Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: Rapid urbanization
Central Idea:
The article discusses the recent inauguration of Mumbai’s Atal Setu, the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link bridge, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. However, it critically analyzes this development within the context of outdated urban planning principles from the 1960s. The slow implementation of city plans is viewed positively, as it has preserved essential open spaces and ecological features crucial for climate mitigation and adaptation.
Key Highlights:
- Inauguration of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link bridge, Atal Setu, symbolizing development.
- Critique of urban development rooted in 1960s planning ideologies.
- Slow plan implementation seen as advantageous, preserving open spaces and ecological features.
- Rapid infrastructure construction causing environmental problems and neglect of urban ecology.
- Failure to account for the city’s dependence on ecology leading to air quality and water runoff issues.
Key Challenges:
- Adherence to outdated planning ideologies despite advancements in urban ecology.
- Rapid concretization and infrastructure projects causing environmental problems.
- Lack of consideration for the city’s dependence on ecology in current infrastructure development.
- Slow and contentious realization of development plans in Mumbai.
- Air quality crisis and increased rainwater runoff due to insufficient planning for urban ecology.
Key Terms:
- Urban ecology
- Concretization
- Infrastructure construction
- Climate crisis
- Development plans
- Slow plan implementation
- Open spaces
- Wetlands
- Rapid urbanization
- Ecological context
Key Phrases:
- “Dated and problematic mode of city-making.”
- “Failures to account for the city and its citizens’ dependence on ecology.”
- “Preservation of open spaces, wetlands, and gardens for climate mitigation.”
- “Toxic air quality levels and increasing rainwater runoff as evidence of planning failures.”
- “Reimagine infrastructure planning for the climate-changed city of the present and future.”
Key Quotes:
- “Planners and engineers alike have simply not accounted for the fact that the city and all its citizens depend on an ecology to live.”
- “Rather than rush to complete these outdated intentions of the past… this is a good time to reimagine infrastructure planning for the climate-changed city of the present and future.”
Key Statements:
- The bridge and coastal road represent a dated mode of city-making from the 1960s.
- Slow plan implementation has preserved open spaces and ecological features vital for climate mitigation.
- Rapid concretization and infrastructure construction have led to environmental problems in the city.
Key Examples and References:
- Inauguration of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link bridge, Atal Setu.
- Mumbai CityLabs event on January 13 highlighting slow and contentious realization of development plans.
Key Facts and Data:
- Completed 60 years after initial design, the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link bridge is portrayed as a symbol of development.
- Preservation of open spaces, wetlands, and gardens due to slow plan implementation.
Critical Analysis:
The article criticizes the persistence of outdated planning ideologies, emphasizing the need for a shift towards contemporary urban ecology principles. It highlights the negative environmental impacts of rapid infrastructure construction and calls for a reimagining of infrastructure planning to address current and future climate challenges.
Way Forward:
- Reimagine infrastructure planning in line with contemporary urban ecology principles.
- Prioritize the preservation of open spaces, wetlands, and green areas for climate mitigation and adaptation.
- Consider the urban social and ecological context of the 21st century in planning.
- Learn from past failures and avoid rushing into completing outdated infrastructure projects.
- Encourage sustainable and ecologically sensitive development in Mumbai.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lakshadweep
Mains level: Neighbourhood First Policy
Central Idea:
The article delves into recent diplomatic tensions between India and the Maldives, triggered by social media campaigns and statements from Maldivian officials. It emphasizes the challenges India faces in maintaining regional relationships amid a shifting dynamic in the Maldives towards a pro-China stance.
Key Highlights:
- Social Media Campaign: Post-Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Lakshadweep, a social media campaign to boycott the Maldives emerged, leading to negative reactions from some Maldivian officials.
- Pro-China Shift: President Muizzu’s visit to China and his pro-China stand mark a significant departure from his predecessor’s policies. He seeks closer ties with China and challenges existing Indian influence in the region.
- Diplomatic Fallout: Maldivian officials’ comments on India and Modi resulted in their suspension, with the Maldives clarifying that their views did not represent the government’s official stance.
- India’s Regional Importance: India’s relationship with the Maldives is crucial due to geographical proximity, shared maritime interests, and historical ties. The Maldives has traditionally supported India in international forums.
- India’s Foreign Policy Challenges: The article points out India’s diplomatic challenges, citing instances such as its stance on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its handling of the Israel-Hamas conflict, impacting its global standing.
Key Challenges:
- Shifting Alliances: The Maldives’ pivot towards China challenges India’s influence in the region, posing a diplomatic challenge and potential geopolitical consequences.
- Domestic Sentiments: The article highlights the impact of populist rhetoric and social media campaigns on India’s foreign policy, especially in dealing with smaller neighbors.
- Global Perception: India faces a challenge in projecting a harmonious image that aligns with both its national interests and the interests of its neighbors, as opposed to adopting a more confrontational approach seen in social media reactions.
Key Phrases:
- China’s wolf-warrior diplomacy: An assertive and combative approach to foreign relations characterized by aggressive rhetoric and actions, aimed at defending China’s interests and countering perceived challenges or criticisms from the international community.
- Neighbourhood First Policy: Refers to India’s approach emphasizing prioritizing relationships with its neighboring countries.
Key Quotes:
- “His election campaign in 2023 also contained anti-India rhetoric: he promised to remove Indian troops from the Maldives and balance trade relations, which he claimed were heavily tilted in India’s favour.”
- “India has to make those hard choices and it must make them now.”
Key Examples and References:
- Maldivian President’s Visit to China: President Muizzu’s pro-China stance and the elevation of bilateral ties with China.
- India’s G20 Summit Theme: The use of the theme ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’ during the G20 summit.
Key Facts and Data:
- Maldivian President’s Request: President Muizzu’s request for India to remove its military personnel from the Maldives by March 15.
- China-Maldives Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership: An agreement indicating deepening ties between China and the Maldives.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines India’s foreign policy challenges, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach and the potential repercussions of adopting a confrontational stance, drawing parallels with China’s diplomacy.
Way Forward:
The article suggests that India needs to navigate its foreign policy with a globalist perspective, taking into account the complexities of regional relationships, avoiding populist rhetoric, and making strategic decisions that align with its long-term interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chief Secretary's extension
Mains level: Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023 Constitutional logic
Central Idea:
The article criticizes the Supreme Court of India’s November 2023 judgment allowing a six-month extension to Delhi’s Chief Secretary despite serious corruption allegations. It highlights the Court’s perceived inconsistency in upholding constitutional principles, particularly concerning the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023, and expresses concerns about the erosion of constitutional logic and past judicial wisdom.
