Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise INIOCHOS 25
Why in the News?
The Indian Air Force will participate in Exercise INIOCHOS-25 hosted by the Hellenic Air Force at Andravida Air Base, Greece.
About Exercise INIOCHOS
- INIOCHOS is a biennial multinational air exercise that provides air forces with a platform to enhance their operational readiness.
- It is hosted by the Hellenic (Greek) Air Force and brings together military aviation units from various countries, promoting international cooperation.
- It was first conducted in the late 1980s, as a small-scale tactical level exercise.
- Objective: To allow air forces to practice Combined Air Operations and share tactical knowledge through realistic combat scenarios.
Key Features of Exercise INIOCHOS:
- It integrates air and surface assets from fifteen countries, promoting multinational cooperation in air warfare.
- It will simulate modern-day air warfare challenges, providing a real-world training environment for participating air forces.
- It will be placed on planning and executing Combined Air operations, refining tactics in complex air warfare scenarios.
Strategic Importance for India:
- India’s participation in INIOCHOS-25 underlines its commitment to global defence cooperation and showcases its ability to work seamlessly in joint operations.
- The exercise will reinforce India’s strategic partnerships with other nations and further enhance its readiness for joint operations in complex and dynamic air warfare environments.
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PYQ Relevance:
Question: “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. [UPSC 2021]
Linkage: The broader context of competition for influence in the continent. |
Mentor’s Comment: The Russia-Ukraine war highlighted the need for energy security, affecting even Africa. As African leaders rethink their energy sources, nuclear power is becoming a key solution. Currently, South Africa has Africa’s only nuclear plant, but countries like Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya plan to adopt nuclear energy. By 2035, Africa could generate 15,000 MW, attracting $105 billion in investments.
Today’s editorial talks about how African countries are changing their energy sources and how China is becoming a major player in Africa. This content would help in GS Paper 2 International relation.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
With several African nations reshaping their energy sources. China is likely to become their top choice for partnership, offering financial support, technology, and infrastructure to expand their nuclear energy sector.
What are the key factors driving Africa’s shift toward nuclear energy?
- Energy Security & Reduced Dependence on Imports: The Russia-Ukraine war exposed energy vulnerabilities, forcing African nations to diversify energy sources. Example: South Africa relies on coal but is now exploring nuclear expansion to ensure stable energy supply.
- Expanding Electricity Access: Many African countries face severe power shortages, affecting economic growth and quality of life. Example: Nigeria has frequent blackouts and signed an MoU with China to develop nuclear power plants.
- Clean Energy Transition & Climate Goals: African nations aim to reduce carbon emissions and shift from fossil fuels to meet global climate commitments. Example: Uganda plans a 2 GW nuclear plant to support its clean energy goals by 2031.
- Economic & Industrial Growth: Nuclear energy can power industries, create jobs, and attract foreign investments. Example: Ghana is developing Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) with U.S.-based NuScale Power to boost industrialization.
- Foreign Investment & Technological Advancements: Countries like China, Russia, and the U.S. are investing in Africa’s nuclear sector, providing funding and expertise. Example: Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger signed nuclear agreements with Russia’s Rosatom to develop their energy sector.
Which countries are leading the race to invest in Africa’s nuclear market, and why?
- China – The Dominant Player: Offers easy financing and infrastructure development under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: Nigeria & Uganda signed MoUs with China to build nuclear power plants, with Uganda planning a 2 GW nuclear plant by 2031.
- Russia – Strategic Engagement: Through Rosatom, Russia has signed agreements with multiple African nations, leveraging its nuclear expertise. Example: Egypt’s El Dabaa nuclear plant is being built by Rosatom, though progress is slow due to economic challenges.
- United States – Seeking a Foothold: Organizing the US-Africa Nuclear Energy Summit (USANES) to strengthen ties and push for Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Example: Ghana partnered with NuScale Power and Regnum Technology Group to develop SMRs.
- France – Losing Influence: Historically dominated Africa’s nuclear sector but is now struggling to maintain relevance, especially in Francophone Africa. Example: South Africa’s Koeberg nuclear plant was built by a French consortium, but new projects are going to other players.
- South Korea – Emerging Contender: Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP) is actively exploring opportunities in Africa’s nuclear energy sector. Example: South Korea is negotiating to supply nuclear reactors to various African countries, competing with China and Russia.
How is China strengthening its dominance in Africa’s nuclear energy sector?
- Financial Support & Infrastructure Investment: China provides easy financing and builds transmission networks through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: Uganda signed an MoU with China in 2024 for a 2 GW nuclear plant, with the first 1 GW unit expected by 2031.
- Training & Scholarships for African Engineers: The China Atomic Energy Authority, in cooperation with the IAEA, offers nuclear training programs for African students. Example: Since 2012, African students have been trained in Chinese nuclear procedures and technology, making China a preferred partner.
- State-Owned Companies Leading Expansion: China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) spearhead projects across Africa. Example: Nigeria signed a deal with CNNC in 2024 to develop nuclear power plants, covering design, construction, and maintenance.
- Comprehensive Agreements Beyond Just Nuclear Plants: China integrates nuclear power development with broader energy and infrastructure investments, making deals attractive. Example: Kenya is considering China for both a research reactor and potential future nuclear plants as part of wider infrastructure projects.
- Exploiting Gaps Left by Other Players: With France losing influence and Russia struggling financially, China steps in with better financing and execution capacity. Example: Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, despite approaching Russia’s Rosatom, may turn to China for funding and technology due to Russia’s economic constraints.
Where are African countries planning to build new nuclear plants, and what are their projected timelines?
- Egypt – El Dabaa Nuclear Plant: Egypt is building a large nuclear plant with help from Russia’s Rosatom.The first reactor is expected to start working by 2028.
- Uganda – 2 GW Nuclear Power Plant: Uganda signed an agreement with China in 2024 to build a big nuclear plant. The first part (1 GW) should be ready by 2031.
- Nigeria – Future Nuclear Plants: Nigeria signed an agreement with China in 2024 to develop nuclear energy. The timeline is not confirmed yet.
- Kenya – Research Reactor: Kenya plans to build a small research reactor by 2030 to learn more about nuclear energy. It has not yet chosen a partner for a full power plant.
- Ghana – SMRs & Large Reactor: Ghana is working with U.S. company NuScale for small reactors and China for a big reactor. The exact timeline is still unclear.
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Why is India’s access to African uranium becoming more challenging?
- Growing Chinese Influence: China is investing heavily in Africa’s nuclear sector, securing long-term uranium supply deals. Example: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) funds energy projects, strengthening its ties with uranium-rich nations like Namibia and Niger.
- Geopolitical Realignments: Many African nations are aligning with China and Russia, reducing India’s negotiating power. Example: Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger have strengthened ties with Russia, which may affect India’s access to uranium deals.
- Competition from Other Global Players: France, Russia, and the U.S. are also competing for uranium resources, making it harder for India to secure long-term agreements. Example: France has historical control over Niger’s uranium exports, limiting India’s access.
- Economic & Infrastructure Constraints: India lacks direct investment in African uranium mining compared to China, which provides infrastructure and financial support. Example: China’s CNNC (China National Nuclear Corporation) has mining rights in Namibia, while India only has agreements without major investments.
- Security & Political Instability: Many uranium-rich African countries face political instability and security risks, making long-term agreements uncertain. Example: Niger’s 2023 military coup created uncertainty in uranium exports, impacting India’s potential deals.
What should India do to secure a uranium supply from Africa? (Way forward)
- Increase Direct Investment in Mining & Infrastructure: India should partner with African nations to develop uranium mines, processing facilities, and infrastructure instead of just relying on purchase agreements. Example: India can invest in Namibia’s uranium mining sector, similar to how China’s CNNC has secured long-term rights.
- Strengthen Bilateral & Multilateral Agreements: India must negotiate long-term uranium supply deals with African nations through trade pacts and diplomatic engagement. Example: India can expand its agreements under India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) to secure uranium from Niger, Malawi, and South Africa.
- Leverage India’s Civil Nuclear Agreements & Technology: India should offer nuclear technology collaboration to African nations as an incentive to secure uranium supply. Example: Partnering with Ghana and Kenya on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) could help India gain better access to uranium sources.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Fundamental Right;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court quashed the FIR against Congress MP Imran Pratapgarhi, stating that even if many people dislike someone’s views, their right to express them must be respected and protected.
What was the Supreme Court’s rationale for quashing Imran Pratapgarhi’s FIR?
- Poem Did Not Incite Violence or Enmity: The court ruled that the poem “Ae khoon ke pyase baat suno” did not promote violence or hatred but instead advocated facing injustice with love. Example: The court compared this to other forms of artistic expression, such as satire and stand-up comedy, which may provoke strong reactions but should still be protected under freedom of speech.
- Freedom of Expression is Fundamental to Democracy: The judgment emphasized that even if many people dislike or oppose certain views, an individual’s right to express them must be protected. Example: The ruling cited how literature, poetry, and films enrich public discourse, and restricting them would lead to a stifled society.
