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  • Aadhaar Card Issues

    Aadhaar, no standout performer in welfare delivery

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2: E-Governance,Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Context

    Aadhaar-based biometric authentication did not reduce PDS leakages, finds Jharkhand-based empirical study

    What was the rationale behind Aadhaar?

    • What did the UIDAI’s report say? Aadhaar has curtailed leakages of government subsidies. Through Aadhaar, savings worth ₹90,000 crores have accrued to the government– UIDAI’s2017-18 annual report.
    • Plugging the leakages in the schemes: When Aadhaar was conceived a decade ago, the rationale postulated was: India spends nearly three trillion rupees a year across several core welfare programmes such as Public Distribution System (PDS), LPG, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act etc.
      • Huge leakage due to duplications: Roughly 30-40% of this three trillion is lost in leakages.
      • Leakages are largely due to ‘ghost’ and ‘duplicate’ beneficiaries using fake identities to avail these benefits; a unique identity biometric scheme can eliminate these leakages and vastly improve efficiency in welfare delivery.
    • Improve welfare delivery efficiency: In fact, the former Union Minister, Arun Jaitley, even renamed the Aadhaar Bill to ‘Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, Benefits and Services’ Bill, making it amply clear that Aadhaar’s primary, if not sole purpose, was to improve welfare delivery efficiency.

    What are the findings of study?

    • How was the study carried out?
      • Use of RCT and sample of 15 million people: They conducted a scientifically designed study of the PDS system in Jharkhand covering 15 million beneficiaries using the technique of randomised control trials (RCT).
      • In the study, one set of beneficiaries went through the Aadhaar-based biometric authentication while the other group used the old system of procuring their ration.
    • The results were then compared to see if Aadhaar-based biometric authentication had any impact in reducing leakages.
    • What were the findings of the study?
    • No measurable benefit: The study concluded that Aadhaar-based biometric authentication had no measurable benefit.
      • No reduction in leakages: Aadhaar-based biometric authentication did not reduce leakages due to elimination of ghosts and duplicates, as widely perceived.
    • Increase in transaction costs for beneficiary: On the other hand, they found that Aadhaar-based biometric authentication increased transaction costs for beneficiaries.
      • 17% extra cost: That is, to claim ration worth ₹40, beneficiaries in the Aadhaar system incurred an additional ₹7 of costs than those in the old system, because of multiple trips to authenticate themselves and the opportunity cost of time spent.
      • This is a whopping 17% extra cost burden of the value of the benefit they were entitled to receive.
    • Type 1 error of exclusion: To make matters worse, Aadhaar-based biometric authentication also introduced what empirical scientists call Type I error of exclusion.
      • Aadhaar authentication falsely rejected genuine PDS beneficiaries who were then denied their ration supplies.
      • The study finds that nearly 10% of legitimate beneficiaries were denied their ration either because they did not have their Aadhaar linked to their ration card or due to an exclusion error.
    • Summary of the finding: In summary, the study states that there was-
      • No direct impact of Aadhaar in reducing leakages.
      • 2. It denied ration to 10% of genuine beneficiaries and increased costs by 17% to those that were forced to get their ration using Aadhaar.
      • Pain with no gain: They conclude that Aadhaar authentication for PDS in Jharkhand caused “some pain with no gain”.

    What premises were wrong about Addhaar?

    • No testing of empirical belief: There was a widespread belief among the policy elite that ghosts and duplicates were the scourge of India’s welfare delivery and that Aadhaar would eliminate this.
      • But this belief was never empirically tested.
      • Based on this belief, an entire story was concocted about improving welfare efficiency by eliminating ghosts and duplicates with Aadhaar and a whole new law was enacted to this effect.
    • The pilot project not carried out: Many studies now establish that ghosts and duplicates are not the significant cause of leakages.
      • It would have been better to have undertaken a robust pilot project of scale to test the belief about ghosts and duplicates, before embarking on it nationwide.

    Conclusion

    In a sociologist’s world and in a liberal society, a policy that could run the risk of denying welfare to just a few people, putting their lives at risk, is not worth implementing regardless of how many millions it benefits.

     

     

     

     

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    Explained: Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

     

     

    Recently the Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs has announced that a Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) will be established by the first week of April.

    What is the Central Consumer Protection Authority?

    • The authority is being constituted under Section 10(1) of The Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
    • The Act replaced The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, and seeks to widen its scope in addressing consumer concerns.
    • The CCPA, introduced in the new Act, aims to protect the rights of the consumer by cracking down on unfair trade practices, and false and misleading advertisements that are detrimental to the interests of the public and consumers.