Key Highlights:
- The Supreme Court’s decision to permit the extension of Delhi’s Chief Secretary’s tenure is viewed as an instance of judicial self-abnegation.
- The article questions the Court’s reversal of its own earlier Services judgment, which emphasized the elected government’s control over services in Delhi.
- Serious corruption charges against the Chief Secretary and the Delhi Chief Minister’s recommendation for his removal create a conflict of interest.
- The Court’s reliance on the 2023 amendment and the interpretation of the Chief Secretary’s role is criticized for being inconsistent with past rulings, including Royappa.
- The article points out the Court’s failure to acknowledge that the 2023 amendment did not exclude the application of the Royappa case.
Key Challenges:
- The Supreme Court’s perceived inconsistency in interpreting constitutional principles, especially regarding the Chief Secretary’s extension and the 2023 amendment.
- Addressing the conflict of interest posed by serious allegations against the Chief Secretary and the breakdown of trust between the elected government and bureaucracy.
- The Court’s deviation from its past rulings, particularly the Services judgment and Royappa case, creates a challenge in maintaining a coherent judicial stance.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Judicial self-abnegation
- Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023
- Constitutional logic
- Chief Secretary’s extension
- Services judgment
- Royappa case
- Conflict of interest
- Constitutional interpretation
- Erosion of trust
- Unilateral extension
Key Quotes:
- “The Court’s judgments become ‘writ in water’ when it reverses its own reasoning for the government’s convenience.”
- “The Court has lost sight of constitutional logic and past wisdom that attributed great value to constitutional interpretation.”
Key Statements:
- “The article questions the Court’s deviation from its earlier stance, leading to a perceived erosion of constitutional principles and inconsistency.”
- “The conflict of interest arising from serious charges against the Chief Secretary and the breakdown of trust between the elected government and bureaucracy is a significant concern.”
Key Examples/References:
- The Supreme Court’s November 2023 judgment permitting the Chief Secretary’s extension and its reliance on the 2023 amendment.
- The Services judgment emphasizing the elected government’s control over services and the Royappa case defining the role of the Chief Secretary.
Key Facts/Data:
- The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023 had been challenged by the Delhi government but was not stayed by the courts.
- Serious allegations of corruption against the Chief Secretary and the Chief Minister’s recommendation for immediate removal.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines the Supreme Court’s handling of the Chief Secretary’s extension, highlighting perceived inconsistencies, conflicts with past judgments, and a departure from established constitutional principles. It raises concerns about the erosion of trust between the elected government and bureaucracy.
Way Forward:
- The Supreme Court needs to revisit and reconcile its past judgments, especially the Services and Royappa cases, to ensure a coherent judicial stance.
- Addressing conflicts of interest and corruption allegations in bureaucratic appointments is crucial for maintaining public trust.
- The Court should uphold constitutional principles consistently, considering the broader impact on governance and accountability.
- Future decisions related to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023 should be made with a clear understanding of constitutional logic and democratic principles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Punganur Cows
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction to Punganur Cattle
- On the auspicious occasion of Makar Sankranti, Prime Minister made headlines by feeding Mini Punganur cows at his residence in New Delhi.
- His gesture not only symbolized a cultural tradition but also shed light on this unique cattle breed.
About Punganur Cows
- Origin: Punganur cows hail from the Punganur municipality in Andhra Pradesh’s Chittoor district.
- Dwarf Stature: These mini cows are exceptionally small, measuring just 70-90 cm in height, with an average weight ranging from 115-200 kg.
- Distinctive Features: They are known for their broad foreheads, short horns, and are ideal for small-scale dairy and organic farming.
- Milk Capacity: Punganur cows are recognized for their rich milk production, yielding 3 to 5 liters of milk daily.
- Temple Use: Many temples in Andhra Pradesh, including the renowned Tirupati Thirumala Temple, use the milk of Punganur cows for Ksheeraabhishekam (milk offerings to deities).
- Varied Costs: The Punganur Cow cost ranges from Rs 1 lakh to 10 lakhs, depending on factors like purity and health.
Nutrition in Punganur Cow’s Milk
- Presence of Gold: Notably, the milk from Punganur cows contains an element identified as ‘Au’, the chemical symbol for gold.
- High-Fat Content: Punganur cow’s milk boasts a high-fat content of eight percent, in contrast to 3 to 4 percent in other indigenous breeds.
- Nutrient-Rich: This milk is rich in Omega fatty acids, calcium, potassium, and magnesium, offering significant nutritional benefits.
- Medicinal Value: The milk is believed to possess medicinal properties, contributing to overall health.
Resilience and Adaptability
- Drought-Resistant: Punganur cows exhibit remarkable resilience, with the ability to thrive on dry fodder like grass, straw, and hay.
- Docile Temperament: They have a calm and manageable temperament, making them easy to handle.
- Disease Resistance: These cows are resistant to common diseases and parasites, adding to their appeal.
Breed Protection Measures
- Threat of Extinction: At one point, Punganur cattle faced extinction due to a shift towards hybrid cattle for higher milk production.
- Mission Punganur: In 2020, the Andhra Pradesh government initiated ‘Mission Punganur’ with an allocation of Rs 69.36 crore to boost the cattle population using IVF technology.
- Enhancing Reproduction: The mission aimed to enhance reproductive efficiency, with plans to produce 8.5 offspring from each cow within five years.
- PMO’s Involvement: The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is also part of the conservation efforts, rearing a group of Punganur cattle.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shree Mandira Parikrama Project
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In a bid to elevate the spiritual experience of devotees and bolster the infrastructure for pilgrims, the Odisha government is all set to inaugurate the grand Shree Mandira Parikrama project.
What is Shree Mandira Parikrama Project?
- This Rs 800-crore heritage corridor, encircling the iconic Jagannath Temple in Puri, is a pivotal part of a broader initiative aimed at rejuvenating this holy city.
- It entails the creation of a 75-meter corridor that encircles the revered Jagannath Temple complex.
- This designed corridor aims to provide pilgrims with a “visual connect” to the temple, enriching their spiritual journey.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
- The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
- The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
- The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
Its architecture
- With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
- The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
- This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
- Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
- Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
- Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
- Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
- Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Economic Forum (WEF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The World Economic Forum (WEF) has begun its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.
World Economic Forum (WEF)
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is an international not-for-profit organization, focused on bringing the public and private sectors together to address the global political, social, and economic issues.
- It was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist and Professor Klaus Schwab in a bid to promote global cooperation on these most pressing problems.
