Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AR6 Report, IPCC, Global Stocktake
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- Since 1988, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been pivotal in assessing climate science and guiding global responses to climate change through its assessment reports and special publications.
- Last years’ Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) underscores the urgency of addressing climate change, highlighting the need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
About IPCC
|
Description |
| Establishment |
Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP |
| Membership |
195 member countries. |
| Objective |
Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options. |
| Main Activity |
Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations. |
| Scientific Research |
Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions. |
| Working Groups |
Comprises three groups:
- I (climate physics),
- II (impacts/adaptation), and
- III (mitigation)
|
| Reports |
Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report. |
Key Findings of AR6
- Urgent Warning: AR6 warns that time is running out to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and stresses the need for immediate action to mitigate climate change impacts.
- Adaptation Challenges: The report highlights challenges in adapting to climate change and offers strategies to enhance resilience in natural and human-made systems.
Initiation of AR7 Cycle
- IPCC Bureau Meeting: In January 2024, the IPCC initiated its seventh assessment cycle (AR7) with a bureau meeting in Turkey to discuss budgeting, timelines, and the work program.
- Lessons from AR6: Insights from the AR6 cycle, along with member country submissions, informed discussions on the structure and focus of the upcoming reports.
Global Stocktake and IPCC’s Role
- Assessing Progress: The global stocktake (GST) evaluates progress towards the Paris Agreement goals, with the IPCC playing a crucial role in providing scientific input.
- Alignment with Stocktake: Member countries request IPCC reports to align with the GST, facilitating comprehensive assessments of climate action effectiveness.
Scope and Timeline of AR7 Cycle
- Report Components: The AR7 cycle will include full assessment reports, synthesis reports, methodology reports, and a special report on climate change and cities.
- Revised Guidelines: Methodology reports will cover short-lived climate forcers and carbon removal, while technical guidelines on impacts and adaptation will be updated.
- Publication Timeline: The bureau aims to publish special and methodology reports by 2027, with the timeline for assessment reports pending further discussion.
Challenges and Considerations
- Time Constraints: Balancing the need for timely reports with the rigorous review process and evolving climate research poses challenges.
- Content Integrity: Shortened timelines may affect the depth and breadth of the reports, potentially compromising their scientific rigor and inclusivity.
- Engagement Complexity: Limited timeframes may hinder effective engagement with under-represented communities and stakeholders, impacting report quality.
Conclusion
- The initiation of IPCC’s AR7 cycle marks a critical juncture in global climate science, emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate change.
- Despite challenges, the IPCC remains committed to delivering comprehensive and scientifically robust assessments to guide climate action.
- Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders will be essential in navigating the complexities of climate science and fostering sustainable solutions for a resilient future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bubonic Plague and its causes
Mains level: Rise of zoonotic diseases
Introduction
- Recent reports from Oregon, US, confirm the reemergence of bubonic plague, marking the first case since 2005.
- Notable historical instances include the Third Pandemic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, originating in China and spreading worldwide, reaching India by 1896.
What is Bubonic Plague?
- Cause: Bubonic plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacterium primarily found in small animals and their fleas, capable of transmission to humans.
- Transmission: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies three primary modes of transmission:
- Through infected vector fleas,
- Contact with infectious bodily fluids or materials, and
- Inhalation of respiratory droplets from pneumonic plague patients.
Symptoms and Forms
- Bubonic Plague: Characterized by fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and weakness, typically resulting from flea bites.
- Septicemic Plague: Occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, leading to severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock, and skin discoloration.
- Pneumonic Plague: The most perilous form, causing rapid-onset pneumonia, and posing a high risk of fatality if left untreated, with potential person-to-person transmission.
Historical Impact of the Black Death
- Deadliest Outbreak: The Black Death, spanning from 1346 to 1353, decimated up to half of Europe’s population, leaving a profound and enduring impact on survivors.
- Genetic Legacy: Genetic mutations linked to increased survival during the Black Death era have been identified, albeit with potential implications for autoimmune diseases in modern populations.
- Social and Economic Ramifications: Historians attribute Europe’s rise to global dominance partly to the aftermath of the Black Death, shaping subsequent societal, economic, and cultural trajectories.
Contemporary Outlook and Mitigation
- Limited Spread: Medical experts allay fears of a Black Death resurgence, affirming the localized nature of the recent bubonic plague case and the low likelihood of widespread transmission.
- Modern Interventions: Advancements in antibiotics and healthcare infrastructure significantly mitigate the threat posed by bubonic plague, rendering it treatable and containing its potential impact.
- Global Surveillance: Vigilant monitoring and prompt treatment protocols contribute to managing sporadic plague cases reported worldwide, underscoring the importance of continued vigilance and preparedness.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Medaram Jatara, Tribes gathered, historical background
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- People have started shopping ahead of Asia’s largest tribal festival, the Medaram Jatara. Devotees offer jaggery equivalent to their weight to the deities, Sammakka and Saralamma, during the festival.
About Medaram Jatara
|
Description |
| Origin |
Rooted in the legend of Sammakka and Sarakka, a revered mother-daughter duo among the local tribal community. |
| Historical Significance |
Commemorates the 13th-century battle of Sammakka and Sarakka against then local Kakatiya rulers’ taxation of the Koya people. |
| Location |
Mulugu, Telangana, India |
| Frequency |
Biennial festival |
| Attendance |
Attracts around 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh but also from as far as Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra |
| Political & Social Impact |
Declared as a State Festival in 1996;
Receives active support from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government. |
| Infrastructure Development |
Funds allocated for community shelters and infrastructure in and around Medaram. |
| Ministry Support |
Active participation and significant financial backing from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government. |
| Tribal Circuit Development |
Ministry of Tourism sanctions funds for the integrated development of the tribal circuit. |
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
| Traditions |
Communities |
| Chaliha Sahib Festivals |
Sindhis |
| Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra |
Gonds |
| Wari-Warkari |
Santhals |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) None of the above
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms and key difference between them
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Life on Earth is characterized by cyclical processes that sustain and enhance survival, with one such fundamental process being ultradian rhythms.
- Ultradian rhythms are distinct from circadian rhythms and refer to biological cycles that occur more frequently than once every 24 hours, governing essential physiological functions.
Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms
|
Ultradian Rhythms |
Circadian Rhythms |
| Definition |
Repeat at intervals of less than 24 hours. |
Repeat approximately every 24 hours. |
| Duration |
Shorter cycles, typically minutes to a few hours. |
Longer cycles, around 24 hours. |
| Examples |
Sleep cycles, heart rate variability, hormone release. |
Sleep-wake cycle, body temperature regulation. |
| Influence |
Impact physiological processes within a single day. |
Regulate sleep-wake patterns, hormone release, etc. |
| Importance |
Essential for various bodily functions and processes. |
Crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. |
| Disruption Effects |
Interruption can lead to fatigue or mood swings. |
Disruption can cause sleep disorders or mood disorders. |
Key Characteristics of Ultradian Rhythms
- Frequency: Ultradian rhythms recur more frequently than circadian rhythms, impacting various biological processes.
- Physiological Patterns: These rhythms regulate heartbeat, breathing, hormonal release, and brain-wave activity, ensuring proper functioning of living organisms.
Significance
- Sleep Cycle: A well-known example of ultradian rhythm is the sleep cycle, which comprises alternating periods of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and non-REM sleep, typically lasting around 90 minutes each.
- REM and Non-REM Sleep: REM sleep involves dreaming, while non-REM sleep is essential for physical restoration and memory consolidation.
Role in Hormonal Regulation
- Pulsatile Hormone Secretion: Ultradian rhythms influence the pulsatile secretion of hormones like growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin throughout the day.
- Metabolism and Stress Response: These hormonal fluctuations are crucial for regulating metabolism, energy levels, and responses to stress, ensuring overall well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MnBi2S4 and its properties
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Researchers have identified a unique mechanism of electric polarization via magnetic ordering in a novel mineral named “MnBi2S4”, which can be useful for energy-efficient data storage.
About Magnetoelectric Multiferroics
- This special class of materials is renowned for their rarity and unique properties, capable of exhibiting both magnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously.
- They find applications in advanced technology like spintronics, electronic memory devices, actuators, and switches.
What is MnBi2S4?
- Also known as mineral gratianite, it belongs to the ternary manganese chalcogenide family.
- It showcases distinct magnetic structures, including a spin density wave, cycloidal, and helical spin structures.
- Notably, the latter two spin structures induce ferro-electricity in the material.
- MnBi2S4 is centro-symmetric and undergoes magnetic ordering at low temperatures (27, 23, and 21.5 Kelvins).
Significance of the Study
- This finding highlights the strong coupling between magnetism and electric polarization.
- The unique mechanism, driven by magnetic frustration, represents a breakthrough in magnetoelectric coupling.
- If the material can exhibit the same phenomena at room temperature, it could revolutionize data storage by reducing energy consumption during writing processes.
- Additionally, these findings could aid in the development of a four-state logic memory system, providing additional degrees of freedom for device performance compared to current binary logic systems.
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Central Idea:
The year 2024 is marked by a significant global exercise in democracy, with concerns arising over the impact of AI on elections. However, while efforts to regulate AI and address disinformation are underway, there are potential unintended consequences that may exacerbate existing challenges and concentrate power within the AI industry.
Key Highlights:
- Increased global engagement in elections in 2024 prompts worries about AI-driven disinformation.
- Governments rush to regulate AI to combat disinformation, but unintended consequences may worsen existing issues.
- Concentration of power within the AI industry may occur due to regulatory requirements, hindering competition and innovation.
- Ethical and transparency guidelines for AI development face challenges due to differing values and priorities.
- Democracy faces numerous challenges beyond AI, including political repression, violence, and electoral fraud.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing the need to regulate AI with potential unintended consequences that may worsen existing problems.
- Addressing power concentration within the AI industry without stifling innovation and competition.
- Establishing ethical guidelines for AI development amidst diverse societal values and priorities.
- Ensuring meaningful transparency in AI systems through effective auditing mechanisms.
- Anticipating future risks of AI in electoral processes and formulating proactive regulations.
Main Terms:
- AI (Artificial Intelligence)
- Disinformation
- Deepfakes
- Regulation
- Concentration of power
- Ethical guidelines
- Transparency
- Electoral risks
Important Phrases:
- “Ultimate election year”
- “Digital voter manipulation”
- “AI bogeyman”
- “Content moderation”
- “Watermarking”
- “Red-teaming exercises”
- “Existential risks”
- “Complex adaptive system”
- “Toothless regulations”
Quotes:
- “Democracy has many demons to battle even before we get to the AI demon.”
- “AI-sorcery may, on the margin, not rank among the biggest mischief-makers this year.”
- “It is better that these well-intended regulators understand the unintended consequences of rushed regulations.”
- “Voters in elections beyond 2024 will be grateful for such foresight.”
Useful Statements:
- Rushed regulations to combat AI-related electoral risks may exacerbate existing challenges.
- Power concentration within the AI industry could hinder innovation and ethical oversight.
- Ethical guidelines for AI development must consider diverse societal values and priorities.
- Effective auditing mechanisms are crucial for ensuring transparency in AI systems.
- Proactive regulations are needed to anticipate and mitigate future risks of AI in electoral processes.
Examples and References:
- Manipulated videos affecting political leaders’ images in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
- Concentration of AI investments and influence in a few major companies.
- Challenges faced by New York’s law requiring audits of automated employment decision tools.
- Voluntary transparency mechanisms offered by companies like IBM and OpenAI.
Facts and Data:
- Close to half of the world’s population engaging in elections in 2024.
- Three companies received two-thirds of all investments in generative AI in the previous year.
- New York’s law on auditing automated employment decision tools found to be ineffective.
- Over 83 elections taking place worldwide in 2024.
Critical Analysis:
Efforts to regulate AI in electoral processes must strike a delicate balance between addressing immediate risks and avoiding unintended consequences that may worsen existing challenges. Power concentration within the AI industry poses significant ethical and competitive concerns, while diverse societal values complicate the establishment of universal ethical guidelines. Ensuring transparency in AI systems requires robust auditing mechanisms and proactive regulatory measures to anticipate future risks.
Way Forward:
- Proceed cautiously with AI regulations to avoid exacerbating existing challenges.
