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  • Digital India Initiatives

    Digital realities of India

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: E-Governance

    Context

    • Google has recently announced a decision to invest $10 billion in India.
    • To put that sum in context, it is over 10 times the money set aside for 100 smart cities and almost 20 times that for Digital India.
    • Purpose of that investment is stated to be digitising India.

    Digital realities of India Google must consider:

    1) Contradictions

    •  India recognises the internet as a human right, and yet, has led the world in internet shutdowns.
    • Its internet speeds can be slow and variable, but its uptake of smartphones is the world’s fastest.
    • It is second only to China in internet users, app downloads and social media users.

    2) Lack of access to internet

    • Only 21 per cent of women are mobile internet users, while the percentage for men is twice that number.
    • There are many societal factors that make it difficult for women and girls to enjoy full digital freedoms.
    • In rural India, where two-thirds of the country lives, just about a quarter of the population has internet access.
    • Differences in digital access mean differences in the quality of education.
    • The gaps are both digital and societal.

    3) Lack of access to banks

    •  India’s workforce is mostly informal.
    • Only 22 per cent of recipients of migrant remittances have access to banks within one km, according to a report by the Centre for Digital Financial Inclusion.
    • A push from Google and its competitors could make payments and financial access more inclusive.

    4) Need for special products for India

    • you mention new products for India’s unique needs, of which there are many.
    • Consider the needs in the agricultural sector alone.
    • Impac of predictive data analytics and basic artificial intelligence into Indian agriculture using readily available technologies would be huge.
    • Precision farming to improve the timing and quantity of seeding, irrigation and fertiliser usage.
    • Helping farmers get credit at lower costs and helping predict commodity prices can create $33 billion in new value annually in Indian agriculture.

    5) Lack of data governance and issues with it

    • Nandan Nilekani has said, India will be data rich before it is “economically rich”.
    • With 650 million internet users, there is a lot of data richness already.
    • But this data richness exists without a forward-looking and inclusive data governance policy.
    • The experience with Aarogya Setu, provided a perfect case study on the discomfort within India because of the absence of such governance.

    6) Prevalence of misinformation

    • It is essential to get a handle on the “infodemic” problem in India.
    • The situation was made far worse by the pandemic, where many of the prejudices, fears have converged.
    • Google-owned YouTube is a critical medium for spreading information, fact and fiction.
    • To its credit, YouTube removed over 8,20,000 videos in India in the first quarter of 2020.
    • This is a great start, but the bad guys will only find ways around it and Google must make deeper investments in both human and machine intelligence to stay ahead.

    7) Geopolitical context

    • India is inching closer to the US corner in the tech Cold War between the US and China.
    • India-China relationship has cooled this year as a fallout from the political tensions between New Delhi and Beijing.
    • India acted against Chinese ByteDance-owned video streaming app TikTok, along with 59 mobile apps.
    • Google’s role will be important as a bargaining chip against China and the partnership with Jio.
    • This important role may help Google get some domestic leverage with Indian regulators.

    8) Job creation

    • Digital technologies can create jobs.
    • For this to happen India must streamline the regulations to enhancing the country’s digital and physical foundations.
    • There is also need for developing more progressive data accessibility laws.
    • To translate into productive work, the government must invest in skill-building and education at all levels.

    Consider the question “Digitising India could accelerate its progress toward development but there are certain factors which must be addressed before India could reap benefits of digitising. Examine such factors and suggest the ways to deal with the issues in digitising the country.”

    Conclusion

    There is a lot Google can take while working on the task of digitising India. But the above-mentioned factors will help Google chart out its journey well.

    Original articles:

    https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sundar-pichai-google-education-digital-india-6544793/

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  • Electric and Hybrid Cars – FAME, National Electric Mobility Mission, etc.

    Delhi government’s Electric Vehicle Policy

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Image source: TOI

    The Delhi government has notified the new Electric Vehicle Policy under which it aims to make a quarter of all new vehicle registrations battery-operated by 2024 and thereby help reducing air pollution.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements:

    1. The main advantage of the use of H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions.
    2. H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
    3. Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses.
    4. H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2018)

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Some key highlights of the policy are:

    • A purchase incentive of Rs 5,000 per kilowatt/hour of battery capacity (advanced battery), a maximum incentive of Rs 30,000 per vehicle for two-wheelers.
    • A purchase incentive of Rs 30,000 per vehicle (advanced battery) for e-autos.
    • A purchase incentive of Rs 30,000 per vehicle for the purchase of one e-rickshaw and e-cart. Additionally, an interest subsidy of 5 per cent on loans on vehicles with advanced battery.
    • Conversion of 50 per cent of all new stage carriage buses (all public transport vehicles with 15 seats or more) by 2022.
    • A purchase incentive of Rs 10,000 per kilowatt/hour of battery capacity (advanced battery), and maximum incentive of Rs 150,000 per vehicle to the first 1,000 e-four wheelers.
    • Complete removal of road tax and registration fee for all battery electric vehicles.