- Failure of Police to Conduct Preliminary Inquiry: The court noted that under Section 173(3) of the BNSS, the police must conduct a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR for offenses punishable with 3 to 7 years of imprisonment. Example: If the police had followed this procedure, they would have found no prima facie case against Pratapgarhi, preventing an unjust criminal prosecution.
Why did Justices Oka and Bhuyan stress the importance of protecting free speech in their ruling?
- Essential for a Healthy Democracy: The court emphasized that freedom of expression is crucial for a vibrant democracy, where diverse opinions must be debated rather than suppressed. Example: The judges stated that even if many people dislike a view, it must still be protected, reinforcing that countering speech with speech, not suppression, is the right approach.
- Integral to Human Dignity and Fundamental Rights: The ruling linked free speech to Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity), arguing that without the ability to express ideas, individuals cannot live a dignified life. Example: The court cited the Preamble of the Constitution, which guarantees liberty of thought and expression as a core constitutional ideal.
- Judiciary’s Duty to Protect Fundamental Rights: The judges stressed that if the police or executive fail to uphold free speech, the courts must step in to protect citizens’ rights under Article 19(1)(a). Example: The court stated that even judges may not always like certain spoken or written words, but they are bound by their duty to uphold the Constitution and free speech rights.
Which Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) sections did Gujarat Police invoke against Pratapgarhi, and what do they address?
- Section 196 – Promoting Enmity Between Groups: It Covers acts that promote enmity between different groups based on religion, race, place of birth, residence, or language and disturb harmony. Example: If a speech or post incites hostility between communities, it could fall under this section. However, the court found no such intent in Pratapgarhi’s poem.
- Section 299 – Outraging Religious Feelings: It Covers deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings by insulting a religion or religious beliefs. Example: If someone defames a religious text or practice with intent to offend, they may be booked under this section. The court ruled that Pratapgarhi’s poem had no such intent.
- Section 173(3) of BNSS – Preliminary Inquiry Requirement: Mandates a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR for offenses punishable by 3 to 7 years of imprisonment. Example: The court noted that the police should have conducted an inquiry first to see if a prima facie case existed, preventing unnecessary criminal charges.
What role did the Supreme Court assign to police and judiciary in upholding Article 19(1)(a)?
- Police Must Conduct a Preliminary Inquiry Before Filing an FIR: The court held that police must verify if a case genuinely falls under restrictions on free speech before registering an FIR. Unwarranted criminal proceedings can have a chilling effect on expression.
- Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015): The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, ruling that arbitrary arrests for online speech violate free expression.
- Judiciary Must Act as the Guardian of Fundamental Rights: Courts must intervene when executive actions violate fundamental rights, ensuring that speech is not suppressed under vague or excessive laws.
- S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram (1989): The Supreme Court ruled that mere disagreement or offense cannot be grounds for restricting free speech.
- Both Institutions Must Uphold Constitutional Ideals: Police and courts must ensure that freedom of expression is safeguarded in a democracy, as it is crucial for a vibrant public discourse.
- Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962): The Supreme Court clarified that only speech inciting violence or public disorder can be restricted.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Safeguards Against Misuse of Laws: Implement clear guidelines for law enforcement to distinguish between genuine hate speech and protected expression to prevent arbitrary FIRs. Example: Mandatory legal training for police on free speech rights and BNSS provisions.
- Judicial Oversight and Quick Disposal of Cases: Establish fast-track mechanisms for courts to quash frivolous cases that violate Article 19(1)(a). Example: Special benches to review cases involving free speech violations to ensure timely justice.
Mains PYQ:
Q Question: What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. [UPSC 2014]
Linkage: The scope of freedom of speech and expression, a central issue in the Pratapgarhi case.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Geopolitical situation of India;
Why in the News?
Earlier this month, Russian President Vladimir Putin thanked leaders, including PM of India, for helping to end the Ukraine- Russia war. This was appreciated in India, but it raises a key question—why doesn’t India engage more in global conflict resolution?
Why has India refrained from playing a more active political role in global conflicts despite its past interventions in regional crises?
- Focus on Economic Growth: India has prioritized economic development over geopolitical interventions to strengthen its position as the world’s fifth-largest economy. Example: Since the early 2000s, India has focused on domestic growth and international trade rather than direct involvement in conflicts like the Syrian civil war.
- Risk of Straining Bilateral Relations: Engaging in conflicts could upset key diplomatic partnerships and economic ties with different nations. Example: India has refrained from directly criticizing Russia over the Ukraine war to maintain strong trade relations, especially in energy and defense.
- Multi-Alignment Strategy over Direct Intervention: India prefers to maintain balanced relations with global powers rather than taking sides in conflicts. Example: During the Israel-Gaza crisis, India condemned terrorism but avoided taking an active role in mediation.
- Regional Conflicts Best Handled by Key Players: India often views conflicts as better managed by regional stakeholders or major global powers. Example: In West Asia, India has significant economic interests but does not intervene like Turkey or Saudi Arabia in conflicts such as the Yemen civil war.
- Avoiding Overstretching Diplomatic and Military Resources: Actively engaging in multiple conflicts could strain India’s diplomatic bandwidth and military capacity. Example: While India plays a crucial role in Indo-Pacific security (e.g., QUAD), it has avoided direct involvement in conflicts like the South China Sea dispute.
What are the key reasons behind India’s geopolitical reticence, and how do they impact its global ambitions?
- Economic Prioritization Over Geopolitical Involvement: India has focused on economic growth, infrastructure development, and poverty reduction rather than engaging in global conflicts. This has strengthened India’s economy but has limited its influence in global strategic affairs. Example: India avoided a major role in the Ukraine-Russia war to protect trade and energy interests.
- Balancing Strategic Partnerships: India follows a multi-alignment policy, maintaining good relations with diverse global powers. This ensures economic and diplomatic stability but restricts India from taking firm stances on contentious global issues. Example: India has strong ties with both the U.S. and Russia, leading to neutral stances in conflicts like Ukraine.
- Reluctance to Meddle in Complex Regional Conflicts: India prefers not to intervene in regions where dominant players (e.g., U.S., China, EU) have vested interests. This often makes India appear as a passive actor rather than a decisive global leader. Example: India refrained from mediating in the Israel-Palestine conflict, unlike Qatar and Turkey.
- Lack of Institutional Mechanisms for Conflict Mediation: India does not have a formal diplomatic framework for mediation in global conflicts. This limits India’s credibility as a conflict-resolution leader despite its historical role in peacekeeping. Example: Unlike Norway’s role in the Sri Lanka peace process, India avoided direct mediation post-2009.
- Fear of Strategic Overstretch and Retaliation: Actively engaging in conflicts could lead to economic sanctions, diplomatic backlash, or military confrontations. This cautious approach preserves internal stability but weakens India’s claim for a UNSC permanent seat and a stronger global role. Example: India has not taken a proactive role in Afghanistan’s political transition to avoid provoking regional powers like China and Pakistan.
Which countries or regions are currently filling the space left by India’s limited involvement in international conflict mediation?
- China – Expanding Diplomatic and Strategic Mediation: China has positioned itself as a key mediator in conflicts, using economic influence and strategic partnerships. Example: In 2023, China brokered a historic diplomatic agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, reducing tensions in the Middle East.
- Turkey and Qatar – Active Engagement in Regional Conflicts: These countries have taken up mediation roles, particularly in the Middle East and Afghanistan, leveraging their geopolitical positions and relationships with conflicting parties. Example: Qatar facilitated negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban, leading to the 2020 U.S.-Taliban peace deal.
- European Union – Diplomatic Initiatives and Soft Power: The EU engages in conflict resolution through diplomatic channels, economic incentives, and humanitarian aid. Example: The EU has played a mediatory role in the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, facilitating peace talks and ceasefire agreements.
Way forward:
- Develop Institutional Frameworks for Mediation and Peacebuilding: Establish specialized diplomatic institutions focused on conflict resolution, leveraging India’s experience in UN peacekeeping and historical ties with developing nations. Example: Creating an “India Peace Mediation Initiative” under the Ministry of External Affairs to offer diplomatic and humanitarian support in global conflicts.
- Strengthen Strategic and Economic Diplomacy for Conflict Prevention: Enhance regional cooperation through trade, infrastructure projects, and multilateral platforms like BRICS and the G20 to prevent conflicts at their roots. Example: Expanding India’s diplomatic role in West Asia and Africa through economic investments and diplomatic engagement to foster long-term stability.
Mains question for practice:
Question: The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. [UPSC 2024]
Linkage: India’s potential role in the global balance of power and how external actors perceive India’s strategic significance in countering a major global power is an important theme. A larger geopolitical vision for India would involve strategically navigating such external expectations and leveraging its position to advance its own interests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Earthquakes
Why in the News?
A powerful 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck Myanmar, with its epicentre near Mandalay, the country’s second-largest city.
What caused the Earthquake in Myanmar?
- Myanmar is situated between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which makes the region seismically active.
