From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Issues in Rupee-Ruble trade
Central Idea
India’s increasing reliance on oil imports from Russia has presented challenges in making payments due to various factors.
The breach of the oil price cap imposed by the US and European nations, lower discounts offered by Russia, and geopolitical ramifications of using alternative currencies have complicated the payment process.
Oil Imports from Russia
Shift in Imports: Russia has become the largest supplier of oil to India, surpassing traditional players such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
Increased Imports: Crude oil imports from Russia to India have surged, reaching over $31 billion in 2022-23, almost 13 times higher than the previous year.
Dominance in Supply: Russia accounts for a significant portion of seaborne supplies of Russian-grade oil priced under $60 per barrel.
Currency for Payments
SWIFT Sanctions: Western sanctions on Russian banks have blocked transactions through the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) system, hindering payments.
Dollar Dependency: Oil transactions have traditionally been dollar-dependent, but the price cap and sanctions have prompted India to explore alternative payment mechanisms.
Yuan and Dirham Payments: Some non-dollar payments for Russian oil have been settled in Chinese Yuan and UAE dirham.
Issues with Rupee-Rouble Mechanism
Failed Implementation: Negotiations to reactivate the rupee-rouble trade arrangement have faced obstacles due to scepticism about rouble convertibility and concerns over rupee volatility.
Trade Deficit Concerns: The surge in oil trade has led to a significant trade deficit, reaching $43 billion in 2022-23, creating challenges for India.
Geopolitical Ramifications
Strained Ties with China: Using the Chinese yuan for payments raises geopolitical concerns amid ongoing tensions between India and China.
De-dollarization Efforts: The U.S. sanctions have prompted countries to explore de-dollarization, seeking alternatives to the global reserve currency.
Potential Solutions
Investment Opportunities: Balancing the trade deficit with Russia could involve encouraging investments in energy projects in India or Russian investments in Indian government bonds.
Roadmap for Rupee Internationalization: India aims to increase the international acceptance of the Indian rupee, although challenges related to its purchasing power and global market share remain.
Conclusion
India’s challenges in paying for oil imports from Russia have arisen due to breaches of the oil price cap, limited payment mechanisms, and geopolitical considerations.
The failed rupee-rouble mechanism and the ballooning trade deficit have further complicated the situation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Performance Grading Index (PGI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The annual Performance Grading Index (PGI) released by the Union government ranks the performance of States and Union Territories in school education for the year 2021-22.
While Chandigarh and Punjab emerged as the top performers, none of the states or UTs achieved the highest grade, Daksh, indicating room for improvement across the board.
Performance Grading Index (PGI)
The Performance Grading Index (PGI) is a tool to provide insights on the status of school education in States and UTs including key levers that drive their performance and critical areas for improvement.
The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL) has designed the PGI to catalyse transformational change in the field of school education.
Key Parameters of the PGI
Learning Outcomes: Assessing students’ performance in subjects such as language, math, science, and social science.
Access to Education: Evaluating net enrolment ratio, retention rates, transitions between educational levels, and mainstreaming of out-of-school children.
Infrastructure: Examining availability of science labs, computer labs, book banks, vocational education subjects, mid-day meal supply, functional drinking water facilities, and provision of uniforms and free textbooks.
Equity: Considering the performance gap between marginalized communities and the general category, as well as the presence of inclusive infrastructure like ramps and disabled-friendly toilets.
Educational Governance and Management: Assessing digital attendance records, the presence of single-teacher primary schools, vacancies in educational posts, inspections, and teacher evaluations.
PGI Grades and Rankings
Daksh: The highest grade in the PGI, scoring above 940 out of 1,000 points.
Akanshi-3: The lowest grade, with scores up to 460 points.
Top Performers: Chandigarh and Punjab secured the sixth-highest grade, Prachesta-2, followed closely by Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Delhi, Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu at Prachesta-3.
Improvement Needed: Thirteen states, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh, were categorized as Akanshi-1 states, indicating substantial room for improvement.
Action for Improvement
Domain-Wise Action: The report highlights that states can take specific actions in each domain to improve their overall score in the PGI.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nari Adalat
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The government is launching a unique initiative ‘Nari Adalat’ to establish women-only courts at the village level.
Nari Adalat
Nari Adalat aims to provide an alternative dispute resolution forum for issues such as domestic violence, property rights, and countering patriarchal norms.
The pilot project will commence in 50 villages each in Assam and Jammu and Kashmir, with plans for nationwide implementation over the next six months.
Structure and Functioning
Composition: Each Nari Adalat will consist of 7-9 members, with half elected members of the gram panchayat and the other half being women with social standing, such as teachers, doctors, and social workers.
Objectives: It will address individual cases, promote awareness about social schemes, collect feedback, raise awareness about legal rights, and resolve cases falling within its jurisdiction.
Services Provided: The platform will offer alternate dispute resolution, grievance redressal, counseling, evidence-based decision making, pressure group tactics, negotiation, mediation, and reconciliation for accessible and affordable justice.
Implementation and Collaboration
Ministry-In-Charge: The Ministry of Women and Child Development will oversee the implementation of the scheme under the Sambal sub-scheme of Mission Shakti, dedicated to women’s safety, security, and empowerment.
Collaborative Efforts: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, the Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology’s Common Service Centers will collaborate in the implementation process.
Standard Operating Procedures: Detailed procedures for all states have been prepared and will be released to ensure uniformity and effective functioning of Nari Adalats.
Inception of the idea
Previous Initiatives: The scheme draws inspiration from the Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats (People’s Court of Women) previously operated by the National Commission for Women (NCW).
Focus Areas: These courts addressed matters related to family affairs, matrimonial disputes, bigamy, succession, and motor vehicle accident disputes related to labor.
Discontinued Scheme: The NCW-assisted Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats conducted a total of 298 sessions before the scheme was discontinued in 2014-15.
Need for such scheme
Persisting Gender Bias: Women’s only courts counter gender bias in traditional court systems, providing a fair and non-discriminatory environment for women’s cases.
Cultural and Social Barriers: These courts break down cultural and social barriers that prevent women from seeking justice, offering a culturally sensitive space where they can freely participate.
Empowerment andAgency: Women’s only courts empower women to assert their rights, challenge patriarchal norms, and access justice independently.
Addressing Specific Issues: These courts focus on women’s unique issues, including domestic violence, property rights, and gender-based discrimination.
Enhanced Access to Justice: By being located at the village level, women’s only courts improve access to justice for women who face geographical and logistical challenges in reaching mainstream courts.
Alternative Dispute Resolution: These courts offer mediation and negotiation options, which are more effective and less adversarial for resolving disputes, particularly in family and community conflicts.
Precedents and Awareness: Women’s only courts set legal precedents and raise awareness about women’s rights, influencing social norms and promoting positive change.
Conclusion
The establishment of women-only courts at the village level through the Nari Adalat initiative demonstrates the government’s commitment to empowering women and promoting gender justice.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dadabhai Naoroji
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Dadabhai Naoroji, the first Indian member of the British Parliament, played a significant role in India’s anti-colonial struggle.
His scholarly work exposed the economic exploitation of India under British rule, emphasizing the drain theory.
Who was Dadabhai Naoroji?
Early Life: Naoroji was born in Navsari, Gujarat, into a Parsi Zoroastrian family. He received his education at the Elphinstone Institute School.
Social Reforms: He founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha and the Rast Goftar newspaper to promote Parsi social reforms and clarify Zoroastrian concepts.
Political Activism: Naoroji co-founded the London Indian Society and the East India Association, advocating for Indian political rights and countering negative stereotypes.
Indian National Congress: He played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and served as its President on three occasions.
British Parliament: Naoroji became the first Indian MP in the British House of Commons, representing Finsbury Central from 1892 to 1895.
Economic Critique: His book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” exposed the drain of wealth from India to Britain and its impact on India’s development.