- Foster competition and innovation within the AI industry while addressing concerns about power concentration.
- Engage diverse stakeholders to establish ethical guidelines that reflect societal values and priorities.
- Implement effective auditing mechanisms to ensure transparency in AI systems.
- Anticipate future risks of AI in electoral processes and formulate proactive regulations to mitigate them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Opaque nature of AI algorithms
Mains level: challenges posed by AI
Central Idea:
The concept of meritocracy, once heralded as a fair system for rewarding individuals based on their abilities and efforts, is facing significant challenges in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI). While proponents argue for its intuitive fairness and potential for reform, critics point out its divisive consequences and perpetuation of inequalities. The introduction of AI complicates the notion of meritocracy by questioning traditional metrics of merit, exacerbating biases, and polarizing the workforce. Recalibrating meritocracy in the age of AI requires a nuanced understanding of its impact on societal structures and a deliberate rethinking of how merit is defined and rewarded.
Key Highlights:
- The critiques of meritocracy by thinkers like Michael Young, Michael Sandel, and Adrian Wooldridge.
- The evolution of meritocracy from a force for progress to a system perpetuating new inequalities.
- The disruptive impact of AI on meritocracy, challenging traditional notions of merit, exacerbating biases, and polarizing the workforce.
- The opaque nature of AI algorithms and the concentration of power in tech giants posing challenges to accountability.
- The potential for AI to set standards for merit in the digital age, sidelining smaller players and deepening existing inequalities.
Key Challenges:
- Reconciling the intuitive fairness of meritocracy with its divisive consequences and perpetuation of inequalities.
- Addressing the disruptive impact of AI on traditional notions of merit and societal structures.
- Ensuring transparency and accountability in AI algorithms to uphold the meritocratic ideal.
- Mitigating the potential for AI to deepen existing socioeconomic disparities and sideline smaller players.
Main Terms:
- Meritocracy: A system where individuals are rewarded and advance based on their abilities, achievements, and hard work.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI): Non-human entities capable of performing tasks, making decisions, and creating at levels that can surpass human abilities.
- Social Stratification: The division of society into hierarchical layers based on social status, wealth, or power.
- Biases: Systematic errors in judgment or decision-making due to factors such as stereotypes or prejudices.
- Tech Giants: Large technology companies with significant influence and control over digital platforms and data.
Important Phrases:
- “Dystopian meritocratic world”
- “Divisive consequences”
- “Fluidity and contingency of merit”
- “Hereditary meritocracy”
- “Opaque nature of AI algorithms”
- “Data hegemony”
Quotes:
- “Meritocracy fosters a sense of entitlement among the successful and resentment among those left behind.” – Michael Sandel
- “Meritocratic systems are inherently subjective and can reinforce existing inequalities.” – Post-structuralists
Useful Statements:
- “The introduction of AI complicates the notion of meritocracy by questioning traditional metrics of merit and exacerbating biases.”
- “Recalibrating meritocracy in the age of AI requires a nuanced understanding of its impact on societal structures and a deliberate rethinking of how merit is defined and rewarded.”
Examples and References:
- Michael Young’s satirical book “The Rise of the Meritocracy” (1958)
- AI tool predicting pancreatic cancer three years before radiologists can diagnose it
- The concentration of power in tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon
Facts and Data:
- A recent paper published in Nature Medicine showed an AI tool predicting pancreatic cancer in a patient three years before radiologists can make the diagnosis.
Critical Analysis:
- The article provides a balanced view of the merits and critiques of meritocracy, incorporating insights from various thinkers and addressing the challenges posed by AI.
- It highlights the potential for AI to exacerbate existing inequalities and challenges the traditional notion of meritocracy.
- The critique of meritocracy from multiple perspectives enriches the analysis and provides a comprehensive understanding of its complexities.
Way Forward:
- Recalibrating meritocracy in the age of AI requires transparency, accountability, and a reevaluation of how merit is defined and rewarded.
- Efforts should be made to mitigate the biases inherent in AI algorithms and ensure equitable access to technology.
- Policies promoting access to education and training, particularly in high-skill fields, can help address the polarization of the workforce and reduce socioeconomic disparities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teacher Eligibility Test (TET)
Mains level: discrepancy between qualifications and the requirements of primary education
Central Idea:
The central idea of the article revolves around the recent Supreme Court ruling in India, which upheld the necessity of specialized qualifications for primary school teaching, emphasizing the significance of Diploma in Education (DEd), Diploma in Elementary Education (DElEd), or Bachelor of Elementary Education (BElEd) degrees over Bachelor of Education (B.Ed). The article highlights the implications of this decision on recruitment policies and the quality of primary education in the country.
Key Highlights:
- Different Requirements for Primary Teaching: Teaching young children in primary grades requires specialized skills in foundational literacy and numeracy, which cannot be adequately addressed by the B.Ed degree, designed for teaching older students. The Right to Education Act underscores the importance of appropriate qualifications for primary school teachers.
- Discrepancies in Qualifications: Despite regulations, there are discrepancies in the qualifications of primary school teachers, with a significant portion holding B.Ed degrees instead of the required DEd, DElEd, or BElEd qualifications.
- Challenges in Quality: The quality of teacher education programs varies, with government-funded institutions generally performing better than self-financed ones. Concerns exist regarding low mean scores, especially in mathematics, indicating a need for improvement in pedagogical content knowledge.
- Government Support and Innovation: There is a call for government support and innovation in primary teacher education, including the expansion of successful programs like BElEd and the Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP).
Key Challenges:
- Discrepancies in Qualifications: The prevalence of B.Ed holders in primary teaching roles highlights the challenge of aligning qualifications with the specific requirements of primary education.
- Quality Disparities: Disparities in the quality of teacher education programs, particularly between government-funded and self-financed institutions, pose a challenge to ensuring consistently high standards of teacher preparation.
- Limited Government Focus: The article criticizes the government’s focus on higher education faculty development rather than primary teacher preparation, potentially neglecting the crucial foundation of education.