- The Sagaing Fault, running from north to south through Myanmar, marks the boundary of these plates.
- It is an active fault line that has caused significant earthquakes in the past, including a 7.9 magnitude earthquake in 1912 and a 6.9 magnitude earthquake in 2016.
- The Indian Plate was moving northward along the Sagaing Fault relative to the Eurasian Plate. The friction and stress built up along this fault led to a sudden release of energy, resulting in the earthquake.
- The earthquake’s epicentres was located 17.2 km from Mandalay, Myanmar’s second-largest city, at a depth of just 10 km.
Why are Shallow Earthquakes more destructive?
- Proximity to the Surface: Shallow earthquakes (less than 70 km deep) cause intense shaking. For example, the Myanmar earthquake occurred at 10 km, leading to rapid, forceful seismic waves and extensive damage.
- Energy Release: Shallow earthquakes retain more energy in seismic waves, causing stronger surface shaking and greater destruction.
- Higher Intensity: Shallow quakes produce higher intensity shaking, resulting in more structural damage compared to deeper quakes, where seismic waves lose energy.
- Aftershocks: Shallow earthquakes often lead to more intense aftershocks, further damaging already weakened structures. The Myanmar earthquake had aftershocks, including one with magnitude 6.4.
Back2Basics: Earthquake and Related Terminologies
- Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by energy release from tectonic plate movements or volcanic activity, generating seismic waves.
- Key Terminologies:
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- Focus (Hypocenter): The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates, deep beneath the surface.
- Epicenter: The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus, usually the most affected area.
- Seismic Waves: Waves that carry the energy released during an earthquake and cause ground shaking.
- Fault: A crack or fracture in the Earth’s crust where movement occurs, often causing earthquakes.
- Magnitude: A measure of the earthquake’s size or energy, commonly measured on the Richter scale.
- Intensity: The strength of shaking at specific locations, measured by the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale.
Types of Earthquake Waves:
- Body Waves: Travel through the Earth’s interior, detected first by seismographs.
- Primary Waves (P-Waves): Fastest, compression waves that move through solids and liquids.
- Secondary Waves (S-Waves): Shear waves, slower than P-waves, that move through solids only.
- Surface Waves: Travel along the Earth’s surface, slower but cause more damage.
- Love Waves: Move side-to-side horizontally, causing significant damage.
- Rayleigh Waves: Cause elliptical ground motion, similar to ocean waves, very destructive.
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| [UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
1. In a seismograph, P waves are recorded earlier than S waves.
2. In P waves, the individual particles vibrate to and fro in the direction of waves propagation whereas in S waves, the particles vibrate up and down at right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MGNREGS
Why in the News?
The Centre has announced a hike in the wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for the financial year 2025-26, with an increase ranging from 2-7%.
Wage Revision Under MGNREGS:
- 2025-26 Wage Hike:
- Wage increase: 2.33%-7.48%, with ₹7 to ₹26 rise.
- Haryana records the largest hike of ₹26, bringing the wage to ₹400 per day (highest in India).
- Wage Calculation:
- Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).
- Previous Hikes:
- Goa had the largest hike of 10.56% in 2024-25.
- Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand had the smallest at 3.04%.
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About MGNREGS
- The MGNREGS, launched in 2005, guarantees 100 days of wage employment annually for rural households.
- It provides a legal right to work, focusing on unskilled manual labour.
- Unique Features:
- 100 days of employment for rural households, with adult members volunteering for unskilled work.
- If employment isn’t provided within 15 days, an unemployment allowance is paid.
- Work must be offered within 5 km of the applicant’s residence.
- The Centre funds 100% of unskilled labour costs, 75% of skilled labour and materials, and 6% of administrative costs.
- Key Provisions under MGNREGS
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- Rural households are entitled to 100 days of employment. Additional days are allowed during natural calamities or for Scheduled Tribe households.
- Citizens can conduct social audits to ensure transparency, with all records open to public scrutiny.
- Worksites must provide crèches, drinking water, and first aid.
- Workers more than 5 km from the worksite receive a travel allowance of 10% of the wage rate.
Recent Challenges surrounding MGNREGS:
- Delayed Payments: ₹11,423 crore owed for wages and administrative costs as of January 2025, with workers facing delays of weeks or months.
- Inadequate Wage Rates: Wage rates are not linked to inflation, with the highest wage for 2024-25 at ₹374 in Haryana, below the national minimum wage.
- Technological Challenges: Issues with Aadhaar-based payments and mobile monitoring systems have led to non-payment or misdirected funds.
- Budget Constraints: Budget allocations have decreased from 0.4% of GDP in FY22 to 0.2% in FY25, impacting workdays and payments.
- Social Audit Irregularities: Irregular audits by Gram Sabhas raise concerns about accountability and transparency.
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| [UPSC 2011] Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”?
(a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households
(b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households
(c) Adult members of households of all backward communities
(d) Adult members of any household |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise Prachand Prahaar
Why in the News?
The Indian Army conducted a Tri-Service integrated multi-domain warfare exercise, called ‘Prachand Prahaar’, in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh.
About Exercise Prachand Prahaar
- It is a tri-service integrated multi-domain warfare exercise involving the Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Indian Navy.
- It is conducted in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, near the Line of Actual Control (LAC), which spans 3,488 km.
- The exercise was carried out under the aegis of the Eastern Army Command.
- The primary objective was to validate a fully integrated approach to surveillance, command and control, and precision firepower across all three services.
- The exercise aimed at simulating future warfare scenarios with a synergised combat drill.
Key Components and Execution:
- The exercise began with the deployment of advanced surveillance resources from all three services, which included:
- Long-range surveillance aircraft from the IAF.
- Maritime domain awareness aircraft from the Indian Navy.
- Helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
- Space-based resources and the Indian Army’s elite special forces.
- These resources created seamless domain awareness, which allowed for the identification of simulated targets.
Related Previous Exercises:
- The Prachand Prahaar exercise builds upon the momentum of Exercise Poorvi Prahar, which was held in November 2024.
- The focus of Poorvi Prahar was on the integrated application of aviation assets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sagarmala Programme
Why in the News?
The Sagarmala Programme, launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), has completed 10 years of transformative success, positioning India as a maritime powerhouse.
About Sagarmala Programme
- The Sagarmala Programme was launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW).
- It aims to transform India’s maritime sector by enhancing port-led development, modernizing ports, and promoting sustainable coastal development.
- The program is a key part of the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 (MAKV), which aims to make India a global maritime leader by 2047.
- Five Key Components:
- Port Modernization & New Port Development: Upgrading ports to boost efficiency and capacity.
- Port Connectivity Enhancement: Improving multimodal logistics and port hinterland connectivity.
- Port-Led Industrialization: Establishing industrial clusters near ports to foster economic growth.
- Coastal Community Development: Supporting skill development and livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.
- Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport: Promoting eco-friendly coastal shipping and inland waterways to reduce congestion.
- Implementation & Funding
- Implementation: Managed by Major Ports, central ministries, State Governments, and agencies.
- Funding: Primarily through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), IEBR, Grant-in-Aid, and Equity (Sagarmala Development Company Limited).
Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision, 2047 (MAKV):
The MAKV sets ambitious targets for India’s maritime sector:
- 4 million GRT of shipbuilding capacity.
- 10 billion metric tons of port handling annually.
- Aiming for top five shipbuilding nations by 2047.
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Progress Till Date:
- 839 projects identified with ₹5.79 lakh crore investment; 272 completed with ₹1.41 lakh crore investment.
- 118% growth in coastal shipping over the past decade, reducing logistics costs and emissions.
- 700% increase in inland waterway cargo, easing road and rail congestion.
- Over 40 lakh passengers transported via Ro-Pax ferries.
- Nine Indian ports ranked among the top 100 globally.
- Sagarmala 2.0 focuses on shipbuilding, repair, recycling, and modernization with a ₹40,000 crore budget.
- Sagarmala Startup Innovation Initiative (S2I2) launched in March 2025 to support startups in green shipping and sustainable development.
| [UPSC 2019] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements :
1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None |
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PYQ Relevance:
Question: What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC 2020)
Linkage: This question linked with the growing technological reliance on the U.S. in a critical area of India’s defense. India’s future military capabilities might depend on how the U.S. values India in its strategic plans. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s defence public sector undertakings primarily serve the armed forces, making them heavily dependent on state-run manufacturers. The Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative has further increased this reliance, adding pressure on the Indian Air Force (IAF), which is struggling with a declining squadron strength due to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited’s (HAL) slow production. After the IAF chief raised concerns at Aero India-2025, efforts were promised to speed up Tejas Mk1A fighter jet deliveries. A private company recently built the first rear fuselage for Tejas, marking progress. Meanwhile, the Defence Ministry is reviewing a report on the IAF’s requirements, including potential imports.
Today’s editorial examines India’s defense sector and its reliance on other countries. This analysis is useful for GS Paper 2 and 3 in the UPSC Mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, the IAF chief raised concerns at Aero India-2025, efforts were promised to speed up Tejas Mk1A fighter jet deliveries.
