From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nanoplastics in Water Bottles
Mains level: Health and ecological hazards of Nanoplastics
Introduction
A recent study conducted by scientists at Columbia University sheds light on the pervasive presence of micro- and nano-plastics in bottled water, with nano-plastics comprising a staggering 90% of the detected particles.
What areNanoplastics?
Definition: Nanoplastics, measured in billionths of a metre, are minuscule particles that evade detection by the naked eye, posing challenges for identification and quantification.
Comparative Analysis: Smaller than microplastics, nano-plastics exemplify dimensions that are 70 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair, rendering them inconspicuous yet ubiquitous.
Key Findings
Elevated Concentration: Bottled water contains approximately 2.4 lakh micro- and nano-plastic particles per litre, highlighting a significant underestimation of plastic concentration compared to previous assessments.
Dominance of Nanoplastics: Nano-sized particles, previously overlooked by conventional imaging techniques, emerge as the predominant component, constituting 90% of the total plastic population.
Complex Particle Dynamics: Analysis reveals a diverse array of plastic compositions, shapes, and sizes, elucidating the intricate interplay between different plastic types within the aquatic environment.
How were they assessed?
Challenges in Analysis: Nanoplastics pose analytical challenges due to their diminutive size and the limitations of existing diagnostic methods.
Innovative Approach: Researchers utilize a custom hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) imaging platform to overcome these challenges, enabling detailed molecular analysis at the single-particle level.
Raman Scattering Principle: SRS microscopy leverages the Raman Effect, allowing for the identification of plastic particles based on their unique spectral signatures.
What is Raman Effect?
Discovered by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928, it describes the scattering of light by molecules, resulting in a shift in wavelength due to energy exchange.
Raman Effect occurs spontaneously when light interacts with matter, causing a small fraction of light shift to longer or shorter wavelengths.
SRS is a controlled process where two laser beams with different frequencies interact with a material, amplifying the Raman signal.
Unlike the weak signal of the Raman Effect, SRS involves amplifying the Raman signal by the presence of pump and Stokes laser beams.
SRS find applications in various fields such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and chemical analysis, with SRS offering enhanced sensitivity and specificity due to its controlled nature.
India celebrates National Science Day on February 28 each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman on 28 February 1928
Implications
Environmental Significance: The study underscores the pervasive nature of plastic pollution, with microplastics infiltrating ecosystems worldwide, including bottled water sources.
Biological Impact: Sub-micrometre plastic particles pose potential health risks, as they can traverse biological barriers and accumulate within living organisms.
Technological Advancements: The adoption of advanced imaging technologies enhances our understanding of nanoplastic dynamics, facilitating more accurate assessments of plastic pollution levels.
Try this question from CSP 2017
Q.Which Indian astrophysicist and Nobel laureate predicted rapidly rotating stars emit polarized light?
Places in news | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mayor in ULBs, Powers and functions
Mains level: NA
PC: Hindustan Times
Introduction
The Supreme Court has nullified the outcome of the mayoral election held on January 30 in Chandigarh.
Who is a Mayor?
In India, the mayor is the head of an urban local body, which is responsible for providing essential services and infrastructure to the residents of a city or town.
The mayor is usually elected by the membersof the Municipal Corporation or Council.
He/She serves as the ceremonial head of the local government.
History of Mayor’s elections in India
Municipal corporation mechanisms in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762.
However the process of introduction for an elected President in the municipalities was made in Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870.
Since then the current formand structure of municipal bodies followed is similar to Lord Ripon’s Resolution adopted in 1882 on local self-governance.
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 was introduced providing for the transfer of 18 different powers to urban local bodies, including the election of a mayor and to recognise them which included Municipal Corporations, Nagar Panchayats, and Municipal Councils.
Elections and tenure
The method of electing mayor and their tenure varies for each city in India.
In Bengaluru (Karnataka) the election process is indirect with a tenure being for one year.
In Mumbai (Maharashtra) it follows indirect elections with tenure for 2.5 years and Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) follows a directly elected mayor with a term for 5 years.
Roles and Responsibilities
Governs the local civic body.
Fixed tenure varying in different towns.
First citizen of city.
Has two varied roles:
Representation and upholding of the dignity of the city during ceremonial times and
Presiding over discussions of the civic house with elected representatives in functional capacity.
The Mayor’s role is confined to the corporation hall of presiding authority at various meetings relating to corporation.
The Mayor’s role extends much beyond the local city and country as the presiding authority at corporation meetings during visits of a foreign dignitary to the city as he is invited by the state government to receive and represent the citizens to the guest of honour.
At government, civic and other social functions he is given prominence.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INDUS-X
Mains level: India-US defence collaboration
About the News:
The INDUS-X Summit will be held on February 20-21 in New Delhi, marking a significant milestone in the collaborative efforts between India and the US in defense innovation.
What is INDUS-X?
The ‘INDUS-X’ summit is a joint initiative between India and the US, which signifies a pivotal milestone in bilateral defense cooperation, fostering strategic technology partnerships and industrial collaboration.
Inception: June 2023.
Aim: To bolster defense innovation and technology collaboration between the two nations.
Objectives:
Advancing strategic co-operation: By expanding strategic technology partnerships and defense industrial cooperation.
Bridging Innovation Gaps: Establish a defense innovation bridge encompassing joint challenges, academia engagement, industry-startup connect, and investment in defense projects.
Focus Areas:
Fostering greater horizontal cooperation between governments, academia, and laboratories, as well as vertical partnerships between established defense primes and startups or Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
Increasing the number of contact points between startups and prime contractors for critical defense assets such as jet engines, long-range artillery, and infantry vehicles.
Supporting India’s goal of achieving $5 billionin defense exports by 2025.
Contributing to a more stable and secure Indo-Pacific region.
Key Participants:
India’s Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC), U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM).
About Innovations for Defense Excellence (iDEX)
iDEX is a flagship initiative launched in 2018by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
Aim: Fostering innovation and technology development in the defense and aerospace sectors.
Objective: Creating an ecosystem to rapidly develop new, indigenized, and innovative technologies for the Indian defense and aerospace sector.
It’s Significance:
Funding: The program provides grants and funds to support research and development efforts and facilitate the creation of functional prototypes of products/technologies relevant to national security.
Inclusive Growth: The program creates a culture of engagement with innovative startups, encourages co-creation for defense and aerospace sectors, and empowers a culture of technology co-creation and co-innovation within the defense and aerospace sectors.
Engagement with the Industrial sector: The program focuses on engaging industries, including MSMEs, startups, and individual innovators, to deliver technologically advanced solutions for modernizing the defense and aerospace sectors.
Collaboration: iDEX works through various programs such as the Defense India Startup Challenge (DISC), which involves problem statements from the Armed Forces, DPSUs, and OFB.
Implementation of Program:
The iDEX framework is implemented by the Defense Innovation Organization (DIO) a not-for-profit company formed under the Companies Act 2013, which acts as a bridge between the requirements of the Armed Forces and the solution providers.
Therefore, the program focuses on making India self-reliant and self-sufficient in defense matters by fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology development in the defense and aerospace sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Federalism
Mains level: a critical analysis of the state of Indian democracy
Central Idea:
The article by M.K. Narayanan highlights the concerning decline in parliamentary practices and the polarization of Indian politics, particularly in the lead-up to the general election. It discusses the divisive nature of recent parliamentary sessions, the erosion of democratic principles, and the growing rift between the ruling party and the opposition. Narayanan emphasizes the need for adherence to constitutional mandates, the preservation of federalism, and the importance of managing differences within a rules-based order to safeguard India’s democracy.
Key Highlights:
The final parliamentary session before the general election was marked by divisiveness and acrimony between the ruling party and the opposition.
Narayanan underscores India’s historical commitment to democracy and parliamentary practices, citing the Constitution’s provisions for Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Despite external stability, internal challenges persist, including potential flashpoints like the farmers’ agitation in Punjab and Haryana and unrest in the northeast.
