments against Indians and Indian tourists.

Maldives’ Dependency on Tourism

  • Significant Indian Tourist Numbers: Indians form a large group of tourists visiting the Maldives, with over 200,000 travelers in 2023.
  • Economic Impact: Tourism is crucial for the Maldives, accounting for over 28% of its GDP.

Indian Response

  • Boycott Calls: Some Indian users called for a boycott of Maldivian hotels and resorts.
  • Highlighting Bilateral Cooperation: Others emphasized India’s assistance to the Maldives and aspects of bilateral cooperation.
  • Celebrity Support: Bollywood celebrities and Indian sportspersons initiated a ‘Visit Lakshadweep’ campaign in response to the controversy.

Roots of Anti-India Sentiments

  • Historical Campaign: Anti-India sentiments have been present since the ‘India Out’ campaign, which started in 2020 and was promoted by former president Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayyoom.
  • Muizzu Government’s Stance: The current Maldivian government, under President Mohamed Muizzu, has been fulfilling campaign promises, including withdrawing Indian military personnel from the Maldives.

Criticism Within the Maldives

  • Opposition’s Stance: Not all in the Maldives support the government’s stance, with some politicians and diplomats criticizing the derogatory comments.
  • Lack of Diplomatic Experience: Critics argue that some government officials lack experience and understanding of diplomacy.

Maldivian Government’s Reaction

  • Official Statement: The Maldives’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement distancing the government from the derogatory remarks.
  • Cyber Attack Suspicions: Following the incident, several Maldivian government websites, including the foreign ministry, were suspected to be under cyber-attack.

Conclusion

  • Surprise and Disappointment: The incident has surprised many in India and the Maldives, given the history of diplomatic support and cooperation.
  • Unlikely to Affect Relations: Analysts believe the conduct of a few individuals is unlikely to impact broader India-Maldives bilateral relations.
  • Need for Diplomatic Sensitivity: The episode underscores the importance of maintaining respectful and diplomatic communication between neighboring countries.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Myanmar

Suspending the Free Movement Regime: India’s Border Policy with Myanmar

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Free Movement Regime

Mains level: Read the attached story

Free Movement Regime

Central Idea

  • On January 2, the Indian government announced plans to scrap the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border.
  • Residents in border areas, previously able to cross freely, will now require visas.

About Free Movement Regime

  • Initiated in the 1970s, the FMR allowed people living within 16 km of the India-Myanmar border to travel up to 16 km into the other country without a visa.
  • India shares a 1,643 km-long border with Myanmar, which passes through the States of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), and Mizoram (510 km).
  • This regime recognized the deep-rooted familial and ethnic connections between communities on either side of the unfenced border.
  • The FMR was last revised in 2016, aligning with India’s Act East policy. However, it was suspended in Manipur since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reasons for the Policy Shift

  • Security and Illegal Activities: The FMR has been under scrutiny for facilitating illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and insurgency.
  • Refugee Influx Post-Coup: Following Myanmar’s military coup in February 2021, over 40,000 refugees entered Mizoram, and around 4,000 entered Manipur, exacerbating security concerns.
  • Local Government Stance: Manipur’s Chief Minister urged the Ministry of Home Affairs to cancel the FMR and complete border fencing, linking ethnic violence in the state to the free movement across the border.

Implications of Scrapping the FMR

  • Impact on Local Communities: Ending the FMR could significantly affect the daily lives of border residents, who depend on cross-border access for various needs.
  • Cultural and Social Disruption: The policy change might strain the cultural and social fabric of communities with shared ethnicities across the border.

Way forward

  • Border Fencing: The government plans to fence about 300 km of the border, with a tender expected soon.
  • Regulatory Revisions: Experts suggest refining the FMR to better regulate movement while maintaining cross-border ties.
  • Infrastructure and Trade: Enhancing infrastructure and formalizing trade at designated entry points could mitigate some negative impacts.
  • Community Engagement: Involving border communities in decision-making is crucial for effective and sensitive border management.

Conclusion

  • Balancing Security and Community Needs: The decision to end the FMR requires a nuanced approach that considers both national security and the rights of border communities.
  • Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening diplomatic relations with Myanmar is key to managing this transition effectively.
  • Future Challenges: As India navigates this policy change, it faces the challenge of securing its borders while respecting the socio-economic realities of border populations.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pakistan

India, Pakistan conduct Annual Exchange of List of Nuclear Installations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement

Mains level: Pakistan's prospected economic default and collapse

pakistan

Central Idea

  • India and Pakistan has exchanged a list of their nuclear installations that cannot be attacked in case of an escalation in hostilities.

Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement

  • The Non-nuclear aggression agreement is a bilateral and nuclear weapons control treaty between India and Pakistan, on the reduction (or limitation) of nuclear arms.
  • Both pledged not to attack or assist foreign powers to attack on each others nuclear installations and facilities.
  • The treaty was drafted in 1988, and signed by PM Rajiv Gandhi and his counterpart Benazir Bhutto on 21 December 1988; it entered into force on January 1991.
  • The treaty barred its signatories from carrying out a surprise attack (or to assist foreign powers to attack) on each other’s nuclear installations and facilities.
  • Starting in January 1992, India and Pakistan have annually exchanged lists of their respective military and civilian nuclear-related facilities.

Need for the treaty

  • In 1986-87, the massive exercise, ‘Brasstacks’ was carried out by the Indian Army, raising fears of an Indian attack on Pakistan’s nuclear facilities.
  • Since then, the Foreign ministries of both countries have been negotiating to reach an understanding towards the control of nuclear weapons.

Significance of the agreement

  • The treaty barred its signatories from carrying out a surprise attack (or to assist foreign powers to attack) on each other’s nuclear installations and facilities.
  • The treaty provides a confidence-building security measure environment.

Other: Sharing of Prisoners information

  • Both nations simultaneously share the list of prisoners in each other’s custody.
  • These lists are exchanged under the provisions of the Agreement on Consular Access signed in May 2008.
  • Under this pact, the two countries should exchange comprehensive lists on January 1 and July 1 every year (i.e. twice a year).

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The Crisis In The Middle East

Genocide Convention invoked in Israel-Palestinian War

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Genocide Convention, 1948

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea

  • South Africa has petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to declare Israel in breach of the 1948 Genocide Convention.

Genocide Convention, 1948

Details
Full Name Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Adoption Date December 9, 1948
Primary Aim To prevent and punish the crime of genocide
Definition of Genocide Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group
Key Provisions Includes killing or causing harm to members of a group, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children
Punishable Acts Genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide
Implementation and Enforcement States must enact legislation to give effect to the Convention’s provisions and provide penalties for perpetrators;

Genocide recognized as a crime under international law

Historical Context Created post-Holocaust and World War II as a global commitment against atrocities
Legal Framework Impact Established legal basis for defining and prosecuting genocide, influencing international criminal law
India’s Involvement Ratified by India on August 27, 1959;

Principles incorporated into India’s domestic legal system

South Africa’s Stance and Actions

  • Preventive Obligation: Following its application to the ICJ, South Africa stated its obligation to prevent genocide, seeking urgent provisional measures to halt violence in Gaza.
  • Israel’s Response: Israel has strongly condemned South Africa’s accusations, terming them as “blood libel.”
  • Potential Impact of ICJ Ruling: Even if the ICJ issues provisional measures, Israel, like Russia in the Ukraine case, may choose to ignore them.

Historical Roots of South Africa’s Position

  • Longstanding Criticism of Israel: South Africa has a history of criticizing Israel, including suspending diplomatic relations and expressing solidarity with Palestine.
  • Colonialism and Empathy for Palestine: South Africa’s own history of colonialism and apartheid has fostered empathy towards the Palestinian cause.
  • Influential Figures: Leaders like Nelson Mandela have historically supported Palestinian rights.
  • Resistance to Western Influence: South Africa’s stance is partly influenced by a desire to resist Western-dominated worldviews, evident in its approach to global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Economic and Political Considerations

  • Trade Relations with Israel: Despite being Israel’s largest African trading partner, South Africa has maintained its support for Palestine.
  • Shift in African Nations’ Stance: While many African countries have softened their stance towards Israel, South Africa remains steadfast due to the ANC’s anti-discrimination roots and resistance to Western hegemony.

Conclusion

  • Balancing Trade and Ideology: South Africa’s actions reflect a complex interplay of historical empathy, political ideology, and economic considerations in its foreign policy.
  • Global Implications: This move at the ICJ underscores the ongoing tensions in international relations, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and broader geopolitical dynamics.

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US policy wise : Visa, Free Trade and WTO

Project PRAYAS to help Indian youth migrate abroad

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Project PRAYAS

Mains level: Read the attached story

Central Idea

  • The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) introduced Project PRAYAS (Promoting Regular & Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals) to facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students.