What are the key concerns of the Indian Air Force (IAF) regarding the dependence on Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for fighter aircraft production?
- Production Delays – HAL’s slow manufacturing rate has led to a depletion of IAF’s squadron strength, impacting operational readiness. Example: Delay in the production of Tejas MK1A jets has strained the IAF’s fighter jet availability.
- Over-Reliance on a Single PSU – The IAF lacks alternative domestic suppliers, making it dependent on HAL despite inefficiencies. Example: Limited private sector involvement has only recently started with private firms producing Tejas components.
- Quality and Upgradation Issues – HAL’s track record in upgrading older aircraft and ensuring high-quality production has been inconsistent. Example: Issues with Sukhoi Su-30MKI maintenance and Tejas Mk1A’s delayed improvements.
What are the concern related to reliability of India’s strategic partnership with the United States in the defense sector?
- Policy Volatility and Shifting Alliances – The U.S. has a history of changing its foreign policy based on geopolitical interests, making long-term defense commitments uncertain.Example: The U.S.-Pakistan alliance weakened when Washington’s strategic focus shifted, leading to reduced military support for Islamabad.
- Dependency on Critical Components – India’s indigenous fighter programs, like Tejas Mk2 and AMCA, rely on American engines, creating a risk of supply disruptions due to geopolitical tensions.Example: The U.S. previously blocked the supply of F414 jet engines to Turkey, highlighting the risks of dependency.
- Short-Lived Defense Initiatives – Several past U.S.-India defense agreements have not led to meaningful technology transfers or long-term collaboration. Example: The 2012 ‘Defense Technology and Trade Initiative’ (DTTI) promised cutting-edge tech transfer but failed to deliver substantial results.
How does the SIPRI report reflect India’s position in global arms imports?
- Second-Largest Arms Importer – India remains the world’s second-largest arms importer, reflecting its continued reliance on foreign defense equipment despite domestic production efforts. Example: The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) report (2020-24) highlights that India’s arms imports still dominate globally, second only to Saudi Arabia.
- Decline in Imports but Persistent Dependence – India’s arms imports decreased by 9.3% compared to 2015-19, but high-value systems like fighter jets, tanks, and missile defense systems continue to be sourced from abroad. Example: India imports S-400 missile systems from Russia and MQ-9B drones from the U.S., showing that critical defense needs are still met through foreign procurement.
- Shift in Supplier Dynamics – While Russia remains India’s largest arms supplier, its share in Indian imports has decreased, with the U.S., France, and Israel gaining ground. Example: The Rafale jets from France and MH-60R Seahawk helicopters from the U.S. demonstrate India’s diversification in defense partnerships.
Who benefits from India’s indigenous fighter production, and what risks remain in foreign dependency?
| Beneficiaries of India’s Indigenous Fighter Production |
Description |
Example |
| Indian Armed Forces |
Ensures timely supply, reduces reliance on imports, and enhances operational preparedness. |
Tejas Mk1A, developed by HAL, offers a modern, cost-effective alternative to imported jets. |
| Indian Defense Industry & Economy |
Boosts domestic manufacturing, generates employment, and fosters R&D in advanced technologies. |
Private firms like Tata Advanced Systems and L&T contribute to fighter jet production, strengthening India’s defense sector. |
| Strategic Autonomy & Geopolitical Leverage |
Reduces dependence on foreign suppliers, allowing independent defense decisions. |
BrahMos missile production (India-Russia collaboration) enables exports, enhancing global influence. |
| Risks of Foreign Dependency |
Description |
Example |
| Supply Chain Vulnerabilities |
Dependence on foreign components (e.g., engines, avionics) can lead to disruptions during geopolitical tensions. |
Tejas Mk1A and AMCA jets rely on U.S. GE-F404 and GE-F414 engines, making supply uncertain due to policy shifts. |
| Technology Denial & Cost Escalation |
Foreign suppliers may withhold critical technologies or impose high costs for upgrades and maintenance. |
U.S. sanctions after India’s 1998 nuclear tests restricted access to crucial defense tech, impacting the LCA Tejas program. |
| Strategic Dependence & Policy Uncertainty |
Over-reliance on a single country can compromise strategic autonomy. |
The U.S. restricted F-16 spare parts supply to Pakistan during strained relations, a risk India could face with any single defense partner. |
Where does India stand in balancing defense partnerships while maintaining strategic autonomy? (Way forward)
- Diversification of Defense Suppliers – India sources military equipment from multiple countries to avoid over-reliance on any single nation.Example: India procured S-400 missile systems from Russia, Rafale jets from France, and MH-60R Seahawk helicopters from the U.S., ensuring flexibility in its defense strategy.
- Indigenous Defense Development – India is focusing on self-reliance through initiatives like Aatmanirbhar Bharat, reducing long-term dependency on foreign suppliers. Example: The development of Tejas Mk1A fighter jets, Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and BrahMos missile systems (jointly developed with Russia) aims to strengthen indigenous capabilities.
- Strategic Alliances Without Military Alignment – India engages in defense collaborations without entering formal military alliances, ensuring diplomatic flexibility. Example: While India has signed defense agreements with the U.S. (BECA, LEMOA, COMCASA) and conducts military exercises like Malabar with the Quad nations, it remains non-aligned, maintaining its independent foreign policy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to border security;
Why in the News?
In February 2024, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced plans to end the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the Myanmar border. However, so far, there has been no official notification from the Ministry of External Affairs or any formal agreement with Myanmar on this matter.
What are the historical and socio-cultural reasons behind the implementation of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) along the India-Myanmar border?
- Ethnic and Familial Ties Across the Border: The India-Myanmar border cuts across communities with shared ancestry, language, and traditions. Ethnic groups such as the Chin, Mizo, Kuki, and Naga tribes live on both sides and consider themselves part of the same cultural identity.
- Example: The Mizo people in Mizoram and the Chin people in Myanmar share deep kinship ties and often intermarry, making border restrictions impractical for their social and economic interactions.
- Pre-Colonial Trade and Historical Linkages: Before colonial rule, there were no rigid boundaries, and people freely moved for trade, festivals, and religious practices. The FMR formalized this long-standing tradition.
- Example: The Naga tribes have historically maintained trade and social connections between Nagaland and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, exchanging goods such as textiles, salt, and agricultural produce.
- Post-Independence Border Division Without Local Consent: The Indo-Myanmar border was drawn by the British without consulting local communities, splitting ethnic groups across two nations. The FMR was introduced in 1968 to ease movement and mitigate the negative impact of artificial boundaries.
- Example: The Kuki and Zomi tribes in Manipur and Myanmar continue to see themselves as a single community despite the international border, and FMR allows them to maintain their cultural and familial ties.
Why do Mizoram and Nagaland oppose scrapping the FMR, while Manipur supports it?
- Reasons for Opposition (Mizoram & Nagaland)
-
- Ethnic & Cultural Ties: The Mizo and Naga communities share deep historical and familial ties with tribes across the Myanmar border. Example: Many Mizos have Chin relatives in Myanmar, and restricting movement disrupts social and economic relations.
- Humanitarian Concerns: Mizoram and Nagaland emphasize providing refuge to Myanmar nationals fleeing conflict and persecution. Example: Mizoram has sheltered thousands of Chin refugees since the military coup in Myanmar (2021).
- Economic & Livelihood Impact: Many border communities depend on cross-border trade and traditional exchanges. Example: Mizoram’s barter trade with Myanmar sustains rural economies.
- Reasons for Support (Manipur)
-
- Security Concerns: Manipur sees unrestricted movement as a risk to security, citing arms smuggling and insurgency threats. Example: The state government has linked rising violence to unchecked cross-border infiltration.
- Demographic & Political Factors: Manipur fears an influx of migrants could alter its demographic balance and strain resources. Example: Tensions have risen between local communities and Kuki-Zo refugees from Myanmar.
What challenges does the Indian government face in implementing border fencing along the 1,653-km-long India-Myanmar border?
- Ethnic and Tribal Opposition: Several ethnic groups, such as the Nagas, Kukis, Mizos, and Chins, have strong familial and cultural ties across the border. Fencing would disrupt their traditional movement and economic activities.
- Difficult Terrain and Dense Forests: The India-Myanmar border passes through hilly terrain, dense forests, and riverine areas, making it logistically challenging to construct and maintain a continuous fence. Example: The rugged terrain of Manipur’s Moreh-Tamu sector complicates infrastructure development and patrolling efforts.
- Security and Insurgency Issues: The region is home to various insurgent groups, including NSCN-K (Naga), PLA (Manipur), and Chin National Army (Myanmar), who use the porous border for movement and arms smuggling. Fencing alone may not curb insurgency without enhanced intelligence and cooperation with Myanmar.
- Example: The Manipur-based People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has reportedly used Myanmar as a base for launching attacks in India.