The article reflects on the heightened polarization in Indian politics, with the Prime Minister accusing the opposition of divisive tactics and vice versa.
Issues such as the construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya and attempts to enforce an Uniform Civil Code have become politicized, further exacerbating divisions.
The erosion of federalism is noted, with the ruling party accused of centralizing power and undermining regional parties.
Engineered defections to the ruling party raise concerns about the integrity of the electoral process and democratic principles.
The role of Governors in opposition-ruled states is contentious, with accusations of central interference leading to strained Centre-State relations.
Key Challenges:
Divisiveness and acrimony in parliamentary sessions.
Polarization and politicization of issues.
Erosion of federalism and centralization of power.
Tensions between Centre and opposition-ruled states.
Threats to constitutional mandates and democratic norms.
Main Terms and key words for answer writing:
Parliamentary democracy
Federalism
Polarization
Divisiveness
Constitution
Centre-State relations
Electoral integrity
Democratic principles
Rule of law
Defections
Important Phrases for answer quality enrichment:
“Divided nation”
“Engineered defections”
“Polarized politics”
“Centralization of power”
“Constitutional niceties”
“Rules-based order”
“Centre-State relations”
“Erosion of democratic norms”
Quotes:
“The unseemly spectacle has given rise to concerns about the future of parliamentary democracy in the country.”
“The country today appears more divided than it has at any time in the recent past.”
“The absence of a rules-based order… could overturn the system altogether.”
“Tolerating differences is the first order of priority.”
“Everything has to be subordinated to the requirements of the Constitution.”
Useful Statements:
“The erosion of democratic principles undermines the foundation of our parliamentary democracy.”
“The politicization of issues further exacerbates divisions and hampers constructive dialogue.”
“Adherence to constitutional mandates is essential to preserve the integrity of our democratic institutions.”
“The centralization of power at the expense of federalism threatens the balance of governance.”
“The integrity of the electoral process must be upheld to ensure the legitimacy of democratic outcomes.”
Examples and References:
The farmers’ agitation in Punjab and Haryana.
Tensions between the Centre and opposition-ruled states.
Instances of engineered defections to the ruling party.
Accusations of central interference in the functioning of opposition-ruled states.
Passage of resolutions in Parliament on contentious issues like the Ram Temple in Ayodhya.
Facts and Data:
India’s historical commitment to democracy and adherence to constitutional principles.
Instances of engineered defections and accusations of central interference in opposition-ruled states.
Polarization and acrimony observed in parliamentary sessions leading up to the general election.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a critical analysis of the state of Indian democracy, highlighting the erosion of parliamentary practices, growing polarization, and challenges to federalism. It underscores the need for adherence to constitutional mandates, the preservation of democratic norms, and the importance of constructive dialogue to address contentious issues. The article raises concerns about the integrity of the electoral process and the erosion of democratic principles, calling for urgent action to safeguard India’s democracy.
Way Forward:
Uphold constitutional mandates and democratic principles.
Foster constructive dialogue and mutual respect between political parties.
Safeguard federalism and decentralize power to promote inclusivity and diversity.
Ensure the integrity of the electoral process and prevent engineered defections.
Prioritize the national interest over partisan politics and work towards consensus-building on key issues.
Overall, the article underscores the importance of upholding democratic values and institutions to ensure the continued stability and prosperity of India’s democracy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts
Mains level: Ensuring greater devolution of powers and responsibilities to lower tiers of panchayats
Central Idea:
The article discusses the progress and challenges of decentralization in India, focusing on the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj institutions in local governance. It highlights the limited success in revenue generation by these institutions despite constitutional provisions and emphasizes the need for greater efforts towards self-sufficiency.
Key Highlights:
Background of Decentralization:The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts aimed to empower local bodies for self-governance, leading to the establishment of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in 2004.
Fiscal Devolution: The constitutional amendment outlined fiscal devolution details, including own revenue generation by panchayats. However, most revenue still comes from grants, with only 1% generated through taxes.
Avenues for Revenue: The article lists various avenues for revenue generation by panchayats, including property tax, user charges, and innovative projects like rural business hubs and renewable energy initiatives.
Role of Gram Sabhas: Gram sabhas play a crucial role in local development and revenue generation by leveraging local resources, engaging in planning, and imposing taxes for community welfare.
Challenges: Despite potential avenues for revenue, panchayats face challenges such as a culture of dependency on grants, reluctance to impose taxes, and lack of authority in tax collection.
Dependency Syndrome: The article discusses the prevalent “freebie culture” and the reluctance of elected representatives to impose taxes due to concerns about popularity.
Key Challenges:
Overreliance on grants from central and state governments.
Reluctance of elected representatives to impose taxes due to concerns about popularity.
Lack of authority and capacity in tax collection by panchayats.
Prevailing “freebie culture” hindering public willingness to pay taxes.
Main Terms:
Decentralization: Transfer of authority and responsibility from central to local government.
Panchayati Raj: System of local self-government in rural areas.
Fiscal Devolution: Transfer of financial powers from central to local governments.
Own Source of Revenue (OSR): Revenue generated by local bodies through taxes, fees, and other means.
Gram Sabha: Village assembly responsible for local governance and decision-making.
Important Phrases for answer writing:
“Decentralization initiatives”
“Revenue generation efforts”
“Own source of revenue”
“Freebie culture”
“Dependency syndrome”
Quotes for answer quality improvement:
“Panchayats earn only 1% of the revenue through taxes.”
“Gram sabhas have a significant role in fostering self-sufficiency and sustainable development.”
“The dependency syndrome for grants has to be minimized.”
Useful Statements that can be used for essay:
“Despite efforts towards decentralization, many panchayats still rely heavily on grants for revenue.”
“Gram sabhas can play a pivotal role in promoting entrepreneurship and local development.”
“There is a need to educate elected representatives and the public on the significance of revenue generation for panchayat development.”
Examples and References:
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts.
Ministry of Panchayati Raj’s expert committee report on own source of revenue.
Data highlighting the percentage of revenue generated by panchayats through taxes.
Examples of successful revenue generation initiatives by panchayats, such as property tax and user charges.
Facts and Data for critical arguments in answer:
Panchayats earn only 1% of revenue through taxes, with 80% from the Centre and 15% from the States.
Allocation for rural local bodies increased significantly in recent Finance Commissions, reaching ₹2,80,733 crore in the 15th Finance Commission.
Tax revenue collected by panchayats decreased from ₹3,12,075 lakh in 2018-19 to ₹2,71,386 lakh in 2021-2022.
Critical Analysis:
While constitutional amendments and expert committee reports have outlined mechanisms for fiscal devolution and revenue generation, there remains a significant gap between policy intent and implementation. Factors such as political reluctance, administrative capacity constraints, and societal attitudes towards taxation pose significant challenges to effective decentralization.
Way Forward:
Strengthening capacity building initiatives for panchayats in tax administration and financial management.
Encouraging public awareness campaigns to promote the importance of local revenue generation for sustainable development.
Ensuring greater devolution of powers and responsibilities to lower tiers of panchayats.
Exploring innovative revenue generation avenues such as public-private partnerships and leveraging local resources for economic development.
Improve your answer writing with us and crack the mains
Try to attempt following question and write the answer in comment box below
“What are the various sources available for Panchayats to generate revenue, and how can these sources contribute to enhancing the financial autonomy and sustainability of Panchayati Raj institutions?”
“What are the main challenges hindering the financial autonomy of Panchayati Raj?”
“Why is financial autonomy crucial for the effective functioning of local governance?”
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IT Rules 2021
Mains level: importance of upholding free speech in the digital age
Central Idea:
Justice Gautam Patel’s landmark decision on the Kunal Kamra’s case underscores the critical importance of upholding the constitutional right to free speech, particularly in the realm of social media. The decision highlights the inherent dangers of arbitrary censorship and the need for clear, reasonable restrictions in line with constitutional principles.