Main Terms:
- Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)
- Diploma in Education (DEd)
- Diploma in Elementary Education (DElEd)
- Bachelor of Elementary Education (BElEd)
- Right to Education Act
- Teacher Eligibility Test (TET)
- District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs)
- Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP)
Important Phrases:
- Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN)
- Teacher Eligibility Test (TET)
- District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs)
- Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP)
- Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers & Teaching
Quotes:
- “Teaching these competencies has to be learnt by prospective primary schoolteachers, through specialized teacher education for this stage.”
- “Almost all of us have forgotten how we learned to read or manipulate the number system.”
- “Better students seem to prefer government-funded institutions.”
- “The decision to become a teacher can also occur at different stages.”
Examples and References:
- The State of Teachers, Teaching and Teacher Education Report.
- Analysis of Teachers Eligibility Test (TET) data from a particular state.
- The success of programs like BElEd offered by Delhi University.
- The announcement of the Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) and the Scheme of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers & Teaching.
Facts and Data:
- 90% of teachers have some form of professional qualification.
- Only 46% of teachers teaching primary grades have the DElEd (or equivalent) qualification.
- 22% of primary school teachers in private schools have B.Ed degrees.
- 4% of students enrolled in DElEd already have a B.Ed.
- Only 14% of qualifying candidates in TET had a mean score of 60% or above.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively critiques the discrepancy between qualifications and the requirements of primary education, highlighting the need for specialized training in foundational literacy and numeracy. It addresses disparities in teacher education quality and government focus, advocating for greater attention to primary teacher preparation. However, it could delve further into the socio-economic factors influencing qualification choices and explore potential solutions in more detail.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening government support for primary teacher education programs.
- Expanding successful models like BElEd and ITEP.
- Addressing quality disparities between institutions.
- Implementing section-wise qualifying cut-off marks in TET.
- Providing pathways for professional development for B.Ed holders aiming for primary teaching roles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vardhaman Mahavir, Jainism
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- A 1,000-year-old stone statue of Thirthangara Mahavir has been found in Tamil Nadu at at Manavarayanendal near Thiruchuli in Virudhunagar district.
Features of the Statue
- There is a triple umbrella above the head of the statue, which has creepers carved on it.
- It is flanked by sculptures of yakshas.
- Based on the sculpture technique, it is assumed that the statue might belong to the 11th century AD.
About Vardhaman Mahavir
|
Description |
| Birth |
540 B.C. |
| Birthplace |
Kundagrama village near Vaishali |
| Family Background |
Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali. |
| Renunciation |
Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic. |
| Spiritual Practice |
Practiced austerity for 12 years. |
| Attainment of Kaivalya |
Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42. |
| First Sermon |
Delivered his first sermon at Pava. |
| Symbol |
Associated with the symbol of a lion. |
| Missions |
Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc. |
| Passing Away |
Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar. |
| Legacy |
Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion. |
Everything you need to know about Jainism
|
Description |
| Origin |
Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion. |
| Founder |
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure |
| Tirthankaras |
- Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
- Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
|
| Meaning of “Jain” |
“Jain” is derived from “jina” or “jaina,” signifying the “Conqueror” or one who has conquered the inner enemies like attachment, aversion, and delusion. |
| Main Principles |
Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:
- Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
- Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
- Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
|
| Five Doctrines |
Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism. |
| Concept of God |
- Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
- Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
|
| Major Doctrines |
- Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
- Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
|
| Sects/Schools |
Jainism is divided into two major sects:
- Digambara (sky-clad) and
- Svetambara (white-clad)
|
| Spread |
- Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak,
- Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
|
| Literature |
Jain literature comprises:
- Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
- Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
|
| Architecture |
- Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
- Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
- These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
|
| Jain Councils |
Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:
- First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
- Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
|
| Difference from Buddhism |
- Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
- Acceptance of the varna system,
- Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
- Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
|
Thoughts on Rebirth
|
Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INSAT-3DS
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its meteorological satellite INSAT-3DS aboard the spacecraft GSLV F14.
INSAT-3DS: Mission Objectives
- Continuity of Services: The mission seeks to continue and enhance the services provided by existing operational satellites like INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR.
- Meteorological Observations: INSAT-3DS will facilitate advanced meteorological observations, land and ocean surface monitoring, and weather forecasting.
- Disaster Warning: It will play a critical role in disaster warning systems, aiding in timely alerts and response efforts.
- Satellite-aided Research and Rescue Services (SAR): Additionally, the satellite will support SAR operations, contributing to enhanced search and rescue capabilities.
Significance
- This marks the 16th space mission for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), emphasizing India’s progress in space technology.
- INSAT-3DS aims to be deployed into the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), funded entirely by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, signifying a significant step in India’s space advancements.
- After around 18 minutes of launch, the satellite will be injected in a 36,647 km x 170 km elliptical orbit.
Why called as Naughty Boy?
- Failure: GSLV F14 has faced challenges in the past, earning the moniker “naughty boy” within the Indian space programme due to its history of encountering problems.
- Probability: With a failure rate of 40%, GSLV F14 has experienced issues in six out of its fifteen missions to date.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gulf Stream System
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recent research warns that the Gulf Stream System, known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), faces a critical threat of collapse due to unabated global carbon emissions.
- If left unchecked, this collapse could occur between 2025 and 2095, with a central estimate of 2050.
What is Gulf Stream System?
|
Description |
| Origin |
Begins in the Gulf of Mexico, merging warm waters from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. |
| Flow |
Flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States. |
| Current |
Carries warm waters from the tropics towards higher latitudes. |
| Speed and Volume |
Swift ocean currents with speeds of 2 to 5 miles per hour, transporting 30 million cubic meters per second. |
| Function |
Redistributes heat towards the North Atlantic region, influencing climate and weather patterns. |
| Climate Impact |
Moderates the climate of Western Europe, keeping it relatively warmer than other regions at similar latitudes. |
| Interaction with Atmosphere |
Releases heat and moisture, influencing weather and precipitation. |
| Importance for Marine Life |
Supports diverse marine life, serving as a migratory route for fish and marine mammals. |
Gulf Stream’s Vulnerability
- Gulf Stream, currently at its feeblest point in 1,600 years, is grappling with the consequences of global heating.
- Alarming signals of a tipping point were already observed back in 2021.
- Past collapses during ice ages have triggered rapid temperature shifts of up to 10 degrees Celsius in just a few decades, underlining the immense climatic impact it holds.