    Why need CCPA?

    • The new Act recognizes offences such as providing false information regarding the quality or quantity of a good or service, and misleading advertisements.
    • It also specifies action to be taken if goods and services are found “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe”.
    • The CCPA will have the powers to inquire or investigate into matters relating to violations of consumer rights or unfair trade practices suo motu, or on a complaint received, or on a direction from the central government.

    What can the possible structure of CCPA be?

    • The proposed authority will be a lean body with a Chief Commissioner as head, and only two other commissioners as members — one of whom will deal with matters relating to goods while the other will look into cases relating to services.
    • It will be headquartered in the NCR of Delhi but the central government may set up regional offices in other parts of the country.
    • The CCPA will have an Investigation Wing that will be headed by a Director General.
    • District Collectors too, will have the power to investigate complaints of violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements.

    What kind of goods and food items in particular, can be classified as “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe”?

    • This is not specified in the notification of the Act.
    • Regarding food, an official said the CCPA will ensure that all standards on packaged food items set by regulators such as the FSSAI are being followed.

    What will the CCPA do if any goods or services are found not meeting these standards?

    Under Section 20 of The Consumer Protection Act, the proposed authority will have powers to:

    1. recall goods or withdrawal of services that are “dangerous, hazardous or unsafe;
    2. pass an order for refund the prices of goods or services so recalled to purchasers of such goods or services and
    3. discontinuation of practices which are unfair and prejudicial to consumer’s interest

    Penalties:

    For manufacture, selling, storage, distribution, or import of adulterated products, the penalties are:

    1. If injury is not caused to a consumer, fine up to Rs 1 lakh with imprisonment up to six months;
    2. If injury is caused, fine up to Rs 3 lakh with imprisonment up to one year;
    3. If grievous hurt is caused, fine up to Rs 5 lakh with imprisonment up to 7 years;
    4. In case of death, fine of Rs 10 lakh or more with a minimum imprisonment of 7 years, extendable to imprisonment for life.

    How will it deal with false or misleading advertisements?

    • Section 21 of the new Act defines the powers given to the CCPA to crack down on false or misleading advertisements.
    • The CCPA may order investigation that any advertisement is false or misleading and is harmful to the interest of any consumer, or is in contravention of consumer rights.
    • If dissatisfied, the CCPA may issue directions to the trader, manufacturer, endorser, advertiser, or publisher to discontinue such an advertisement, or modify it in a manner specified by the authority, within a given time.

    Penalties:

    1. The authority may also impose a penalty up to Rs 10 lakh, with imprisonment up to two years, on the manufacturer or endorser of false and misleading advertisements.
    2. The penalty may go up to Rs 50 lakh, with imprisonment up to five years, for every subsequent offence committed by the same manufacturer or endorser.
    3. CCPA may ban the endorser of a false or misleading advertisement from making endorsement of any products or services in the future, for a period that may extend to one year.
    4. The ban may extend up to three years in every subsequent violation of the Act.

    What other powers will the CCPA have?

    • While conducting an investigation after preliminary inquiry, officers of the CCPA’s Investigation Wing will have the powers to enter any premise and search for any document or article, and to seize these.
    • For search and seizure, the CCPA will have similar powers given under the provisions of The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
    • The CCPA can file complaints of violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices before the District, State, and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.
    • It will issue safety notices to alert consumers against dangerous or hazardous or unsafe goods or services.

    Also read:

    https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/five-new-rights-you-get-as-a-consumer/

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    2020 CD3: A mini-moon

    | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

     

     

    Astronomers have observed a small object orbiting Earth, which they have dubbed a “mini-moon” or the planet’s “second moon”.

    2020 CD3

    • The mini-moon was discovered by some astronomers at NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) in Arizona.
    • It is actually an asteroid, about the size of a car; its diameter is about 1.9-3.5 m.
    • And unlike our permanent Moon, the mini-moon is temporary; it will eventually break free of Earth’s orbit and go off on its own way.
    • Orbit integrations indicate that this object is temporarily bound to the Earth.
    • 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth’s orbit over three years ago.
    • For CSS, it is only the second such discovery. It previously discovered 2006 RH120, which orbited Earth for some time that year, before it escaped in 2007.

    Where do such moons come from?

    • When an asteroid’s orbit crosses Earth’s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. This is what happened with 2020 CD3.
    • It is now orbiting at a distance farther from Earth. Such an asteroid is called a Temporarily Captured Object (TCO).
    • The orbit of such objects is unstable. They have to contend with the gravitational influence of our permanent Moon as well as that of the Sun.
    • Once caught in Earth’s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into independent orbit around the Sun.

