Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Launh stations in India
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet approved the construction of a third launchpad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. In 2024, PM laid the foundation stone for ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district. (The first one being the Dr Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.)
Who was Satish Dhawan?
- Born in Srinagar, Satish Dhawan was a prominent Indian rocket scientist and is hailed as the ‘Father of Experimental Fluid Dynamics Research’ in India.
- Succeeded Vikram Sarabhai as ISRO Chairman in 1972.
- Oversaw a period of extraordinary growth in India’s space program, including the development of:
- INSAT: India’s telecommunications satellite system.
- IRS: The Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
- PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which positioned India as a major spacefaring nation.
- Legacy:
- Passed away in 2002, after which the Sriharikota space center was renamed the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in his honor.
|
About the New Launchpad
- The new launchpad at Sriharikota aims to bolster India’s space capabilities.
- It will support Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) missions and enhance ISRO’s capacity to launch advanced satellites and spacecraft.
- Significance: This is India’s sole operational spaceport, serving as the hub for spacecraft and satellite launches since its inception.
How and why was Sriharikota selected as the Launch Site?
- 1960s Search: India’s search for an ideal launch site began in the 1960s when the country decided to develop indigenous satellites and launch vehicles.
- Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India’s space program, tasked EV Chitnis to identify a site on the east coast.
- Survey and Acquisition: By October 1968, approximately 40,000 acres of land were acquired in Sriharikota.
- Reasons for Choosing Sriharikota:
- East Coast Location: Launching rockets eastward takes advantage of Earth’s rotational speed, adding an extra velocity boost of 450 m/s, especially beneficial for geostationary satellites.
- Proximity to the Equator: Rockets launching near the equator require less energy to reach geostationary orbits, making the location ideal for such missions.
- Uninhabited Area: The site’s sparse population minimizes risks during rocket launches and component re-entry.
- Access to the Sea: Proximity to the Bay of Bengal ensures that rocket debris falls into the sea, avoiding hazards to land or human settlements.
- Strategic Accessibility: Adequate access to resources, infrastructure, and government support facilitated the development of a robust launch facility.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
- PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
- Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
- GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Namdhari Sect
Why in the News?
Punjab CM paid tribute to the Kuka martyrs at a function held at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla. The day commemorates the execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs (Kukas) on January 17 and 18, 1872, by British colonial authorities.
Who are the ‘Namdharis’?
- The Namdharis, also called Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh on April 12, 1857, in Ludhiana, Punjab.
- The name Kuka derives from their distinctive high-pitched recitation of Gurbani (kook in Punjabi means “cry” or “scream”).
- Social Reforms:
- Advocated against alcohol consumption, meat eating, and other social vices.
- Promoted Swadeshi principles, urging people to boycott foreign goods, British services, and educational institutions.
- The movement served as a precursor to nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance against colonial rule.
About the Kuka Rebellion
- The Kuka Rebellion was one of the localized uprisings against British rule after the Rebellion of 1857.
- The Namdharis actively opposed British policies, particularly cow slaughter, which became a focal point of their resistance.
- Key events leading to the rebellion:
- In January 1872, Namdharis, led by Hira Singh and Lehna Singh, clashed with British authorities after a cow slaughter incident in Malerkotla.
- They attacked the Malaudh Fort in Ludhiana, loyal to the British, but the rebellion was crushed.
- British Retaliation:
- The British responded brutally, executing 49 Namdharis on January 17, 1872, and 17 more on January 18, 1872.
- The Kukas were placed in front of cannons and blown up in a public spectacle to intimidate others.
Kuka Martyrs’ Day
- It is observed on January 17 and 18 each year to honor the 66 Namdharis who were executed in 1872.
- Significant Stories of Bravery:
- Bishan Singh (12 years old): Refused to renounce his sect despite being offered his life and was brutally executed after tugging the beard of a British official.
- Waryam Singh: Courageously used stones to elevate himself to the cannon’s mouth for execution, showing unwavering dedication.
- Legacy:
- After the rebellion, Satguru Ram Singh and other Namdhari leaders were exiled to Rangoon.
- Namdharis believe Ram Singh is still alive and mourn his absence by wearing white.
|
PYQ:
[2016] The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the:
(a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lokpal and Lokayukta; Powers and Functions
Why in the News?