- Impact on Free Movement Regime (FMR): The Free Movement Regime (FMR) allows people from border villages to travel up to 16 km inside each other’s territory without a visa. Fencing would disrupt this agreement, leading to resistance from local communities and potential diplomatic strain with Myanmar.
- Example: The border trade hub of Moreh (Manipur) and Tamu (Myanmar) benefits from FMR, and restrictions could harm livelihoods.
- High Financial and Maintenance Costs: Constructing a fence across 1,653 km of difficult terrain requires massive financial investment and continuous maintenance due to landslides, heavy rainfall, and natural degradation.
- Example: The fencing project in Manipur was delayed multiple times due to cost escalations and environmental challenges, making large-scale fencing impractical.
What alternatives balance national security and border community interests instead of scrapping the FMR? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Smart Surveillance and Border Management: Deploying technology-driven surveillance (such as drones, infrared sensors, and biometric tracking) can help secure the border without disrupting traditional movement.
- Example: India has successfully used the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) along the India-Bangladesh border, which could be adapted for the India-Myanmar border.
- Regulated Border Trade and Movement Checkpoints: Instead of a blanket ban, regulated border entry points with biometric verification can ensure security while allowing legal movement under the FMR. More trade facilitation centers can also boost local economies.
- Example: The Moreh-Tamu border trade point in Manipur enables legitimate economic exchanges while maintaining oversight over cross-border movement.
- Enhanced Cooperation with Myanmar for Joint Patrolling: Strengthening bilateral cooperation for joint border patrolling and intelligence sharing can help curb insurgency and illegal activities while maintaining local mobility.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC 2020)
Linkage: This question linked India Myanmar border issues. It requires an analysis of these issues specifically concerning the Indo-Myanmar border and the role of security forces in managing them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Regulation of online content;
Why in the News?
Social media platform X told the Delhi High Court that it cannot be forced to join the government’s SAHYOG portal, raising concerns that the portal might be misused to restrict online content.
What is the SAHYOG portal?
- The SAHYOG portal is an initiative by India’s Ministry of Home Affairs designed to streamline the process of identifying and removing unlawful online content.
- It serves as a centralized platform that connects authorized government agencies with online intermediaries, such as social media platforms, to facilitate the automated issuance of notices under the Information Technology Act, 2000.
|
How does the government justify the creation of SAHYOG portal?
- Enhancing Law Enforcement Efficiency: The government argues that SAHYOG enables faster coordination between law enforcement agencies, social media platforms, and telecom providers to remove unlawful content swiftly. Example: During communal riots, law enforcement can quickly flag and remove misinformation that could incite violence.
- Legal Obligation Under IT Act: The government justifies SAHYOG under Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, which mandates that intermediaries remove content upon receiving government notification to retain their safe harbour protection. Example: If a government agency reports a post promoting terrorism, the platform must take it down to comply with the law.
- Court-Mandated Need for Real-Time Action: The government cites the Delhi High Court’s observation in Shabana vs Govt of NCT of Delhi and Ors., which highlighted the necessity of a real-time content removal mechanism to handle urgent cases. Example: In cases of child exploitation content, immediate action through SAHYOG ensures rapid takedown and prevents further harm.
Why has X (formerly Twitter) challenged the SAHYOG portal in the Delhi High Court?
- Existence of an Independent Mechanism: X asserts that it has its own system to process valid legal requests for content removal and cannot be compelled to join the SAHYOG portal.
- Legal Concerns Over Parallel Mechanisms: The company argues that the SAHYOG portal creates a parallel content removal mechanism without the stringent legal safeguards outlined in Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
- Potential for Unchecked Censorship: X is concerned that the portal could lead to unrestrained censorship by allowing multiple government officials to issue content removal orders without proper oversight.
How does Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act differ from Section 69A in terms of content takedown provisions?
| Aspect |
Section 79(3)(b) |
Section 69A |
| Nature of Obligation |
- Intermediaries (social media platforms, websites) must remove content if they have “actual knowledge” of illegality or receive a court/government order.
|
- The government can directly block content if it threatens national security, public order, or sovereignty.
|
| Who Issues Takedown Orders? |
- Takedown is required based on court orders or government notifications; intermediaries must act or lose their safe harbor protection.
|
- Only the central government can order content blocking through a confidential process.
|
| Legal Safeguards & Due Process |
- Provides some scope for judicial review, as takedown requests are often based on court rulings.
|
- Decisions are made secretly by a government committee, limiting transparency and legal recourse.
|
| Scope of Application |
- Applies broadly to any illegal content, including defamation, copyright violations, and hate speech.
|
- Targets content affecting national security, public order, or friendly relations with foreign states.
|
| Example Scenarios |
- If a court finds a defamatory post on social media, the platform must remove it.
|
- The government can block TikTok or ban certain tweets for national security concerns (e.g., India’s TikTok ban in 2020).
|
Who are the key stakeholders involved in the SAHYOG portal’s implementation and legal challenge?
- Government Authorities: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) developed the SAHYOG portal to enhance coordination between law enforcement agencies and social media platforms for combating cybercrime. The portal aims to automate the process of sending notices to intermediaries for the removal or disabling of unlawful online content.
- Social Media Platforms (Intermediaries): Companies like X Corp (formerly Twitter) are directly impacted by the portal’s operations. X Corp has legally challenged the government’s use of the SAHYOG portal, arguing that it functions as a censorship tool by bypassing established legal safeguards and infringing upon constitutional rights such as freedom of speech.
- Judiciary: The Delhi High Court plays a pivotal role in adjudicating disputes related to the SAHYOG portal. It has urged various states, union territories, and intermediaries to join the portal to effectively combat cybercrime, while also addressing grievances from law enforcement agencies regarding data access from intermediaries.
Where does the Supreme Court’s ruling in Shreya Singhal vs Union of India come into play in the debate over SAHYOG?
- Precedent on Online Free Speech & Due Process: The Shreya Singhal ruling struck down Section 66A of the IT Act for being vague and overbroad, while upholding Section 69A with due process requirements, including hearings for content creators. Example: A journalist’s tweet flagged via SAHYOG may be removed without an opportunity to challenge it, violating Shreya Singhal principles.
- Judicial Safeguards & Preventing Arbitrary Censorship: Shreya Singhal upheld Section 69A but mandated transparent procedures, review committees, and justifications for content blocking. Example: If SAHYOG bulk blocks dissenting voices without an independent review, it could breach Shreya Singhal safeguards.
Way forward:
- Ensure Judicial Oversight & Accountability – Implement an independent review mechanism to prevent arbitrary censorship and align with the Shreya Singhal ruling.
- Enhance Transparency & Due Process – Mandate clear guidelines, periodic transparency reports, and an appeal system for content takedown decisions.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. [UPSC 2013]
Linkage: This question linked with regulation of online content and the potential restrictions on freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by Article 19 of the Constitution. This is relevant because content takedown provisions are also a form of regulating online speech and need to be consistent with constitutional rights.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rana Sanga
Why in the News?
A recent statement by an MP in Parliament labelling Rajput ruler Rana Sanga a “traitor,” has sparked controversy over his role in inviting Babur to invade India.
Who was Rana Sanga?
- Rana Sanga, also known as Maharana Sangram Singh, was a Rajput king who ruled the kingdom of Mewar in present-day Rajasthan from 1509 to 1527.
- He expanded his kingdom significantly, conquering parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, and Sindh.
- He formed a powerful Rajput confederacy and led a massive army of 80,000 warhorses and 500 elephants.
- He was known for his military campaigns against the Lodi dynasty of Delhi, the Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat, and even the Mughals.
- His most notable victories include the Battle of Gagron against Sultan Mahmud Khilji of Malwa and the Battle of Dholpur in 1519 against Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi.
- Battle with Babur:
- Rana Sanga eventually came into conflict with Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire.
- The two fought in the Battle of Khanwa in 1527, where Babur’s forces defeated Sanga’s Rajput army.
- This marked the end of Rajput resistance to the Mughals in Northern India.
- Legacy:
- Despite his defeat at Khanwa, he is remembered as a hero of Rajput resistance and is considered one of the last independent Hindu rulers in Northern India before the rise of Mughal dominance.
Recent Controversy:
- The remarks were made amid growing debates about Medieval Indian history, particularly surrounding Aurangzeb and the role of various historical figures in Indian politics.
- Historians are divided on whether Rana Sanga explicitly invited Babur to invade India.
- Babur’s memoirs, the Baburnama, mention that Rana Sanga offered assistance against Ibrahim Lodi.
- Yet, historians like Satish Chandra propose that Rana Sanga might have viewed Babur as a means to weaken the Lodi Sultanate, possibly underestimating Babur’s intentions to establish his own rule in India.
- Some argue that Rana Sanga might have seen Babur as a useful ally against Ibrahim Lodi, while others believe his role was exaggerated by Babur in his memoir, the Baburnama.
| [UPSC 2023] With reference to the Mughal Empire, which one of the following statements is NOT correct?
(a) Mughal officials who were in charge of land revenue were known as Karoris.