Key Highlights:
Upholding Free Speech: The decision reaffirms the sacrosanct nature of the constitutional guarantee of free speech, emphasizing its protection against undue state encroachment.
Rejection of Arbitrary Censorship: Justice Patel condemns the amended Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the IT Rules 2021 as vague and overbroad, posing a threat to critical discourse and debate.
Constitutional Principles: The judgment invokes Article 19 and Article 14 of the Constitution, arguing that the amended rule infringes upon fundamental rights and lacks reasonable standards.
Importance of Judicial Review: The decision underscores the role of judicial review in curbing potential abuses of power by government entities, particularly in safeguarding democratic principles.
Recognition of Digital Regulation: While acknowledging the need to combat misinformation, the judgment insists on the importance of balanced regulation that respects free speech rights.
Key Challenges:
Interpretation of Constitutional Rights: Balancing free speech with the need for regulation presents a challenge in defining clear and reasonable restrictions.
Enforcement and Compliance: Ensuring compliance with constitutional principles and judicial decisions poses challenges in a dynamic digital landscape.
Government Response: The government’s response to judicial decisions and its commitment to upholding constitutional principles may vary, influencing the effectiveness of legal interventions.
Main Terms or key terms for answer writing:
Free Speech
Constitutional Guarantee
Social Media Regulation
Arbitrary Censorship
Judicial Review
Fundamental Rights
Digital Platforms
Misinformation
Democratic Principles
Important Phrases for good marks in mains:
“The sacrosanctity of the inviolate constitutional guarantee of free speech”
“Vague and overbroad”
“The imperative of combatting fakery and misinformation”
“A bulwark against the excesses of majoritarian assemblies”
“Agents of injustice”
“Inter-institutional comity”
Quotes that you can use in essay for value addition:
“The cacophony of dissent and disagreement is the symphony of a democracy at work.”
“Falsehood flies, and truth comes limping after it.”
“The will of the State is subject to scrutiny by those affected by the exercise of State power.”
“Democratic power is a trust held upon conditions.”
Useful Statements for value addition:
“The decision reaffirms the constitutional conscience and rejects the potential for wanton abuse of power.”
“Fear-instilled stillness ill serves the case of a vibrant democracy.”
“A law that permits its enforcers to become agents of injustice cannot be countenanced in a constitutional democracy.”
Facts and Data for value addition and credibility to your arguments:
Mention of the amended Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the IT Rules 2021.
Reference to Justice Patel’s decision on the Kunal Kamra’s case, dated 31st January.
Critical Analysis:
Justice Patel’s decision serves as a significant safeguard against potential abuses of power and underscores the importance of upholding free speech in the digital age. By rejecting arbitrary censorship and emphasizing the need for clear, reasonable restrictions, the judgment sets a crucial precedent for protecting democratic principles.
Way Forward:
Ensure compliance with constitutional principles in regulating digital platforms.
Encourage balanced regulation that combats misinformation while respecting free speech rights.
Foster inter-institutional comity by heeding judicial decisions and promoting democratic accountability.
By adhering to these principles, policymakers can navigate the complexities of digital regulation while upholding fundamental rights and democratic values.
Improve your answer writing with us and crack the mains
Try to attempt following question and write the answer in comment box below
How does Justice Patel’s decision in the Kunal Kamra’s case uphold the constitutional right to free speech?
What are the key challenges in balancing free speech with the need for regulation, as highlighted in the judgment?
How does the judgment emphasize the importance of judicial review in safeguarding democratic principles in the digital age?
The Supreme Court issued an interim order on February 19, 2024, emphasizing that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the Definition of ‘Forest’ as established in the TN Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India judgement of 1996.
This order came during the hearing of a public interest litigation challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Act, which was amended by the Union government in 2023.
Why such move?
The petitioners highlighted concerns that the 2023 amendment had narrowed the expansive definition of ‘forest’ provided in the Godavarman judgement.
They argue that this move potentially aims at diverting forest lands for non-forest use.
What is Godavarman Judgement?
The Godavarman Judgment is a landmark environmental case in India, first heard in the Supreme Court in 1996, commonly referred to as the “Godavarman Case.”
Originating as a PIL filed by Mr Godavarman, a retired forest officer, it addressed concerns about forest degradation due to various developmental activities without proper environmental clearances.
Key Legal and Regulatory Framework
Forest Conservation Act (FCA) and Rules: The case primarily interprets and implements the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, and the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981, aiming at forest conservation and wildlife protection.
Powers of Central Government: The FCA empowers the central government to declare areas as “reserved forest” or “protected forest,” prohibiting non-forest activities without prior approval. It extends to all forests in India, not just declared reserves.
Defining Forest: The order defined as any area recorded as forest in the Government record irrespective of the ownership. This definition is broad and encompasses any area recorded as a forest in government records, regardless of its legal status or ownership.
Analysis:
Diversion of Forest Land: The case tackled the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes, emphasizing compliance with the law and due diligence.
Extent of Central Government’s Powers: It clarified that the central government’s authority under the FCA extends to all forests, irrespective of ownership, emphasizing stringent regulation.
Emphasis on Sustainable Development: The court stressed the importance of sustainable development in forest conservation and protecting the rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.
Impact of the Judgement
Strengthening Forest Conservation Laws: The case led to stricter interpretation and implementation of forest laws, focusing on conservation and protection.
Increased Judicial Role in Environmental Governance: It established the judiciary as a watchdog in environmental governance, promoting public scrutiny of environmental decisions.
Protection of Forest Lands: Resulted in the cancellation of projects diverting forest land, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
Recognition of Rights: Emphasized the recognition and protection of rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.
Promotion of Sustainable Development: Highlighted the importance of balancing economic development with environmental protection.
Criticism of the Judgement
Hindrance to Economic Development: Criticized for hindering economic development and displacing communities.
Role of Judiciary: Criticized for causing delays in decision-making and project implementation.
Key Points of the Recent Order
Adherence to 1996 Order: The bench, led by CJI emphasized that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the definition of ‘forest’ as per the Godavarman judgement until the completion of the process of land recorded as ‘forests’ in government records.
Recording Forest Land: State and UT administrations are directed to prepare records on forest land within a year from the notification of the 2023 amendment as per Rule 16 of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Rules, 2023.
Expert Committees: The Union government is instructed to provide a comprehensive record of land registered as ‘forest’ by expert committees constituted by states and UTs within two weeks.
Compliance Deadline: All states and UTs must comply with the directions by forwarding the reports of the expert committees by March 31, 2024.
Additional Directions
Zoo and Safari Establishment: Any proposal for the establishment of zoos and safaris in forest areas other than protected areas shall not be finally approved without prior permission from the Supreme Court.
Exemption Clause: Section 5 of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, exempts zoos and safaris from the definition of ‘forests’ within forest areas, excluding protected areas.
Government Undertaking: The Union government submitted an undertaking that no precipitative steps would be taken concerning forest areas as per the dictionary sense, in line with the Godavarman judgement.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s interim order underscores the importance of preserving forest lands as per the Godavarman judgement and ensuring compliance with environmental protection measures.
It aims to safeguard the ecological balance and prevent misuse of forest resources for non-forest purposes.
Back2Basics:Universal Definition of Forest
As per the Conference of Parties (CoP) 9-Kyoto Protocol, the forest can be defined by any country depending upon the capacities and capabilities of the country.
Forest- Forest is defined structurally on the basis of
Crown cover percentage: Tree crown cover- 10 to 30% (India 10%)
Minimum area of stand: area between 0.05 and 1 hectare (India 1.0 hectare) and
Minimum height of trees: Potential to reach a minimum height at maturity in situ of 2 to 5 m (India 2m)
India’s definition of Forests
The definition of forest cover has clearly been defined in all the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) and in all the International communications of India.
The forest cover is defined as ‘all land, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent irrespective of ownership and legal status.
Such land may not necessarily be a recorded forest area. It also includes orchards, bamboo and palm’.