12 years after its enactment, the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013, has seen limited impact, with the Lokpal ordering just 24 investigations and granting 6 prosecution sanctions.
History of Lokpal:
- The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC-I) recommended establishing an anti-corruption ombudsman for India in 1966.
- Several Lokpal Bills were introduced between 1971 and 2008, but none were passed.
- In 2011, activist Anna Hazare’s Jan Lokpal Andolan led to significant public pressure for an anti-corruption framework.
- This movement resulted in the enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, which provides for the appointment of:
- Lokpal at the Centre.
- Lokayuktas in states to address corruption cases involving public servants.
|
About Lokpal and Lokayukta
|
Lokpal |
Lokayukta |
| About |
- Envisioned under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, it is India’s first anti-corruption ombudsman at the central level.
- Covers corruption cases involving public servants, including the Prime Minister (with exceptions), Union Ministers, MPs, and central government officials.
- Appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee (includes PM, LoP, CJI, and an eminent jurist).
|
- Established under Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, as the state-level counterpart to the Lokpal.
- Handles corruption cases involving state public servants, including Chief Ministers, Ministers, MLAs, and state officials.
- Appointed by the Governor, with the composition and appointment process varying across states.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Investigates corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act.
- Can confiscate property acquired through corrupt practices.
- Has jurisdiction over central officials in Groups A, B, C, and D, and institutions receiving significant foreign contributions or government funding.
- Can refer cases to the CBI or its Inquiry Wing for investigation.
- Submits annual reports to the President, which are tabled in Parliament.
|
- Investigates cases under state laws, particularly involving state public servants.
- Addresses corruption complaints related to government schemes, contracts, and functioning.
- Powers vary across states, but typically include authority to recommend investigations, disciplinary action, or prosecution.
- Submits annual reports to the Governor, which are presented in the State Legislature.
|
| Structural Mandate |
- Composition: Chairperson (former CJI, SC Judge, or eminent person) and up to 8 members, 50% of whom must be from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women.
- Tenure: 5 years or until 70 years of age.
- Salary: Chairperson’s salary equals CJI, members’ salaries equal SC Judges.
- Removal by the President upon SC inquiry for misconduct or incapacity.
|
- Composition: Varies by state law but generally includes a Chairperson and members with qualifications similar to the Lokpal.
- Tenure: Defined by state legislation.
- Salary: Modeled on the Lokpal but subject to state laws.
- Removal by the Governor, often following a process modelled on the Lokpal Act.
|
PYQ:
[2013] ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FTI- TTP
Why in the News?
The Fast Track Immigration – Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) is set to expand to seven major Indian airports starting January 16, 2025, ensuring seamless and expedited immigration processes for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
About the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI- TTP)
- Launched under the ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision, it aims to establish world-class immigration facilities and enhance international mobility.
- The Bureau of Immigration, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the nodal agency responsible for implementing the programme.
- It was initially introduced on June 22, 2024, at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI).
- It is targeted at Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders in its first phase and will eventually include foreign travelers.
- Phase-Wise Implementation:
- Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
- Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travelers.
- The program is free of cost during its initial implementation phase.
- By 2025, the program will be operational at 21 major airports across India.
Features of the Program
- Operates through e-gates or automated border gates for faster processing.
- Travelers scan their boarding pass and passport, followed by biometric authentication, to complete the process.
- Enrollment is completed through an online portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in), where applicants upload their details and required documents.
- Membership is valid for a maximum of 5 years or until the passport’s validity, whichever comes first.
- Applicants must ensure their passport has a minimum six-month validity at the time of registration.
- White-listed trusted travelers undergo faster clearance while maintaining security standards.
Significance
- Reduces immigration clearance time, providing a hassle-free travel experience for international travelers.
- Biometric authentication ensures identity verification, reducing risks of fraudulent entries.
- Travelers can bypass regular queues, making the process more convenient and seamless.
- Comparable to the Global Entry Program in the United States, it aligns India’s immigration services with international standards.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
- There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
- A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
- A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Suspects Registry
Why in the News?
In just three months since its launch, the Central Suspect Registry (CSR) has successfully declined over 6 lakh fraudulent transactions, saving ₹1,800 crore, according to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
About the Central Suspect Registry (CSR)
- The CSR aims to strengthen fraud risk management by maintaining a comprehensive registry of cybercrime suspects.