    Significance of the policy

    • According to the VAHAN database of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, electric vehicles comprised only 3.2 per cent of the new vehicles registered in Delhi in 2019-20.
    • The proposed 25 per cent transformation of Delhi’s new-vehicle market could catalyse electric vehicle production and bring more product diversity.

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    Twin issues: Shrinking water bodies and floods in urban landscapes

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in the D2E.

    Try this question for mains:

    Q.Shrinking water bodies and floods in urban landscapes are mutually induced by each other. Analyse.

    Water in urban landscapes

    • Lakes and wetlands are an important part of the urban ecosystem.
    • They perform significant environmental, social and economic functions — from being a source of drinking water and recharging groundwater to supporting biodiversity and providing livelihoods.
    • Their role becomes even more critical in the present context when cities are facing the challenge of rapid unplanned urbanisation.
    • Their numbers are declining rapidly. For example, Bangalore had 262 lakes in the 1960s; now only 10 of them hold water.

    Issues with urban water bodies

    • Natural streams and watercourses, formed over thousands of years due to the forces of flowing water in the respective watersheds, have been altered because of urbanisation.
    • As a result, the flow of water has increased in proportion to the urbanisation of watersheds.
    • Ideally, natural drains should have been widened to accommodate the higher flows of stormwater.
    • But, on the contrary, they have been a victim of various unlawful activities:

    (1) Pollution

    • There has been an explosive increase in the urban population without a corresponding expansion of civic facilities such as infrastructure for the disposal of waste.
    • As more people are migrating to cities, urban civic services are becoming less adequate.
    • As a result, most urban water bodies in India are suffering because of pollution. The water bodies have been turned into landfills in several cases.
    • Guwahati’s Deepor Beel, for example, is used by the municipal corporation to dump solid waste since 2006. Even the Pallikarni marshland in Chennai is used for solid waste dumping.

    (2) Encroachment

    • This is another major threat to urban water bodies. As more people have been migrating to cities, the availability of land has been getting scarce.
    • Today, even a small piece of land in urban areas has a high economic value.
    • These urban water bodies are not only acknowledged for their ecosystem services but for their real estate value as well.
    • Charkop Lake in Maharashtra, Ousteri Lake in Puducherry, Deepor beel in Guwahati are well-known examples of water bodies that were encroached.

    (3) Illegal mining activities

    • Illegal mining for building material such as sand and quartzite on the catchment and bed of the lake have an extremely damaging impact on the water body.
    • For example, the Jaisamand Lake in Jodhpur, once the only source of drinking water for the city, has been suffering from illegal mining in the catchment area.
    • Unmindful sand mining from the catchment of Vembanad Lake on the outskirts of Kochi has decreased the water level in the lake.

    (4) Unplanned tourism activities

    • Using water bodies to attract tourists has become a threat to several urban lakes in India.
    • Tso Morari and Pongsho lakes in Ladakh have become polluted because of unplanned and unregulated tourism.
    • Another example is that of Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala’s Kollam city, which has become polluted due to spillage of oil from motorboats.

    (5) Absence of administrative framework

    • The biggest challenge is the government apathy towards water bodies.
    • This can be understood from the fact that it does not even have any data on the total number of urban water bodies in the country.
    • Further, CPCB had not identified major aquatic species, birds, plants and animals that faced threat due to pollution of rivers and lakes.

    Original article:

    https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/urbanisation/two-sides-of-the-same-coin-shrinking-water-bodies-and-urban-floods-72702

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Magnetoseismology of Sun’s Corona

    | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    A group of researchers has measured the global magnetic field of the Sun’s corona for the very first time.

    Try this PYQ:

    The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, `String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of (CSP 2017)-

    (a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

    (b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

    (c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

    (d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

    Basis of the research

    • The properties of waves depend on the medium in which they travel.
    • By measuring certain wave properties and doing a reverse calculation, some of the properties of the medium through which they have travelled can be obtained.
    • Waves can be longitudinal waves (for example, sound waves) or transverse waves (for example, ripples on a lake surface).
    • The waves that propagate through magnetic plasma are called magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves.
    • From the theoretical calculation, it can be shown that the properties of the transverse MHD wave are directly related to the strength of magnetic fields and the density of the corona.