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  • Banking Sector Reforms

    Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE) 3.0

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

     

     

    Union Finance minister has released Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE) 3.0, the new reform agenda for tech-enabled banking.

    EASE 3.0

    • EASE 3.0 aims at providing smart, tech-enabled public sector banking experience for aspiring India, by establishing paperless and digitally-enabled banking at places where people visit the most such as malls, stations etc.
    • With EASE 3.0, the government is trying to enhance the customer experience with the introduction of features like Dial-a-loan, credit at a click, alternate-data-based lending or other analytics-based credit offers.

    Various features

    • Palm Banking for “End-to-end digital delivery of financial service
    • “Banking on Go” via EASE banking outlets at frequently visited spots like malls, stations, complexes, and campuses
    • Digitalizing the experience at public sector bank branches

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  • Food Processing Industry: Issues and Developments

    Market Intelligence and Early Warning System (MIEWS)

    | Agriculture | Mains Paper 3: Issues Related To Farm Subsidies & Msp

     

     

    The Union Food Processing Ministry has launched a new Market Intelligence and Early Warning System (MIEWS) portal to monitor the prices of TOP crops – Tomato, Onion and Potato.

    About MIEWS

    • MIEWS portal is the first-of-its-kind platform for ‘real-time monitoring’ of prices of tomato, onion and potato.
    • The system has been designed to provide advisories to farmers to avoid cyclical production and issue early warnings in situations of gluts.
    • It will simultaneously generate alerts for price intervention under the terms of Operation Greens (OG) scheme.
    • It will generate early alerts in case there is going to be a major change in the prices of these crops.
    • This will help in planning and timely intervention for price stabilization. The portal can be accessed at this link- http://miews.nafed-india.com.

    Utility of MIEWS

    The MIEWS would:

    • Monitor the supply situation for timely market intervention,
    • Assist in rapid response during times of glut to move the produce from glut regions to regions with deficit supply.
    • Provide inputs for export/import decision making.

    Back2Basics

    Operation Greens

    • In the budget speech of Union Budget 2018-19, a new Scheme “Operation Greens” was announced on the line of “Operation Flood” to promote Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs #), agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional management.
    • Accordingly, the Ministry has formulated a scheme for integrated development of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) value chain.
    • Under the OG Scheme, during a glut situation, the evacuation of surplus production from producing areas to consumption centres will be undertaken in the following cases:
    1. When the price falls below the average market price at the time of harvest in the preceding 3 years.
    2. When the price falls more than 50 percent in comparison to the previous year’s market price at the time of harvest.
    3. When the price falls below the benchmark, if any, fixed by either the state or central government for a stipulated period.

    For additional readings, navigate to:

    https://mofpi.nic.in/Schemes/operation-greens

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    [pib] Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

    PIB | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

     

     

    The INCOIS Hyderabad has launched a trio of products for users in the marine realm.

    About INCOIS

    • The institute is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
    • INCOIS prioritises requests for specific services from its diverse user community that ranges right from fishermen to offshore oil exploration industries.

    Products launched:

    Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System (SVAS)  

    The SVAS is an innovative impact-based advisory and forecast service system for small vessels operating in Indian coastal waters.

    • The SVA system warns users about potential zones where vessel overturning can take place, ten days in advance.
    • The advisories are valid for small vessels of beam width up to 7 m.
    • This limit covers the entire range of beam widths of the fishing vessels used in all the 9 coastal states and union territories of India.
    • The warning system is based on the  ‘Boat Safety Index’ (BSI) derived from wave model forecast outputs such as significant wave height, wave steepness, directional spread and the rapid development of wind at sea which is boat-specific.

    Swell Surge Forecast System (SSFS)

    SSFS is an innovative system designed for the prediction of Kallakkadal/Swell Surge that occurs along the Indian coast, particularly the west coast.

    • Kallakadal/Swell surge are flash-flood events that take place without any noticeable advance change in local winds or any other apparent signature in the coastal environment.
    • Hence the local population remains totally unaware of these flooding events until they actually occur. Such events are intermittent throughout the year.
    • Kallakkadal is a colloquial term used by Kerala fishermen to refer to the freaky flooding episodes and in 2012 UNESCO formally accepted this term for scientific use.
    • Kallakkadal are caused by meteorological conditions in the Southern Ocean, south of 30°S.
    • These swells once generated, travel northward and reach the Indian coasts in 3-5 days time, creating havoc in the coastal areas.
    • The system will now predict Kallakkadal and warnings will be given to concerned authorities at least 2-3 days in advance, which will help the local authorities for contingency plans and to reduce damage.