- The first meeting of WEF was held more than five decades ago in Davos, which has been the home of the annual gathering almost ever since, also becoming the shorthand for the event.
Purpose and Essence of the WEF
- Bringing Stakeholders Together: The WEF gathers leaders from business, government, and civil society to address global challenges and brainstorm solutions.
- Scope Expansion: Initially focusing on European firms catching up with US management practices, the WEF’s scope broadened to encompass economic and social issues.
Annual Meeting in Davos
- Membership: In 1975, the WEF introduced a membership system for the world’s top 1,000 companies.
- Global Diplomacy: Davos serves as a backdrop for international diplomacy, offering leaders a conducive environment to defuse tensions and engage in critical discussions.
- Historic Meetings: Notable meetings in Davos have included North and South Korea’s first ministerial-level talks and discussions on German reunification.
- Birth of the G20: The idea for the G20, comprising 20 countries and initially focusing on global finance, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.
Funding and Davos’s Serene Environment
- WEF Funding: The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnover exceeding $5 billion.
- Davos Setting: Davos’s tranquil surroundings provide an ideal backdrop for the WEF’s mission to foster a more prosperous global economy.
Beyond Discussions: WEF’s Impact
- Global Rankings: The WEF publishes influential global rankings and indices, such as the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.
- Significance: WEF Summit serves as a dynamic platform where leaders and stakeholders converge to address pressing global issues, fostering cooperation and innovation on a grand scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Surgery
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Global surgery, despite its critical importance, often remains in the shadows of global health initiatives.
- This is particularly evident in South Asia, where the world’s largest population lacking access to essential surgery resides.
Why discuss this?
- Global surgery aims to address this disparity by focusing on equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, encompassing a range of procedures.
- While 2015 marked a turning point in recognizing the significance of global surgery, this field’s history goes back several decades.
What is Global Surgery?
- Equitable Access: Global surgery prioritizes providing equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but also in under-served populations within high-income countries (HICs).
- Scope of Surgery: It encompasses essential and emergency surgeries, including surgery, obstetrics, trauma, and anaesthesia (SOTA).
Emergence of Global Surgery
- Annus Mirabilis of 2015: This year marked a pivotal moment in recognizing the global significance of surgical care.
- Influential Reports: The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN) report sponsored by the World Bank and The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) played key roles.
- WHO Resolution 68.15: The World Health Organization Declaration on Safe Surgery highlighted the essential role of surgical systems in achieving universal health coverage.
Magnitude of the Problem
- Access Disparities: Over 70% of the global population, around five billion people, lack timely access to safe and affordable surgical care.
- Regional Disparities: Access gaps are most severe in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), with 99% and 96% of people facing disparities, compared to 24% in HICs.
- South Asia’s Challenge: Over 1.6 billion people, over 98% of South Asia’s population, lack access to safe and affordable SOTA care.
- Disease Burden: In 2010, surgically treatable conditions caused around 17 million deaths, surpassing the combined mortality burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
- Economic Impact: The cumulative projected loss to global GDP due to insufficient surgical care could reach $20.7 trillion by 2030.
Current Efforts and Neglect
- Neglect in Policies: Surgical care often receives little attention in international and national policies.
- Limited Research Focus: Research in global surgery is underrepresented compared to global health.
- Funding Neglect: Funding for surgery is significantly lower than for other health sectors.
- Research Funding Disparity: Research funding for surgery-related projects is scarce compared to other health fields.
Way Forward
- Cost-Effectiveness: Global surgery has demonstrated that emergency and essential surgical care is cost-effective and cost-beneficial.
- Policy Commitment: Many countries have initiated National Surgical, Obstetrics, and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPs), demonstrating political and policy commitment.
- Positive Initiatives: Several South Asian countries have launched initiatives to expand surgical access.
- Research and Innovation: Prioritizing research, policy support, and sustainable financing are key to addressing global surgery challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shankaracharyas, Adi Shankara
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The four Shankaracharyas’ decision to abstain from the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22 has raised questions and garnered attention.
- To understand this decision and the significance of Shankaracharyas, it’s crucial to delve into the context and explore the life of Adi Shankara, a pivotal figure in Hinduism.
Who are the Shankaracharyas?
- Religious Leaders: Shankaracharya, meaning ‘teacher of the way of Shankara,’ is a title held by the heads of four cardinal mathas or peeths, believed to be established by Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
- Legacy of Adi Shankara: These religious teachers are said to belong to a lineage dating back to Adi Shankara, a revered scholar and philosopher.
- Historical Context: The existence of these mathas before the 14th century CE is disputed, with evidence suggesting retrospective establishment to legitimize these centers of knowledge and learning.
Adi Shankaracharya: A Brief Overview
- Adi Shankaracharya was a prominent Indian philosopher and theologian, often referred to as Sankara (Jagatguru). He was a staunch advocate of ancient Hinduism.
- His birthplace Kaladi in Ernakulam, Kerala, is poised to be declared a national monument.
- He received guidance from his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, under whom he diligently studied texts like ‘Gaudapadiya Karika,’ ‘Brahmasutra,’ Vedas, and Upanishads.
- Shankara propagated the philosophies of ‘Advaita Vedanta’ and ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ earning him the title ‘Shankaracharya’ among his disciples.
His Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta
- Non-Dualism: Shankaracharya’s philosophy, known as ‘Advaita Vedanta,’ espouses non-dualism.
- Ultimate Reality: It asserts that the world exists due to the creative energy (Maya) of Brahman, the ultimate, transcendent, and immanent God of the later Vedas.
- Identity of Self: In Advaita Vedanta, the transcendental self of the universe (Atman) and the experiencing self (Jiva) are both identical in truth – both are Brahman. However, the individual self appears different, akin to space inside a container seeming distinct from space as a whole.
- Overcoming Error: Mistakes and ignorance lead to a plurality (Avidya), but understanding Brahman eliminates these errors, resulting in liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and worldly servitude.
Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya
Shankaracharya’s four closest disciples played pivotal roles in propagating his teachings:
- Padmapada: Known for his deep devotion and poetry.
- Totakacharya: Devoted to Shankaracharya’s mission and revered for his poetry “Totakashtakam.”
- Hasta Malaka: A child prodigy who astounded Shankaracharya with his understanding of Advaita philosophy.
- Sureshwara: Initially a householder, he became a disciple after losing a philosophical debate to Shankaracharya.
Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya
- Shankaracharya introduced the ‘Shanmata’ system, which emphasized worship of the five principal deities and restored the Dashanami structure.