    How was the Magnetic Field measured?

    • The team used a technique known as coronal seismology or magnetoseismology to measure the coronal magnetic field which has been known for a few decades.
    • This method requires the measurement of the properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves and the density of the corona simultaneously.
    • In the past, these techniques were occasionally used in small regions of the corona, or some coronal loops due to limitations of our instruments/and proper data analysis techniques.

    The CoMP instrument

    • The team used the improved measurements of the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP) and advanced data analysis to measure the coronal magnetic field.
    • CoMP is an instrument operated by High Altitude Observatory, of the U.S.
    • It is located at Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, near the summit of that volcano on the big island of Hawaii.

    Why measure the solar magnetic field?

    • It is very important to measure the corneal magnetic fields regularly since the solar corona is highly dynamic and varies within seconds to a minute time scale. There are two main puzzles about the Sun which this advancement will help address:

    (1) Coronal heating problem

    • Though the core of the Sun is at a temperature of about 15 million degrees, its outer layer, the photosphere is a mere 5700 degrees hot.
    • However, its corona or outer atmosphere, which stretches up to several million kilometres beyond its surface, is much, much hotter than the surface.
    • It is at a temperature of one million degrees or more.
    • What causes the atmosphere of the Sun (corona) to heat up again, though the surface (photosphere) is cooler than the interior? That is the question which has baffled solar physicists.
    • Popular attempts to explain this puzzle invoke the magnetic field of the corona. Hence the present work will help understand and verify these theories better.

    (2) Mechanisms of eruptions of the Sun

    • The eruptions on the Sun include solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
    • These are driven by magnetic reconnections happening in the Sun’s corona.
    • Magnetic reconnection is a process where oppositely polarity magnetic field lines connect and some of the magnetic energy is converted to heat energy and also kinetic energy which leads to the generation of heating, solar flares, solar jets, etc.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Why August 7th is called National Handloom Day?

    Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Yesterday, August 7th was celebrated as the National Handloom Day. It was in 2015, the first National Handloom Day was celebrated.

    Try this PYQ:

    What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement? (CSP 2010)

    (a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.

    (b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.

    (c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab Colonization Bill.

    (d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers.

    Why 7th August?

    • With the partition of Bengal, the Swadeshi Movement gained strength.
    • It was on August 7, 1905, that a formal proclamation was made at the Calcutta Town Hall to boycott foreign goods and rely on Indian-made products.

    What is handloom?

    • While different definitions for the word have evolved since the Handloom (Reservation and Articles for Production) Act, 1985, where ‘handloom’ meant “any loom other than power loom”, in recent years it has become more elaborate.
    • In 2012, a new definition was proposed: “Handloom means any loom other than power loom, and includes any hybrid loom on which at least one process of weaving requires manual intervention or human energy for production.”

    Back2Basics: Swadeshi Movement

    • Credit to starting the Swadeshi movement goes to Baba Ram Singh Kuka of the Sikh Namdhari sect, whose revolutionary movements which heightened around 1871 and 1872.
    • It gained momentum with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911.
    • It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements.
    • Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu.
    • Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who described it as the soul of Swaraj (self-rule). It was strongest in Bengal and was also called the Vandemataram movement in India.

    Important phases of the Movement

    • 1850 to 1904: developed by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gokhale, Ranade, Tilak, G. V. Joshi and Bhaswat K. Nigoni. This was also known as the First Swadeshi Movement.
    • 1905 to 1917: Began in 1905, because of the partition of Bengal ordered by Lord Curzon.
    • 1918 to 1947: Swadeshi thought shaped by Gandhi.

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  • Indian Army Updates

    Exercise Kavkaz 2020

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    In a resumption of bilateral and multilateral military exercises which were deferred due to coronavirus (COVID-19), India will take part in the Russian Kavkaz 2020 strategic command-post exercise next month.

    Go through the list for once. UPSC may ask a match the pair type question asking exercise name and countries involved.

    https://www.civilsdaily.com/prelims-spotlight-defence-exercises/

    Kavkaz 2020

    • The Kavkaz 2020 is also referred to as Caucasus-2020.
    • The exercise is aimed at assessing the ability of the armed forces to ensure military security in Russia’s southwest, where serious terrorist threats persist and preparing for the strategic command-staff drills.
    • The main training grounds that will be involved are located in the Southern Military District.
    • The invitation for participation has been extended to at least 18 countries including China, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey apart from other Central Asian Republics part of the SCO.