His proposition of Drain Theory and Poverty
Naoroji’s Drain Theory: He identified six factors contributing to the wealth drain, including foreign governance, lack of immigration, and unequal employment opportunities.
Impact of Drain: Naoroji estimated a drain of 200-300 million pounds from India to Britain, which hindered India’s economic progress.
Railways and Tribute: Naoroji argued that India paid for services like railways, but the profits were drained out of the country, leading to economic imbalances.
Exploitative Trade: British workers in India were encouraged to repatriate their earnings, and Indian goods were undervalued, allowing for economic exploitation.
Major works
Started the Rast Goftar Anglo-Gujarati Newspaper in 1854.
The manners and customs of the Parsees (Bombay, 1864)
The European and Asiatic races (London, 1866)
Admission of educated natives into the Indian Civil Service (London, 1868)
The wants and means of India (London, 1876)
Condition of India (Madras, 1882)
Legacy and Views
Naoroji’s Significance: He is considered a crucial figure in India’s independence movement, advocating for responsible government and Indian autonomy.
Influence on Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi was influenced by Naoroji’s writings and recognized him as a father figure for the Indian people.
Admirations: Bal Gangadhar Tilak praised Naoroji’s leadership and stated that Indians would unanimously elect him if given the chance.
Recognition: Naoroji’s contributions are honoured through various roads, streets, and awards named after him.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NanoSIMS
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
A team of scientists from IIT Kharagpur has discovered evidence of exceptionally high annual rainfall during the volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps in India around 66 million years ago.
Using a new technique called Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), the researchers analyzed the isotopic composition of fossil trees from the Cretaceous period.
They determined the isotopic composition of the rainfall-derived lake water.
Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS)
NanoSIMS is an advanced analytical technique to determine the composition and distribution of elements and isotopes at a microscopic scale.
It allows for high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of samples.
The technique involves bombarding the sample surface with a focused beam of primary ions.
This causes the ejection of secondary ions from the sample surface.
The secondary ions are collected and analyzed using a mass spectrometer.
The mass spectrometer separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and measures their abundance.
Analysis and Findings
New Technique: The team used Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to analyze oxygen isotopes in fossil trees and measure the isotopic composition of the lake water derived from rainfall.
Depleted Oxygen Isotopes: The analysis revealed depleted oxygen isotope values, indicating higher tropical rainfall in India during the terminal Cretaceous period.
Link to Paleoclimatic Changes: The increase in rainfall closely corresponded to changes in paleo-atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, suggesting a potential underlying link between the two.
Implications and Comparison
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration: The eruption of Deccan Trap lavas released a significant amount of carbon dioxide, raising atmospheric levels to as high as 1,000 ppm.
Comparison to Modern Rainfall: The data from fossil trees indicated an annual rainfall of 1,800-1,900 mm, exceeding the average modern rainfall of 1,000-1,200 mm in most parts of peninsular India.
Climate Change Predictions: The findings align with predictions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for extreme warming scenarios, suggesting a correlation between high carbon dioxide levels and increased rainfall.
Climate Models and Future Projections
Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels: Fossil fuel emissions have raised carbon dioxide levels from 280 ppm to about 420 ppm in 2023.
Impact on Rainfall: Climate models indicate that doubling carbon dioxide levels will intensify atmospheric circulation and subsequently increase rainfall.
IPCC AR6 Report: The report warns of a significant increase in the wettest day precipitation and tropical cyclone-associated rainfall if carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise unabated.
Conclusion
The study provides evidence of high rainfall during the volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps in India millions of years ago.
The findings suggest a correlation between elevated carbon dioxide levels and increased rainfall, supporting predictions made by climate models for future climate change scenarios.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antimicrobial Resistance and various diseases caused by pathogens
Mains level: Rising Antimicrobial Resistance, concerns and measures
What’s the news?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is today reckoned among the most ominous threats confronting Global Public Health. There is an urgent need for a collective and comprehensive approach to address the global threat of AMR and the role of various stakeholders in prevention, control, and surveillance efforts is crucial.
Definition
Antimicrobial resistance, means that certain drugs that were once effective in treating infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites no longer work because the pathogens have become resistant to them.
In simpler terms, it is when the germs that make us sick become “immune” to the medicines we use to treat them.
Prevalence of AMR
According to recent estimates, in 2019, 1.27 million deaths were directly attributed to drug-resistant infections globally. By 2050, up to 10 million deaths could occur annually.
If unchecked, AMR could shave US$ 3.4 trillion off GDP annually and push 24 million more people into extreme poverty in the next decade.
A 2022 study by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) revealed that resistance to broad-spectrum antimicrobials increases by 5% to 10% every year.
AMR: A concern for global public health
Rising Resistance: The infections caused by the pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, are increasingly developing resistance to antimicrobial drugs which is becoming more challenging to treat effectively.
Treatment Failures: AMR can lead to treatment failures, as commonly used antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitic drugs may no longer be effective against resistant strains.
Healthcare Impact: AMR increases the complexity and cost of treatment, prolongs hospital stays, and requires the use of stronger and more expensive drugs. Healthcare-associated infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens are a particular concern.
Limited Drug Pipeline: The development of new antimicrobial drugs has slowed down in recent years. There is a lack of new effective treatments to replace those that are losing effectiveness due to resistance.
Global Spread: AMR is a global issue that knows no boundaries. Resistant pathogens can spread between countries through travel and trade, and international cooperation is crucial.
Current Scenario of AMR prevention and National Action Plans
Over the last ten years, the prevention, control, and response to AMR has been a high priority for most national governments, international organisations (such as the WHO, FAO, OIE), healthcare communities, and civil society, etc.
The WHO’s global action plan (GAP) was adopted by member nations in 2015.
National action plans have been prepared by many countries.
India’s NAP was approved in 2017. It is understood that NAP 2.0 is now envisaged.
In 2015, the WHO launched the Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR, which provides a strategic framework for countries to develop their national action plans.
AMR is an important priority in the G20 health agenda under India’s presidency.
India’s national action plan to combat AMR
Coordinated Action: India’s NAP emphasizes coordinated action by the government and non-government sectors. It involves a whole of government approach, involving sectors like Health, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Agriculture, Dairy, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology.
Advocacy and Awareness: The plan focuses on advocacy and awareness-building activities to educate healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public about responsible antimicrobial use and AMR prevention.
Community Involvement: India’s NAP It emphasizes engaging and empowering communities to promote responsible use of antimicrobials.
Infection Prevention and Control: The NAP emphasizes infection prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of AMR. This includes promoting appropriate hygiene practices and implementing infection control protocols in healthcare settings.
National AMR Surveillance Network (NARS Net): India has established the National AMR Surveillance Network to monitor and track the prevalence and patterns of AMR across the country. This surveillance system helps in generating data for evidence-based interventions.
Research and International Collaboration: India’s NAP emphasizes the importance of research on AMR and encourages international collaboration in this field.
Need for a concerted, combined effort to address AMR
One Health Approach: AMR requires a One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment. Collaborative efforts among human and veterinary healthcare sectors, agriculture, environmental agencies, and other stakeholders are necessary to tackle AMR comprehensively.
Stakeholder Involvement: The sectors responsible for food, drinking water, and the environment should share equal ownership in addressing AMR. Regulating antibiotic access and usage in non-human consumption sectors, such as animal husbandry and poultry, is vital.
State and Local Engagement: Implementation of infection control measures, regulation of pharmacies, treatment of sewage and pharmaceutical effluents, and AMR surveillance are primarily implemented at the state level.
Environmental Considerations: Efforts should be made to prevent the contamination of the environment by untreated wastewater and effluents, including those from antibiotics manufacturing units and healthcare facilities. Effective sanitation and waste treatment infrastructure are necessary to combat AMR.
Surveillance and Data: Robust surveillance systems are crucial to monitor AMR patterns and trends. Collecting and analyzing data on antimicrobial use, resistance prevalence, and treatment outcomes helps inform evidence-based interventions.