- He composed numerous devotional and meditative hymns and authored key texts on Advaita Vedanta, including commentaries on major scriptures.
- Adi Shankaracharya revitalized Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from Jainism and Buddhism, promoting unity and re-establishing traditions.
- He established four monastic institutions (Mathas) in different corners of India, unifying the nation and codifying leadership roles:
- Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetam in Chikmaglur in Karnataka
- Jyotir Matha in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand
- Kalika Matha in Dwarka in Gujarat
- Govardhana Matha in Puri in Odisha
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gulf of Aden
Mains level: Resurgence of piracy and the complexity of the issue and the challenges faced by regional navies
Central Idea:
The resurgence of piracy in the western Indian Ocean, exemplified by the recent hijacking of MV Lila Norfolk, has placed regional navies, including the Indian Navy, under strain. The article explores potential explanations for the surge in pirate attacks, including security shifts in the Gulf of Aden, possible collaborations between pirates and militants, and connections to power rivalries in the Horn of Africa.
Key Highlights:
- The Indian Navy’s swift and effective response in rescuing the MV Lila Norfolk crew demonstrated their capability and determination in ensuring maritime security.
- Reduced international maritime presence in the Gulf of Aden may have contributed to the recent increase in pirate attacks.
- The article discusses theories of collaboration between pirates and militants, lack of concrete evidence, and links piracy to power dynamics in the Horn of Africa.
- Socioeconomic factors, like illegal fishing off Somalia’s coastline, continue to fuel piracy as a means for local communities to cope with limited resources.
Key Challenges:
- The resurgence of piracy poses a significant challenge for regional navies and shipping companies.
- The complexity of piracy and the diverse theories surrounding its resurgence make it challenging to address with a one-size-fits-all approach.
Key Terms:
- MV Lila Norfolk
- Gulf of Aden
- Al-Shabaab
- Houthis
- Somaliland
- P-8I maritime patrol aircraft
- MQ-9B drone
Key Phrases:
- Security shift from the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea.
- Collaboration between pirates and militants.
- Power rivalries in the Horn of Africa.
- Socioeconomic realities underlying Somali piracy.
Key Quotes:
“The Indian Navy has received deserved praise for its prompt and effective response.” “The growing frequency of attacks in the Gulf of Aden has called into question assumptions about the eradication of piracy in Somali waters.”
Key Statements:
- The article emphasizes the prompt and effective response of the Indian Navy in the recent piracy incident.
- It questions the adequacy of current anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden.
Key Examples and References:
- MV Lila Norfolk hijacking on January 5, 2024.
- Termination of NATO’s anti-piracy mission in 2016.
Key Facts:
- 21 crew members, including 15 Indians, were rescued in the recent piracy incident.
- Attacks on merchant ships in the western Indian Ocean have become increasingly common in the past six weeks.
Key Data:
- The MV Lila Norfolk, sailing under the Liberian flag, was hijacked 850 km east off Africa’s coast.
- The Indian Navy deployed the INS Chennai, a guided missile destroyer, in response to the hijacking.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically examines various theories behind the resurgence of piracy, highlighting the complexity of the issue and the challenges faced by regional navies. The lack of concrete evidence for certain theories is acknowledged, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of the problem.
Way Forward:
- Strengthen international cooperation and presence in the Gulf of Aden to address the piracy resurgence.
- Conduct further research to understand the root causes of piracy, including socioeconomic factors and power dynamics.
- Reassess and enhance anti-piracy operations to adapt to evolving security challenges in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CO2eq
Mains level: Policy consistency and focus on achieving the goal of being net-zero by 2070
Central Idea:
The article delves into India’s current carbon emissions landscape, spotlighting the Global Carbon Project’s findings released during COP28. It underscores the imperative for a thoughtful decarbonization strategy, scrutinizing challenges and potential resolutions, particularly in the context of renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), and the prospect of green hydrogen.
Highlights:
- India’s projected CO2 emissions are poised to surpass 3 gigatons by the close of 2023, reflecting an 8% uptick from 2022.
- Despite lower per capita and cumulative emissions compared to global averages, India grapples with the task of mitigating emissions in key sectors: energy, agriculture, and industry.
- The energy sector shoulders 76% of greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating a shift away from fossil fuels, notably in power generation and transportation.
Challenges:
- Transport Sector Transition: EV adoption confronts challenges due to dependence on the fossil fuel-reliant power grid and infrastructure gaps, especially for four-wheelers and heavy transport.
- Industrial Decarbonization: Industries reliant on intense heat, such as iron and steel, face hurdles in substituting fossil fuels, as renewable sources may fall short in meeting their power requirements.
- Green Hydrogen: Despite being hailed as a solution, global production of green hydrogen remains minimal. Challenges include the need for substantial green power and water, along with issues in transportation and energy-intensive storage methods.
Key Terms:
- CO2eq: Carbon dioxide equivalent, a metric expressing the global warming potential of various greenhouse gases.
- Renewable Capacity: The quantum of energy a country can generate from renewable sources like solar and wind.
- Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen produced using renewable energy sources, deemed a potential clean fuel.
Key Phrases:
- “Low-hanging fruit”: Referring to the simplest or most readily achievable goals, such as scaling up renewable capacity.
- “Net-zero by 2070”: The aspiration to achieve equilibrium between greenhouse gas emissions produced and removed from the atmosphere by 2070.
Key Quotes:
- “Reduction in the use of fossil fuels can be easily done in the case of power generation…”
- “What is thus evident is that the easiest way to decarbonise is to scale up renewable capacity…”
Key Statements:
- “India’s per capita and cumulative emissions notwithstanding, we need to strategize our decarbonization process.”
- “The best solution for sectors like heavy transport or industries is getting access to green hydrogen.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to India’s Third National Communication (2023) offering data on greenhouse gas emissions.
- Mention of the challenges in adopting electric vehicles, especially for heavy transport and four-wheelers.
Key Facts and Data:
- India’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were 3.1 gigatons of CO2eq, with the energy sector contributing 76%.
- The energy sector, particularly power generation, accounts for 39% of CO2 emissions in India.
Critical Analysis:
- The article underscores the intricacies of decarbonization, recognizing the limitations of current solutions like electric vehicles and the hurdles in transitioning industries.
- It stresses the need for a comprehensive approach, amalgamating renewable energy scaling with advancements in technologies like green hydrogen.
- The author critiques policy inconsistencies, highlighting the incongruity between announcing new coal-based capacity and a prior commitment to avoid it.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize renewable capacity growth by simplifying land acquisition processes, ensuring regular payments to generators, and facilitating access to the grid.