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  • Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

    [pib] First “Kisan Rail” flagged off

    PIB | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Transport & Marketing Of Agricultural Produce

    Indian Railways introduced the first “Kisan Rail” from Devlali (Maharashtra) to Danapur (Bihar).

    Try this question for mains:

    Q.Discuss the role of agricultural marketing and logistics for doubling farmer’s income by 2022.

    Kisan Rail

    • From Maharashtra’s Devlali to Bihar’s Danapur, the train will cover the journey of 1,519 kilometres in over 31 hours.
    • It will take stops at Nasik Road, Manmad, Jalgaon, Bhusaval, Burhanpur, Khandwa, Itarsi, Jabalpur, Satna, Katni, Manikpur, Prayagraj Chheoki, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Nagar and Buxar.
    • This train will help in bringing perishable agricultural products like vegetables, fruits to the market in a short period of time.
    • The train with frozen containers is expected to build a seamless national cold supply chain for perishables, inclusive of fish, meat and milk.
    • It is a step towards realizing the goal of doubling farmers’ incomes by 2022.

    Other facts

    • Indian Railways have earlier run single commodity special trains like Banana Specials etc.
    • But this will be the first-ever multi-commodity trains and will carry fruits like Pomegranate, Banana, Grapes etc and vegetables like Capsicum, Cauliflower, Drumsticks, Cabbage, Onion, Chilies etc.

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    AI integration will be at the core of the transition

    | | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    The article tracks the latest developments in the field of AI by the leading technology companies.

    Integrating AI in the phone

    • Over the last few years, most mobile phone manufacturers have been content with design upgrades, apart from specs.
    • Samsung launched a device which has been able to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) in its phones.
    • In the case of S-Pen, Samsung demonstrated that it has been able to reduce latency between pen operation and what appears on the screen to 9 milliseconds using predictive analysis.
    • Latency is a major concern in technologies like smart cars.
    • Samsung also showcased active noise cancellation, which again uses prediction analysis to drown out ambient noises.
    • Apple’s virtual event also focused on higher integration and more uses of AI.
    • Siri has become even smarter and is increasingly being integrated with more services.
    • The camera function of Apple devices, for instance, pieces together a picture using best angles to create the perfect image.
    • Samsung and Apple now can monitor health more accurately using their smartwatches.

    Future scope

    • This indicates how much further we are moving towards a future with more edge computing.
    • This computing will power technologies like a smart car.
    • Given the progress in IoT, there is a huge likelihood that those betting early on AI integration will reap the biggest rewards of the connected living market.

    Consider the question “What is artificial intelligence? How it could transform the world of technology?”

    Conclusion

    Integration of AI in the devices we use in everyday life holds a promising future for us. India must encourage its development.

    Source-

    https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/ai-integration-will-be-at-the-core-of-the-transition-to-future-technologies-such-as-smarts-cars/2047309/

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  • Banking Sector Reforms

    Balancing the interest of lenders and borrowers

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    The article suggests the 5 point strategy to balance the interest of borrowers and lenders. Banks hold the special significance for the country and so require special and stricter regulation.

    Context

    •  COVID creates deep pain but we must resist consistently choosing borrowers over lenders.
    • We should persist with our multi-year five-pillar strategy to sustainably raise our Credit to GDP ratio from 50 per cent to 100 per cent.

    Issue of lending

    • A modern economy grows by lending.
    •  But fiscal constraints or natural disasters often create temptations to disguise spending as lending.
    • The last 20 years have given three lessons:
    • 1) Giving loans is easier than getting them back.
    • Corporate credit growing from Rs 18 lakh crore in 2008 to Rs 54 lakh crore in 2014 created a Rs 12 lakh crore bad loan problem.
    • 2) Accounting fudging and restructuring would not help.
    • 3) Government banks need more than capital.
    • Government banks’ risk-weighted assets are lower than two years ago despite a Rs 2 lakh crore capital infusion.

    History recommends patiently balancing financial inclusion and stability by persisting with our five-pillar strategy.

    1) Bank competition

    • Raising credit availability and lowering its price needs competition-driven innovation.
    • Capital should be chasing Indian banking given its high net interest margins, high market cap to book value ratios, and massive addressable market.
    • Yet, the RBI’s on-tap licencing has few applications pending.
    • We need many more banks.