(b) The term ‘Jagirdar’ was used for the holders of revenue assignments.
(c) The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ was related to the imperial household.
(d) The Rajput chiefs were integrated into the Mughal nobility. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 44(3)
Why in the News?
Opposition parties have raised concerns over the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, demanding the repeal of Section 44(3), claiming it could undermine the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
About DPDP Act and Section 44(3)
- Recognizing the right to privacy as fundamental in India, the Supreme Court in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India (2017) led to the introduction of the DPDP Act in 2023.
- The Act regulates the processing of personal data, balancing individual privacy rights and lawful processing needs.
- Key Provisions: It mandates informed consent, establishes a Data Protection Board of India (DPBI), and outlines the responsibilities of data fiduciaries in ensuring data protection.
- Section 44(3) modifies Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, which previously exempted personal information from disclosure unless public interest justified it.
- The amendment broadens this exemption, stating that all personal information should be exempt from disclosure, without requiring a public interest justification.
Concerns Related to Section 44(3)
- Reduced Transparency: Activists and critics argue that this section undermines the RTI Act, which has been a cornerstone of transparency and accountability in governance.
- Limited Access to Public Information: The broad exemption allows government officials to shield information like asset disclosures, which are critical for public accountability.
- Potential for Misuse: There are concerns that personal data protection could be used as an excuse to block vital information about government activities, weakening the public’s right to know.
- Conflict Between Public Interest and Privacy: Critics argue that privacy protection should not override the principle of transparency.
Back2Basics: Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
- The RTI Act, 2005 empowers Indian citizens to seek information from public authorities, ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.
- RTI is considered a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech and expression,
- Key Features:
- Applicability: Covers all government bodies, including central, state, and local authorities.
- Public Information Officers (PIOs): Designated officials who are responsible for providing requested information within 30 days.
- Exemptions: Some categories of information are exempted, such as national security matters and personal privacy.
- Penalty: Officials can face fines for failing to provide information without valid reasons.
|
| [UPSC 2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement?
(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42ndAmendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44thAmendment to the Constitution. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India BioEconomy Report
Why in the News?
The India BioEconomy Report has pegged the value of India’s bioeconomy in 2024 at more than $165 billion, accounting for over 4.2% of the country’s GDP.
What is Bioeconomy?
- Bioeconomy refers to the industrial use of biological resources (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and the replication of natural biological processes to produce goods and services.
- It incorporates sustainable methods to replace traditional, resource-intensive production systems.
- Applications:
- Biofuels, bioplastics, medicines, synthetic biology, and agriculture are key sectors where bioeconomy is being applied.
- Ex. Ethanol produced via microorganisms from crops like sugarcane and corn is a prime example of bioeconomy’s impact on reducing reliance on hydrocarbon-based fuels.
Key Highlights of the India Bioeconomy Report:
- Growth in Market Value:
- India’s bioeconomy has nearly doubled in value from $86 billion in 2020 to $165 billion in 2024.
- There has been a 90% increase in the number of companies in the bioeconomy sector, from 5,365 in 2021 to 10,075 in 2024, with projections to double again by 2030.
- Key Sectors:
- Industrial Sector: Contributes nearly $78 billion, driven by biofuels and bioplastics.
- Pharmaceuticals: Accounts for 35% of the total bioeconomy value, primarily driven by vaccines.
- Research and IT: The fastest-growing segment, especially in biotech software development and clinical trials.
- Regional Contribution:
- Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh account for over two-thirds of the bioeconomy value.
- The Eastern and Northeastern regions contribute less than 6%.
- Global Comparison:
- India’s bioeconomy share in GDP (4.2%) is comparable to countries like the US and China.
- However, countries like Spain and Italy have bioeconomy contributing more than 20% of their GDP.
- Policy Direction:
- The BioE3 policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment), launched in 2024, aims to establish India as a global hub for bio-manufacturing and a major center for biotech R&D.
- The policy targets growth in areas such as bio-based chemicals, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, marine and space biotechnology, and climate-resilient agriculture.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following materials:
1. Agricultural residues
2. Corn grain
3. Wastewater treatment sludge
4. Wood mill waste
Which of the above can be used as feedstock for producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1,2,3 and 4 (d) 1,3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GAIA Mission
Why in the News?
The European Space Agency (ESA) officially shut down its Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Mission, which had been operational for over a decade.
About the GAIA Mission
- It was launched in December 2013 with the primary goal to create the most accurate three-dimensional map of the Milky Way galaxy.
- It sought to measure the positions, distances, and movements of stars and other celestial bodies.
- Gaia was designed for astrometry, focusing on precise measurements of celestial object locations and motions.
- Positioned at Lagrange Point 2 (L2), 1.5 million kilometres behind Earth (as viewed from the Sun), Gaia was able to observe the universe without interference from Earth, the Sun, or the Moon.
- Gaia was equipped with two telescopes and a camera with nearly 1 billion pixels, the largest camera ever sent to space. Key instruments include:
- Astrometer: Measured the location and motion of stars.
- Photometer: Measured brightness of celestial objects.
- Spectrometer: Analyzed the composition and movement of stars.
- Discoveries and Achievements:
- Gaia mapped the Milky Way in 3D, uncovering its shape, structure, and movement. It also detected warping and wobbling in the galaxy.
- Gaia identified new types of black holes by observing their gravitational effects and tracked over 150,000 asteroids, contributing insights on their orbits and future impacts on Earth.
- Additionally, it provided new understanding of stellar evolution and the formation of stars, including the Sun.
- Gaia accumulated over 3 trillion observations, contributing to more than 13,000 scientific papers, revolutionizing knowledge about the Milky Way, the solar system, and galactic dynamics.
Why is Gaia being Decommissioned?
- After more than a decade of operations, the Gaia mission reached the end of its operational lifespan, making it unsustainable to continue its activities.
- After over 10 years in space, Gaia’s technology showed signs of wear, and continuing operations became unfeasible.
- On March 27, 2025, Gaia was successfully passivated, draining all internal energy sources. This means it can no longer be restarted or resumed for future operations.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following pairs: Objects in space Description
1. Cepheids : Giant clouds of dust and gas in space
2. Nebulae : Stars which brighten and dim periodically
3. Pulsars : Neutron stars that are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a)Only one (b) Only two (c)All three (d) None |
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PYQ Relevance:
Question: “Although, India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.” (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question looks at how useful India’s intellectual work is. It focuses on patents instead of research papers but raises a similar point—whether filing many patents leads to real-world applications. Here, commercialization means using intellectual property, which also reflects the quality of India’s research output. |
Mentor’s Comment: At a National Science Day event in February 2025, the Union Science Minister stated that India could surpass the U.S. in scientific publications by 2029. China leads with 8,98,949 papers, followed by the U.S. (4,57,335) and India (2,07,390). He emphasized the need for large-scale investments in education and R&D to match China’s long-term scientific growth.
Today’s editorial analyzes India’s scientific publications and compares them with developed countries like the USA and China. This analysis is useful for writing answers in GS Paper 3 (UPSC Mains)
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Science officials should focus on improving the quality of India’s research publications instead of just being satisfied with the increasing number of papers.
What are the quality issues in Indian publications?
- High Presence in Predatory Journals: Many Indian researchers publish in low-quality or predatory journals that lack proper peer review. Example: A 2018 study found that 35% of papers in predatory journals came from India, reducing credibility.
- Low Citation Impact: Indian research papers often have fewer citations, indicating limited global influence and impact. Example: While China contributes heavily to high-impact journals like Nature and Science, India lags in such publications.
- Plagiarism & Research Misconduct: Cases of plagiarism, data fabrication, and duplicate publications undermine research integrity. Example: In 2019, over 1,000 Indian research papers were retracted due to ethical violations.
- Weak Industry-Academia Linkages: Research often lacks practical applications, with minimal collaboration between academia and industry. Example: Unlike China, where AI and 5G research directly benefit Huawei and Tencent, India’s industry-research link is weak.
- Limited Breakthrough Research in Frontier Technologies: India lags in deep-tech areas like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology due to inadequate funding and infrastructure. Example: While Google (USA) and Alibaba (China) lead in quantum computing, India mostly imports technology.
|
What are the key factors contributing to China’s dominance in scientific research output compared to India?
| Key Factor |
China’s Strength |
Example |
| Heavy Investment in R&D |
2.4% of GDP spent on R&D, significantly higher than India’s 0.67% |
Medium-to-Long-Term Plan (2006-2020) led to advancements in AI, biotechnology, and materials science. |
| Strong University and Institutional Support |
Massive government funding and autonomy for research institutions |
Tsinghua University, Peking University, and CAS contribute thousands of high-impact research papers annually. |
| Focus on High-Quality Publications |
Researchers publish extensively in top journals like Nature, Science, and JACS |
CAS alone contributed 444 papers in JACS (2017–2024), while all CSIR labs in India contributed only 29. |
| Strategic Talent Development and Global Collaboration |
Attracts global talent and fosters domestic researchers through international partnerships |
Thousand Talents Plan recruited top global scientists, boosting innovation. |
| Industry-Academia Linkages and Patent Filing |
Strong collaboration between research institutions and industries, leading to high patent filings |
China dominates AI, quantum computing, and 5G, with companies like Huawei, Baidu, and Tencent integrating research into industry applications. |
How does India’s research spending compare to other advanced nations, and what are the effects?