    Algal Bloom Information Service (ABIS)

    • The increasing frequency of algal blooms is a major concern due to its ill effects on the fishery, marine life and water quality.
    • INCOIS has developed a service for “Detection and Monitoring of Bloom in the Indian Seas”.
    • The target users are fishermen, marine fishery resource managers, researchers, ecologists and environmentalists.
    • The service also complements INCOIS’ marine fishing advisories i.e. Potential Fishing Zone advisories.
    • INCOIS-ABIS will provide near-real-time information on spatio-temporal occurrence and spread of phytoplankton blooms over the North Indian Ocean.
    • In addition, four regions have been identified as bloom hotspots viz.

    a) North Eastern Arabian Sea

    b) coastal waters off Kerala

    c) Gulf of Mannar and

    d) coastal waters of Gopalpur

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  • Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

    [pib] ‘1000 Springs’ Initiative

    PIB | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

     

     

    Union Tribal Affairs Ministry has launched “1000 Spring Initiatives” and an online portal on GIS-based Spring Atlas with hydrological and chemical properties of the Springs on the occasion.

    ‘1000 Springs’ Initiative

    • The ‘1000 Springs Initiative’ aims at improving access to safe and adequate water for the tribal communities living in a difficult and inaccessible part of rural areas in the country.
    • It is an integrated solution around natural springs.
    • It includes the provision of infrastructure for piped water supply for drinking; provision of water for irrigation; community-led total sanitation initiatives; and provision for water for backyard nutrition gardens, generating sustainable livelihood opportunities for the tribal people.
    • It will help in harnessing the potential of perennial springs’ water to address the natural scarcity of water in tribal areas.

    Spring Atlas

    • Springs are natural sources of groundwater discharge and have been used extensively in the mountainous regions across the world, including India.
    • However, in the central and eastern Indian belt with more than 75% tribal population, it remains largely unrecognized and under-utilized.
    • An online portal on GIS-based Spring Atlas has been developed to make these data easily accessible from an online platform.
    • Presently, data of more than 170 springs have been uploaded on the Spring Atlas.

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    [pib] Responsible AI for Social Empowerment (RAISE) 2020

    PIB | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

     

     

    The Govt. has announced the mega event, RAISE 2020- ‘Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020,’ to be held in April in New Delhi.

    RAISE 2020

    • RAISE 2020 is a first of its kind, a global meeting of minds on Artificial Intelligence to drive India’s vision and roadmap for social empowerment, inclusion and transformation through responsible AI.
    • It is India’s first Artificial Intelligence summit to be organized by the Government in partnership with Industry & Academia.
    • The summit will be a global meeting of minds to exchange ideas and charter a course to use AI for social empowerment, inclusion and transformation in key areas like Healthcare, Agriculture, Education and Smart Mobility amongst other sectors.
    • It will facilitate an exchange of ideas to further create a mass awareness about the need to ethically develop and practice AI in the digital era.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Species in news: Henneguya Salminicola

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

     

     

    Researchers at Tel Aviv University have discovered a non-oxygen breathing animal, which significantly changes one of science’s assumptions about the animal world — that all animals use aerobic respiration and therefore, oxygen.

    Henneguya Salminicola

    • The organism is Henneguya salminicola, a fewer-than-10-celled microscopic parasite that lives in salmon muscle.
    • It relies on anaerobic respiration (through which cells extract energy without using oxygen).
    • In the case of this non-oxygen breathing organism, evolution turned it into a simpler organism that shed “unnecessary genes” responsible for aerobic respiration.
    • Other organisms such as fungi and amoebas that are found in anaerobic environments lost the ability to breathe over time.
    • The new study shows that the same can happen in the case of animals, too.

    What is Aerobic respiration?

    • Animals, including humans, need energy to perform the various tasks that are essential for survival.
    • Aerobic respiration is one such chemical reaction through which organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
    • Through this mechanism, energy is transferred to cells, which can use it for multiple purposes — for instance, to burn food.
    • Mitochondria is the “powerhouse” of the cell, which captures oxygen to make energy — its absence in the H. salminicola genome indicates that the parasite does not breathe oxygen.

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  • North-East India – Security and Developmental Issues

    Still no finality, the third time round

    | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    Context

    There are indications that the new Bodo accord does not spell closure of the statehood movement by Bodo groups.