Classification of forest cover
In ISFR 2021 recently published has divided the forest cover as:
Inside Recorded Forest Area: These are basically natural forests and plantations of Forest Department.
Outside Recorded Forest Area: These cover mango orchards, coconut plantations, block plantations of agroforestry.
Forest Survey of India (FSI) Classification
FSI classifies forest cover in 4 classes.
Very Dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density of 70% and above.
Moderately dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 40% and 70%.
Open forests: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 10% and 40%.
Scrubs: All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy density less than 10%.
Legend has it that Lodrani, a hamlet near Dholavira in Kutch, was believed to be sitting on buried gold, prompting locals to initiate a dig around five years ago.
Contrary to expectations, the excavation led to the discovery of a fortified Harappan-era settlement, challenging the assumptions about the area’s history.
Archaeological Findings at Lodrani
Harappan-Era Settlement: Ajay Yadav and Damian Robinson from Oxford’s School of Archaeology led the archaeological exploration, revealing a well-preserved Harappan settlement.
Architectural Resemblance to Dholavira: Yadav notes striking architectural similarities between the newly discovered site, named Morodharo, and Dholavira.
Flourishing Ancient Life: Despite being initially dismissed as a medieval fortress, the site unveils evidence of a thriving civilization dating back around 4,500 years.
Significance
Harappan Pottery: The site yielded a significant amount of Harappan pottery akin to findings at Dholavira, indicating a connection between the two settlements.
Chronological Placement: Experts suggest Morodharo exhibits characteristics of mature to late Harappan periods (2,600-1,300 BCE), shedding light on the region’s ancient chronology.
Insights from Archaeologists
Dependence on the Sea: Both Dholavira and Morodharo depended on the sea, suggesting navigable waters near the Rann of Kutch during ancient times.
Archaeological Fame: Despite false starts in the past, Lodrani now claims archaeological fame, highlighting the importance of local initiatives in uncovering historical treasures.
About Dholavira
Description
Discovery
Discovered in 1968 by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi.
Importance
One of the most remarkable and well-preserved urban settlements in South Asia.
Fifth largest metropolis of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Location
Archaeological site located in the Kachchh District, Gujarat, dating from the 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE.
On Khadir bet island in the Great Rann of Kachchh.
Strategic Location
Located on the Tropic of Cancer;
Strategic for trade and access to mineral and raw material sources.
Archaeological Findings
Terracotta pottery, beads, gold and copper ornaments, seals, fish hooks, tools, urns, imported vessels.
Unique stone inscriptions in Indus Valley script.
Distinct Features
Cascading series of water reservoirs, outer fortification, multi-purpose grounds, unique gates, tumulus funerary architecture, multi-layered defenses.
Decline
Coincided with the collapse of Mesopotamia;
Affected by climate change, aridity, and drying up of ancient rivers like Saraswati.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Theory, Bose-Einstein Statistics, Bose-Hubbard Model
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
Satyendra Nath Bose emerged in the physics community like a comet in 1924, amidst the turbulence of a quantum revolution.
His groundbreaking work filled a significant gap in the emerging quantum theory.
Satyendra Nath Bose: Early Life
Born in Kolkata in 1894, Bose’s mathematical prowess was evident early on.
He befriended Meghnad Saha during their time at Presidency College and later collaborated with him at Rajabazar Science College.
Amidst the changing landscape of physics marked by Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum concepts, Bose and Saha contributed significantly to translating and applying new physics concepts.
Notable Contributions
[1] Bose-Einstein Statistics:
Bose formulated a new statistical theory in 1924, known as Bose-Einstein statistics, to describe the behavior of particles that obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
He derived this statistical distribution for particles with integer spin, which later became fundamental in understanding the behavior of particles now known as bosons.
[2] Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC):
Bose’s work laid the foundation for the concept of Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter where particles occupy the same quantum state at low temperatures.
In 1995, scientists successfully created a BEC in a dilute gas of alkali atoms, confirming Bose’s theoretical predictions and opening up new avenues for research in quantum physics.
[3] Quantum Theory of Radiation:
Bose made significant contributions to the field of quantum theory of radiation.
He introduced a quantum mechanical theory to explain the behavior of photons, which was later incorporated into the broader framework of quantum electrodynamics.
[4] Bose-Hubbard Model:
Bose’s work also inspired the development of the Bose-Hubbard model, a fundamental model in condensed matter physics.
This model describes the behavior of ultra-cold atoms trapped in an optical lattice and has applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation.
[5] Exploring Planck’s Law
While teaching at Dhaka University, Bose delved into understanding Planck’s law of black-body radiation, a cornerstone of quantum theory.
Bose’s innovative approach eliminated classical physics from the picture, revealing the statistical essence behind Planck’s formula and pioneering the field of quantum statistics.
Legacy and Impact
Bose’s work laid the groundwork for understanding fundamental particles, distinguishing between bosons and fermions based on their statistical behavior.
Despite publishing sparingly after his groundbreaking discovery, Bose’s contribution to quantum theory remains unparalleled, earning him the status of a scientific comet that illuminated the quantum world.
Conclusion
Satyendra Nath Bose’s remarkable insight and contribution to quantum theory reshaped the trajectory of physics.
His pioneering work on Bose-Einstein statistics not only filled a crucial gap in the emerging quantum framework but also laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in particle physics and quantum mechanics.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mimas, Cassini Mission
Mains level: NA
Introduction
Recent findings published in the journal Nature suggest that beneath the icy shell of Mimas, there lies a potential liquid ocean, challenging previous assumptions about the moon’s composition and internal dynamics.
About Mimas
Description
Discovery
Discovered by William Herschel on September 17, 1789.
Characteristics
Smallest and innermost of Saturn’s major moons.
Size
Diameter of about 396 kilometers (246 miles), making it one of the smallest known astronomical bodies that is rounded in shape.
Features
Known for its large Herschel Crater,
Called as “Death Star” from the Star Wars films.
Composition
Mostly composed of water ice with a small amount of rock.
Orbit
Orbits Saturn at a distance of about 185,520 km (115,220 miles).
Exploration
Visited by the Cassini spacecraft, which captured detailed images of its surface during its mission to Saturn.
Astronomical Insights
Potential Liquid Ocean: Scientists analyzed Mimas’s orbital motion using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, concluding that the moon’s oscillations indicate the presence of either an elongated silicate core or a global ocean.
Librational Model: Calculations based on Mimas’s librations and orbital changes reached a deadlock, prompting consideration of a subsurface ocean. Theoretical models incorporating viscoelastic outer layers and hydrostatic interior interfaces suggested an ice shell thickness of 20-30 km.
Surface Heat and Eccentricity: Estimates indicate surface heat release of approximately 25 milliwatts per sq. m, expected to reduce Mimas’s eccentricity by half in 4-5 million years. Simulations suggest the ocean may have formed 2-25 million years ago, with potential hydrothermal activity.
Implications and Findings
Comparative Analysis: Similarities between Mimas and Enceladus, another Saturn moon with a global ocean, hint at potential hydrothermal activity despite surface differences.
Ice Shell Composition: The viscoelastic nature of Mimas’s outer icy layer and hydrostatic interior interfaces align with observations, supporting the theoretical ice shell thickness determined through calculations.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Financial Emergency under Article 360
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
The Supreme Court proceeded with hearing a suit filed by the State of Kerala against the Centre for alleged arbitrary interference in its financial matters, following unsuccessful negotiations between the two parties.
Earlier, Kerala Governor sought for the Presidential imposition of a financial emergency in the State under Article 360(1) of the Constitution due to dwindling situation of finances in the State.
What is Financial Emergency?
Enshrined in Article 360: It is a vital provision aimed at addressing severe financial crises threatening India’s economic stability.
Declaration and Authority: It can be declared by the President upon satisfaction that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is under threat.
CoM Advice: The declaration is made based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, reflecting the collective responsibility of the executive branch.