What’s more?
Parallel efforts on a war footing are needed for the discovery and commercialisation of new antibiotics and new antimicrobials. Such efforts must be incentivised.
Social media and its numerous platforms have captured the imagination of people around the world. The influence of social media on our mind and behaviour cannot be denied. We
Considering its influence on our mind and behaviour, social media and its numerous platforms must be leveraged to spread the message of AMR.
Objective should be to inculcate community realisation for rational and correct use of antimicrobials.
Conclusion
Addressing the global challenge of AMR demands a collective and coordinated effort involving various stakeholders. Embracing novel solutions, such as new diagnostics, alternative treatments, and technology-driven interventions, is essential. By embracing these measures, we can protect public health, alleviate economic burdens, and secure a healthier future for all.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key concepts
Mains level: Data portability and interoperability and its significance
What is the news?
The government is reportedly introducing a revised version of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill during the upcoming Monsoon session of Parliament. The article highlights the importance of including provisions on data portability and interoperability in the Bill.
Central idea
The government is set to present a revised version of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill. This presents a unique opportunity for the government to enhance the Bill by reintroducing provisions on data portability and introducing an interoperability provision.
What is the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill about?
The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill aims to safeguard personal data of Indian citizens.
It states how data should be stored, processed, and protected.
The bill specifies obligations of data fiduciary for processing digital personal data and states practices they must follow to prevent data breach.
It also defines consent of the data principal to provide such information
What is meant by Data portability and interoperability?
Data Portability:
Data portability refers to the ability of individuals to transfer their personal data from one platform, service, or organization to another.
It focuses on the movement and transfer of personal data, allowing users to take their data with them when they switch platforms or services.
Data portability empowers individuals by giving them control over their personal information and the freedom to choose alternative platforms or services without losing access to their data.
Interoperability:
Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, platforms, or services to seamlessly exchange and use data with one another.
It ensures that different technologies, applications, or networks can work together and communicate effectively, enabling data and information to flow between them.
Interoperability allows for the compatibility and interaction of systems, promoting collaboration and communication across different platforms.
What is the Need for Empowering Users through Data Portability and Interoperability?
User Control and Choice:
Currently, users often find themselves locked into platforms or services that collect and utilize their data without much transparency or control.
By enabling users to transfer their data and choose alternative platforms, data portability allows individuals to exercise their rights and make informed decisions about their data.
Privacy and Data Protection:
Users have the right to ensure that their personal data is handled responsibly and in accordance with their preferences.
By facilitating data portability, individuals can move their data to platforms that prioritize privacy and security, incentivizing organizations to adopt stronger data protection practices.
Fostering Competition and Innovation:
Start-ups and smaller companies often face challenges in competing with established platforms due to the network effects and data lock-in created by dominant players.
By allowing users to easily switch platforms while retaining their data, data portability enables start-ups to attract dissatisfied users and offer innovative alternatives, driving competition and fostering a dynamic market.
User Empowerment:
When users have the ability to freely move their data, platforms are incentivized to provide better services, respect user rights, and compete for user loyalty.
This shift in power dynamics puts users in a more empowered position, encouraging platforms to prioritize user interests and enhance their overall digital experience.
Cross-Platform Collaboration and Interaction:
Interoperability allows users to communicate and engage with individuals on different platforms, breaking down the silos that currently limit cross-platform interaction.
This promotes a more interconnected digital ecosystem and enhances user experiences by enabling seamless communication and data flow.
Potential concerns associated with data portability and interoperability
Privacy Risks: The movement of personal data through data portability and interoperability raises privacy concerns, including unauthorized access, breaches, and misuse of information. Robust data protection measures are necessary to safeguard user privacy.
Data Security: Data portability and interoperability add complexity to data security. Strong security protocols are needed to prevent unauthorized access, tampering, or loss of data.
Standardization Challenges: Achieving universal standardization for seamless data transfer and interoperability is challenging due to the diverse range of technologies involved. Lack of standardization can hinder smooth data transfer and interoperability.
Vendor Lock-in: While data portability aims to reduce vendor lock-in, some platforms may still implement practices that make it difficult to transfer data. This can limit user choice and freedom.
Data Quality and Compatibility: Data transfer between platforms can result in compatibility and quality issues. Differences in data formats and standards can affect data accuracy, completeness, and reliability.
Complexity and Technical Challenges: Implementing data portability and interoperability can be technically complex. It requires infrastructure, resources, and expertise to support seamless data transfer and compatibility.
Way forward
Legislative Action: Governments must prioritize enacting comprehensive data protection laws with provisions for data portability and interoperability, establishing clear guidelines and enforcement mechanisms.
Industry Collaboration: Stakeholders should collaborate to develop common protocols, formats, and standards for data portability and interoperability, prioritizing user-centric design, data security, and privacy.
User Education: Governments and organizations should educate users about their rights regarding data portability and interoperability, raising awareness of benefits, risks, and processes involved.
Privacy by Design: Organizations should adopt privacy by design principles, integrating data protection into platform and service design from the outset.
Third-Party Verification: Independent entities can verify and audit data portability and interoperability practices, ensuring compliance with standards and building user trust.
International Collaboration: Governments should engage in international collaborations to promote harmonized standards and regulations for cross-border data transfers.
Continuous Review: Regularly reviewing and updating regulations and standards ensures adaptability to evolving technology and data governance challenges.
Conclusion
Given the internet’s indispensability to modern life, it is imperative for the government to seize this opportune moment and enact legislation that supports user empowerment and innovation. By striking while the iron is hot, the government can create a more equitable and thriving digital landscape for all.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TRAI
Mains level: Regulating OTT communication services, necessity and challenges
Central Idea
In a surprising move, the TRAI is reconsidering its previous stance on regulating OTT communication services such as WhatsApp, Zoom, and Google Meet. Almost three years after advising against a specific regulatory framework for these services, TRAI has released a consultation paper, inviting stakeholders to provide suggestions on regulating OTT services.
What is Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)?
TRAI is an independent regulatory body established by the Government of India to regulate and promote telecommunications and broadcasting services in the country.
TRAI’s primary mandate is to ensure fair competition, protect consumer interests, and facilitate the growth and development of the telecom industry in India.
TRAI performs various functions to fulfill its objectives, including formulating regulations and policies, issuing licenses to telecom service providers, monitoring compliance with regulations, resolving disputes, promoting fair competition, and conducting research and analysis in the telecom sector.
TRAI also acts as an advisory body to the government on matters related to telecommunications and broadcasting.
What is Over-the-top (OTT)?
OTT refers to the delivery of audio, video, and other media content over the internet directly to users, bypassing traditional distribution channels such as cable or satellite television providers.
OTT communication services offer users the ability to make voice and video calls, send instant messages, and engage in group chats using internet-connected devices.
Examples of popular OTT services include video streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+, music streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music, communication apps like WhatsApp and Skype, and social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram.
Growing complexity of regulating Internet services
Rapid Technological Advancements: The Internet landscape is constantly evolving, with new technologies, platforms, and services emerging regularly which makes it challenging for regulators to keep up with the latest developments and their potential implications.
Convergence of Services: Traditionally distinct services such as telecommunications, broadcasting, and information technology are converging in the digital realm. Internet services now encompass a wide range of functionalities, including communication, entertainment, e-commerce, social networking, and more.
Global Nature of the Internet: The Internet transcends national boundaries, making it difficult to implement uniform regulations across jurisdictions. Different countries have varying approaches to Internet governance, privacy laws, content regulation, and data protection.
Privacy and Data Protection: The collection, storage, and use of personal data by Internet services have raised concerns about privacy and data protection.
Content Moderation and Fake News: The rise of social media and user-generated content platforms has brought forth challenges related to content moderation, misinformation, and disinformation. Regulators are grappling with issues of freedom of speech, ensuring responsible content practices, and combatting the spread of fake news and harmful content online.