Implications of Collapse
The potential collapse of Gulf Stream could lead to dire consequences worldwide, including:
- Disrupted Rainfall Patterns: Billions of people in regions like India, South America, and West Africa, reliant on these patterns for food production, would face food insecurity.
- Intensified Storms and Colder Temperatures: Europe would experience increased storm activity and colder temperatures.
- Rising Sea Levels: The eastern coast of North America would be at risk of rising sea levels, posing threats to coastal communities.
- Endangered Ecosystems: The Amazon rainforest and Antarctic ice sheets could face severe endangerment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Deposits
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- State Bank of India (SBI) is in talks with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to reduce the cash reserve ratio (CRR) requirement on green deposits.
What are Green Deposits?
- Definition: Green deposits are fixed-term investments tailored for individuals and entities seeking to support environmentally friendly initiatives.
- ESG Investing: These deposits align with the principles of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing, reflecting a growing trend towards sustainable finance.
- Utilization: Funds from green deposits are directed towards projects promoting renewable energy, clean transportation, pollution control, green infrastructure, and sustainable water management.
RBI Framework for Green Deposits
- Preventing Greenwashing: The RBI’s framework ensures transparency in environmental claims associated with green deposits.
- Deposit Options: Banks offer green deposits denominated in rupees, with choices between cumulative or non-cumulative options.
- Applicability: Scheduled commercial banks, small finance banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), and housing finance companies (HFCs) must comply with this framework.
- Eligibility: Both corporate entities and individual customers can invest in green deposits, contributing to environmentally sustainable initiatives.
- Allocation: Funds mobilized through green deposits are directed towards sectors such as renewable energy, waste management, and afforestation.
- Restrictions: Lenders are prohibited from channelling green deposit funds into sectors like fossil fuels, nuclear power, or tobacco.
- Verification: Independent Third-Party Verification is conducted annually to assess the allocation and impact of funds raised through green deposits.
- Oversight: Lenders are required to review the impact of funds lent for green finance activities on an annual basis.
- Penalties: There are no penalties for underutilization of funds raised through green deposits, providing flexibility to financial institutions.
Distinguishing Green Deposits from Normal Deposits
- Project Allocation: Green deposits allocate funds to specific environmentally friendly projects, unlike regular deposits.
- Interest Rates: Interest rates on green deposits are determined by lenders and are currently comparable to those offered on conventional deposits.
Back2Basics: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
- Banks are mandated to maintain a certain portion of their deposits and specific liabilities in liquid cash with the RBI.
- CRR serves as a crucial tool in the RBI’s arsenal for managing liquidity in the economy and acts as a safety net during times of banking stress.
- Currently, banks are required to uphold 4.5% of their Net Demand and Time Liabilities as CRR with the RBI.
- Incremental-CRR was introduced on August 10, 2023, as a temporary measure by RBI to absorb surplus liquidity.
- Banks were required to maintain an I-CRR of 10% on the increase in their Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
- It came into effect from the fortnight starting August 12, 2023.
- ICRR is employed during periods characterized by excess liquidity in the financial system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of Digital Services Act (DSA)
Mains level: Digital space regulation, Global precedences
Introduction
- The Digital Services Act (DSA) was passed by the European Parliament in July 2022, aiming to enhance online safety and transparency for users within the European Union (EU).
- While initially applying to major platforms like Facebook and TikTok, the DSA now extends its regulations to all platforms except the smallest ones.
Understanding the Digital Services Act (DSA)
- Purpose: The DSA seeks to create a safer and more transparent online environment by regulating platforms offering goods, services, or content to EU citizens.
- Key Provisions:
-
- Removal of Illegal Content: Platforms are required to prevent and remove illegal or harmful content such as hate speech, terrorism, and child abuse.
- User Reporting: Platforms must provide users with mechanisms to report illegal content.
- Ad Targeting Restrictions: Criteria like sexual orientation or political beliefs cannot be used for targeted advertising, with additional protections for children against excessive or inappropriate ads.
- Algorithm Transparency: Platforms must disclose how their algorithms function and influence content display.
- Stricter Regulations for Large Platforms: Platforms reaching more than 10% of the EU population are subject to additional requirements, including data sharing, crisis response cooperation, and external audits.
Implications for Non-EU Regions
- Global Standard: While implemented by the EU, the DSA aims to set a global benchmark for online intermediary liability and content regulation, potentially influencing policies in other regions.
- Consistency in Policies: Platforms may adopt DSA-compliant changes universally to streamline operations, leading to broader effects beyond the EU.
- Example of Impact: The DSA’s influence extends beyond the EU, as seen in the standardization of features like USB Type-C ports on devices like the upcoming iPhone 15 series.
Motivation behind DSA Implementation
- Addressing Evolving Platform Dynamics: The DSA replaces outdated regulations to address the changing landscape of online platforms, emphasizing the need for improved consumer protection.
- Tackling Risks and Abuses: Major platforms have become quasi-public spaces, posing risks to users’ rights and public participation, prompting the need for stricter regulations.
- Fostering Innovation and Competitiveness: By creating a better regulatory environment, the DSA aims to promote innovation, growth, and competitiveness while supporting smaller platforms and start-ups.
Affected Online Platforms and Compliance Measures
- Large Platforms: Identified platforms like Facebook, Google, Amazon, and others must comply with DSA regulations.
- Compliance Initiatives:
- Google: Enhancing transparency reporting and expanding data access to researchers.
- Meta: Expanding its Ad Library and providing users with control over personalization.
- Snap: Offering opt-out options for personalized feeds and limiting personalized ads for younger users.
Enforcement and Penalties
- Non-compliant platforms face penalties of up to 6% of their global revenue.
- The Digital Services Coordinator and the Commission have authority to demand immediate actions from non-compliant platforms.
- Repeat offenders could face temporary bans from operating in the EU.
Conclusion
- The implementation of the Digital Services Act marks a significant step toward enhancing online safety and transparency within the EU.
- While initially targeting major platforms, its implications extend globally, setting standards for intermediary liability and content regulation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Pulse Confederation (GPC), Stats on Pulses Production
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The Global Pulse Confederation (GPC) has initiated the three-day convention — Pulses 24 — in New Delhi, India.