- Low R&D Expenditure as % of GDP: India spends ~0.67% of GDP on R&D, significantly lower than USA (3.4%), China (2.4%), Germany (3.1%), South Korea (4.8%), and Israel (5.6%). This leads to slower technological advancements and reduced global competitiveness. Example: India lags behind in semiconductor manufacturing, relying on imports instead of domestic production like China, Taiwan, and the US.
- Dominance of Government Funding: Government funds ~56% of R&D in India, whereas in advanced nations, private sector contributes 70-80%. The limited commercialization of research and weaker industry-academia collaboration hinder innovation.Example: ISRO’s space research is globally recognized, but private sector participation in space technology is still nascent compared to SpaceX (USA) or CASC (China).
- Lower Patent Filings & Innovation Output: India’s patent filings are much lower than leading economies. In 2023, India filed ~58,502 patents, whereas China filed 1.58 million. The slow innovation cycle increases reliance on foreign technologies. Example: China dominates 5G patents (~40%), while India relies on foreign telecom firms like Nokia and Ericsson for 5G deployment.
- Brain Drain and Researcher Exodus: Indian researchers often migrate abroad due to limited funding, better salaries, and superior research infrastructure. The talent loss weakens India’s domestic research ecosystem. Example: Many IIT and IISc graduates move to the US, UK, or Europe for research positions in top institutions like MIT, Stanford, or Oxford.
- Limited Breakthroughs in Deep-Tech & Frontier Research: India has limited presence in deep-tech areas like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology, where the US, China, and EU invest heavily. Dependence on foreign companies for cutting-edge technology continues to grow. Example: India imports most quantum computing hardware, while Google (US) and Alibaba (China) lead the sector.
What are the major ethical concerns in Indian research, and where does India stand in research integrity?
- Plagiarism & Research Misconduct: Cases of plagiarism, data fabrication, and duplicate publications are prevalent in Indian academia. Weak enforcement of ethical guidelines leads to compromised research integrity. Example: In 2019, a major controversy arose when over 1,000 Indian research papers were retracted due to ethical violations.
- Predatory Journals & Substandard Publications: Many Indian researchers publish in low-quality or predatory journals due to pressure for academic promotions. This dilutes the credibility of Indian research on the global stage. Example: A 2018 study found that over 35% of papers in predatory journals were from India, raising concerns about academic standards.
- Lack of Strong Ethical Oversight & Whistleblower Protection: Institutional Ethics Committees (IECs) often lack independence and fail to take strict action against misconduct. Whistleblowers face retaliation, discouraging the reporting of unethical practices. Example: In cases like the AIIMS ethics review controversies, concerns were raised over conflicts of interest and leniency towards fraudulent research.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Increased R&D Funding & Policy Initiatives: The government has launched schemes like National Research Foundation (NRF) with a ₹50,000 crore corpus to boost R&D across sectors. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) promotes startups, research incubation, and industry-academia collaboration. Example: IMPRINT (Impacting Research Innovation and Technology) supports research in key areas like healthcare, AI, and advanced materials.
- Strengthening Research Ethics & Quality Publications: UGC-CARE List was introduced to ensure publication in quality journals and curb predatory publishing. Draft National Policy on Research and Development (2023) aims to streamline ethical research guidelines. Example: AIIMS and IITs have implemented stricter plagiarism checks and ethical review mechanisms.
- Boosting Deep-Tech & Patent Ecosystem: The National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to position India as a global leader in quantum computing and communication. Simplified patent filing processes and incentives under Start-up India & Make in India encourage innovation. Example: India’s patent filing growth (58,502 in 2023), with initiatives like Mission on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to develop AI, robotics, and IoT.
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Way forward:
- Increase R&D Investment & Industry Collaboration: Raise India’s R&D spending to at least 2% of GDP, with a greater role for private sector funding. Strengthen industry-academia linkages to boost innovation and commercialization, similar to China’s model.
- Enhance Research Integrity & Quality Standards: Implement stricter regulations to curb plagiarism, predatory publishing, and unethical practices. Strengthen peer review mechanisms, independent ethics committees, and whistleblower protections to uphold research credibility.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Indian education system;
Why in the News?
Recently, CBSE plans to let Class 10 students take their board exams twice a year (in February/March and May) from 2026. This change is meant to help students and follows the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
What are the key objectives of the CBSE’s proposed two-examination policy for Class 10 students starting from 2026?
- Provide a Second Chance: Students can take board exams twice in an academic year (February/March & May) to improve their scores. Example: A student who performs poorly in the first attempt due to illness can appear again without waiting a full year.
- Promote Competency-Based Learning: Shift from rote memorization to testing conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Example: Instead of asking students to memorize historical dates, the exam may include analytical questions on historical events’ impact.
- Align with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Encourage a flexible, student-friendly assessment model focused on continuous learning. Example: Like international systems (e.g., SAT in the U.S.), students get multiple opportunities to improve scores without excessive pressure.
Why does the policy raise concerns about increased student stress instead of reducing examination pressure?
- Short Remediation Window: The gap between the first (Feb/March) and second (May) exams is too short for meaningful improvement in weak areas. Example: A student struggling with math concepts in February may not get enough time to improve before the second attempt in May.
- Double the Exam Preparation Pressure: Instead of easing stress, students may feel pressured to prepare for two board exams in a short span. Example: Students may end up studying rigorously for both exams, fearing they might need a second attempt.
- Coaching-Centric Approach: The risk of coaching institutes exploiting the two-exam format may increase, leading to more emphasis on exam-focused learning rather than conceptual understanding. Example: Coaching centers may start specialized crash courses for the second attempt, pushing students into additional preparation cycles.
How could the proposed policy impact students from economically weaker sections?
- Higher Examination Fees: Students must pay a non-refundable fee covering both attempts, even if they only take one exam. Example: A student from a low-income family who performs well in the first attempt still pays for the second, increasing financial burden.
- Increased Dependence on Coaching: Private coaching centers may exploit the two-exam system, making it harder for students without financial resources to compete. Example: Wealthier students might afford special coaching for the second attempt, while economically weaker students struggle with self-study.
- Limited Access to Remedial Support: Schools may not provide structured support between the two exams, leaving underprivileged students without proper guidance. Example: A government school student scoring low in February may not have access to extra tutoring before the May exam.
- Delayed Class 11 Admissions: If second-attempt results are declared late, students from poor backgrounds may struggle with securing admissions or scholarships in time. Example: A student awaiting May results might miss out on early admissions in better schools with financial aid opportunities.
- Increased Psychological Pressure: Financial struggles combined with the pressure of performing well in two exams may cause additional stress and anxiety. Example: A student from a single-income household may feel forced to clear the first attempt to avoid extra financial strain on their family.
What changes are needed to make sure the policy follows the NEP 2020 and supports skill-based learning? (Way forward)
- Shift from Rote Learning to Competency-Based Assessment: Redesign question papers to focus on conceptual understanding, application, and problem-solving rather than memorization. Example: Instead of asking students to recall historical dates, exams should test their ability to analyze historical events and their impact.
- Structured Remedial Support Between Exams: Schools should provide focused remedial classes for students who perform poorly in the first attempt, helping them improve their conceptual understanding. Example: If a student struggles with algebra in February, they should receive targeted math coaching before the May exam.
- Flexible Examination Fee Structure: Allow students to pay for only one attempt if they do not wish to appear for both, ensuring financial equity. Example: A student confident in their preparation should not be forced to pay for a second exam they do not intend to take.
- Staggered Implementation with Pilot Studies: Conduct phased trials in diverse school settings to identify logistical and pedagogical challenges before nationwide implementation. Example: A pilot program in rural and urban schools can reveal differences in access to resources and necessary adjustments.
- Integration of Continuous and Holistic Assessment: Move towards year-round assessments that evaluate practical skills, creativity, and critical thinking, reducing reliance on a single high-stakes test. Example: Schools can introduce project-based assessments in science subjects, testing real-world application rather than just theoretical knowledge.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.” (UPSC 2020)
Reason: This question is directly linked with NEP 2020, the same policy framework that the CBSE’s ‘two-exam scheme’ claims to align with.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender issues;
Why in the News?
On Wednesday, March 26, 2025, the Supreme Court put a hold on an Allahabad High Court ruling from March 17. The High Court had stated that just grabbing a minor girl’s breasts, breaking the string of her pyjama, and trying to pull down her lower garment were not enough to consider it an attempt to rape.
What was the basis of the Allahabad High Court’s March 17 order regarding the attempt to rape charge?