Why is TRAI exploring selective banning of OTT apps?
Economic Ramifications: Shutting down telecommunications or the entire Internet can have significant negative consequences for a country’s economy. By exploring selective banning of OTT apps, TRAI aims to mitigate the economic ramifications while still addressing concerns related to specific apps or content.
Technological Challenges: Traditional methods of blocking websites or apps may face challenges when dealing with dynamic IP addresses and websites hosted on cloud servers. Advanced techniques and encryption protocols like HTTPS make it difficult for service providers to block or filter content at the individual app level. Despite these challenges, TRAI believes that it is still possible to identify and block access to specific websites or apps through network-level filtering or other innovative methods.
Parliament Committee Recommendation: TRAI’s exploration of selective banning of OTT apps aligns with the recommendation made by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on IT. The committee suggested that targeted blocking of specific websites or apps could be a more effective approach compared to a blanket ban on the entire Internet.
Why it is necessary to regulate OTT communication services?
Consumer Protection: Regulations can help ensure consumer protection by establishing standards for privacy, data security, and user rights. OTT communication services handle vast amounts of personal data and facilitate sensitive conversations, making it crucial to have safeguards in place to protect user privacy and secure their data from unauthorized access or misuse.
Quality and Reliability: By establishing minimum service standards, authorities can ensure that users have consistent and reliable access to communication services, minimizing disruptions and service outages.
National Security: OTT communication services play a significant role in everyday communication, including personal, business, and government interactions. Ensuring national security interests may require regulatory oversight to address issues like lawful interception capabilities, preventing misuse of services for illegal activities, and maintaining the integrity of critical communications infrastructure.
Level Playing Field: Regulatory measures aim to create a level playing field between traditional telecom operators and OTT service providers. Regulating OTT communication services can address the perceived disparity in obligations and promote fair competition among different service providers.
Public Interest and Social Responsibility: OTT communication services have become integral to societal functioning, enabling education, healthcare, business communication, and more. Regulations can ensure that these services operate in the public interest and uphold social responsibilities. For example, regulations can address issues like combating misinformation, hate speech, or harmful content on these platforms.
Conclusion
TRAI’s decision to revisit its stance on regulating OTT communication services reflects the evolving dynamics of the Internet industry. The consultation paper and the draft telecom Bill highlight the need for regulatory parity and financial considerations in this sector. As stakeholders provide suggestions, it remains to be seen how TRAI will strike a balance between regulating OTT services and fostering innovation in the digital landscape
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NPA, Writ off, its direct and indirect impact on financial stability
Mains level: NPA's, implications for banks and economy as a whole
What is the news?
The latest financial stability report released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) shows a continuous decline in both Gross Non-performing assets (GNPAs) and Net NPAs, reaching their lowest levels since 2015.
Central Idea
In recent years, the Indian banking sector has witnessed a remarkable turnaround in its non-performing assets (NPA) ratio, marking a significant improvement in its overall health. Just four years ago, Indian banks grappled with the highest NPA ratio among emerging economies.
What are Bad loans/ Non-Performing Assets (NPA’s)?
Bad loans refer to loans that are classified as non-performing assets
NPA is a term used to classify loans or advances that are in default. It indicates the inability of borrowers to fulfill their repayment obligations to the lender.
In general, a loan is classified as an NPA when the borrower fails to make payments for a specified period, typically 90 days or more.
There are two key classifications related to NPAs:
Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA): This refers to the total amount of loans or advances that have been defaulted by borrowers.
Net Non-Performing Assets (NNPA): NNPA is derived by deducting the provision amount from the GNPA. Provision refers to the amount set aside by banks or financial institutions as a precautionary measure to cover potential losses arising from NPAs.
Background and Current Situation
During the second quarter of 2019, the NPA ratio in Indian banks stood at a worrisome 9.2%, signifying that nearly one in ten loans had become bad.
The severity of the problem was unveiled when the RBI conducted an expansive Asset Quality Review in 2016, exposing the true extent of bad loans.
From 2016 to 2019, the NPA ratio remained high, causing apprehension among stakeholders.
However, subsequent years witnessed a decline in the NPA ratio, a trend that persisted even during the challenging times of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Factors contributing to the decline in NPAs
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): The implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in 2016 played a crucial role in the recovery of sick loans. It provided a structured and time-bound framework for resolving distressed assets, leading to improved NPA management and recovery.
Shift towards personal loans: Banks shifted their lending focus from industries to personal loans. This strategic move reduced the exposure to sectors heavily impacted by the pandemic, potentially mitigating the risks of loan defaults and lowering the NPA ratio.
Impact of COVID-19-related moratoriums: There were concerns about the potential increase in NPAs resulting from the COVID-19-related moratoriums. However, the data indicated that the moratoriums did not lead to a significant bump in NPAs, as initially expected. This suggests that the measures implemented to support borrowers during the pandemic were effective in preventing a major NPA crisis.
Write-offs: The reduction in NPAs, particularly in FY20, can be attributed to the practice of writing off bad loans. Banks voluntarily wrote off NPAs to maintain healthy balance sheets, which had a positive impact on the overall NPA ratio. However, the continued reliance on write-offs raises concerns about the sustainability of this approach in the long run.
What are Write-Offs?
Write-offs refer to the practice of removing non-performing assets (NPAs) from a bank’s balance sheet. When a loan becomes irrecoverable and the borrower is unable to repay, the bank may decide to write off the loan as a loss.
This means that the bank no longer considers the loan as an asset and removes it from its books.
Write-offs are typically done to maintain accurate financial records and reflect the true value of the bank’s assets
Concerns highlighted regarding write-offs
Sustainability of NPA Reduction: Write-offs may artificially lower NPAs, but heavy reliance raises doubts about sustainable NPA reduction without effective recovery measures.
Adequacy of Provisioning: Insufficient provisions to cover losses due to write-offs can weaken a bank’s financial position and ability to absorb future shocks.
Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparent and accountable write-off processes is crucial to prevent misuse and maintain trust in the banking system.
Impact on Lending Capacity: Write-offs reduce available capital, limiting a bank’s ability to lend and support economic growth. Inadequate replenishment may further constrain lending.
Decline in NPAs: Implications for the banks
Improved Asset Quality: A decrease in NPAs indicates an improvement in the asset quality of banks. It suggests that a lower proportion of loans are in default or arrears, reflecting healthier lending practices and reduced credit risk. Banks with lower NPAs are better positioned to maintain stability and profitability in their loan portfolios.
Enhanced Financial Health: Declining NPAs contribute to the overall financial health of banks. As the burden of bad loans decreases, banks can allocate resources more efficiently and utilize capital for productive purposes. This improves the banks’ ability to generate profits and strengthens their financial position.
Increased Profitability: Lower NPAs positively impact banks’ profitability. When the proportion of bad loans decreases, banks experience fewer loan write-offs and provisioning requirements. This results in lower expenses associated with NPA resolution and provisioning, thereby enhancing profitability and improving the bottom line.
Strengthened Capital Position: A decline in NPAs can lead to a strengthened capital position for banks. As they recover or resolve NPAs, banks can allocate capital more effectively and build buffers against potential losses. A stronger capital position provides resilience and stability to the banks, ensuring they can absorb shocks and maintain sustainable lending practices.
Improved Investor Confidence: Decreasing NPAs can boost investor confidence in the banking sector. It demonstrates efficient risk management and sound lending practices, attracting investors and potentially leading to increased investments in banks. Enhanced investor confidence can contribute to the stability and growth of the banking sector.
Enhanced Lending Capacity: With lower NPAs, banks can allocate more funds towards fresh lending and credit expansion. As the burden of bad loans reduces, banks have more capital available to extend credit to productive sectors of the economy, supporting economic growth and development
Conclusion
Indian banks have made remarkable progress in reducing NPAs, as evident from the declining NPA ratios and improved profitability. However, the reliance on write-offs raises concerns about the sustainability of this trend. To ensure long-term stability, banks must prioritize prudent lending practices and effective risk management.