- It contains data on 1.4 million cybercriminals linked to financial fraud and other cybercrimes.
- The registry was created by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- The registry is accessible to states, Union Territories, central investigation agencies, intelligence agencies, and financial institutions.
- Developed with inputs from banks and financial institutions, the CSR serves as a central database consolidating cybercrime-related data.
Significance of the CSR:
- Integration with NCRP: Uses data from the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal to identify potential cybercriminals.
- Fraud Detection and Prevention: Helps financial institutions and law enforcement agencies identify and block fraudulent activities.
- Support from Financial Entities: The RBI has directed all banks to integrate the registry into their systems for fraud prevention.
- Impact:
- Over 6.10 lakh fraudulent transactions blocked, saving ₹1,800 crore as of December 1, 2024.
- 8.67 lakh mule accounts frozen by banks and financial intermediaries.
- 7 lakh SIM cards and 1.4 lakh mobile devices blocked.
- Financial fraud transactions amounting to ₹3,850 crore saved since 2021 through the Citizen Financial Cyber Frauds Reporting and Management System.
- 1,03,151 suspicious online content items blocked under the powers conferred by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?
- Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
- Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
- Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
- Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydroclimate Whiplash
Why in the News?
Since earlier this month Los Angeles has been gripped by devastating wildfires fueled by a rare and alarming meteorological phenomenon known as hydroclimate whiplash.
What is Hydroclimate Whiplash?
- Hydroclimate whiplash refers to rapid and extreme shifts between periods of intensely wet weather and dangerously dry conditions.
- Characteristics:
- Alternates between heavy rainfall and severe drought.
- Typically results in amplified weather extremes, such as floods followed by wildfires.
- Global Trend:
- Hydroclimate whiplash has increased by 31% to 66% worldwide since the mid-20th century, largely due to climate change.
- Projections indicate a 113% rise in such events during sub-seasonal periods with a 3°C increase in global temperatures.
Causes of Hydroclimate Whiplash
- Rising global temperatures intensify hydrological extremes, causing prolonged periods of rainfall and drought.
- Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfalls during wet periods and exacerbating droughts during dry phases.
- Shifts in El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles influence precipitation and temperature extremes.
- Changes in ocean currents and wind patterns disrupt normal weather cycles, contributing to hydroclimate variability.
- Unusual delays in wet or dry seasons can magnify hydroclimate swings, as seen in regions like California.
How did this phenomenon cause wildfire in LA?
- The usual wet season, which begins in October, failed during 2024-25, exacerbating dry conditions and increasing fire hazards.
- As dry air moves from high-pressure regions over southwestern deserts to low-pressure zones off the California coast, it warms and dries further, creating ideal wildfire conditions.
|
PYQ:
[2011] La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?
1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Bhargavastra' Micro Missiles
Why in the News?
India has achieved a significant milestone in defense technology by successfully testing its first domestically developed Bhargavastra micro-missile system, designed to counter swarm drone threats.
What is Bhargavastra?
- Bhargavastra is India’s first micro-missile-based counter-drone system, developed to address the increasing threat posed by swarm drones.
- It is capable of detecting and neutralizing small aerial vehicles at ranges exceeding 6 km.
- Developed by Economic Explosives Ltd, the system is designed for the Indian Army, with interest also expressed by the Indian Air Force.
- The system is tailored to provide a cost-effective solution for countering drone threats while preserving advanced air defense systems for larger challenges.
Features of the Bhargavastra Missile System
- Detection Range: Can detect small aerial vehicles at distances greater than 6 km.
- Neutralization Capability: Employs guided micro munitions to engage and destroy drone targets.
- Simultaneous Launches: Capable of launching over 64 micro missiles simultaneously, enabling effective countermeasures against swarm formations.
- Mobile Platform: Mounted on a mobile platform for rapid deployment in diverse terrains, including high-altitude regions.
- Versatile Design: Engineered to operate across varied terrains, meeting the specific requirements of the Indian military.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the Ships/Vessels
Why in the News?
Three frontline combatants—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai.