What is Project PRAYAS?

Details
Project Name Project PRAYAS
Introduced By International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Partnership Ministry of External Affairs, India
Objective To facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students
Key Focus Enhancing coordination between state and central governments

Addressing India’s growing role in international migration

Providing policy recommendations for migration governance

IOM’s Role Promoting humane and orderly migration as a United Nations agency
Significance Represents a consolidation of state-level efforts for well-managed international migration
Focus Areas and Activities Conducting comprehensive studies on migration trends

Launching awareness programs for safe and orderly migration processes


Back2Basics: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

Details
Establishment 1951
Initial Purpose To assist in the resettlement of people displaced by World War II
Current Role Providing services and advice on migration to governments and migrants, including various displaced persons
Type Intergovernmental Organization
Membership 173 member states, 8 observer states
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Key Objectives Promote humane and orderly migration Emergency response

Link migration with development Health and support for migrants

Facilitate managed labor migration Counter human trafficking

UN Relationship Became a related organization of the United Nations in 2016
India and IOM India has been a member of IOM since 1992.

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

How India chooses its Republic Day chief guest?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: R-Day Guests

Mains level: Significance of the event

Republic Day

Central Idea

  • France’s President Emmanuel Macron is set to be the chief guest for India’s 75th Republic Day celebrations.
  • The invitation extended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi signifies a high diplomatic honor and reflects the strong ties between India and France.

Honor of Republic Day Chief Guest

  • Ceremonial Significance: Being the chief guest at India’s Republic Day is a top diplomatic honor, involving participation in various ceremonial activities.
  • Activities and Protocol: The chief guest receives a guard of honor, attends a presidential reception, lays a wreath at Rajghat, and is honored with a banquet and lunch.
  • Symbolism and Friendship: As per Ambassador Manbir Singh, the visit symbolizes participation in India’s pride and reflects the friendship between the two nations.

Selection Process for the Chief Guest

  • Advance Planning: The process begins about six months prior, with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) playing a central role.
  • Key Considerations: The decision is driven by political, commercial, military, and economic interests, aiming to strengthen ties with the invitee’s country.
  • Historical Factors: The Non-Aligned Movement’s legacy has also influenced past selections, with an emphasis on mutual support and nation-building.

Procedure Post-Selection

  • Approval and Discretion: After MEA’s selection, approvals are sought from the Prime Minister and President, followed by discreet confirmation of the invitee’s availability.
  • Official Communications and Planning: Post-confirmation, official communications and detailed planning for the visit and ceremonies are undertaken.

Challenges and Contingencies

  • Potential for Unplanned Events: Organizers prepare for various contingencies, including health issues or weather disruptions.
  • Protocol Challenges: Incidents like the one recounted by Ambassador Singh, involving the ADC of a chief guest, highlight the importance of strict adherence to protocol.

Broader Implications of the Visit

  • Ceremonial and Strategic Importance: The role of the Republic Day chief guest blends ceremonial honor with strategic diplomacy, playing a key role in India’s international relations and foreign policy.
  • Media Coverage and Perception: The visit is closely monitored by international media, influencing perceptions of the guest’s nation.
  • Cultural and Diplomatic Impact: The hospitality and ceremonies reflect India’s traditions and culture, enhancing diplomatic relations.
  • Beyond Ceremonial Significance: The visit of the chief guest holds potential for opening new avenues in international relations and advancing India’s global interests.

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

Call for Reform in Sovereign Credit Rating Process  

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Sovereign Credit Ratings

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea

  • India’s Chief Economic Adviser, V Anantha Nageswaran, emphasizes the need for reform in the sovereign credit rating process.
  • The aim is to accurately reflect the default risk of developing economies and reduce their funding costs.

What are Sovereign Credit Ratings?

  • A sovereign credit rating is a measure of a country’s creditworthiness, or its ability to meet its financial obligations.
  • It is an assessment of the credit risk associated with a country’s bonds or other debt securities.
  • The rating is assigned by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch Ratings.
  • S&P and Fitch rate India ‘BBB-‘ and Moody’s ‘Baa3’, all indicative of the lowest possible investment grade, but with a stable outlook.

India’s Pursuit of a Credit Rating Upgrade

  • Current Rating: India is at the lowest possible investment grade but is seeking an upgrade due to improved economic metrics post-pandemic.
  • Government Engagement: Continuous efforts are being made to engage with global credit rating agencies for an improved rating.