Legislative Approval
While the President can proclaim a Financial Emergency, its extension beyond two months needs approval from both Houses of Parliament.
Once approved, it remains in effect until revoked by the President, allowing for flexible management of financial crises.
Effects and Implications
The Centre’s executive authority expands significantly during a Financial Emergency, enabling it to issue directives to states on financial matters.
Centralization of fiscal policies occurs, with the President empowered to reserve money bills passed by state legislatures for consideration.
Austerity measures, including salary and allowance reductions for public officials, can be implemented to address economic challenges.
Judicial Review and Criticism
38th Amendment Act (1975) made the President’s decision final and immune from judicial review.
However, the 44th Amendment Act (1978)allowed for judicial scrutiny.
This amendment ensured checks and balances within the constitutional framework, preventing unchecked executive authority.
Historical Context and Usage
Financial Emergencies have been sparingly invoked in India’s history, despite facing significant financial crises such as in 1991.
The cautious utilization of this provision underscores the importance of aligning its implementation with democratic principles and federalism.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Kerala-Centre financial dispute underscores the importance of cooperative federalism in addressing intergovernmental conflicts.
The forthcoming hearings aim to reconcile differences and ensure the equitable distribution of resources, fostering harmonious relations between the Centre and states.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fintech and their regulations
Mains level: Need for regulating Fintechs
Introduction
The Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology recently highlighted concerns regarding the dominance of foreign-owned fintech apps in India’s digital payment ecosystem.
While UPI commands a significant share of digital payments in terms of volume, its value share remains relatively low, raising questions about the distribution and control of digital payment platforms.
What are Fintech?
Fintech Definition: Fintech, a fusion of “financial” and “technology,” denotes businesses leveraging technology to enhance or automate financial services.
Types of Fintech Companies: They encompass payment solutions (e.g., Bharatpe), lending platforms (e.g., CRED), insurance providers (e.g., Digit Insurance), investment platforms (e.g., Zerodha), and regulatory technology firms (e.g., Razorpay).
Regulatory Framework in India
Regulatory Landscape: While direct RBI intervention in regulating fintech companies remains limited, initiatives like the Fin-Tech Regulatory Sandbox and Payment System Operators license aim to embrace and regulate aspects of the fintech sector.
Future Regulatory Outlook: The RBI is developing a regulatory framework to support orderly growth in digital lending, emphasizing that lending activities should be conducted only by entities regulated by the central bank or under other applicable laws.
Why discuss Fintech?
India is amongst the fastest growing Fintech markets in the world. Indian FinTech industry’s market size is $50 Bn in 2021 and is estimated at ~$150 Bn by 2025.
The Indian Fintech industry’s total addressable market is estimated to be $1.3 Tn by 2025 and Assets Under Management & Revenue to be $1 Tn and $ 200 Bn by 2030, respectively
Analysis of Existing Ecosystem
Regulatory Oversight: The Committee stresses the need for effective regulation of digital payment apps, noting the rising trend of digital transactions in India. It suggests that regulatory bodies like RBI and NPCI would find it more feasible to regulate local apps compared to foreign entities.
Dominance of Foreign Fintech: Foreign-owned fintech companies, such as PhonePe and Google Pay, dominate the Indian market, commanding significant market shares in terms of transaction volume. In contrast, NPCI’s BHIM UPI holds a minimal market share.
Regulatory Measures: The NPCI previously imposed a 30% volume cap on transactions facilitated through UPI by third-party apps to maintain market equilibrium and address risks. Compliance timelines were extended to December 2024 to facilitate market growth.
Concerns about Fraud
Money Laundering: The Committee observed instances of fintech platforms being used for money laundering, citing examples like the Abu Dhabi-based app, Pyppl, administered by Chinese investment scamsters. This poses challenges for law enforcement agencies in tracking illegal money trails.
Fraud Trends: Despite the rise in digital transactions, the fraud to sales ratio has remained relatively low. However, concerns persist regarding UPI frauds affecting a small percentage of users.
Impact on the Ecosystem
Advantages of Local Players: Local fintech players possess a natural advantage in understanding customer needs and the broader market infrastructure. Foreign fintechs, on the other hand, bring in expertise in new technologies and global connectivity.
Revenue Growth: McKinsey’s Global Payments Report suggests that instant payments, including UPI, may contribute less than 10% of future revenue growth due to minimal transaction fees. However, the shift towards digital payments enhances security and access to commerce channels, offsetting the costs associated with managing cash transactions.
Conclusion
Balancing the dominance of foreign-owned fintech platforms with the promotion of local players is essential for the sustainable growth of India’s digital payment ecosystem.
Effective regulation, along with efforts to combat fraud and promote financial inclusion, will be crucial in shaping the future trajectory of digital payments in the country.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: El Nino and La Nina
Mains level: Link Between ENSO and local Air Pollution
Introduction
El Nino and La Nina events have long influenced India’s monsoon patterns, but a recent study suggests a novel connection between these weather phenomena and air quality, particularly during the winter months of 2022.
Understanding El Nino and La Nina
El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.
Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina
El Nino
La Nina
Definition
Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures
Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures
Frequency
Every two to seven years
Every two to seven years
Duration
Several months to a year or more
Several months to a year or more
Impact on winds
Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
Impact on rains
Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts
Increases rainfall and can cause flooding
Impact on temp.
Warmer-than-average temperatures
Colder-than-average temperatures
Global effects
Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas
Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America
Impact on India
El Nino
La Nina
Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India
Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds
Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India
Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity
Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure
El Nino and Indian Monsoon
El Nino and its impact on Indian monsoon: El Nino refers to abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which tends to suppress monsoon rainfall in India.
Phases of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): ENSO consists of three phases in the Pacific Ocean: El Nino, La Nina (abnormal cooling), and a neutral phase with sea surface temperatures close to long-term averages.
Ocean and atmospheric conditions: ENSO involves not only temperature abnormalities of sea surface waters but also atmospheric conditions, including differences in sea-level air pressure and wind strength and direction.
Southern oscillation and the role of winds: Southern Oscillation Index measures the difference in sea-level air pressure over the western and eastern sides of the Pacific Ocean, while wind patterns play a crucial role in ENSO.
How La Nina impacted air quality?
Wind Direction Shift: The study identified a significant alteration in wind circulation patterns during the winter of 2022, with winds typically blowing from the northwest direction diverted towards the south due to the prolonged La Nina effect.
Anomalous Behavior: This deviation led to a bypass of pollutant-laden winds from Punjab and Haryana away from Delhi towards southern regions, impacting cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Chennai.
Extended La Nina Effect: The persistence of La Nina conditions over three years intensified the impact on wind patterns, culminating in noticeable changes in air quality distribution across India.
Uncertainties and Further Exploration: While the study highlights the role of La Nina in altering wind circulation and subsequent air quality, uncertainties remain regarding the potential impact of El Nino events on air quality dynamics.
Conclusion
The study underscores the need for continued exploration into the interplay between global weather phenomena like La Nina, local meteorological conditions, and air quality dynamics in India.
Understanding these complex relationships can inform policy measures aimed at mitigating air pollution and enhancing environmental resilience in the face of climate change challenges.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Man-Animal Conflit and its mitigation
Introduction
The escalation of human-wildlife conflict incidents in Kerala, exemplified by recent protests in Wayanad, underscores the urgent need to address the underlying causes of such conflicts.
Kerala grapples with a surge in human-animal conflicts, predominantly involving elephants, tigers, bison, and wild boars, wreaking havoc in districts like Wayanad, Kannur, Palakkad, and Idukki.
Understanding the Conflict
Geographical Dynamics: Kerala’s significant forest cover, encompassing nearly 30% of its area, juxtaposed with densely populated human settlements and agricultural plantations near wildlife habitats, sets the stage for frequent human-animal conflicts.