    Power-sharing experiment under the Sixth Schedule

    • Sixth Schedule expected as a panacea: The experiment of power-sharing and governance under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was expected to be the panacea of the ethno-nationalist identity questions in the Northeastern States.
    • Complexities of exclusion: Euphoria, as well as anger over the third Bodo Accord, have, however, held the mirror reflecting the complexities of exclusion of communities in such ethnocentric power-sharing and governance model.

    Specifics of the new Accord

    • The new Accord was signed by the All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU), United Bodo People’s Organisation and all the four factions of the insurgent outfit- National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) with Delhi and Dispur on January 27.
      • It promises more legislative, executive and administrative autonomy under the Sixth Schedule to Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) and expansion of the BTC territory in lieu of statehood.
    • The Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD), the autonomous region governed by BTC, will be known as Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) after demarcation of the augmented territory.

    The emergence of the faultlines in the new Accord

    • What went wrong in the previous Accord? The previous Bodo Accord signed by the erstwhile insurgent outfit, Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) with Delhi and Dispur on February 10, 2003, led to the creation of the BTC as a new experiment of territorial autonomy under the Sixth Schedule.
      • No assent by the Governor to any BTC legislation: The constitutionally mandated legislative power of the BTC has been reduced to a farce as the Assam Governor has not given assent to any of the legislation passed by the BTC Legislative Assembly.
    • Intensification of demand for Kamatapur State: Bodo groups have suspended their statehood movement.
      • The new Bodo Accord has triggered the intensification of the movement for Kamatapur State by organisations of the Koch-Rajbongshi community.
      • Overlapping territory: The territory of the demanded Kamatapur State overlaps with the present BTAD, proposed BTR and demanded Bodoland.
    • Demand for ST status: Clamour for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status by the Koch-Rajbongshis, Adivasis and several other non-ST communities has also grown.
    • Faultlines over ST status: Deeper ethnic faultlines in an ethnocentric power-sharing model will become exposed when the Koch-Rajbongshis and the Adivasis are granted ST status, as promised by the government.
      • For, the reservation of seats of BTC is for the STs and not exclusively for the Bodos.
      • The new accord has no clear answer to such critical questions.
      • In BTAD, the ST communities account for 33.50% of the total population and the Bodos account for over 90% of the ST population in the BTAD.
      • The ST populations are an overwhelming majority in territories overseen by nine other autonomous councils under the Sixth Schedule in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura.
    • Minority governing majority: Such a demographic composition in the BTAD has allowed the space for political mobilisation of other non-Bodo communities.
      • It also allowed the articulation of the campaign that the BTC is a faulty model as it allows the minorities to govern the majorities.
      • Exclusion demand: The organisations of these communities have been demanding exclusion of villages with less than 50% Bodo population from the BTAD.
    • Counter argument by Bodos: Bodo organisations have a counter-argument that non-Bodo is a political identity construction articulated to capture power in the BTAD by certain political forces.
    • The new accord promises to increase the current strength of BTC to 60 from 40 but “without adversely affecting the existing percentage of reservation for tribal[s]”.
    • Constitutional provision for dealing with such situations: Sub-paragraph 2 of the first paragraph of the Sixth Schedule provides that, “If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor may, by public notification, divide the area or areas inhabited by them into autonomous regions.”
      • However, constitutional amendments were made following the previous Bodo Accord to ensure that this provision shall not apply in respect of the BTAD.
    • What could be the solution to the present situation? The provision of setting up regional autonomous councils under the Sixth Schedule can be explored to create the space for communities aggrieved by exclusion from the power-sharing model of BTC.

    Provision of commission

    • The new accord promises to appoint a commission by the Assam government.
      • What the commission will deal with? It will look into the demands for inclusion of villages with ST majority and contiguous to the BTAD, and exclusion of villages which are contiguous to non-Sixth Schedule areas and have majority non-ST population.
      • However, the core area of the BTAD will continue to have many villages with majority non-ST population which were included for contiguity.

    Evaporating of euphoria over the accord

    • Failure in uniting the four factions: Euphoria among the Bodos over the accord is also fast evaporating with efforts to unite all the four factions of NDFB having turned futile.
      • The factions are divided into two camps.
      • The new accord will be the pivot of political mobilisation in the BTAD during the forthcoming BTC elections due in April.
    • Revival in homeland demand: A shift in the political equilibrium in the BTC resulting from a likely expansion of the ST list in Assam has the potential to keep the Bodos out of power in the BTC and push Bodo organisations to revive their homeland demand

    Conclusion

    Peace will continue to be fragile in Assam’s Bodo heartland until an all-inclusive power-sharing and governance model is evolved under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule.

     

     

     

     

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