About the Ships/Vessels
|
Details |
| INS Nilgiri |
- Type: First Ship of Project 17A (Nilgiri-class stealth frigates)
- Role: Multi-mission operations in deep-sea environments
- Builders: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and GRSE, Kolkata
- Features: Integrated construction, supersonic missiles, MRSAMs, advanced weaponry
- Timeline: Keel laid Dec 28, 2017; Launched Sep 28, 2019; Delivered Dec 20, 2024
- Significance: Enhances anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities
|
| INS Surat |
- Type: Last Ship of Project 15B (stealth guided missile destroyers)
- Role: Advanced stealth destroyer for offensive and network-centric warfare
- Builders: MDL
- Features: AI-enabled systems, advanced weaponry (surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes), COGAG propulsion
- Timeline: Commissioned in 2024; follows Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, and Imphal
- Significance: India’s first AI-enabled warship with advanced IT tools
|
| INS Vaghsheer |
- Type: Last Submarine of Project 75 (Scorpene-class submarines)
- Role: Stealthy, multi-role operations (anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare)
- Builders: Collaboration with French Naval Group
- Features: Diesel-electric propulsion, wire-guided torpedoes, modular design for future AIP upgrades
- Timeline: Sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine; follows Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, and Vagir
- Significance: Enhances India’s underwater warfare capabilities
|
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: QS World Future Skills Index
Why in the News?
PM has expressed his happiness as the QS World Future Skills Index ranks India 2nd for Digital Skills, ahead of Canada and Germany.
About the QS World Future Skills Index
- The index is launched by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a London-based higher education firm, the index evaluates countries on their readiness to meet evolving job market demands.
- It assesses over 190 countries, analyzing:
- 280 million job postings
- 5 million employer skill demands
- 17.5 million research papers
- 4 Key Indicators:
- Skills Fit: Alignment between workforce skills and employer demands.
- Academic Readiness: Higher education’s capability to prepare students for future skills.
- Future of Work: Job market readiness for emerging skills in digital, AI, and green technologies.
- Economic Transformation: Capacity for innovation and sustainable growth.
- Countries are classified into 4 categories as:
- Future Skills Pioneers
- Practitioners
- Contenders (India’s category)
- Aspirants
Key Observations
- India ranks 2nd globally in digital, AI, and green skills, showcasing its leadership in technology and sustainability.
- It achieved a perfect score in economic capacity, reflecting strong growth potential.
- However, India scored poorly in skills fit (59.1) and sustainability innovation (15.6), highlighting gaps in education and innovation alignment.
- Developed nations like the USA, UK, and Germany lead as “future skills pioneers.”
Significance of the Index
- The report serves as a global benchmark for readiness in meeting evolving job market demands.
- It highlights the importance of digital, AI, and green skills for future industries.
- It provides actionable insights for policy reforms in education and workforce training.
- It positions India to address gaps and leverage its strengths to secure a competitive global role.
PYQ:
[2022] What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Demographic Transition Theory
Why in the News?
The report, ‘Dependency and Depopulation? Confronting the Consequences of a New Demographic Reality’, released by McKinsey Global Institute, provides a detailed comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in developed (first wave) and developing (later wave) countries.
IMPORTANT: What is Demographic Transition Theory?
Demographic transition describes changes in birth and death rates and population age structure as societies develop economically and technologically.
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a stable population.
- Stage 2: Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare and sanitation, causing rapid population growth.
- Stage 3: Falling birth rates slow population growth, influenced by urbanization and access to contraception.
- Stage 4: Low birth and death rates lead to a stable or aging population, reflecting advanced development.
|
Key Highlights of the McKinsey Report
- Two-thirds of humanity now live in countries with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per family.
- Age structures are shifting from pyramids to obelisks, with a growing elderly population and a shrinking youth demographic.
- Populations in some major economies are projected to decline by 20%-50% by 2100 (UN).
- The global support ratio (working-age individuals per senior aged 65 or older) is projected to decline from 6.5 today to 3.9 by 2050.
- In India, the ratio will fall from 10 workers per senior in 1997 to 4.6 in 2050 and just 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan’s current levels..
- Consumption Patterns in India:
- India’s share in global consumption is projected to rise from 9% today to 16% by 2050, while shares of advanced economies are expected to remain flat or decline.
- By 2050, the share of consumption by seniors aged 65 and older will rise from 8% to 15%, reflecting changing consumer demographics.