    2) Private bank governance

    • Private banks are only 30 per cent of deposits but 80 per cent of bank market capitalisation.
    • Private banks are a special species with 20 times leverage, but this makes privatised gains and socialised losses possible.
    • Recent failures suggest problems with public shareholder collective action and the attention, skill, and courage of board directors.
    • Private bank governance must move from a perpetual private fiefdom to trustees that hand over in better condition to the next generation.

    3) Government bank governance

    • Over 10 years, government companies have sunk from 30 per cent of India’s market capitalisation to 6 per cent.
    • Government banks mirror this decline — their 70 per cent bank deposit share translates to only 20 per cent bank market capitalisation share.
    • Many have irrational employee costs to market capitalisation ratios ex- Bank of India with 58 per cent.
    • We need only four government banks with strong governance and no tax access for capital.

    4) RBI’s regulation and supervision

    • Recent failures in financial institutions reinforce the importance of statutory auditors, ethical conduct, shareholder self-interest, and risk management.
    • They also suggest a first-principles review that raises the RBI’s regulation and supervision.
    • Zero failure is impossible, but the RBI should boldly re-imagine its current mandate, structure and technology.

    5) Non-bank regulatory space

    • Regulatory differences traditionally existed between banks and non-banks.
    • But progress in payments, MSME lending, and consumer credit suggest that non-banks are as important for financial inclusion.
    • They need more regulatory space and supervision.

    Conclusion

    We won’t test the RBI’s COVID worst-case scenario of 14.7 per cent bad loans but handling the inevitable COVID bank pain needs resisting short-termism. In the long run, we are not all dead.

    Original article: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rbi-bank-and-the-covid-pain-india-gdp-6543101/

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  • Innovation Ecosystem in India

    Importance of the post academic research

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Post-academic research have a direct bearing on national development. India needs to focus on it along with academic research. This article explains this issue.

    Context

    • The Government of India is in the process of revisiting the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy.
    • At this stage we need to ponder the question: what kind of research should be funded?

    How to measure the maturity level of a particular technology?

    • Experts have come up with frameworks and terminology to provide a comprehensive picture and avoid any value judgement.
    • One approach was proposed by NASA in the form of Technology Readiness Levels (TRL).
    • TRL-1 corresponds to observation of basic principles. Its result is publications.
    • TRL-2 corresponds to formulation of technology at the level of concepts.
    • Then the TRL framework advances to proof of concept, validation in a laboratory environment, followed by a relevant environment, and then to prototype demonstration, and ending with actual deployment.
    • An alternative is to use the terminology ‘Academic Research (AR)’, and ‘Post-Academic Research (PAR)’.
    • To provide some granularity, one can divide PAR into early-stage PAR, and late-stage PAR.
    • Late-stage PAR has to be done by large laboratories (national or those supported by industry).
    • AR and early-stage PAR can be done at higher education institutions and large laboratories.

    Importance of Post-Academic Research(PAR)

    • From the perspective of national development, pursuit of AR alone, while necessary, is not sufficient.
    • AR and PAR, when pursued together and taken to their logical conclusion, will result in a product or a process,
    • Or it can also result in a better clinical practice, or a scientifically robust understanding of human health and disease, or provide inputs for a policy decision.

    Issues in comparing investment in research among countries

    • 1) We cannot compare data with other countries without having correspondence between India’s data and data reported by others.
    • Countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report research statistics according to the Frascati Manual.
    • 2) India has to decide where to increase investment: in AR or in PAR.

    Research and national development

    • Investment in research can translate into national development only through pursuit of PAR.
    • Our industry has not reached a stage where they can absorb research being done by higher education institutions.
    • This reveals that research being pursued is either not addressing national needs or is limited to AR.

    Way forward

    • Judging the growth of Science-and-Technology based only on publications (e.g. research papers) provides an incomplete picture.
    • We should increasing the technology intensity of industry, which was identified as one of the goals of the STI policy issued in 2013.
    • This needs reiteration and a mechanism should be devised to monitor progress with the objective of becoming an ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’.
    • The STI policy should emphasise PAR to ensure that investment in research results in economic growth.
    • To motivate the research community to pursue at least early-stage PAR, the reward system needs significant reorientation.
    • Academics in higher education institutions pursuing AR should pursue early-stage PAR themselves, or team up with those who are keen to pursue PAR.

    Consider the question “Examine the factors that responsible for the lack of research and development in India? Also, elaborate on the importance of post-academic research in the country.”

    Conclusion

    These factors are sufficient to indicate that academic research is necessary, but not sufficient and we must focus on PAR adequately.

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