A parliamentary committee has given its endorsement to the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, which seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
The proposed amendments have attracted objections and controversies, raising concerns about dilution of forest protection and potential impacts on biodiversity, forest rights, and national security.
Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023: An overview
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, safeguards India’s forest land from unauthorized non-forestry use and allows for compensation in case of diversion.
Previous amendments aimed to expand protection, but the current amendments focus on removing ambiguities and clarifying the Act’s applicability on various types of land.
The amendments emphasize promoting tree cover, carbon sinks, national security infrastructure, and livelihood opportunities for forest-dwelling communities.
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
It is the principal legislation that regulates deforestation in the country.
It prohibits the felling of forests for any “non-forestry” use without prior clearance by the central government.
The clearance process includes seeking consent from local forest rights holders and from wildlife authorities.
The Centre is empowered to reject such requests or allow them with legally binding conditions.
Process of approval for the diversion of forest land culminates after issuance of final diversion order by the State Government or UT concerned which authorises use of forest land for intended purpose and hands over the land to the user agency.
Key features
Inclusion and Exclusion of Land: The Bill amends the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 to make it applicable to land notified as a forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 or in government records after the 1980 Act came into effect. Land converted to non-forest use before December 12, 1996, will not fall under the Act’s purview.
Exemptions: Certain types of land are exempted from the Act, including land within 100 km of India’s border required for national security projects, small roadside amenities, and public roads leading to habitation.
Assignment of Forest Land: The state government requires prior approval from the central government to assign forest land to any private or government entity. The Bill extends this requirement to all entities and allows assignment on terms and conditions specified by the central government.
Permitted Activities: The Bill expands the list of permitted activities in forests, including establishing check posts, fencing, bridges, running zoos, safaris, and eco-tourism facilities.
Controversial parts of the Amendment
Dilution Concerns: Some critics argue that the amendments dilute the Supreme Court’s 1996 Godavarman case judgment, which extended protection to forests not officially classified as such.
Geographically Sensitive Areas: Projects within 100 km of international borders or the Line of Control would no longer require forest clearance, which raises concerns about the environment and security.
Deemed Forests and Tourism: Central protection for deemed forests and restrictions on activities like tourism could be compromised, affecting biodiversity conservation and forest integrity.
Impact on Forest Cover: Exempting land near border areas for national security projects may adversely affect forest cover and wildlife in northeastern states, which have high forest cover and are biodiversity hotspots.
Potential Adverse Effects: Blanket exemptions for projects like zoos, eco-tourism facilities, and reconnaissance surveys may have negative consequences for forest land and wildlife.
Opposition and Criticism
Northeast States’ Opposition: Some northeastern states objected to forest land being used for defense purposes without their consent.
Environmental Groups’ Concerns: Environmental organizations criticized the removal of Central protection for deemed forests and allowing tourism in these areas, risking biodiversity and forest conservation.
Name Change Controversy: The proposal to change the name of the Act to Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam faced objections for being non-inclusive and excluding certain regions’ populations.
Conclusion
The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, despite attracting objections and controversies, has received the endorsement of the parliamentary committee.
The proposed amendments aim to bring clarity to the Act’s applicability and promote tree cover, national security infrastructure, and livelihood opportunities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: urban local bodies
Mains level: disbanding cantonments and its advantages and disadvantages and challenges for urban local bodies
Central Idea
Recently, the Ministry of Defence took a significant step towards disbanding cantonments in India with the notification for the abolition of Yol Cantonment in Himachal Pradesh. This move is part of a larger plan to convert military areas into exclusive military stations, while merging civilian areas with neighboring urban local bodies (ULBs).
Historical Context
The 62 cantonments spread unevenly across the country are considered archaic colonial legacies that originated after the East India Company’s victory in the battle of Plassey.
These cantonments were primarily established for quartering troops, but over time, civilian populations settled within their jurisdictions to provide support services.
The current administration of cantonments is under cantonment boards, which function as deemed municipalities and perform civic duties similar to ULBs
Their features
Cantonment Boards are democratic bodies comprising elected and nominated members.
In terms of Entry 3 of the Union List (Schedule VII) of the Constitution of India, Urban Self Governance of the Cantonments and the Housing Accommodation therein is the subject matter of the Union.
The Station Commander of the Cantonment is the ex-officio President of the Board, and an officer of the IDES or Defence Estates Organisation is the Chief Executive Officer who is also the Member-Secretary of the Board.
They have equal representation of elected and nominated/ex-officio members to balance official representation with democratic composition.
They maintain ecological balance while providing better civic facilities to the residents.
What is the plan?
The plan is to carve out the military areas in all cantonments and convert them into “exclusive military stations” with the Army exercising “absolute control” over them.
The civilian areas, in turn, will be merged with the local municipalities, which will be responsible for their maintenance among other things.
Advantages for the Military
Focus on Core Responsibilities: By separating civilian areas from military stations, the military commanders would be relieved of non-military responsibilities. This would allow them to concentrate more on their core duties, such as training troops and maintaining war preparedness.
Elimination of Political Involvement: In some instances, army officers have found themselves getting involved in local politics within cantonments, despite lacking background and training in this area. The merger of civilian areas into ULBs would reduce the army’s involvement in local political matters.
Homogeneous Management: The merger would enable uniform and homogeneous management of military stations strictly under the control of the army. This would facilitate streamlined decision-making processes and enhance operational efficiency within military establishments.
Enhanced Security: With civilian areas separated from military stations, there is a potential improvement in security arrangements. Military installations can implement stricter security measures without concerns about civilian populations living in close proximity.
Increased Flexibility: Without the burden of managing civilian functions, the military can respond more flexibly to changing security needs and allocate resources more effectively. This flexibility can enhance the overall operational capabilities and readiness of the armed forces.
Benefits for Civilian Residents
Property Regulations: Relief from restrictive property regulations, making it easier for residents to transfer, mutate, and develop properties without excessive limitations.
Reduced Inconvenience: Mitigation of road closures within cantonments, resulting in less inconvenience for civilian residents in terms of movement and transportation.
Access to Welfare Schemes: Integration with ULBs grants civilians access to social welfare schemes provided by the government, which were previously unavailable due to the cantonment’s non-plan sector status.
Economic Opportunities: Removal of stifling restrictions on construction and economic activities encourages growth and urbanization in merged areas, potentially boosting employment and economic opportunities for residents.
Municipal Laws: Residents come under the jurisdiction of ULBs, ensuring that municipal laws and services are applicable to them, leading to better governance and provision of essential services such as water supply, sanitation, education, and street lighting.
Potential Concerns
Uncontrolled Construction: There is a possibility that the merger of cantonment areas into ULBs may lead to uncontrolled construction and commercialization, particularly in hill station cantonments. This could result in the loss of the charm and environmental integrity of these areas.
Insufficient Services: ULBs may struggle to provide quality services and governance to the merged areas. Existing cities already face challenges in delivering services, and the addition of new areas with limited revenue may further strain the capacity of ULBs, potentially resulting in inadequate infrastructure, healthcare, and other essential services.
Environmental Impact: The removal of restrictions on construction and economic activities may have negative environmental consequences, such as increased pollution, strain on natural resources, and encroachment on ecologically sensitive areas. Proper environmental safeguards should be in place to mitigate these potential impacts.
Resistance to Resource Allocation: Existing councillors and political constituencies may resist diverting funds from their own areas to support the merged areas. This resistance could impede the equitable distribution of resources and hinder the development and provision of essential services in the merged areas.
Capacity Constraints: ULBs may struggle with limited manpower, technical expertise, and administrative capacities to effectively govern and manage the merged areas. The sudden addition of new areas may overwhelm the existing administrative setup, hindering their ability to provide efficient and responsive governance.