Challenges in the Current Rating Methodology

  • Opacity and Impact: CEA points out the opaqueness in rating methodologies and the difficulty in quantifying the impact of qualitative factors.
  • Bandwagon Effects and Biases: The significant presence of qualitative factors leads to cognitive biases and concerns about the credibility of ratings.

India’s Engagement with Rating Agencies

  • Meetings with Top Agencies: Finance ministry officials have met with representatives from Fitch Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, and S&P Global Ratings.
  • Current Ratings: While S&P and Fitch rate India at BBB, Moody’s rates it at Baa3 with a stable outlook.

Parameters and Issues in Sovereign Rating

  • Typical Parameters: Agencies consider factors like growth rate, inflation, government debt, and political stability.
  • Qualitative Component: Over half the ratings are determined by qualitative factors, often non-transparent and perception-based.
  • Dominance in Ratings: Institutional Quality, often measured by World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs), is a significant determinant for developing economies.
  • Issues with WGIs: These metrics are non-transparent, perception-based, and may not represent a sovereign’s willingness to pay.

CEA’s Recommendations  

  • Need for Transparency: Sovereigns are expected to be transparent; similarly, rating agencies should make their processes clear and avoid untenable judgments.
  • Potential Benefits: Enhanced transparency could lead to more reliance on hard data and possible credit rating upgrades for many sovereigns.
  • Access to Private Capital: Improved ratings can help developing countries access private capital crucial for addressing global challenges like climate change.
  • India’s Export Targets: With initiatives like production-linked incentives and Make in India, India aims for a $2 trillion export target by 2030.

Conclusion

  • Advocacy for Change: Nageswaran’s comments highlight the need for a more equitable and transparent sovereign credit rating process.
  • Broader Implications: Such reforms could not only benefit developing economies like India by reducing funding costs but also contribute to a more accurate and fair global financial system.

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Outcomes of COP28: Progress and Challenges in Climate Action

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: COP28

Mains level: Read the attached story

COP28

Central Idea

  • Annual Climate Summit: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) was held in Dubai, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
  • High Expectations: There were significant expectations for countries to take decisive steps in addressing the climate crisis.
  • Key Focus Areas: Discussions at COP28 revolved around mitigation, adaptation, finance, and the differing responsibilities of developed and developing nations.

Early Developments: Loss and Damage Fund

  • COP27 Agreement Follow-up: After agreeing to create the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund at COP27, COP28 focused on its operationalization.
  • Funding Challenges: Despite the need for substantial funding, contributions have been limited, with the U.S. pledging only $17.5 million.
  • Administration and Access Concerns: The World Bank’s role in overseeing the fund raised issues regarding access, legal autonomy, and responsiveness to emergencies.

Emissions Reduction and Energy Transition

  • Global Stocktake Findings: The first global stocktake (GST) assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
  • Fossil Fuel Transition: A commitment was made to move away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to triple renewable and nuclear energy capacity by 2030.
  • Continued Use in Other Sectors: Fossil fuels remain in use in sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture.
  • Transitional Fuels and Climate Justice: The acceptance of natural gas as a transitional fuel was seen as a compromise on climate justice.

Financial Mechanisms for Climate Action

  • Developed Nations’ Responsibility: The GST framework emphasized the leading role of developed nations in climate finance.
  • Private Sector Involvement: The role of private investment in addressing financial gaps was acknowledged.
  • Green Finance Initiatives: New mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost to the Green Climate Fund, were established to support sustainable practices in developing countries.

India’s Stance on Climate and Health Declaration

  • UAE Declaration on Climate and Health: This declaration, partnered with the World Health Organisation, was signed by 123 countries but not by India.
  • India’s Concerns: India refrained from signing due to potential impacts on its growing healthcare infrastructure and the need to prioritize healthcare requirements.

Global Methane Pledge and India’s Position

  • Renewed Focus on Methane: The pledge received attention with over $1 billion in new grants for methane reduction projects.
  • India’s Non-Participation: India did not sign the pledge, focusing instead on carbon dioxide emissions and considering the livelihood implications of methane reduction in agriculture.

Assessment of COP28: Achievements and Shortcomings

  • Positive Developments: Notable achievements included the climate and health declaration, emphasis on nature-based solutions, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
  • Contentious Issues: Disagreements persisted over fossil-fuel subsidies, the role of the World Bank in the L&D fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
  • Mixed Outcomes: While renewable energy targets marked progress, unresolved issues regarding L&D, fossil fuel use, and transitional fuels indicated ongoing challenges.