- Address challenges in the transport sector and industry by promoting research and development in sustainable alternatives like green hydrogen.
- Maintain policy consistency and focus on achieving the goal of being net-zero by 2070.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duarte Barbosa
Mains level: Impact of missionary influence on caste and identity in India
Central Idea:
The article explores the historical roots of the terms “caste” and the “Dravidian” identity in India, asserting that they were products of early Christian European missionary work during the colonial period. The focus is on missionaries’ documentation of Bharat’s social organization, their motivations, methodologies, and the impact of Christian theology on shaping their perspectives.
Key Highlights:
- The term “caste” in the context of Indian society is a modern concept introduced during the colonial period.
- The Portuguese official Duarte Barbosa first used the term “casta” in the sixteenth century, based on his observations in the Vijayanagara Empire.
- The Danish Protestant Mission in Tranquebar, founded in 1706, played a crucial role in shaping early missionary strategies, including translations of the Bible and running schools.
- Bartholomeus Ziegenbalg, a German Lutheran missionary, contributed to the creation of the Dravidian identity by distinguishing the “Tamil Religion” from the “Brahminical” religion of the North.
- The French Catholic Missionary Abbé Jean-Antoine Dubois’ work became influential in understanding caste, and it was largely based on an earlier work by French Jesuit Missionary Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux.
- Dubois’ work was acknowledged by William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras, as important for government servants to understand the customs of the Hindus.
Key Terms:
- Caste
- Dravidian
- Colonialism
- Ethnocentrism
- Missionaries
- Vijayanagara Empire
- Tranquebar Mission
- Protestant Mission
- Tamil Religion
- Brahminical
Key Phrases:
- Colonial-missionary roots
- Ethnography of Bharat
- Protestant missionary strategy
- Caste distinctions among converts
- Sanskrit and Sanatan Dharma
- Dravidianists
- Christian evangelical motives
- Anthropological service
- British colonial apparatus
- Independence India’s brand of secularism
Key Quotes:
- “The use of ‘caste’ to understand Bharat’s society is a modern phenomenon attributable to the colonial period.” – Nicholas B Dirks
- “Tamil Saivism has nothing to do with Sanatan Dharma.” – Bartholomeus Ziegenbalg
- “Dubois performed an anthropological service to the British rulers of India…in order to convert souls.” – Nicholas Dirks
Anecdotes:
- Bartholomeus Ziegenbalg’s understanding of the religion in the South, considering it distinct from the Brahminical/Vedic religion of the North.
- The toleration of caste distinctions among converts by the Danish Protestant Mission in Tranquebar.
Key Statements:
- “The term ‘caste’ in the context of Indian society is a modern phenomenon attributable to the colonial period.”
- “Indology has its foundations in Christian evangelical motives, aiming to understand the social lay of the land for soul harvesting and conversion.”
- “Despite the history, it is deemed ‘anti-secular’ to draw attention to the continuity of thought between missionaries of the past and present-day Dravidianists.”
Key Examples and References:
- Duarte Barbosa’s observations in the Vijayanagara Empire.
- Bartholomeus Ziegenbalg’s works – ‘Malabarian Heathenism’ and ‘The Genealogy of Malabarian Gods.’
- Abbé Jean-Antoine Dubois’ work – ‘Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India.’
- William Bentinck’s acknowledgment of the importance of Dubois’ work for understanding Hindu customs.
Key Facts and Data:
- The term “caste” was first used by Duarte Barbosa in the sixteenth century.
- The Tranquebar Mission was founded in 1706 by Bartholomeus Ziegenbalg.
- The French Jesuit Missionary Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux’s work influenced Abbé Jean-Antoine Dubois.
- Dubois’ work was translated from French to English and formally published in 1816.
Critical Analysis:
The article convincingly argues that the understanding of “caste” and the “Dravidian” identity has roots in early Christian missionary work. However, a more explicit discussion of the consequences of this influence and a deeper exploration of the role of the native population in cooperating with the colonial exercise would provide a more comprehensive analysis.
Way Forward:
Further exploration is needed to understand the lasting impact of missionary influence on caste and identity in India. This includes examining the socio-cultural repercussions and the contemporary relevance of these historical developments. A nuanced analysis can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding caste and identity in Indian society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gigantopithecus Blacki
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A recent study published in Nature sheds light on the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest known primate species.
- This research provides crucial insights into the species’ inability to survive environmental changes, contrasting with the adaptability of other similar primates.
About Gigantopithecus Blacki
- Species Description: Gigantopithecus blacki was a great ape species that inhabited China between 2 million and 330 thousand years ago.
- Physical Attributes: Estimated to stand 3 meters tall and weigh between 200–300 kg, it is considered the largest primate ever to have existed on Earth.
- Geographical Range and Extinction: The species experienced a significant reduction in geographical range before its extinction, with the most recent fossils indicating a marked decline.
Research Methodology
- Fossil Analysis: Researchers analyzed fossils from 22 caves in southern China, focusing on dental samples of G. blacki and its closest relative, Pongo weidenreichi.
- Environmental Reconstruction: The study employed pollen and stable isotope analysis to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the species’ existence.
- Diet and Behavior Assessment: Changes in diet and behavior within the extinction window were inferred from dental analyses.
Findings on Environmental Changes and Adaptation
- Initial Habitat: Around 2.3 million years ago, G. blacki thrived in dense forests with heavy cover.
- Transition in Environment: During the extinction window (295–215,000 years ago), there was a shift to open forests, indicating significant changes in forest plant communities.
- Dietary and Stress Responses: Dental analysis revealed a less diverse diet and reduced water consumption for G. blacki, alongside signs of increased chronic stress. In contrast, P. weidenreichi showed better adaptation to these environmental changes.
- Fossil Record Decline: The number and geographical spread of G. blacki fossils declined relative to P. weidenreichi by 300 thousand years ago, supporting the hypothesis of its struggle to adapt.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Sadbhavana
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Army has recently adopted Topa Pir village in Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir, as a model village under Operation Sadbhavana.
Operation Sadbhavana
- Purpose: Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) is an initiative by the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to address the needs of people affected by terrorism, primarily sponsored by Pakistan.
- Welfare Activities: The operation includes running Army Goodwill Schools, infrastructure development projects, and educational tours for children in remote areas.
- Focus on Education: There are seven Army Goodwill Schools under Operation Sadbhavana in the Ladakh Region, aiming to improve the standard of education.
- Objectives: The operation aims to achieve national integration, women empowerment, employment generation, and development activities towards nation-building.