About Global Pulse Confederation (GPC)
|
Description |
| Formation |
Founded in 2016 through the merger of the Global Pulse Confederation (GPC) and the International Starch Institute (ISI). |
| Headquarters |
Dubai, United Arab Emirates. |
| Mission |
Represents the global pulse industry, aiming to promote the sustainable growth of the pulse industry worldwide. |
| Focus Areas |
- Advocating for policies supporting the pulse industry’s interests.
- Providing resources and support to pulse industry stakeholders.
- Facilitating research and innovation in pulse production and utilization.
|
| Membership |
Open to businesses, organizations, and individuals involved in the pulse industry, including growers, processors, traders, and researchers. |
| India’s Connect |
India, being a major producer and consumer of pulses, actively participates in the GPC and holds membership status, contributing to the organization’s objectives. |
Key Highlights from Pulses 24 Convention
- Production Growth: Pulses production in India has increased by 60% over the past decade, reaching 270 lakh tonnes in 2024 from 171 lakh tonnes in 2014.
- Partnership Goals: Mr. Goyal emphasized the partnership between NAFED and GPC, aiming to position pulses as a vital dietary component not only in India but also globally.
- Minimum Support Price (MSP): The Centre ensures an MSP offering 50% over the actual cost of production to farmers, resulting in attractive returns on investment. Significant increases in MSP for various pulses were highlighted, reaching as high as 117% in masoor and 90% in moong over the past decade.
- Self-Sufficiency by 2027: India’s progress towards self-reliance in chickpeas and other pulses, with efforts focused on achieving self-sufficiency in all pulses by 2027. Initiatives include the supply of new seed varieties and the expansion of tur and black gram cultivation.
- Global Knowledge Sharing: GPC president emphasized India’s potential to benefit from the conference by exchanging best practices and technological advancements in pulse cultivation from other countries.
- Focus on Smallholding Farmers: Pulses are noted for their soil benefits and nutritional value, particularly beneficial for smallholding farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sangam: Digital Twin Initiative
Mains level: Digital Twin Technology
Introduction
- Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has introduced the ‘Sangam: Digital Twin’ initiative, inviting Expressions of Interest (EoI) from industry pioneers, startups, MSMEs, academia, innovators, and forward-thinkers.
What is Digital Twin Technology?
- A digital twin is a digital representation of a physical object, person, or process, contextualized in a digital version of its environment.
- Digital twins can help an organization simulate real situations and their outcomes, ultimately allowing it to make better decisions.
About Sangam: Digital Twin Initiative
- Context: The initiative aligns with the technological advancements of the past decade in communication, computation, and sensing, in line with the vision for 2047.
- Proof of Concept (PoC) in Two Stages: The initiative will be distributed in two stages, conducted in one of India’s major cities.
- First Stage: An exploratory phase focusing on clarifying horizons and creative exploration to unleash potential.
- Second Stage: A practical demonstration of specific use cases, generating a future blueprint for collaboration and scaling successful strategies in future infrastructure projects.
- Objectives:
- Demonstrate practical implementation of innovative infrastructure planning solutions.
- Develop a model framework for facilitating faster and more effective collaboration.
- Provide a future blueprint for scaling and replicating successful strategies in future infrastructure projects.
Features
- Sangam: Digital Twin represents a collaborative leap towards reshaping infrastructure planning and design.
- It integrates 5G, IoT, AI, AR/VR, AI native 6G, Digital Twin, and next-gen computational technologies, fostering collaboration among public entities, infrastructure planners, tech giants, startups, and academia.
- Sangam brings all stakeholders together, aiming to translate innovative ideas into tangible solutions, bridging the gap between conceptualization and realization, and paving the way for groundbreaking infrastructure advancements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nohar Irrigation Project, Indira Gandhi Canal
Mains level: Lift Irrigation Projects in India
Introduction
- The Nohar irrigation project, supplying water to the agricultural fields in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, is getting a boost with the repairing of Ferozepur feeder in neighbouring Punjab.
About Nohar Irrigation Project
|
Description |
| Location |
Located in the Nohar region of the Hanumangarh district in the state of Rajasthan, India. |
| Purpose |
To improve irrigation facilities in the region, thereby increasing agricultural productivity and supporting the livelihoods of local farmers. |
| Irrigation Methods |
Canal irrigation and the construction of check dams, reservoirs, and water storage facilities. |
| Water Source |
Indira Gandhi Canal |
| Rivers |
Situated near the Ghaggar-Hakra River
A seasonal river originating in the Shivalik Hills |
Back2Basics: Indira Gandhi Canal
|
Description |
| Origin |
Harike Barrage, Punjab |
| History |
Conceived by hydraulic engineer Kanwar Sain in the late 1940s, construction began in 1960 |
| Length |
612 km
Longest canal in India |
| Rivers |
Utilizes water from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers |
| Location |
Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan |
| Purpose |
Irrigation and water supply |
| Renaming |
Renamed from Rajasthan Canal to Indira Gandhi Canal in 1984 after the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Parhyale odian
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Researchers at Berhampur University in Odisha have made a remarkable discovery, unveiling a new species of marine amphipod from Chilika Lake, Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon on India’s east coast.
About Parhyale Odian
- Parhyale odian is a newly discovered species of marine amphipod.
- It belongs to the genus Parhyale and was found in Chilika Lake, Odisha, India.
- The species was named after the native language of Odisha, Odia.
- Its discovery raises the global species count within the genus Parhyale to 16.
- It is approximately eight millimeters in length and brown in color.
- Parhyale odian possesses 13 pairs of legs.
- Its distinguishing feature is a stout robust seta on the surface of the propodus of the male gnathopod.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Food Security Act (NFSA)
Mains level: demands of farmers for a legal guarantee for MSP
Central Idea:
Farmers in India are demanding a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Prices (MSP) to stabilize agricultural commodity prices and ensure their livelihoods. Despite the longstanding demand and political consensus, successive governments have been hesitant to implement this, primarily due to concerns about fiscal costs. However, the actual costs and benefits of such a guarantee are often misunderstood, leading to fear mongering and misconceptions about its implications.
Key Highlights:
- Farmers’ demands for a legal guarantee for MSP stem from the need for stability in agricultural commodity prices to protect their incomes.