- Reclassification of the Offense to Lesser Charges: Instead of attempt to rape (Section 511 IPC, Section 18 POCSO Act), the High Court downgraded the charges to Section 354(b) IPC (assault with intent to disrobe) and Section 9 POCSO Act (aggravated sexual assault).
- “Thoughtful Consideration” Despite Clear Trauma: The judgment stated that the case had been reviewed with “thoughtful consideration and meticulous examination of facts”, yet concluded that the offense of attempt to rape was not prima facie made out.
Why did the Supreme Court find the High Court’s observations “insensitive” and “inhuman”?
- Contradiction Between Facts and Conclusion: The High Court acknowledged the victim’s trauma—that the accused grabbed her breasts, broke the string of her pyjama, and tried to drag her under a culvert—but still concluded that this did not amount to an attempt to rape.
- Example: A case where an accused undresses and assaults a victim but is not charged with an attempt to rape, despite clear intent, shows a failure to apply legal principles correctly.
- Failure to Recognize the Seriousness of the Crime: The judgment downplayed the gravity of the accused’s actions by modifying the charge from attempt to rape to mere sexual assault, despite the victim being a minor.
- Delayed Judgment Despite “Thoughtful Consideration”: The case was reserved for judgment in November 2024 but the order was passed in March 2025, showing deliberate and conscious decision-making. The insensitivity was not a spur-of-the-moment error but a considered opinion.
- Misinterpretation of “Determination” to Commit Rape: The High Court ruled that the lack of direct penetration or explicit intent meant there was no determination to commit rape, ignoring legal precedents where actions leading up to rape have been considered an attempt.
- Example: In State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Yakub (1980), the Supreme Court ruled that even preparatory acts leading to a crime can constitute an attempt. Here, forcibly undressing and dragging the minor away indicated clear criminal intent.
- Disregard for Judicial Responsibility and Victim’s Dignity: The Supreme Court highlighted that such remarks from a High Court judge could set a dangerous precedent, potentially discouraging victims from seeking justice.
What steps did the Supreme Court take after staying the Allahabad High Court’s order?
- Declared the High Court’s Observations “Insensitive and Inhuman”: The Supreme Court strongly criticized the Allahabad High Court’s order, stating that it displayed a “complete lack of sensitivity” and was “unknown to the tenets of law”. Example: Justice Gavai remarked that the judgment’s graphic description of the minor’s trauma only to dismiss the charge of attempt to rape was completely unjustified.
- Issued Notice to the Union Government and the State of Uttar Pradesh: The Court directed the Central and State governments to respond to the matter, ensuring a higher level of scrutiny and legal accountability. Example: By involving government authorities, the Supreme Court ensured that the prosecution and legal framework around sexual offenses against minors were properly examined.
- Allowed the Victim’s Mother to Join the Case: The Court granted liberty to the minor victim’s mother to implead herself in the case, ensuring that the victim’s family had a direct say in the proceedings. Example: This step allowed the victim’s mother to challenge the High Court’s dilution of charges and advocate for stronger legal action.
- Directed the Supreme Court Registry to Communicate the Order to the Allahabad High Court: The Court instructed its Registry to forward the stay order to the Allahabad High Court Chief Justice, urging necessary action against the Single Judge’s ruling. Example: This move signaled that the Supreme Court wanted the High Court’s Chief Justice to review and possibly take corrective measures on the judgment.
- Listed the Case for Further Hearing After Two Weeks: The Supreme Court scheduled the matter for further hearing, ensuring continuous judicial oversight and preventing any further miscarriage of justice. Example: This step kept the case active in the Supreme Court’s docket, preventing delays and allowing for immediate corrective action if required.
Way forward:
- Judicial Sensitization and Training on Gender Justice: Regular sensitization programs for judges, especially in cases involving sexual offenses, should be conducted to ensure judgments are aligned with the spirit of laws protecting women and minors.
- Strengthening Legal Precedents and Accountability Mechanisms: The Supreme Court should establish clear guidelines on what constitutes attempt to rape to prevent judicial misinterpretation. Review mechanisms should be in place to scrutinize judgments that dilute charges in serious offenses.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.” (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question directly relates to the broader theme of gender justice, which includes the protection of women and children from sexual violence. The Supreme Court’s intervention in the High Court’s order demonstrates its commitment to upholding gender justice and ensuring a sensitive interpretation of laws related to crimes against women and children.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)
Why in the News?
March 27 is the death anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a prominent 19th-century reformer and educationist who significantly advanced the social and educational development of Muslims.
About Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898)
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi, into a renowned Muslim family.
- He received education in Persian and Arabic and was well-versed in Islamic studies from an early age.
- Public Service and Recognition:
- He joined the British government’s judicial service in 1876 and was exposed to Western education and ideas, significantly influencing his later reforms.
- He served as a member of the Viceregal Council (1878-1883), the Lieutenant Governor’s Council of the North-Western Province (1887), and was involved in educational reforms as part of the Imperial Education Commission (1888) and the Royal Public Service Commission (1886).
- He was knighted by the British in 1888 for his contributions to social and educational reforms.
- Role During British Rule:
- After the 1857 revolt, Sir Syed helped change the British perception of Muslims, utilizing British support to improve Muslim progress.
- He focused on education and cultural reform within the British framework to improve Muslim society.
Key Contributions:
- Educational Reforms:
- Sir Syed founded Madrasatul Uloom in 1875, which later became Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College in 1877, laying the foundation for Aligarh Muslim University (AMU).
- He encouraged English education, believing it was essential for India’s progress. His visit to England in 1869-1870 further convinced him of its importance.
- Promotion of Critical Thinking and Modernity:
- Sir Syed advocated for the reconciliation of Islamic faith with modern scientific thought and believed Islamic principles could coexist with modernity and science.
- He emphasized reason and critical thinking, opposing blind tradition.
- Social and Religious Reforms:
- He supported women’s education, opposed purdah and polygamy, and advocated for easier divorce laws.
- He criticized the Piri and Muridi System and promoted self-discipline and independent thought.
- Political Views:
- While involved in governance, Sir Syed was cautious about direct political engagement to avoid hostility from the British.
- Literary Contributions:
- Sir Syed launched 3 bilingual periodicals — The Loyal Mohammedans of India (1860), The Aligarh Institute Gazette (1866), and Tehzibul Akhlakh (1870) — to promote modernity, rational thought, and cultural pluralism, combating sectarianism and bigotry.
- Hindu-Muslim Unity:
- He once famously described Hindus and Muslims as “two eyes of the beautiful bride, that if any of the eyes hurt, made the bride ugly.” He had declared in 1884 at Gurdaspur that the Hindus and Muslims should try to become one heart and soul and act in unison.
- The Aligarh Movement:
- It aimed to modernize the Muslim community by promoting modern education while preserving Islamic values.
- It led to social reforms such as the abolition of purdah and polygamy, and the promotion of widow remarriage and women’s education.
| [UPSC 2000] Consider the following pairs:
Institution – Founder
1. Sanskrit College at Benaras – William Jones
2. Calcutta Madarsa – Warren Hastings
3. Fort William College – Arthur Wellesley
4. Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh – Syed Ahmad Khan
How many of the above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS)
Why in the News?
The Centre has decided to discontinue the Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) starting from March 26, 2025, considering evolving market conditions.
The short-term deposits (1-3 years) will continue at the discretion of individual banks based on commercial viability, highlighting a shift towards flexible, shorter-term options.
About Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS) and its Features
- The GMS was launched in November 2015 as an enhanced version of the Gold Deposit Scheme (GDS) and Gold Metal Loan (GML) Scheme.
- The main goal was to mobilize idle gold from households and institutions into the formal economy, thereby reducing the country’s reliance on gold imports and improving the current account deficit (CAD).
- Objectives: Aimed at mobilizing gold, reducing gold imports, and utilizing gold to generate interest as a financial asset, thereby strengthening the economy.
- The GMS included three deposit options:
- Short-Term Gold Deposit (STGD): 1-3 years
- Medium-Term Gold Deposit (MTGD): 5-7 years
- Long-Term Gold Deposit (LTGD): 12-15 years
- Interest and Redemption:
- Short-Term Deposits: Interest rates determined by individual banks; redemption could be in cash or gold.
- Medium- and Long-Term Deposits: Fixed interest rates at 2.25% (medium-term) and 2.5% (long-term), with cash redemption only.
- Eligibility Criteria:
- Open to individuals, institutions, and government entities.
- Gold tendering accepted only at designated Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTC) or through GMS Mobilisation Agents.
- Deposits were accepted only if the value exceeded ₹1 lakh.
Reasons for Discontinuation
- The Finance Ministry discontinued the Medium-Term and Long-Term Deposits due to changes in the gold market.
- Gold prices surged by 41.5% from ₹63,920 per 10 grams in January 2024 to ₹90,450 per 10 grams by March 2025.
- This rise in gold value reduced the attractiveness of schemes like GMS for both depositors and the government.
- With the closure of the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, the government aims to shift towards more market-oriented solutions for gold-related financial products.
| [UPSC 2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of the Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?
1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.
2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector
3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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