Revenue Generation: Merged cantonment areas may have limited revenue-generating potential, which can pose challenges for ULBs in generating sufficient funds to sustain and improve services. The existing revenue streams of ULBs may need to be re-evaluated, and new strategies for revenue generation may need to be implemented to support the merged areas.
Way forward
Comprehensive Planning: The government should undertake comprehensive urban planning exercises to ensure orderly and sustainable development in the merged areas.
Strengthening ULBs: To address the challenges faced by ULBs, the government should provide adequate financial resources, technical support, and capacity-building programs.
Public Participation: Engaging the public and stakeholders in the planning and decision-making processes is crucial. This can be achieved through consultations, public hearings, and feedback mechanisms.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should be established to assess the progress and impact of the merger. This would help identify any shortcomings or challenges and enable timely corrective measures to be implemented.
Collaborative Approach: Collaboration between the central and state governments, ULBs, and other relevant stakeholders is essential. A coordinated approach will facilitate effective decision-making, resource allocation, and the implementation of policies and programs.
Long-term Perspective: The merger should be viewed from a long-term perspective, considering the social, economic, and environmental implications. It is important to strike a balance between development aspirations and the preservation of the cultural and environmental heritage of the merged areas
Conclusion
The decision to merge civilian areas of cantonments with ULBs carries both advantages and challenges. While the military stands to benefit from the separation, civilians can expect relief from restrictive regulations and improved access to welfare schemes. However, concerns about uncontrolled development and the ability of ULBs to deliver quality services warrant attention. Future mergers emphasize the need for government intervention to adequately fund cities and support their expanding responsibilities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gravity Hole
Mains level: Not Much
The true shape of our Earth
Central Idea
One intriguing phenomenon recently discovered is the presence of a significant “gravity hole” in the Indian Ocean, where the gravitational pull is notably weaker.
Recent research sheds light on the possible causes behind this anomaly.
What is a Gravity Hole?
A “gravity hole” refers to a region on Earth where the gravitational pull is significantly weaker compared to the surrounding areas or the global average.
It is characterized by a dip or low gravity anomaly.
In such areas, the sea level may be lower than average due to the weaker gravitational force acting upon the water.
This term is often used to describe specific locations, such as the Indian Ocean geoid low (IOGL), where the gravitational pull is notably diminished compared to nearby regions.
The exact causes of gravity holes can vary and may involve factors such as variations in the Earth’s mass distribution or underlying geological features.
What is Indian Ocean Geoid Low (IOGL)?
It is located approximately 1,200 kilometers southwest of the southernmost tip of India.
IOGL is an area in the Indian Ocean where the sea level is about 106 meters below the global average.
Unraveling the Causes of IOGL
Discovering the Anomaly: Geophysicist Felix Andries Vening Meinesz first identified the IOGL during a survey in 1948. Since then, it has been confirmed by subsequent ship-based experiments and satellite measurements.
Ancient Ocean Hypothesis: Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science conducted computer-simulated models spanning 140 million years. They discovered remnants of an ancient ocean, located approximately 965 kilometers below the Earth’s crust, just beneath Africa.
Molten Rock Plumes: The simulations revealed molten rock plumes below Africa, potentially caused by tectonic plates subducting into the mantle. These plumes are believed to be a contributing factor to the IOGL.
Possible origination: Researchers said that the IOGL comprises slabs from the Tethys Sea, a long-lost sea that plunged into the depths of the planet millions of years ago. Tethys Sea, which once separated the supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia is believed to have perturbed the African Large Low Shear Velocity province.
Future Perspectives
Lack of Seismic Evidence: While the simulated models suggest the presence of molten rock plumes beneath the Indian Ocean, seismographic evidence has yet to confirm their actual existence.
Additional Factors at Play: The researchers emphasize that other factors contributing to the gravitational anomaly in the Indian Ocean need to be further explored before reaching a definitive conclusion.
Further Research: Continuation of studies, including seismic surveys and detailed modelling, is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the IOGL and its causes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ubinas Volcano
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Peru declared a state of emergency for sixty days in areas around the Ubinas volcano.
The volcano has been spewing ash and gas and is probably set to erupt.
Ubinas Volcano
Ubinas is an active stratovolcano located in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately 60 kilometers east of the city of Arequipa.
It is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes and stands at an elevation of 5,672 meters above sea level.
Geological Characteristics
Stratovolcano Formation: Ubinas is characterized by its stratovolcano structure, comprising layers of hardened lava, ash, and other volcanic materials.
Caldera and Crater: The volcano’s summit contains a 1.4-kilometer-wide and 150-meter-deep caldera, within which lies a smaller crater. This distinct feature adds to the volcano’s geological significance.
Ubinas I and Ubinas II: The volcano exhibits an upwards-steepening cone shape, with a notable notch on its southern side. The lower part is referred to as Ubinas I, while the steeper upper section is known as Ubinas II, representing different stages in the volcano’s geological history.
Volcanic Activity
Active Volcanic History: Ubinas is recognized as the most active volcano in Peru, displaying a history of small to moderate explosive eruptions and persistent degassing.
Notable Eruptions: The volcano has experienced notable eruptions throughout history, including the 2006–2007 event that resulted in eruption columns, ash fall, health concerns, and evacuations in the region.
Recent Activity: From 2013 to 2017, Ubinas exhibited lava flow within the crater, accompanied by ash falls, leading to further evacuations in nearby towns.
Eruption and Impact
Ash and Gas Emissions: The Ubinas volcano has been actively spewing ash and gas.
Smoke Cloud and Affected Areas: The smoke cloud generated by the eruption has reached towns located up to 10 kilometers away from the volcano. This has raised concerns for the well-being of approximately 2,000 people residing in the affected areas.
The “Ring of Fire”: The region where Ubinas is situated falls within the “Ring of Fire,” an area around the Pacific Ocean known for its high volcanic and seismic activity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Solar Shooting Stars
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Astronomers have made a remarkable discovery of meteor-like streaks on the surface of the Sun, differentiating them from the shooting stars witnessed on Earth.
These solar shooting stars, observed during a phenomenon known as coronal rain, offer valuable insights into the Sun’s complex dynamics.
Observing Coronal Rain and Solar Shooting Stars
Distinction from Earthly Shooting Stars: While shooting stars on Earth are space rocks or dust fragments burning up in our atmosphere, solar shooting stars occur within coronal rain phenomena.
Coronal Rain: Coronal rain is a condensation process involving extremely hot material from the Sun’s corona. It forms dense clumps of plasma, which plummet back to the Sun’s surface due to its immense gravity.
European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter (SolO): The SolO spacecraft provided valuable observations of solar shooting stars, capturing high-resolution images and monitoring the heating and compression of gas beneath them.
Characteristics of such Stars
Findings: The Solar Orbiter observed the impacts of solar shooting stars for the first time, revealing intense bursts of brightness, upward movement of stellar material, and shock waves that heat up the Sun’s corona.
Unique Features: Unlike Earthly shooting stars, solar shooting stars lack bright tails due to powerful magnetic fields in the Sun’s corona stripping gas from the falling clumps.
Challenging Observations: The magnetic fields’ influence makes the observation of solar meteors challenging, and their true nature remained unknown until these recent observations.
Insights and Implications
Solving the Corona Mystery: Scientists believe that the discovery of solar shooting stars could help explain why the corona, the Sun’s outermost atmosphere, is hotter than the layers beneath it. This puzzles astronomers, as conventional solar models predict increasing temperatures closer to the Sun’s core.
Coronal Rain Formation: Coronal rains are formed by localized temperature drops, causing solar plasma to condense into dense lumps that fall to the Sun’s cooler surface, known as the photosphere, at speeds up to 220,000 miles per hour.
Proximity of Observation: The Solar Orbiter’s close distance of 30 million miles from the Sun allowed for detailed observations of these phenomena, closer than the orbit of Mercury.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Peace Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The 17th edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI), ranking 163 independent states and territories based on their level of peacefulness was released.
What is Global Peace Index?