- Collaborative Approach: Projects under Operation Sadbhavana are selected considering local aspirations and in coordination with the local civil administration.
Adoption of Topa Pir Village
- Model Village Initiative: The Army’s adoption of Topa Pir village is a step towards creating a model village, with an emphasis on community development and welfare.
- Recent Incidents: The village gained attention following a controversial incident involving the alleged torture of civilians by the Army, which led to the deaths of three individuals.
- Community Relations: The incident has significantly impacted the relationship between the Army and the local Gujjar and Bakarwal communities, who predominantly inhabit areas near the Line of Control (LoC).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vadnagar Excavations
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- A recent joint study by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur has uncovered significant findings in Vadnagar, PM Modi’s native village.
- Contrary to the common belief of a “Dark Age” following the Harappan collapse, the study suggests a continuous cultural presence in the region.
Vadnagar: Mysteries Revealed
- Historical Significance: The discovery is crucial as it fills a gap in Indian archaeological history between 1,500 BCE and 500 BCE, suggesting a continuous human settlement over 5,500 years.
- Multicultural Settlement: Vadnagar was identified as a site with diverse cultural and religious influences, including Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, and Islamic.
- Cultural Continuity: Evidence suggests that Vadnagar could date back to 1,400 BCE, aligning with the late phase of the post-urban Harappan period.
- Archaeological Artifacts: The site revealed a variety of artifacts, including potteries, copper, gold, silver, iron objects, and intricately designed bangles.
- Climatic Influence on History: The study indicates that climatic changes significantly influenced the rise and fall of kingdoms and invasions in India over a 3,000-year period.
- Successive Rulers: Radiocarbon dating shows that Vadnagar was successively ruled by various kingdoms and empires, including the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians (Kshatrapa kings), Maitrakas (Gupta kingdom), Rashtrakuta-Pratihara-Chawada kings, Solanki kings (Chalukya rule), Sultanate-Mughals, and Gaekwad/British.
- Migration Trigger: The team inferred that cold arid/hyper-arid conditions might have triggered migration from central Asia.
Challenging the “Dark Age” Narrative
- Redefining Historical Gaps: The findings challenge the notion of a ‘Dark Age’ following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization around 4,000 years ago and before the emergence of Iron Age cities like Gandhar, Koshal, and Avanti.
- Vadnagar’s Significance: Evidence from Vadnagar challenges this narrative, suggesting it as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities within a single fortification in India.
- Potential Harappan Continuity: Preliminary radiocarbon dating indicates that Vadnagar’s settlement could date back to 1400 BCE, aligning with the late phase of the post-urban Harappan period.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayodhya Grand Mosque
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- The Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF), entrusted with the construction of the mosque in Ayodhya, is embarking on a renewed effort to fund and develop the project.
- The project’s scope has expanded significantly, with plans to build one of India’s largest mosques and other unique features, making it distinct from its initial design.
Ayodhya Grand Mosque
- From Modest to Grand: The original plan, conceived by Prof. S.M. Akhtar, included a hospital, community kitchen, library, and research center. However, the new vision aims to create one of India’s grandest mosques, surpassing the Taj Mahal in grandeur.
- Redesigned Architecture: The earlier design was deemed inadequate for a mosque, and a new design by Pune-based architect Imran Shaikh will be revealed soon.
- Five Minars: The Ayodhya mosque will boast five minarets, a distinctive feature among Indian mosques.
- Water-and-Light Show: Plans include synchronizing water displays with prayer times and automated lighting that mimics sunset and sunrise.
- Giant Fish Aquarium: A massive fish aquarium, larger than Dubai’s, will be added to attract youth and visitors.
Project Background
- Land Allocation: The mosque project was allocated a five-acre plot in Dhannipur, Ayodhya, in February 2020, following the Supreme Court’s decision allowing the construction of both the temple and mosque.
- Cultural Significance: The mosque construction aims to promote harmony and cultural exchange, paralleling the construction of the Ram temple nearby.
Path to Construction
- Commencement Date: Construction is anticipated to begin in the second half of 2024, following the holy month of Ramzan.
- Symbolic Brick: A brick inscribed with Quranic verses will travel to prominent dargahs in India and Madina, Saudi Arabia, before being placed at the construction site.
- Media Campaign: Special songs and videos related to the mosque are being produced, featuring notable artists and voices to generate awareness.
Fundraising Approach
- Digital Fundraising: Instead of door-to-door fundraising, IICF plans to launch a website with QR codes for easy and convenient donations, aiming to replicate the success of the Ram temple fundraising campaign.
- Broad Appeal: The goal is for Ayodhya to become a symbol of cultural diversity and coexistence, attracting visitors to both the temple and mosque.
Conclusion
- The Ayodhya mosque project is undergoing a significant transformation, evolving into a grand and iconic structure.
- With a focus on architectural magnificence, innovative features, and a modern fundraising approach, the mosque aims to contribute to Ayodhya’s cultural richness and serve as a symbol of unity and harmony.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UTF Harbour Project
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- With President Muizzu’s administration insisting on the withdrawal of Indian troops, a high-level core group has been set up to negotiate this process.
- This situation raises questions about the reasons behind the presence of Indian troops and the factors fueling the ‘India Out’ campaign.
Overview of the Current Situation
- Official Statement: Maldives affirmed the policy of President Muizzu’s administration to remove Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
- Negotiation Group: A core group, including Indian High Commissioner, met in Male to discuss the troop withdrawal, though the Indian government has not yet commented on these reports.
Indian Military Presence in the Maldives
- Troop Numbers: Contrary to the rhetoric of the ‘India Out’ campaign, only 88 Indian military personnel are stationed in the Maldives, primarily for training purposes.
- Historical Context: Indian soldiers have been sent to the Maldives for training in combat, reconnaissance, and rescue-aid operations. The only time Indian troops were involved in active military operations was during the 1988 coup attempt, at the request of then-President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.
Factors behind the ‘India Out’ Campaign
- Controversy over Helicopters: The gifting of two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters by India, used for humanitarian purposes, became a point of contention, portrayed as a military presence by certain political factions.
- Perceived Lack of Transparency: The Solih government’s alleged opacity in dealings with India fueled suspicions.
- Maritime Security Dependence: The Maldives relies on India for maritime security, collaborating to counter common threats.
- Police Academy Speculations: The construction of a new police academy with Indian assistance led to rumours about its purpose and scale.
- UTF Harbour Project Agreement: Speculations about the UTF (Uthuru Thila Falhu- Island) project being turned into an Indian naval base, despite official clarifications to the contrary.