- The percentage of hours worked by seniors is projected to increase from 2.9% to 5.4% by 2050 under current trends.
About India’s Diminishing Demographic Dividend
- India has 33 years to fully capitalize on its demographic dividend before its support ratios align with those of advanced economies.
- From 1997 to 2023, India’s favorable demographics added 0.7 percentage points per year to its GDP per capita growth.
- This contribution is expected to shrink to 0.2 percentage points per year through 2050 as the population ages.
- India’s support ratio (working-age individuals per senior) is projected to decline significantly, creating greater dependency on fewer workers to support older populations.
- By 2050, there will be only 4.6 workers per senior, down from 10 workers per senior in 1997.
- India’s GDP per capita is currently 18% of the World Bank’s high-income threshold, emphasizing the need for faster economic progress to “get rich before it gets old.”
- Increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, and improving worker productivity are critical to sustaining economic growth.
- Despite rapid progress, India’s worker productivity remains at $9 per hour, significantly lower than the $60 per hour average in high-income countries.
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following specific stages of demographic transition associated with economic development:
- Low birth-rate with low death rate
- High birth-rate with high death rate
- High birth-rate with low death rate
Select the correct order of the above stages using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 2, 3, 1
(d) 3, 2, 1 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Makaravilakku Festival
Why in the News?
The Makaravilakku festival was celebrated at the hill shrine of Sabarimala Ayyappa temple.
About the Makaravilakku Festival
- Makaravilakku is a significant annual Hindu festival celebrated at the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa.
- It marks the celestial event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makaram Rashi) and coincides with Makara Sankranti.
- Celebrations are centred at the Sabarimala Temple, nestled in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
- The event draws millions of devotees who chant “Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa” in reference to Lord Ayyappa.
- The festival typically lasts for seven days, beginning on Makara Sankranti.
- Key Rituals and Events:
- A symbolic lamp ‘Makaravilakku’ is lit at Ponnambalamedu, a hill near Sabarimala, on the evening of Makara Sankranti.
- A divine star Makara Jyothi is believed to appear in the sky, symbolizing the blessings of Lord Ayyappa.
- Devotees undertake a strict 41-day penance (Vratham) before making the pilgrimage to the temple.
It’s Significance:
- The festival signifies the merging of celestial and spiritual energies, celebrating devotion, purity, and self-discipline.
- The tradition emphasizes equality, with all devotees wearing black or blue attire and carrying the “Irumudi Kettu” (a sacred bundle).
PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following pairs:
Traditions- Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival- Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra- Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari- Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) and its features
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Commerce & Industry has inaugurated the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) emphasizing India’s goal to enhance organic farming and achieve ₹20,000 crore in organic exports within the next 3 years.
About the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2001.
- Implemented by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries.
- Focuses on accreditation, organic production standards, and promoting organic farming.
- Enhances India’s global competitiveness in organic farming and supports eco-friendly and viable practices.
|
| Features of the 8th Edition |
- Recognition for Organic Grower Groups: Simplified certification requirements for grower groups, granting them legal status and replacing the Internal Control System (ICS), a previous quality assurance system for group certification.
- NPOP Portal: Provides visibility and streamlines operations for organic stakeholders.
- Organic Promotion Portal: Connects farmers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and exporters with global buyers, offering trade leads, training, and events.
- TraceNet 2.0: Upgraded system ensuring farm-to-market transparency, traceability, and compliance with global standards.
- AgriXchange Portal: Facilitates data analysis and connects international buyers and sellers to strengthen India’s position in the global organic market.
- 6. Technological Advancements: Boosts organic farming operations through innovative systems and tools, enhancing India’s organic production ecosystem.
|
| Significance |
- Sets standards for organic production and accreditation, recognized by the European Commission and Switzerland, enabling acceptance of Indian organic products internationally.
- Facilitates India’s integration into the global organic market.
|
Do you know?
- India ranks 2nd globally in terms of organic agricultural land.
- Sikkim is the world’s first fully organic state, and North East India has a tradition of organic farming with minimal chemical use.
- India has the highest number of organic producers worldwide, with 2.3 million farmers.
- By 2023-24, approximately 4.5 million hectares (2.5% of total agricultural land) were under organic certification.