- MSP is a mechanism to ensure price stability for essential agricultural commodities, but its implementation is limited, mainly focusing on rice and wheat.
- Misconceptions about the fiscal costs of MSP guarantee have hindered its implementation, despite political consensus and support from various parties and unions.
- The cost of procuring agricultural produce is often misconstrued, with the majority being a subsidy to consumers rather than to farmers.
- A guaranteed MSP offers an opportunity to rectify imbalances in the MSP and procurement system, promoting regional diversification and crop expansion.
- Neglect of the agrarian economy has led to declining real incomes and wages for farmers, highlighting the urgency of reforming the MSP system.
Key Challenges:
- Misunderstanding and fear mongering about the fiscal costs and implications of implementing a legal guarantee for MSP.
- Limited implementation of MSP, primarily focusing on rice and wheat, leaving other crops and regions underserved.
- Neglect of the agrarian economy leading to declining real incomes and wages for farmers.
- Political hesitancy to implement MSP guarantee despite consensus and support from various stakeholders.
- Lack of comprehensive understanding of the benefits of MSP guarantee in stabilizing agricultural commodity prices and reviving the rural economy.
Main Terms:
- Minimum Support Prices (MSP)
- National Food Security Act (NFSA)
- Price Stability
- Market Intervention
- Agricultural Commodity Prices
- Fiscal Costs
- Marketable Surplus
- Procurement System
- Agrarian Economy
- Regional Diversification
Important Phrases:
- Legal guarantee for MSP
- Fear mongering and misconceptions
- Fiscal requirements
- Price volatility
- Market intervention
- Income protection
- Regional imbalances
- Declining real incomes
- Rural economy revival
- Comprehensive reform
Quotes:
- “A guaranteed MSP may not solve the farmers’ problems. But it offers a good opportunity to rectify the imbalances in the MSP and procurement system.”
- “Protecting the income of farmers will help revive the rural economy at a time when it’s struggling with deficient demand and rising inflation.”
- “Misconceptions about the fiscal costs of MSP guarantee have hindered its implementation, despite political consensus and support from various parties and unions.”
Anecdotes:
- The article references the fear mongering and misconceptions similar to those observed during the enactment of the National Food Security Act and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
- It highlights the success of MSP implementation for rice and wheat during the last two years, where market prices were higher than MSP.
Useful Statements:
- “Despite political consensus, successive governments have dithered on legalizing this mechanism, primarily due to the fear of excessive fiscal requirements.”
- “A guaranteed MSP offers an opportunity to rectify the imbalances in the MSP and procurement system, promoting regional diversification and crop expansion.”
- “Protecting the income of farmers will help revive the rural economy, particularly during times of deficient demand and rising inflation.”
Examples and References:
- Reference to the successful implementation of MSP for rice and wheat during the last two years, despite market prices being higher than MSP.
- Comparison with other countries where similar mechanisms exist to stabilize agricultural commodity prices.
- Mention of the fear mongering and misconceptions observed during the enactment of previous agricultural legislations like the National Food Security Act.
Facts and Data:
- Government procurement of wheat in 2022 was only 19 million tonnes against a target of 44 million tonnes.
- In 2023, government procurement of rice and wheat was 26 million tonnes against a target of 35 million tonnes.
- Reference to the cost of procuring agricultural produce being misconstrued, with the majority being a subsidy to consumers rather than to farmers.
Critical Analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the demands of farmers for a legal guarantee for MSP, highlighting the misconceptions and challenges surrounding its implementation. It emphasizes the importance of rectifying imbalances in the MSP and procurement system to promote regional diversification and crop expansion. However, it could further delve into the specific policy measures needed to address these challenges and provide a more detailed analysis of the potential benefits of implementing a guaranteed MSP.
Way Forward:
- Implementing a legal guarantee for MSP to ensure stability in agricultural commodity prices and protect farmers’ incomes.
- Rectifying imbalances in the MSP and procurement system to promote regional diversification and crop expansion.
- Addressing misconceptions and fear mongering surrounding the fiscal costs and implications of MSP guarantee through public awareness campaigns and comprehensive policy discussions.
- Engaging with stakeholders, including farmers’ unions, political parties, and policymakers, to formulate and implement effective MSP policies that address the needs and concerns of all parties involved.
- Investing in rural infrastructure, storage facilities, and crop diversification programs to strengthen the agrarian economy and revitalize rural communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: interim budget session of Parliament
Mains level: gap between government rhetoric and ground realities, emphasizing the human impact of policy failures
Central Idea:
The article critiques the recent interim budget session of Parliament, highlighting the discrepancy between the government’s rhetoric and the lived realities of everyday Indians. Through the stories of Rekha, Kavita, and Mohan, it exposes the failure of government schemes like Ayushman Bharat, food subsidies, and employment initiatives to address the fundamental issues facing citizens.
Key Highlights:
- The government’s self-aggrandizing adjectives during the budget session are criticized for being unsubstantiated by facts.
- The article delves into the lives of ordinary Indians to reveal the truth behind government data.
- Through scenarios, it demonstrates how government schemes often fail to provide adequate healthcare, nutrition, and employment opportunities.
- The suspension of a senior professor behind a damning health report raises questions about intellectual honesty regarding data.
- The Global Hunger Index ranking and reports from international organizations highlight India’s challenges in food security.
- Unemployment rates and the plight of educated youth like Mohan illustrate the failures in job creation and protection.
Key Challenges:
- Inadequate investment in healthcare, leading to poor quality and inaccessible services for millions.
- Subsidized food options lack nutritional value, exacerbating hunger and malnutrition.
- Job scarcity and lack of protection for workers, pushing individuals to precarious employment or even dangerous situations abroad.
- Discrepancies between government claims and ground realities, highlighting issues of transparency and accountability.
Main Terms:
- Ayushman Bharat scheme
- NFHS (National Family Health Survey)
- Global Hunger Index
- Gig economy
- Unemployment rate
- Food subsidies
Important Phrases:
- “Data stored with government hospitals under the Ayushman Bharat scheme is riddled with errors.”
- “The suspension of the IIPS Director shortly after the release of the NFHS report.”
- “India ranked out of countries in the Global Hunger Index.”