Magnitude of Conflict: State Forest Department data reveals over 48,000 incidents of crop damage due to human-wildlife conflict between 2013-14 and 2018-19, with wild elephants being the primary culprits, followed by wild boars and bonnet macaques.
Root Causes of Conflict
Changing Land Use: Increased cultivation around wildlife habitats and changing cropping patterns exacerbate conflicts by encroaching upon natural habitats and altering animal migratory routes.
Conservation Efforts: While conservation initiatives have led to the resurgence of animal populations like elephants and tigers, they have inadvertently intensified conflicts due to habitat depletion.
Human Activities: Movement of livestock and humans in wildlife habitats, especially during odd hours, further exacerbates conflicts by triggering defensive responses from animals.
Proposed Solutions and Their Efficacy
Physical Barriers: Strategies like elephant-proof trenches and solar power fences have shown promise in mitigating conflicts but face challenges such as inadequate maintenance and breaches by locals.
Eco-Restoration Policy: The Forest department’s plan to restore ecosystems by planting indigenous species aims to deter animals from agricultural lands, yet its effectiveness hinges on implementation and sustenance.
Early Warning Systems: Adoption of early warning systems, including drones and human watchers, could help track animal movements and prevent confrontations, but their widespread adoption remains limited.
Addressing Challenges with Wild Boars
Culling Initiatives: While the state awaits approval to declare wild boars as vermin, local bodies have been empowered to cull them as a last resort, alongside strategies like capture, neutering, and relocation.
Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ): Despite the legislative assembly’s plea to exempt Kerala from ESZ norms, conservationists advocate for its implementation to mitigate conflicts, acknowledging the challenges posed by Kerala’s population density and land scarcity.
Legal Framework and Conservation Initiatives
[A] Wildlife Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Encompassing measures to prohibit hunting, safeguard wildlife habitats, and establish protected areas, this act forms the cornerstone of India’s wildlife preservation efforts.
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Complementing existing legislation, this act, in alignment with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, fortifies conservation endeavors without undermining other forest and wildlife laws.
[B] National Conservation Strategies
National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016): Centered on fortifying protected area networks, conserving endangered species and their habitats, curbing wildlife trade, and promoting research and education, this plan embodies India’s commitment to wildlife preservation.
Project Tiger: A pioneering initiative under the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change since 1973, Project Tiger aims to create safe havens for the majestic big cats within India’s national parks.
Project Elephant: Launched in 1992, this centrally sponsored scheme endeavors to protect elephants, conserve their habitats and ensure safe migration corridors, thereby safeguarding the iconic species’ future.
Conclusion
Balancing conservation efforts with the safety and livelihoods of Kerala’s populace requires a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of human-wildlife conflicts.
Collaborative efforts involving stakeholders, stringent regulatory measures, and sustainable conservation practices are imperative to foster coexistence between humans and wildlife in Kerala’s diverse landscape.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geographical locations of dams
Mains level: Interstate water disputes
Central Idea:
The article recounts the historical background and negotiations leading to the Agreement between the states of Mysore and Madras regarding the construction and regulation of dams on the Cauvery River. It highlights the challenges faced, key terms agreed upon, and the significance of the agreement in resolving disputes and laying down principles for water management in the region.
Key Highlights:
M. Visvesvaraya’s proposal for the Krishnarajasagara (KRS) reservoir in 1910.
Arbitration led by Sir H.D. Griffin resulting in the approval of the KRS dam project.
Friction between Madras and Mysore over the execution of the dam’s next phase.
Negotiations and arbitration processes spanning several years.
Drafting of rules for the regulation of KRS and other reservoirs.
The signing of the Agreement, facilitating the construction of KRS and Mettur dams.
Consent for irrigation projects and assurance of water supplies to Madras.
Perception of the agreement as a fair settlement by Mysore’s Dewan, A.R. Banerji.
Key Challenges:
Disputes over water rights and dam construction between upper and lower riparian states.
Lengthy negotiations and arbitration processes due to differing interests and concerns.
Balancing the need for irrigation expansion with the preservation of water resources.
Ensuring equitable distribution of water while addressing the concerns of both states.
Main Terms:
Construction of KRS and Mettur dams.
Limitation on new irrigation areas under the Mettur project.
Formulation of rules for the regulation of reservoirs.
Assurance of water supplies to Madras.
Review of certain stipulations after 50 years.
Important Phrases:
“Kannambadi Arbitration Case”
“Prescriptive right of Madras”
“Broader settlement”
“Give and take”
“British hand”
Quotes:
“A fair and honourable settlement.” – A.R. Banerji, Mysore Dewan.
“The spirit of ‘give and take’ reigned throughout.” – A.R. Banerji.
“No British hand behind the settlement.” – A.R. Banerji.
Anecdotes:
Sir H.D. Griffin’s swift arbitration process.
Negotiations between Mysore and Madras officials.
A.R. Banerji’s statement in The Hindu.
Useful Statements:
“The pact allowed a review of certain stipulations of the agreement after 50 years.”
“The agreement was perceived as a fair settlement by both parties involved.”
“Balancing irrigation expansion with water resource preservation was a key challenge.”
Examples and References:
Construction of the KRS and Mettur dams.
Negotiation processes between Madras and Mysore officials.
A.R. Banerji’s statement published in The Hindu.
Facts and Data:
Construction of KRS with a capacity of 44.83 TMC.
Limitation of new irrigation areas under the Mettur project to 3.01 lakh acres.
Review of certain stipulations after 50 years.
Critical Analysis:
The Agreement marked a significant milestone in resolving the Cauvery River dispute between Mysore and Madras. Despite initial challenges and differing interests, the agreement laid down principles for water management and established a framework for future cooperation. While perceptions may vary, A.R. Banerji’s statement underscores the agreement’s perceived fairness and the spirit of cooperation between the two states.
Way Forward:
The Agreement serves as a historical precedent for resolving interstate water disputes through negotiation and compromise. Moving forward, stakeholders should build upon this foundation to address evolving water management challenges, ensuring equitable distribution and sustainable use of water resources in the region. Cooperation and dialogue remain essential for fostering lasting solutions to water-related conflicts.
Mains level: deeper collaboration between Greece and India
Central Idea:
The article discusses the growing strategic relationship between Greece and India, emphasizing the importance of deepening bilateral ties across various sectors. It highlights the mutual benefits of collaboration, the significance of security and stability in their respective regions, and the potential for economic cooperation through initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
Key Highlights:
The visit of Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis to India signifies the momentum in strengthening bilateral relations initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Greece.
Both countries recognize the strategic importance of their geographical locations and the need for cooperation to ensure security, stability, and prosperity.
Collaboration extends across strategic, military, and business sectors, with examples such as joint military exercises and investment partnerships.
Economic reforms in Greece under the Mitsotakis government aim to boost sustainable growth and position the country as a reliable partner in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The concept of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing economic ties between India and Greece.
Emphasis is placed on fostering people-to-people ties through cultural exchanges, education programs, and media cooperation.
Key Challenges:
The pace of bilateral cooperation has been slow, indicating a need for greater momentum.
Despite existing collaborations, there is room for further expansion and diversification of partnerships.
Ensuring sustained commitment from both governments and businesses to deepen ties amidst global uncertainties.
“Constructing the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)”
“Critical year in the building of the Greece-India strategic partnership”
Quotes:
“India will find no better gateway to Europe than my country and for Greece there is no better gateway to Asia than a close strategic relationship with India.”
“Greece is still by far the best European country to invest in.”
“The fact that the political leaders of Greece and India are exchanging visits within a short time frame shows not just their determination to move the relationship forward but also the urgency they attach to this task.”
Useful Statements:
Collaboration between Greece and India is essential for ensuring security, stability, and prosperity in their respective regions.
Economic reforms in Greece aim to position the country as a reliable partner in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) offer significant potential for enhancing bilateral economic ties.
Examples and References:
Joint military exercises between the Indian Navy and Greek armed forces.
Investment partnerships between Indian and Greek businesses, such as the construction of a new airport on the island of Crete.