- Madhya Pradesh (26%), Maharashtra (22%), Gujarat (15%), and Rajasthan (13%) together contribute 76% of India’s total organic farming area.
|
PYQ:
[2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?
- Permaculture farming discourages mono-cultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
- Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
- Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions.
- Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 4 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Livestock Mission
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).
What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?
- It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
- They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
- The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
- Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.
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About National Livestock Mission (NLM): Summary Table
|
Details |
| About |
- Launched in 2014-15, realigned in 2021-22 under the White Revolution – Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana.
- Aims to enhance livestock production quantity and quality while fostering entrepreneurship.
- Overseen by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
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| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Comprises 3 sub-missions: (1) Breed Improvement of Livestock and Poultry, (2) Feed and Fodder Development, and (3) Innovation and Extension.
- Focus on entrepreneurship through financial incentives for individuals, FPOs, SHGs, cooperatives, and startups.
- Includes 10 activities, such as fodder cultivation and livestock insurance, emphasizing sustainable practices and stakeholder support.
|
| Features |
- Entrepreneurship Support: 50% subsidy (up to ₹50 lakh) for horse, donkey, mule, and camel conservation.
- Fodder Seed Processing: Infrastructure eligible for 50% subsidy for private entities and cooperatives.
- Fodder Cultivation: Assistance to state governments for growing fodder in degraded and non-arable lands.
- Livestock Insurance: Reduced farmer premiums (15%), expanded animal coverage, and enhanced Centre-State funding (60:40 or 90:10).
|
What is the Status of Livestock Sector in India?
- The livestock sector grew at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2014-15 to 2020-21
- Contribution to Agricultural GDP increased from 24.3% in 2014-15 to 30.1% in 2020-21
- Contributes 4.35% to the national GDP in fiscal year 2022-23
- Total livestock population: Approximately 536.76 million animals
- Population growth: 4.8% increase since 2012
- Global Livestock Ownership Highlights:
- 12.50% of world’s cattle population
- 56.70% of world’s buffalo population
- World’s second-largest poultry market
- Major Schemes and Programmes:
- Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM): Launched in December 2014 for breed development
- National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Focuses on controlling Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis
- Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): Approved 116 projects worth INR 3,731.4 crore
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Why in the news?
The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.
About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
|
Details |
| About |
- Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
- Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
- First Chairperson: Homi J. Bhabha (1948–1966).
- Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
|
| Functions |
- Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
- Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
- Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
- Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
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| Structural Mandate |
- Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
- Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
- Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.
Operates 6 key research centers:
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
- Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.
|
PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pink Fire Retardant (PFR)
Why in the News?
Air tankers have dropped thousands of litres of pink fire retardant (PFR) to slow the spread of wildfires in Los Angeles.
Pink Fire Retardant (PFR) and its properties
- The PFR is a chemical mixture designed to slow or suppress wildfires by reducing the flammability of vegetation and other materials.
- The most recognized brand of PFR is Phos-Chek, manufactured by Perimeter Solutions.
- It is primarily made of ammonium phosphate-based slurry, including:
- Monoammonium phosphate (80%-90%).
- Diammonium phosphate.
- Performance additives for enhanced effectiveness.
- Pink dye for visibility.
- It is sprayed as a foam or slurry to coat vegetation ahead of wildfires.
- It slows combustion by:
- Depleting oxygen needed for flames.
- Altering how cellulose (plant material) decomposes, creating non-flammable carbon.
- Unlike water, which evaporates quickly, PFR’s chemical components remain effective for days or weeks, providing long-term protection.
Significance of PFR
- Provides fire-fighters with critical time to control wildfires.
- Creates firebreaks by coating vegetation and preventing ignition.
- Effective in diverse terrains, slopes, and weather conditions.
- Helps protect natural habitats and human infrastructure by slowing wildfire spread.
- Reduces the scale and intensity of wildfires, minimizing ecological damage.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following:
- Carbon monoxide
- Methane
- Ozone
- Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
Why in the News?
The Vice President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 25th National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) in Bengaluru.
About State Public Service Commission (SPSC):
| Details |
- SPSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India.
- Modeled on the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to recruit for state services and advise the state government on personnel matters.