Conclusion
- The insistence on the withdrawal of Indian troops from the Maldives and the ensuing ‘India Out’ campaign reflect a complex interplay of historical, political, and security factors.
- While the Indian military presence has been primarily for training and humanitarian assistance, various internal and external elements have contributed to the current sentiment.
- Understanding these nuances is crucial for comprehending the evolving relationship between India and the Maldives and the broader geopolitical implications in the region.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
Overview of the Project and Violations
- Project Details: The Lower Orr dam, a part of the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project’s second phase, began construction in 2019.
- Violation of Clearance Laws: In 2022, an expert appraisal committee (EAC) reported that the project commenced without formal clearance from the Environment Ministry.
- Incomplete Construction: As of the last report, about 82% of the dam and 33.5% of the canal network were completed without necessary clearances.
- EAC’s Recent Recommendations: In December 2023, the EAC called for a fresh evaluation and more data on potential damage caused by the construction.
What is the Ken Betwa Link Project?
- First of its Kind: This project is the inaugural venture under the National Perspective Plan for interlinking Indian rivers.
- River Linking: It involves transferring water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
Phases of the Project
- Phase-I Components: This includes the Daudhan dam complex, Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa link canal, and Power houses.
- Phase-II Components: The second phase will see the construction of the Lower Orr dam, Bina complex project, and Kotha barrage.
Utility of the Project
- Irrigation Benefits: The project aims to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares annually.
- Drinking Water Supply: It is expected to provide drinking water to 62 lakh people.
- Power Generation: The project will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
- Regional Development: It promises to bring socio-economic prosperity to the Bundelkhand region through increased agricultural activities and employment.
- Combating Rural Distress: The project is also seen as a solution to distress migration from this region.
Ecological Issues with the Project
- Scientific Basis: Concerns have been raised about the ‘surplus and deficit’ model and the availability of water in the Ken River.
- Water Sharing Disputes: UP and MP have had disagreements over water sharing, especially during non-monsoonal months.
- Environmental Impact: The project involves creating a reservoir dam in the Panna National Park and Tiger Reserve, impacting the downstream Ken Gharial Sanctuary.
- Wildlife Act Compliance: Approval by the National Board for Wildlife, as required under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, has not been confirmed.
Issues with the Projects
- Displacement: The project will lead to significant displacement of people.
- Topographical Changes: The flat topography of the Ganga basin poses challenges for dam construction.
- Inundation and Seismic Hazards: Large-scale water transfer risks inundating forests and creating seismic hazards in the Himalayan region.
- Financial and Political Challenges: The project requires substantial financial investment and political support.
- Land Acquisition and Ecological Feasibility: Consensus building for land acquisition and ecological concerns are major hurdles.
Criticisms of Such Projects
- Questionable Science: Critics argue that these projects are based on outdated water management understanding.
- Contravention with Nature: They are seen as going against natural processes, posing more threats than opportunities.
Way Forward
- Expert Scrutiny: Thorough and independent expert scrutiny during the approval stage is crucial.
- Independent Hydrological Study: A comprehensive study of these rivers is necessary to assess the feasibility and impact.
Conclusion
- Developmental projects like the Ken-Betwa Link should not compromise fragile ecosystems or important wildlife habitats.
- The potential destructive impact on the flow of water and sanctuary ecosystems, along with legal compliance, needs clear assessment and consideration.
- Sound environmental governance and due diligence are essential in balancing developmental needs with ecological preservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
About the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
|
Details |
| Role |
Principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). |
| Establishment |
Established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations, began work in April 1946. |
| Predecessor |
Successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) established by the League of Nations. |
| Inaugural Sitting |
Held its first sitting at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 1922. |
| Seat |
Located at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. |
| Jurisdiction |
ICJ’s jurisdiction requires consent from both parties involved in a dispute. Its judgment is final and binding. |
| Judges |
Comprises 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. |
| Official Languages |
English and French. |
| India’s Representation |
Four Indians have been members of the ICJ, including Justice Dalveer Bhandari, R S Pathak, Nagendra Singh, and Sir Benegal Rau. |
| Notable Indian Cases at ICJ |
- Trial of Veer Savarkar (1910) for extradition to Britain from France at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India, culminated 1960).
- Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan, culminated 1972).
- Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India, culminated 1973).
- Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India, culminated 2000).
- Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India, culminated 2016).
- Kulbhushan Jadhav (India v. Pakistan, culminated 2019).
|
Enforcement Challenges
- Binding Rulings: ICJ decisions are legally binding, but they lack enforcement mechanisms, relying on the UN Security Council (UNSC) to enforce judgments.
- Political Influence: Enforcement often falls victim to the politics of UNSC’s permanent members, as seen in potential vetoes by the US, Israel’s strong ally.
Challenges to Efficacy
- Non-Participation: Powerful states may refuse to participate in ICJ proceedings, making compliance difficult. For instance, Russia declined to submit to the court’s jurisdiction during Ukraine-Russia conflict hearings.
- Bureaucratic Delays: The ICJ’s slow bureaucratic process leads to years-long trials and judgments, making justice delayed justice denied.
ICJ’s Relevance
- Expanding Jurisdiction: The ICJ now handles diverse international law areas, including human rights and environmental violations, furthering the participation of states through dispute settlement clauses.
- Successful Reparations: The court’s rulings on reparations, such as Uganda’s payment to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, demonstrate its impact.
- Advisory Role: The ICJ’s advisory opinions contribute to peaceful conflict resolution, as seen in its opinions on nuclear weapons and the Israeli-Palestinian wall.
Niche Position
- Amid New Courts: Despite the emergence of new international courts and tribunals, the ICJ maintains a unique place in international judicial adjudication.
- Fragmentation Concerns: Coexisting courts raise concerns about potential contradictions in rulings and the fragmentation of international law.
- Guardian of World Order: The ICJ serves as a last resort when diplomacy fails, safeguarding the interests of the World Court.
Conclusion
- The ICJ, with its rich history and evolving role in international law, faces challenges in enforcing its rulings and ensuring swift justice.
- However, its expanding jurisdiction, successful reparations, and advisory role in peaceful conflict resolution demonstrate its continued relevance.
- Striking a balance between centralization and decentralization in international judicial adjudication will be crucial to upholding the integrity of the World Court.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: online gaming industry
Central Idea:
The article underscores the urgent need for comprehensive regulation in India’s online gaming industry due to emerging market failures causing societal harm and financial losses. It emphasizes the challenges posed by the cross-border nature of the internet and the proliferation of illegal operators, highlighting the necessity for government intervention.