Conclusion

  • Balancing Act: COP28 showcased the intricate balance between ambitious climate goals and the practical realities of economic and social factors.
  • Continued Dialogue: The outcomes reflect the need for ongoing dialogue and collaboration to address the multifaceted aspects of climate change and sustainable development.

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International Monetary Fund,World Bank,AIIB, ADB and India

World Bank sets up task force for MDB Reform Plan

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: World Bank

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea

About World Bank

Details
Establishment July 1944, during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA.
Initial Purpose To help rebuild European nations devastated by World War II;

Later expanded to include global development and poverty reduction.

Components – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

– International Development Association (IDA)

– International Finance Corporation (IFC)

– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

– International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

Membership 189 member countries as of 2021.
Headquarters Washington, D.C., United States.
Main Functions Provides loans, credits, and grants; offers technical expertise and policy advice; researches development issues.
Funding Through issuance of bonds in the international financial markets and earnings from its investments.
Governance Led by a President, with a Board of Governors and a Board of Executive Directors.
India’s Involvement – Founding member since 1944.

– First loan approved in 1949 for Indian Railways.

 

Understanding Multilateral Development Banks

  • Definition and Membership: MDBs are financial institutions with multiple country members, both developed and developing, that provide financing and technical assistance for development projects.
  • Operational Focus: Their operations span various sectors, including transport, energy, and urban infrastructure, with developed countries contributing to the lending pool and developing countries primarily borrowing for development projects.

Rationale behind Proposed Reforms

  • Addressing Global Challenges: The climate crisis and other global issues require mechanisms for global-scale action, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
  • Aligning with National Priorities: The expert group recommends that MDBs align more closely with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
  • Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: A shift is suggested towards greater private sector involvement in MDB operations, moving away from the culture of limited interaction between private and sovereign financing arms.

Key Aspects of the Proposed Reforms

  • Coordination and Stakeholder Involvement: The panel emphasizes the need for greater coordination among stakeholders, including national governments, to develop unified goals and policies.
  • Addressing Coordination Failures: The reforms aim to resolve multiple coordination failures among domestic and international stakeholders, both public and private.
  • Changing Perception and Practices: The current perception of MDBs as bureaucratic and risk-averse is seen as a barrier to private sector involvement, which is crucial for ramping up financing.

MDBs’ Traditional Lending in Countries like India

  • Role in India’s Development: MDBs have been instrumental in financing key infrastructure projects in India, often with longer gestation periods.
  • World Bank’s Commitments: Since its establishment in 1944, the World Bank has committed $97.6 billion to India, with significant portions in public administration, agriculture, and transport.
  • Asian Development Bank’s Involvement: Formed in 1969, the ADB has committed $59.7 billion to India, focusing on transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.
  • Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Financing: The AIIB, established in 2016, has approved $9.9 billion in financing for India, with a focus on transport, energy, and economic resilience.
  • European Investment Bank’s Contributions: Since 1958, the EIB has committed Euro 4.5 billion to India, primarily in the transport and energy sectors.

Conclusion

  • Implications of the Recommendations: The proposed shift in MDB operations could lead to more effective and targeted development financing, aligning closely with the specific needs and priorities of individual countries.
  • Potential for Enhanced Global Impact: By addressing coordination challenges and increasing private sector engagement, MDBs could play a pivotal role in meeting global development goals and addressing critical challenges like the climate crisis.

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

India Tops Global Remittance Inflows in 2023: World Bank Report

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Remittance inflows data

Mains level: Read the attached story

remittance

Central Idea

  • In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
  • The surge was influenced by various factors, including India’s currency agreement with the UAE.

World Bank’s Analysis on Remittance Growth

  • Report Findings: The World Bank’s report indicates a slowdown in remittance growth in India to 12.4% in 2023, down from 24.4% in 2022.
  • Increased Share in South Asia: India’s share in South Asian remittances is expected to rise to 66% in 2023 from 63% in 2022.

Global Remittance Scenario

  • Other Leading Countries: Following India, the top remittance-receiving countries are Mexico (USD 67 billion), China (USD 50 billion), the Philippines (USD 40 billion), and Egypt (USD 24 billion).
  • Significance in GDP: In economies like Tajikistan, Tonga, Samoa, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, remittances form a substantial part of the GDP, highlighting their critical economic role.