Released by: Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) since May 2009.
Extensive Coverage: The GPI covers 163 countries, representing 99.7% of the world’s population, utilizing 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from reputable sources.
3 Domains of Peace: The index measures peace across three domains: societal safety and security, ongoing domestic and international conflict, and militarization. These domains provide a holistic understanding of a country’s peacefulness.
Rankings and Highlights
Most Peaceful Countries: Iceland continues to hold the title of the most peaceful country since 2008, followed by Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria.
Least Peaceful Countries: Afghanistan remains the least peaceful country for the eighth consecutive year, followed by Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
India’s Position: India has climbed two spots to the 126th position in the rankings. It experienced an improvement of 3.5% in peacefulness, attributed to reductions in violent crime, improved relations with neighboring countries, and decreased political instability.
Prominent Countries: Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, USA, and Pakistan have been ranked 79, 80, 107, 131, and 146, respectively.
Global Peace Trends
Overall Deterioration: The 2023 report highlights a 0.42% deterioration in the average level of global peacefulness. This marks the thirteenth deterioration in the last fifteen years.
Improvements and Deteriorations: In 2022, 84 countries demonstrated improvements in peacefulness, while 79 countries experienced deteriorations.
Long-term Perspective: Over the past fifteen years, the global average score of peacefulness has deteriorated by five percent, indicating a decline in peace worldwide.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise SALVEX
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Indian Navy and the US Navy recently concluded the seventh edition of the Salvage and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) exercise, known as SALVEX.
Exercise SALVEX
Since its inception in 2005, SALVEX has facilitated the exchange of expertise and the enhancement of capabilities in maritime salvage and EOD operations.
The IN-USN SALVEX exercise has become a cornerstone of bilateral naval cooperation between India and the United States, fostering mutual trust and collaboration.
The exercise featured the participation of INS Nireekshak and USNS Salvor, along with Specialist Diving and EOD teams from both navies.
Key outcomes
Shared Learning on Maritime Salvage: The Diving teams from both countries engaged in the exchange of experiences, lessons, and best practices in maritime salvage operations.
Training Synergies on EOD Operations: The exercise provided an ideal platform for joint training exercises, allowing divers and EOD teams to enhance their interoperability and refine their skills.
Mastery of Mine Detection and Neutralization: The participating divers received comprehensive training in the detection and neutralization of mines, enabling them to mitigate potential threats in underwater environments.
Efficient Wreck Location and Salvage Techniques: The exercise focused on honing the teams’ abilities to locate and salvage wrecks, a critical skill for ensuring safe navigation and effective disaster response.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Frequent Internet shutdowns, need and consequences, Need for an balanced approach
Central Idea
In recent years, the Indian government has increasingly resorted to internet shutdowns as a means to control law and order in various regions, such as Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Manipur, and Punjab. India has witnessed a staggering 60% of internet shutdowns worldwide between 2016 and 2022.
Relevance of the topic
India emerged as the single biggest offender for a fifth consecutive year, with at least 84 internet blackouts in 2022
Shutdowns could have devastating impact on human lives such as , it may deepen the gender digital divide, disrupting the ability of women to conduct business or access information on reproductive healthcare
Reasons behind internet shutdowns in India
Communal tensions: Approximately 40-50% of internet shutdowns in India are officially attributed to communal tensions. Shutdowns are imposed to prevent the spread of rumors, hate speech, and incitement to violence during periods of heightened communal tensions.
Protests and demonstrations: Shutdowns are frequently imposed during protests and situations of civil unrest to control the spread of information, coordinate activities, and prevent further mobilization of protesters.
Preventing cheating in exams: Internet shutdowns have been imposed during exams to curb cheating and prevent the use of online resources that may aid in dishonest practices.
Religious processions: Shutdowns have also been observed during religious processions, particularly in regions with religious sensitivities, to prevent the circulation of inflammatory content and maintain public order.
Case study: Reviewing shutdowns in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Manipur
Jammu and Kashmir (J&K):
Prolonged Shutdown: The shutdown in J&K has been characterized by its extended duration, causing significant disruptions to the daily lives of residents. Internet access was severely restricted for an extended period, impacting essential services such as healthcare, education, and livelihoods.
Lack of Due Process: Concerns have been raised regarding the decision-making process, with instances of shutdowns imposed by district magistrates without higher-level involvement. This raises questions about procedural fairness and the adherence to due process.
Transparency and Justification: The lack of public information regarding shutdowns in J&K is a cause for concern. The transparency and clarity of justifications for imposing shutdowns are essential for accountability and safeguarding constitutional rights.
Manipur:
Ongoing Shutdown and VPN Blocking: The Manipur High Court has formed a committee to explore blocking VPN servers while maintaining restrictions on social media websites. However, the feasibility of this solution is questioned as VPNs also play a role in the exercise of freedom of speech and expression.
Impact on Livelihoods and Services: The need to protect people’s livelihoods is emphasized, given the reliance on the internet for businesses and livelihoods. Ensuring access to critical services like healthcare and education during shutdowns becomes crucial.
Impact of internet shutdowns
Restriction of Fundamental Rights: Internet shutdowns curtail the exercise of fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, access to information, and the right to privacy. These shutdowns limit people’s ability to communicate, express themselves, and access essential information.
Economic Consequences: Internet shutdowns have adverse effects on businesses, particularly those that rely on the internet for their operations. E-commerce, online services, and digital platforms suffer financial losses during shutdowns.
Disruption of Essential Services: Internet shutdowns disrupt access to critical services like healthcare, education, and emergency services. Telemedicine, online education, and remote work become inaccessible, impacting people’s well-being, educational opportunities, and productivity
Human Rights Violations: Prolonged and arbitrary internet shutdowns can be seen as human rights violations. They limit people’s ability to exercise their rights, stifle dissent, and undermine democratic processes.
Negative Impact on Education: Internet shutdowns disrupt online education, e-learning platforms, and access to educational resources. This hampers educational progress and has long-term consequences for individuals and societies.
Psychological and Emotional Impact: The inability to connect with others, access information, and engage in online activities can have psychological and emotional implications.
Justifications behind the frequent imposition of shutdowns
Maintaining Public Order: Internet shutdowns are often imposed as a measure to maintain public order and prevent the escalation of law and order situations.
Preventing the Spread of Misinformation: During times of crisis or unrest, shutting down the internet is seen as a way to prevent the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news. .
Curbing Organizational Activities: Shutdowns are also imposed to disrupt the organization and coordination of protests, demonstrations, or other activities perceived as a threat to public order.
Preserving Exam Integrity: Internet shutdowns may be implemented during examinations to prevent cheating. By restricting access to online resources, authorities aim to ensure the fairness and integrity of the examination process.
The two significant Supreme Court judgments related to internet shutdowns in India
Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020): Recognized the right to access the internet as part of the right to freedom of speech and expression. Emphasized that internet shutdowns must be necessary and proportionate, subject to judicial review.
Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2020): Reaffirmed the importance of internet access for exercising fundamental rights. Stressed that restrictions on internet access should be temporary, proportionate, and justified with reasons
Way forward: Need for balance between maintaining public order and safeguarding the interests of internet-dependent individuals
Protecting Public Order: Maintaining public order is a legitimate concern for governments to ensure safety, security, and the functioning of society. Internet shutdowns may be employed in exceptional situations where there is a real and imminent threat to public safety or when it is necessary to prevent the spread of violence or unrest.
Proportionality: Any measure taken to maintain public order, including internet shutdowns, should be proportionate to the threat faced. Shutdowns should be targeted, time-limited, and precisely tailored to address the specific concerns, rather than imposing blanket restrictions that impact the entire population.
Judicial Oversight: Independent judicial oversight is crucial to ensuring that any restrictions on internet access align with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
Transparency and Accountability: Governments should provide clear and transparent justifications for internet shutdowns, including detailing the specific risks or threats that justify such measures. Accountability mechanisms should be in place to address any abuses or violations during shutdowns.