Key Highlights:
- Online gaming in India is a rapidly growing industry poised to contribute significantly to the country’s GDP.
- Market failures, including addiction, mental health issues, frauds, and national security threats, necessitate government intervention.
- The absence of a specialized regulatory authority allows illegal operators to thrive, impacting users and causing financial losses.
- The Information Technology Rules of 2021 were a positive step, but delayed implementation of Self-Regulatory Bodies has impeded progress.
- The UK’s centralized regulator serves as a model for effective oversight in the gaming sector.
Key Challenges:
- Enforcing state-level bans on online gaming is challenging due to the cross-border nature of the internet.
- Differentiating between legitimate gaming platforms and illegal gambling/betting sites is a significant challenge.
- Insufficient regulation contributes to the growth of illegal offshore markets, causing harm to users and significant tax losses.
- Delayed implementation of Self-Regulatory Bodies hampers oversight in the gaming industry.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Market failures
- Online gaming industry
- Digital regulation
- Self-Regulatory Bodies
- Illegal offshore gambling
- National security concerns
- Player protection requirements
- Shadow economy
- Centralized government regulator
- Harm reduction
Key Quotes:
- “Market failures diminish economic value and erode societal well-being.”
- “The benefits of government intervention must surpass its potential costs.”
- “To protect 373 million gamers in India, who are potentially at risk, it is imperative that the sector is strictly regulated.”
Key Statements:
- “Insufficient regulation in the online gaming industry is leading to market failures and significant societal concerns.”
- “The delayed implementation of Self-Regulatory Bodies is hindering the oversight needed to protect gamers.”
- “Illegal offshore markets are causing harm to users and substantial tax losses, highlighting the urgency of strict regulation.”
Key Examples/References:
- The UK’s centralized government regulator as a model for effective oversight in the gaming sector.
- The Information Technology Rules of 2021 as a commendable step towards regulation in India.
- The growth of illegal offshore markets causing a $45 billion annual tax loss.
Key Facts/Data:
- India has 692 million internet users, making it the second-largest internet user base globally.
- The average daily mobile app usage in India has surged to 4.9 hours, with 82% dedicated to media and entertainment.
- The illegal offshore gambling and betting market receives $100 billion per annum in deposits from India.
Critical Analysis:
Insufficient regulation in the online gaming industry is leading to severe consequences, including societal harm and financial losses. The delayed implementation of regulatory measures further exacerbates the problems, emphasizing the need for urgent action. The comparison with the UK’s regulatory model highlights the potential benefits of strict enforcement and harm reduction strategies.
Way Forward:
- Swift implementation of Self-Regulatory Bodies to ensure effective oversight in the online gaming industry.
- Learning from successful models like the UK’s centralized regulator for efficient regulation and enforcement.
- Collaboration between government and industry stakeholders to establish a robust regulatory framework.
- Public awareness campaigns to differentiate between legitimate gaming platforms and illegal operators.
- Continuous monitoring and adaptation of regulatory measures to address evolving challenges in the online gaming sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: counter-terrorism approach in Jammu and Kashmir,
Central Idea:
The article, written by Shashank Ranjan, a retired Indian Army officer and current faculty member at O.P. Jindal Global University, critiques the counter-terrorism approach in Jammu and Kashmir, emphasizing the need to reevaluate the obsession with the number of terrorists killed. It highlights the historical context of insurgency in the Rajouri-Poonch region and argues that a singular focus on ‘kills’ may be counterproductive in achieving long-term stability.
Key Highlights:
- The new year in Jammu and Kashmir began with a terror strike in Rajouri-Poonch, leading to a renewed focus on the number of terrorists killed by security forces.
- The article questions the efficacy of the current counter-terrorism approach, suggesting that an obsession with numbers may not align with the changing dynamics of insurgency in the region.
- Ranjan draws attention to the historical success in curbing insurgency in Rajouri-Poonch by addressing the root causes, and how the focus on ‘kills’ might be contributing to the re-emergence of instability.
Key Challenges:
- The article highlights the challenges posed by a system that is reluctant to adapt to changing dynamics and continues to prioritize short-term gains and competitive career environments over long-term stability.
- The gap between the tactical-level operations and people-centric approaches is emphasized, pointing out the lapses that have led to civilian casualties and operational rush for ‘kills.’
- The reluctance of political initiatives in Jammu and Kashmir is mentioned as a challenge, hindering a comprehensive resolution through a whole-of-government approach.
Key Terms:
- Counter-terrorism: Measures and strategies to combat terrorism and insurgencies.
- People-centric: Approaches and operations that prioritize the well-being and acceptance of the local population.
- Whole-of-Government Approach: An integrated approach involving all government agencies to address complex issues.
Key Phrases:
- “Debatable obsession with the numbers of terrorists killed.”
- “Misplaced focus of the counter-terrorism approach.”
- “Tail wagging the dog” – Pursuing goals without regard to the means.
Key Quotes:
- “In our undue obsession with the numbers of ‘kills’, we may have been winning the battle by addressing the symptoms, but it has indeed been at the cost of the campaign.”
- “Chasing numbers was the obvious option in the years when terror-related fatalities in J&K touched a yearly mark of 2,000-plus.”
Key Statements:
- “The situational dynamics, unfortunately, never ushered in adjustments in the modus operandi of security forces and assessment methodology of unit performance by the hierarchy.”
- “Leadership is all about compensating any cost to the soldier, with the leader standing up to bridge the gap between the interests of people and soldiers.”
Key Examples and References:
- Refers to the historical success in curbing insurgency in Rajouri-Poonch by addressing root causes.
- Mentions the unfortunate death of three civilians in Dera ki Gali as a consequence of lapses in people-centric policies.
Key Facts and Data:
- Reports declining terror-related fatalities in Jammu and Kashmir, contrasting figures at 134 in 2023 with over 2,000 in earlier years.
- Highlights the absence of Assembly representation in J&K since 2018.
Critical Analysis:
The article critically analyzes the counter-terrorism approach, pointing out the flaws in focusing solely on the number of terrorists killed. It underlines the need for adaptation to changing dynamics, a people-centric approach, and a shift from short-term gains to long-term stability.
Way Forward:
- Urges a reevaluation of the current counter-terrorism strategy to align with the evolving dynamics of insurgency.
- Emphasizes the importance of a people-centric approach and addressing the root causes of conflict.
- Calls for political initiatives and a whole-of-government approach to achieving comprehensive and lasting stability in Jammu and Kashmir.
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