- “Mohan finds himself among the percent of graduates under years of age who are unemployed.”
- “A packet of rice costs more while dal costs more than before.”
Quotes:
- “The voices of Kavita, Rekha, and Mohan did not find a place in the Prime Minister’s marathon monologue in Parliament.”
- “Every youth believes that they can cement their job position with hard work and skills.”
- “Reality gets worse for Indian women like Rekha.”
- “Three out of four Indians cannot afford a healthy diet.”
Anecdotes:
- Rekha’s struggle to access healthcare at a government hospital.
- Kavita’s dilemma between subsidized but low-nutrient food and higher quality groceries.
- Mohan’s choice between unemployment at home or precarious work abroad.
Useful Statements:
- “The numbers either misidentify the dead, incorrectly record surgery details or entirely leave out beneficiaries from the list.”
- “Half the country does not turn to government facilities in their time of need.”
- “A job in a war zone is his only option.”
- “Mohan has not found employment for months.”
Examples and References:
- Global Hunger Index ranking (India ranked out of countries).
- NFHS data highlighting issues in healthcare access.
- Mohan’s situation exemplifying unemployment among educated youth.
Facts and Data:
- India invests only percent of GDP in healthcare.
- Three out of four Indians cannot afford a healthy diet.
- percent of graduates under years of age are unemployed.
- A packet of rice costs more, while dal costs more than before.
Critical Analysis:
The article effectively exposes the gap between government rhetoric and ground realities, emphasizing the human impact of policy failures. By presenting concrete examples and data, it challenges the narrative of progress touted by the government. The suspension of the IIPS Director adds weight to concerns about data integrity and transparency. However, the article could benefit from more analysis on systemic issues contributing to these failures, such as corruption and inadequate social welfare policies.
Way Forward:
- Increase investment in healthcare to improve accessibility and quality of services.
- Reform food subsidy programs to ensure nutritious options for all citizens.
- Create more employment opportunities through targeted policies and investments in key sectors.
- Enhance transparency and accountability in data collection and reporting to address systemic issues.
- Prioritize the voices and needs of ordinary citizens in policymaking process
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: The electoral bonds scheme
Central Idea:
The Supreme Court’s recent decision to strike down India’s electoral bonds scheme marks a significant victory for transparency in democracy. The judgment highlights the importance of ensuring that political funding is transparent and accountable to the public.
Key Highlights:
- The Supreme Court’s ruling on February 15, 2024, declared the electoral bonds scheme unconstitutional due to its lack of transparency.
- The scheme allowed undisclosed corporate funding of political parties, removing previous limits and potentially enabling influence peddling.
- Amendments to the Reserve Bank of India Act and other laws to introduce electoral bonds were deemed arbitrary and violative of fundamental rights.
- The court ordered the State Bank of India to cease issuing electoral bonds and mandated disclosure of all previously issued bonds to the Election Commission.
- The judgment underscores the importance of judicial review in upholding democratic principles and protecting constitutional rights.
Key Challenges:
- The influence of money in elections remains a challenge, including the use of black money and bribery.
- The lack of independent voting in India’s legislative process allows ruling parties to pass laws without sufficient scrutiny or consultation.
- Political parties’ resistance to transparency raises concerns about their commitment to serving the public interest.
Main Terms from the article:
- Electoral bonds: Instruments for anonymous political donations introduced in India.
- Transparency: Openness and accountability in political processes and decision-making.
- Judicial review: The power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and government actions.
- Fundamental rights: Constitutional protections for individual freedoms and equality.
- Campaign funding: Financial support for political parties and candidates during elections.
Important phrases for mains answer writing:
- “Transparency is the basis of campaign funding.”
- “The judgment restores transparency in political funding.”
- “The ruling prevents undue influence on the government by corporate donors.”
- “The power of judicial review is crucial for upholding democracy.”
- “The price of democracy is eternal vigilance.”
Quotes for value addition:
- “The electoral bonds scheme was opaque.”
- “The judgment prevents crony capitalism from influencing political parties.”
- “The ruling party bypassed transparency with electoral bonds.”
- “The power of judicial review is precious.”
- “We need political parties, but it is up to us to ensure they work for the good of society.”
Useful Statements:
- “The Supreme Court’s decision reaffirms the principle that transparency is essential for democracy.”
- “The ruling highlights the need for robust mechanisms to prevent undue influence on political processes.”
- “Public scrutiny and vigilance are vital for holding political parties accountable.”
- “The judgment sets a precedent for upholding constitutional rights in electoral matters.”
- “Citizens’ engagement is crucial for ensuring that political parties serve the interests of the nation.”
Examples and References:
- The case of electoral bonds exemplifies the tension between transparency and political expediency in India’s democracy.
- Similar challenges with campaign finance transparency have been observed in other democracies worldwide.
- Instances of corporate influence on policy-making underscore the importance of regulating political funding.
- Civil society organizations and activists have played a critical role in advocating for transparency in political funding.
- Past instances of electoral malpractice highlight the need for stronger legal safeguards against undue influence.
Facts and Data:
- The Supreme Court’s ruling was issued on February 15, 2024.
- Electoral bonds were introduced as a means of anonymous political funding.
- Amendments to various laws facilitated the implementation of the electoral bonds scheme.
- The Election Commission of India raised concerns about the potential misuse of electoral bonds.
- The judgment requires the State Bank of India to disclose all previously issued electoral bonds to the Election Commission by March 6, 2024.
Critical Analysis:
- The electoral bonds scheme represented a departure from established norms of transparency in political funding.
- The Supreme Court’s decision underscores the judiciary’s role in upholding democratic principles and constitutional rights.
- The ruling highlights the challenges of balancing political expediency with the need for transparency and accountability.
- Political parties’ resistance to transparency raises questions about their commitment to democratic values.
- The judgment sets a precedent for future legal challenges to electoral practices that undermine transparency and accountability.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening legal safeguards to ensure transparency and accountability in political funding.
- Promoting civic engagement and public awareness to hold political parties accountable.
- Enhancing mechanisms for independent oversight and regulation of campaign finance.
- Encouraging broader political reforms to address systemic issues of corruption and undue influence.
- Emphasizing the importance of upholding democratic principles and constitutional rights in electoral matters
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