- Proposed under the Government of India Act (GoI), 1919, and formally established through the GoI Act, 1935, after the ‘Lee Commission (1924)’ recommendations.
- Serve as the central recruiting agency for the state, distinct from the Department of Personnel or General Administration Department.
Note: Recommendations made by SPSCs are advisory, and the government has discretion to accept or reject them, subject to accountability to the Legislature. |
| Composition |
- Composed of a Chairman and other members appointed by the Governor of the state.
- At least 50% of the members must have held a government post (Central or State) for at least 10 years.
- Members hold office for 6 years or until they attain the age of 62, whichever is earlier.
- The Governor has discretionary power over composition, service conditions, and temporary appointments of acting Chairpersons during vacancies.
- Members can resign by addressing the resignation to the Governor.
- Removal is initiated by the President for grounds like insolvency, paid employment, infirmity, or misbehavior, following a Supreme Court inquiry.
|
| Powers and Functions |
- Recruitment and Appointments: Conducts exams for appointments to state civil services and posts.
- Advisory Role: Provides guidance on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary matters.
- Judicial Appointments: Consulted, along with the State High Court, on rules for appointments to the state judiciary (excluding district judges).
- Annual Reporting: Submits a performance report to the Governor, who presents it to the State Legislature with explanations for non-acceptance of advice.
- Disciplinary Action: Consulted by the government in cases involving disciplinary measures for civil servants, alongside the State Vigilance Commission.
|
| Security and Independence |
- Tenure Protection: Members can only be removed for constitutionally specified reasons.
- Financial Independence: Expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, requiring no legislative vote.
Post-Tenure Appointments:
- Chairpersons can be appointed as Chairman or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not in other government roles.
- Members can be appointed as Chairperson or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not to other government roles.
|
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sovereign AI
Why in the News?
Denmark has become the latest country to actively pursue sovereign AI, in a bid to boost domestic research and competitiveness. Following this example and leveraging the momentum of Digital India, India’s leadership will be instrumental in driving the nation’s Sovereign AI ambition.
What is Sovereign AI?
- Sovereign AI refers to a nation’s autonomous ability to develop, deploy, and regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that align with its unique data, values, and governance priorities.
- It ensures national control over AI systems, protecting economic and national security interests while fostering innovation.
- Key Features of Sovereign AI include:
- Self-reliance: Develops AI systems tailored to national requirements, ensuring minimal dependency on external technologies.
- National Security: Protects critical data and infrastructure from external threats or misuse.
- Cultural Alignment: Embeds a nation’s values, language, and societal norms into AI frameworks.
- Global Competitiveness: Enhances economic growth and innovation through domestic AI capabilities.
About the Proposed AI Strategy for India (GovAI + Private AI = Sovereign AI):
- India’s proposed AI strategy focuses on leveraging Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) like Aadhaar and UPI to develop GovAI (Government AI) for efficient and predictive public services.
- It emphasizes data sovereignty, transforming anonymized DPI data into AI training material while ensuring national control.
- The strategy promotes public-private collaboration to build domain-specific Small Language Models (SLMs) that evolve into advanced Large Language Models (LLMs).
- Skill development through Regional Centres of Excellence (RCoE) aims to create a robust AI talent pool.
- This strategy aligns with India’s vision of becoming a global leader in trusted and inclusive AI, enhancing economic growth and national security.
India’s Initiatives for Sovereign AI:
- India’s initiative for Sovereign AI builds on its Digital India framework, leveraging platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker to create GovAI (Government AI) for efficient public services.
- It utilizes DPI platforms such as Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and CoWIN.
- Domain-Specific AI Models that India seeks to build:
- Builds Small Language Models (SLMs) for specific public service areas like education, healthcare, agriculture, and social welfare.
- SLMs evolve into Large Language Models (LLMs) for advanced, intersectional governance insights.
- The India Datasets Programme transforms anonymized data into resources for AI training while ensuring data sovereignty.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform; Bharat Climate Forum 2025
Why in the News?
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has unveiled the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform at the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi.
What is the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform?
- It is an initiative aimed at strengthening cleantech value chains in sectors such as solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage.
- It aims to position India as a global leader in sustainability and cleantech manufacturing, creating a compelling business case for international investors.
-
- Provides a platform for manufacturing scale-up and knowledge sharing.