The involvement of Indian-Canadian billionaire Prem Watsa in Greek investments, advocating for Greek-Indian business cooperation.
Facts and Data:
Historic visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Greece in August 2023.
Collaboration between Indian and Greek businesses in various sectors, including construction, shipping, and finance.
Critical Analysis:
The article underscores the significance of deeper collaboration between Greece and India in light of geopolitical challenges and economic opportunities.
It highlights the need for accelerated efforts to overcome historical inertia and realize the full potential of the bilateral relationship.
Emphasis on people-to-people ties reflects a holistic approach to strengthening cultural and educational exchanges alongside economic and strategic cooperation.
Way Forward:
Both governments should prioritize the implementation of existing agreements and explore new avenues for cooperation.
Continued engagement between businesses from both countries is crucial for diversifying and expanding partnerships.
Investing in educational and cultural exchanges can foster mutual understanding and long-term cooperation.
Regular high-level visits and dialogue mechanisms should be maintained to sustain momentum and address emerging challenges.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: mismatch between engineering graduates' skills and service sector demands
Central Idea:
Article discusses the growing significance of the services sector in India’s economy and the demand for skilled manpower. Proposes the introduction of a generic “service engineering” course to address the need for professionals adept at navigating modern service-oriented industries.
Key Highlights:
Services sector contributes significantly to India’s Gross Value Added and employment.
Engineering graduates increasingly employed in non-technical roles within the services sector due to adaptable skills.
Lack of generic courses tailored to service sector needs, leading engineers to fill entry-level service jobs.
Proposal for “service engineering” course blending technical proficiency, soft skills, and industry-specific knowledge.
Integration of AI and IoT to enhance employability.
Emphasis on diverse curriculum covering service delivery fundamentals, process improvement, and client management.
Key Challenges:
Resistance from traditional education systems and institutions.
Development and implementation of comprehensive curriculum.
Ensuring affordability and accessibility, especially in tier 2 and 3 cities.
Overcoming societal biases and stereotypes about career paths.
Adapting to rapid technological advancements and industry changes.
Main Terms:
Services sector
Engineering graduates
Service-oriented roles
Soft skills
Technical proficiency
Service management principles
Process improvement methodologies
Client management
Important Phrases for answer writing:
“Service engineering”
“White-collar service environments”
“Dynamic service landscape”
“Process reengineering”
“Critical thinking frameworks”
“Virtual learning environments”
“Inclusivity in education”
“Services-driven economy”
Quotes:
“Engineers are increasingly finding employment not solely based on a precise match of skills but due to the adaptability and problem-solving mindset ingrained in their education.”
“Just as an engineering education equips the student with the basic skills to find a vocation in an industrial setup, we need an equivalent services skill education.”
“The introduction of such a course — let us call it ‘service engineering’ — holds transformative potential, offering a pathway to enhanced employability, improved service delivery, and sustained economic growth.”
Anecdotes:
Example of engineering graduates transitioning into non-technical roles within the services sector, such as banking, insurance, and retail.
Mention of the increasing participation of women in the workforce and how a service engineering course could support their work-life balance.
Useful Statements:
“The rising prominence of the services sector has opened avenues for engineers to be gainfully employed in white-collar jobs.”
“Such a course can offer a holistic blend of technical proficiency, soft skills, and industry-specific knowledge essential for success in service-centric roles.”
Examples and References:
Data on employability of engineering graduates.
Commissioned report on engineering seat enrollment.
Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data on women’s participation in the workforce.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively highlights the mismatch between engineering graduates’ skills and service sector demands, proposing a “service engineering” course as a solution. However, it lacks in-depth analysis of challenges and implementation strategies, especially regarding soft skills integration.
Way Forward:
Collaborate with industry experts for curriculum design.
Offer scholarships for affordability and accessibility.
Conduct awareness campaigns to challenge biases.
Establish partnerships for practical training.
Continuously update the curriculum to match industry changes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Food Corporation of India (FCI): Major functions
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
The government has raised the authorized capital of the state-run Food Corporation of India (FCI) from ₹10,000 crore to ₹21,000 crore, marking a significant stride in bolstering its operational capabilities.
This initiative, announced by the Food Ministry, underscores the government’s commitment to strengthening FCI’s role in ensuring food security and safeguarding farmers’ interests.
About Food Corporation of India (FCI)
Establishment and Objectives: Founded in 1965 under the Food Corporation Act, 1964, FCI serves as a statutory body under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Government of India.
Core Objectives: FCI is entrusted with the tasks of providing price support to farmers by
Procuring grains at Minimum Support Prices (MSP),
Supplying grains to Public Distribution System (PDS), and
Maintaining strategic grain reserves.
Initiatives to Enhance FCI’s Efficiency
Integrated IT Systems: FCI is implementing integrated IT solutions and adopting e-office initiatives to transition towards a paperless work environment and streamline operational functions effectively.
Infrastructure Development: FCI is investing in infrastructure projects such as cement road construction, roof maintenance, and weighbridge modernization to enhance operational efficiency.
Quality Assurance: Efforts are underway to procure lab equipment and develop software platforms for quality assessment, ensuring adherence to stringent quality standards.
Significance of Increased Authorized Capital
Operational Strengthening: The augmentation of authorized capital aims to bolster FCI’s operational efficiency, reduce interest burdens, and positively impact government subsidies.
Modernization Imperative: In addition to financial infusion, the government emphasizes the modernization of storage facilities, transportation networks, and adoption of advanced technologies for enhanced performance.
Empowering Farmers: The government’s commitment to MSP-based procurement and investment in FCI’s operational capabilities reflects a collaborative approach towards empowering farmers, fortifying the agricultural sector, and ensuring nationwide food security.
Relevance of FCI
Bedrock of National Food Security: FCI plays a pivotal role in implementing the National Food Security Act, ensuring procurement and distribution to far-flung areas for national food security.
Response to Crisis: During crises such as the Covid pandemic and migrant crises, FCI has effectively tackled challenges of hunger and starvation.
Fight against Malnutrition and Poverty: FCI’s role in the Public Distribution System (PDS) contributes to combating malnutrition and poverty, promoting inclusive growth.
Support to Farmers: By purchasing crops at MSP, FCI provides financial security to farmers, making agriculture remunerative.
Challenges Faced by FCI
Limited Farmer Participation: Less than 10% of farmers can sell their produce to government agencies due to various factors such as lack of awareness or access to the MSP system, benefiting only large farmers in certain states like Punjab.
Storage Overload: FCI has stored double the grains than the prescribed buffer limits, leading to a shortage in the open market, inflation, and deterioration of grains due to limited storage capacity.
Leakages in Distribution: According to NSSO 2011, 40-60% of grains distributed through the Public Distribution System (PDS) are siphoned off, highlighting significant challenges in distribution efficiency and governance.
Way Forward:
Shanta Kumar Committee (2014) Recommendations
The Shanta Kumar Committee proposed a comprehensive set of recommendations aimed at reforming the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and enhancing its efficiency in managing food systems.
The committee proposes designating FCI as an “Agency for Innovation in Food Management Systems” to foster creativity and efficiency in managing food resources.
[A] Procurement Stage
Outsourcing Procurement: Recommends outsourcing procurement activities in better-performing states like Punjab while centralizing procurement in states like Bihar, Assam, Bengal, and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Cash Transfers to Farmers: Suggests exploring cash transfers to farmers as an alternative mechanism for procurement.
Buffer Stock Quotas: Advocates setting buffer stock quotas instead of open-ended procurement to optimize resource utilization.
Stringent Quality Checks: Emphasizes the need for stringent quality checks by third parties to ensure the quality of procured grains.
[B] Storage Stage
Outsourcing Stocking Operations: Recommends outsourcing stocking operations to various agencies such as the Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC), State Warehousing Corporation (SWC), and the private sector under the Private Entrepreneur Guarantee (PEG) scheme.