Contributing Factors for India

  • Key Drivers: Declining inflation and robust labor markets in high-income countries contributed to increased remittances.
  • Major Sources: Significant remittance flows came from the US, the UK, and Singapore, as well as from the GCC, particularly the UAE.
  • UAE’s Role: The UAE is the second-largest source of remittances to India, accounting for 18% of the total.

India-UAE Currency Agreement Impact

  • February 2023 Agreement: The agreement to promote local currency use in cross-border transactions and interlink payment systems has boosted remittances.
  • Dirhams and Rupees Usage: The use of dirhams and rupees in transactions is expected to channel more remittances through formal channels.

Global Remittance Trends

  • Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Remittances to these countries grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2023.
  • Future Concerns: There is a risk of real income decline for migrants in 2024 due to global inflation and low growth prospects.

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

2024: Celebrating the International Year of Camelids

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Camelids

Mains level: Read the attached story

camelids

Central Idea

  • The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. This declaration aims to highlight the crucial role of Camelids in the lives of people globally.

About Camelids

  • FAO’s Statement: According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Camelids significantly impact millions of households in over 90 countries.
  • Species Included: Camelids encompass alpacas, Bactrian camels, dromedaries, guanacos, llamas, and vicuñas.
  • Role in Food Security and Economy: These animals contribute to food security, nutrition, and economic growth, particularly benefiting Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Importance of Camelids

  • Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals: Camelids play a vital role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.
  • Source of Nutrition: They provide milk and meat, essential in combating hunger.
  • Fibre Production: Camelids produce fibre used for clothing and shelter.
  • Transportation and Agriculture: They serve as a means of transportation and produce organic fertilizer for agriculture.
  • Adaptability: Known for their ability to survive in harsh conditions, Camelids are significant in regions like the Andes and arid lands of Africa and Asia.
  • Climate Change Awareness: Camelids symbolize resilience and can help raise awareness about climate change.

Goals of the International Year of Camelids 2024

  • Awareness and Investment: The year aims to increase awareness of Camelids’ untapped potential and advocate for more investment in this sector.
  • Advocacy for Research and Innovation: The initiative calls for enhanced research, capacity development, and the adoption of innovative practices and technologies in the Camelids sector.

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India’s Bid to a Permanent Seat at United Nations

Why only 5 countries have Veto Power in UNSC?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Veto Power

Mains level: Read the attached story

Central Idea

  • A recent UN resolution vote, where 153 countries voted in favor and 10 against, including the USA’s support for Israel, underscores the influence of a few nations in global decisions.
  • This voting pattern brings into focus the veto powers within the UN Security Council (UNSC) and their persistence for over seven decades.

What is the Veto Power in the UNSC?

  • Exclusive Membership: The UNSC comprises five permanent members (P5) – the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China – along with 10 non-permanent members.
  • Power of Resolutions: Unlike the General Assembly, resolutions passed by the UNSC are legally binding.
  • Veto Mechanism: Any P5 member can veto a resolution, blocking its adoption even with the required majority support.

Rationale behind Veto Power for Permanent Members

  • Post-WWII Context: The P5, instrumental in forming the UN after World War II, were granted special rights, including veto power, as recognition of their role.
  • Strategic Necessity: The veto was considered vital to ensure the participation of these major powers in global peacekeeping efforts.

Formation and Evolution of the UN and Veto Power

  • Foundational Discussions: The structure of veto power was developed during key meetings like the Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta Conferences.
  • FDR’s Influence: President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned the UN as a post-war peacekeeping body, with the ‘Four Policemen’ (USA, USSR, UK, and China) at its core.
  • USA’s Diplomatic Efforts: The United States employed strategies, including intelligence, to secure veto power in the UN Charter.

Debate and Criticism of the Veto Power

  • Global Dissatisfaction: The exclusive nature of veto power has been a point of contention for many countries.
  • Resistance to Change: Attempts to expand the P5 or modify veto rights have been largely unsuccessful due to the vested interests of the permanent members.
  • Acknowledging Changes: The increase in non-permanent UNSC members in 1965 was a nod to the changing international environment.
  • Reforms agenda: Proposals include making all 15 seats temporary with five-year terms, encouraging open competition for seats, and imposing lobbying and term limits.

Conclusion

  • Continued Discussions: The use of veto power in the UNSC remains a contentious issue, reflecting the complex nature of global politics.
  • Adapting to Modern Times: As the world’s political landscape evolves, there may be growing pressure to reform the UNSC’s structure and veto mechanism to better align with the current global order.

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