- Aims to make India a compelling business destination for cleantech investors.
- Supports India’s target of 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030.
About the Bharat Climate Forum 2025
- The Forum was organized in New Delhi as a platform for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss climate action and clean energy solutions.
- The forum aims to align India’s clean energy initiatives with global climate goals, particularly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
- A key focus of the forum was the launch of the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform, designed to promote sustainable development and clean energy adoption in India.
- Discussions emphasized India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030 and highlighted the progress India has made in meeting its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
- The forum celebrated India’s early achievement of its 2022 renewable energy targets, with renewable energy capacity reaching 200 GW eight years ahead of schedule.
- The event focused on the 3S principles—Speed, Scale, and Skill—as cornerstones of India’s renewable energy program, ensuring swift implementation, large-scale adoption, and skill development.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRTandNS), National Waterways
Why in the News?
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), has introduced the National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS), a landmark initiative aimed at ensuring safe, efficient, and sustainable navigation along India’s inland waterways.
About National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS)
- The NRT&NS aims to modernize and enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of inland water transport.
- It leverages real-time data and technology to optimize navigation on India’s National Waterways, supporting eco-friendly and cost-effective transport for goods and passengers.
- Key Features:
- Real-time monitoring using GPS and GIS for safe vessel navigation.
- Centralized traffic control centers for efficient operations.
- Digital platforms for route planning, cargo tracking, and alerts.
- Integrated infrastructure to streamline operations and reduce delays.
- Focus on sustainability, economic growth, and capacity building in the inland water transport sector.
- The system is being deployed across India’s National Waterways, including:
- NW 1 (River Ganga): Key cargo routes from Haldia to Varanasi.
- NW 2 (River Brahmaputra): Major transport corridor in the Northeast.
- NW 3 (West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal, and Udyogmandal Canal), NW 4 (Krishna and Godavari), and NW 5 (Mahanadi rivers and its tributaries): Supporting regional trade and tourism.
Status of Inland Waterways in India
- India has a vast network of 14,500 km of navigable waterways, including 111 declared National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
- Key Highlights:
- Increase in Operational Waterways: The number of operational NWs has increased by 767% since 2014.
- Cargo Traffic Growth: Cargo traffic rose from 18 million tonnes in 2013-14 to 133 million tonnes in 2023-24, achieving a CAGR of over 22%.
- Infrastructure Investments: Investments in NW development increased by 233% post-2014, supported by projects like:
- Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): Focused on NW 1 (Ganga).
- Arth Ganga: Empowering local communities through economic activities along NW 1.
- Tourism Growth: River cruise tourism expanded significantly, with 25 cruise vessels operational in 2023-24, up from 3 in 2013-14.
- Challenges: Despite this, the share of IWT in India’s overall transport mix remains relatively low compared to global standards.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PRB Cell
Why in the News?
South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), a Chhattisgarh-based subsidiary of Coal India Limited (CIL) has established a Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB) Cell.
About Coal India Limited (CIL)
- Coal India Limited (CIL) was founded in 1975 and is the world’s largest coal producer.
- It is a ‘Maharatna’ public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, Government of India.
- CIL operates through 8 subsidiaries, including South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), which is its largest coal-producing subsidiary.
- It supplies 78% of India’s total coal production, supporting more than 50% of the country’s coal-based power capacity.
- CIL operates across 8 Indian states, managing 84 mining areas and a total of 313 active mines.
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What are the aims and objectives?
- Provide a centralized platform for retired employees to access all post-retirement benefits and services under one roof.
- Simplify and expedite the resolution of issues related to pensions, provident funds, medical benefits, and other entitlements.
- Eliminate the need for retirees to coordinate with multiple departments, minimizing delays and miscommunication.
- Reinforce Mission Sambandh, SECL’s initiative to build stronger connections and improve communication with stakeholders.
What are the key benefits of the PRB Cell?
- Acts as a one-stop solution for all post-retirement benefit queries and services.
- Consolidates services like pensions, medical benefits, and financial queries, making it convenient for retirees.
- Dedicated personnel ensure faster response times and seamless service delivery.
- Officers from key departments, including Personnel, Finance, and Medical, are stationed at the PRB Cell to provide specialized support.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Coal sector was nationalised by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.
- Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
- Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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