Automatic Liquidation of Excess Stock: Proposes automatic liquidation of excess buffer stock in the open market to prevent overstocking and market distortions.
Maintaining Strategic Buffer Reserves: Suggests maintaining strategic buffer reserves to stabilize markets and address emergencies effectively.
[C] Distribution Stage
Expanding Coverage under NFSA: Recommends expanding coverage under the National Food Security Act 2013 to encompass 40% of the population, ensuring wider access to subsidized food grains.
End-to-End Computerization: Advocates for end-to-end computerization of the distribution system to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability.
Online Tracking: Proposes online tracking of the entire system from procurement to retail distribution to facilitate real-time monitoring and management.
[D] Transportation Improvements
Integration of Road and Rail Transport: Suggests integrating road transport along with rail to optimize transportation networks and reduce dependency on rail.
Containerization: Recommends using containers instead of gunny bags for efficient and hygienic transportation of food grains.
Utilization of Inland Waterways: Advocates utilizing inland waterways for transporting food grains, leveraging cost-effective and eco-friendly transportation modes.
Automation in Loading and Unloading: Proposes automation in loading and unloading processes to enhance efficiency and minimize manual labor.
[E] Operational Overhaul
Doing Away with FIFO Principle: Suggests doing away with the FIFO (first in, first out) principle to release hygienic food grains on time and prevent wastage.
Targeting Chronically Starved Areas: Recommends implementing a pre-positioning shipment policy to store food grains nearer to chronically starved areas, ensuring timely access to essential supplies during emergencies.
Ensuring Last-Mile Connectivity: Advocates leveraging a network of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to ensure last-mile connectivity and efficient distribution of food grains.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Muc
Mains level: Maternal health woes in India
Introduction
Presenting findings from a recent comprehensive study conducted by researchers at the ICMR’s National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH) in Mumbai.
Utilizing data extracted from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021), the study offers a nuanced understanding of the prevalence and determinants of high-risk pregnancies among Indian women.
Pregnancy Issues: Key Statistics
The study encompasses data from nearly 24,000 pregnant women across India.
Prevalence of high-risk pregnancies stands at a staggering 49.4%.
Northeastern states, including Meghalaya (67.8%), Manipur (66.7%), and Mizoram (62.5%), alongside Telangana (60.3%), exhibit the highest prevalence rates.
Meghalaya records the highest frequency of multiple high-risk factors at 33%.
Regional disparities in risk factors underscore the imperative for tailored interventions to address local challenges effectively.
Methodology used
Data Analysis Approach: Employing unit-level data sourced from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) program, the study meticulously scrutinizes the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies among women aged 15-49.
Primary Risk Factors: The study identifies short birth spacing, adverse birth outcomes, and caesarean deliveries as primary contributors to the incidence of high-risk pregnancies.
Major Risks Identified
Maternal Risks: Critical maternal factors such as age, height, body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain emerge as pivotal determinants of pregnancy-related risks.
Lifestyle and Birth Outcome Risks: Lifestyle choices including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, along with previous birth outcomes significantly influence the likelihood of high-risk pregnancies.
Educational Disparities: Pregnant women with limited formal education are disproportionately affected, exhibiting heightened prevalence rates of multiple high-risk factors compared to their educated counterparts.
Temporal Patterns: Notably, high-risk factors tend to escalate during the third trimester, emphasizing the critical need for vigilant monitoring and timely interventions.
Major Government Interventions
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (2011): Provides free delivery, including Cesarean section, and essential healthcare services to pregnant women in public health institutions.
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) (2016): Ensures quality antenatal care and high-risk pregnancy detection on the 9th of every month.
LaQshya Initiative (2011): Aims to improve the quality of care in labor rooms and maternity operation theatres, promoting Respectful Maternity Care.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) (2016): The program aims to provide assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care, free of cost, universally to all pregnant women on the 9th of every month.
Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN): Aims to provide assured, dignified, and quality healthcare at no cost for every woman and newborn visiting public health facilities.
Anaemia Mukt Bharat (2018): Launched with a 6x6x6 strategy to reduce anaemia prevalence among children, adolescents, and women in the reproductive age group.
Way Forward
Tailored Interventions: Develop region-specific interventions targeting areas with high prevalence rates, addressing local challenges effectively.
Strengthened Antenatal Care: Ensure access to quality antenatal care services, particularly for women at risk, through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan.
Capacity Building: Invest in training healthcare professionals to identify and manage high-risk pregnancies effectively, improving maternal and child health outcomes.
Integration of Initiatives: Foster coordination and integration among existing government initiatives like Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, and Anaemia Mukt Bharat for holistic maternal care.
Conclusion
The study advocates for a comprehensive approach aimed at mitigating the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies, safeguarding maternal and child health, and promoting equitable access to healthcare across diverse socio-economic strata.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep and its geographic features
Mains level: Overhaul of Lakshadweep
Introduction
Lakshadweep’s strategic location near international shipping routes positions it as a potential logistics hub, attracting attention for its economic and tourism prospects.
About Lakshadweep
Details
Location
In the Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India.
Geographical Formation
Formed by coral activities and have a coral atoll structure.
Formation as UT
Formed as a Union Territory of India in 1956.
Total Islands
Comprises 36 islands, including atolls, coral reefs, and submerged banks.
Inhibition
10 of the 36 islands are inhabited.
Capital
Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory.
Area
Total area of 32 sq km.
Tourism and Diplomatic Stir
Tourist Attraction: PM Modi’s visit to Lakshadweep sparked a surge in interest, with comparisons to Maldives and discussions on Lakshadweep’s tourism potential.
Diplomatic Tensions: Comments from Maldivian leaders sparked controversy, leading to online backlash and a shift in focus towards Lakshadweep’s tourism development.
Logistics potential of Lakshadweep
Geographical Advantage: Lakshadweep’s proximity to major shipping routes and deep-water ports presents an ideal location for logistics transportation.
Existing Infrastructure: The islands have airports, road networks, and plans for container terminals and inland container depots (ICDs) to improve connectivity.
Regional Integration: Efforts to establish links with neighboring ports in Sri Lanka and the Maldives aim to boost trade and economic ties.
Connectivity Projects: Lakshadweep administration is working to enhance connectivity between islands and the mainland, including plans for roll-on/roll-off ferry services and container terminals.
Centuries-old Business Links: Historical ties between Lakshadweep and Mangaluru underscore the importance of business relations, with many residents relying on supplies from Mangaluru.
Government Initiatives and Development Plans
Inclusion in Budget Proposal: Lakshadweep featured prominently in the Indian government’s interim Budget (2024-25) proposal, focusing on port connectivity, tourism infrastructure, and amenities across its islands.
Gateway Proposal: Suggestions to make Mangaluru the gateway and mainland partner for Lakshadweep’s logistical and tourism needs, leveraging historical and geographical connections.
Infrastructure Deficiency: Lack of roads and suitable airports hinder transportation, especially for heavy machinery and equipment.
Resource Constraints: Limited freshwater and reliance on diesel generators raise operational costs and limit industrial growth.
Isolation: Geographical isolation from the mainland poses logistical challenges and limits business opportunities.
Preserving Ecological Balance: Recognizing the ecological significance of Lakshadweep, proposals emphasize sustainable development and eco-sensitive tourism practices.
Benefits of Logistics push
Efficiency Enhancement: Logistics optimization can improve route planning, resource allocation, and cost-effectiveness.
Flexibility Boost: Adaptive transportation systems can respond to market changes and emergencies efficiently.
Sustainability Promotion: Logistics practices can reduce emissions, waste, and energy consumption, contributing to sustainable development.
Conclusion
Unlocking Lakshadweep’s logistics potential is pivotal for economic self-sufficiency and growth.
Government support in modernizing logistics with technology adoption can enhance efficiency and create job opportunities.
Investment in infrastructure and technology is imperative for realizing Lakshadweep’s economic potential and fostering regional development.