Targeted Measures: Rather than resorting to complete shutdowns, governments should explore alternative measures that target specific content or platforms that pose risks to public order. Content moderation, selective blocking, or targeted interventions can help address concerns without unduly infringing on individual rights or stifling access to essential services.
Conclusion
The impact of shutdowns on livelihoods, education, and the economy underscores the urgency to seek alternative solutions. It is imperative that stakeholders reconsider the necessity and consequences of internet shutdowns to ensure a just and balanced approach to maintaining law and order.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annapurti
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The recent demonstration of the Automated Multi-Commodity Grain Dispensing Machine, Annapurti, during the ‘National Conference of Food Ministers of States/UTs,’ showcased an innovative solution developed by the World Food Programme (WFP) India.
What is Annapurti?
Annapurti, also known as the Grain ATM, offers a fast, clean, and precise method of providing subsidized grains to beneficiaries through the Public Distribution System.
Developed by WFP India, it is an automated multi-commodity dispensing solution that ensures efficient access to commodities like rice, wheat, and grains.
Beneficiaries can securely access their entitlements through Annapurti following biometric authentication.
Key Features
Annapurti offers 24×7 access to full entitlements, eliminating spillage, waste, and inaccurate weighing.
The machine can dispense one or two grain commodities, up to 50 kilograms, within five minutes, with a minimal error rate of 0.01 percent.
Advantages and Potential Applications
(1) Ensuring Food Security:
Annapurti has significant potential for food-based safety nets, ensuring beneficiaries receive their monthly subsidized grains promptly.
The machine’s precision and reliability prevent losses and ensure individuals receive their entitled portions.
(2) Emergency Food Grain Distribution:
During emergencies, such as natural disasters or humanitarian crises, Annapurti can facilitate efficient and timely distribution of food grains to affected populations.
Its automated system streamlines the process, reducing dependency on manual labor and minimizing errors.
(3) Market Access for Smallholder Farmers:
Annapurti can play a crucial role in expanding market access for smallholder farmers.
By offering a reliable and efficient distribution channel, farmers can sell their produce directly to Annapurti, ensuring fair prices and reducing intermediaries.
Sustainable and Modular Design
(1) Energy Efficiency:
Annapurti is designed to prioritize food security while ensuring efficient energy consumption.
With a consumption rate of only 0.6 Watt per hour, it offers an environmentally friendly solution.
(2) Modular Design:
Annapurti’s modular design allows for flexibility and scalability based on available space.
The storage unit and components can be easily assembled and customized to suit different requirements.
(3) Integration with Renewable Energy:
Annapurti can be integrated with solar panels, inverter batteries, and elevators for automatic refilling.
This integration enhances the sustainability of the system by reducing dependency on conventional energy sources.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Collegium system, NJAC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Supreme Court Collegium, led by Chief Justice of India D. Y. Chandrachud, has recommended new Chief Justices for seven major High Courts in India.
The recommendations focus on criteria such as seniority, regional representation, and gender diversity.
What is Collegium System?
The Collegium of judges is the Indian Supreme Court’s invention.
It does not figure in the Constitution, which says judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.
In effect, it is a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges.
After some judges were superseded in the appointment of the CJI in the 1970s, and attempts made subsequently to effect a mass transfer of High Court judges across the country.
Hence there was a perception that the independence of the judiciary was under threat. This resulted in a series of cases over the years.
Evolution: The Judges Cases
First Judges Case (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective.
However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion, albeit carrying great weight, should have primacy.
Second Judges Case (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”.
It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court.
Third Judges Case (1998): On a Presidential Reference for its opinion, the Supreme Court, in the Third Judges Case (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.
Functions of the Collegium
(1) Appointment of CJI
The President of India appoints the CJI and other Supreme Court judges.
The outgoing CJI recommends his successor, and the appointment is typically made based on seniority, following the controversy of the 1970s.
The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister, who then advises the President on the appointment.
(2) Appointment of Other SC Judges
The proposal for appointing other judges to the Supreme Court is initiated by the CJI.
The CJI consults other members of the Collegium, as well as the senior-most judge from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.
The opinions of the consultees must be recorded in writing and included in the file.
The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister for the President’s advice.
(3) Appointment of High Court Judges
Chief Justices (CJs) of High Courts are appointed based on the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective states. The Collegium makes the final decision on their elevation.
The appointment of High Court judges is recommended by a Collegium consisting of the CJI and two senior-most judges.
The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned initiates the proposal in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.
The recommendation is then sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to forward the proposal to the Union Law Minister.
(4) Transfer Recommendations by the Collegium
The Collegium is also responsible for recommending transfers of Chief Justices and other judges.
Article 222 of the Constitution allows for the transfer of judges from one High Court to another.
When a Chief Justice is transferred, a replacement must be simultaneously appointed for the concerned High Court. An acting Chief Justice can be appointed for a maximum of one month.
In transfer matters, the CJI’s opinion is determinative, and the consent of the judge being transferred is not required.
However, the CJI should consider the views of the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and one or more Supreme Court judges who are in a position to provide their opinions.
All transfers must be made in the public interest, aiming for the betterment of the administration of justice.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BBNJ/ High Seas Treaty
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) or the High Seas Treaty was adopted by the UN on June 19.
It became the third agreement under UNCLOS, following the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (ISB) and the Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA).
BBNJ/ High Seas Treaty
The idea of protecting the marine environment emerged in 2002, leading to the recognition of the need for an agreement in 2008.
In 2015, the UN General Assembly formed a Preparatory Committee to create the treaty.
Intergovernmental conferences (IGC) were held, resulting in the adoption of the treaty in 2023.
The treaty’s objective is to implement international regulations for the protection of marine life beyond national jurisdiction through international cooperation.
Key Provisions of Treaty
(1) Marine Protected Areas:
The treaty establishes marine protected areas to safeguard the oceans from human activities.
Decisions on protected areas require a “three-quarter majority vote” to prevent obstruction by a few parties.
(2) Sharing Benefits from Marine Genetic Resources:
The treaty mandates sharing scientific information and monetary benefits through a “clear house mechanism.”
The mechanism ensures open access to information on marine protected areas, marine genetic resources, and area-based management tools.
(3) Capacity Building and Marine Technology:
The treaty emphasizes capacity building and the use of marine technology for environmental impact assessment.
The Scientific and Technical Body will create standards and guidelines, assisting countries with limited capacity in carrying out assessments.
Challenges and Controversies
(1) Marine Genetic Resources:
The issue of sharing and exchanging information on marine genetic resources was a contentious point during negotiations.
Debates focused on monitoring information sharing and the potential hindrance to bioprospecting research.
(2) Definition and Language:
The use of phrases like “promote” or “ensure” in different parts of the treaty, particularly regarding benefit sharing, sparked heated debates.
(3) Adjacency Issue:
Negotiations were prolonged due to the need for provisions allowing coastal states to exercise sovereign rights over seabed and subsoil in areas beyond their jurisdiction.
The interests of landlocked and distant states further complicated decision-making.
Opposition to the Treaty
Several developed countries opposed the treaty due to their support for private entities involved in advanced research and development of marine technology.
Russia and China also expressed reservations, with Russia ultimately withdrawing during the final stage of consensus building, arguing that the treaty lacks a balance between conservation and sustainability.
Significance of the treaty
(1) Environmental Preservation:
The High Seas Treaty is crucial for protecting marine biodiversity and addressing pressing issues such as overfishing and pollution.
It represents a significant step towards international cooperation in preserving the health and sustainability of our oceans.
(2) Global Cooperation and Research:
The treaty promotes the sharing of scientific information and encourages collaboration among countries.
This will foster research initiatives and facilitate a better understanding of marine ecosystems, leading to more effective conservation measures.
Conclusion
The adoption of the High Seas Treaty marks a significant milestone in international efforts to protect marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions.
While challenges and controversies prolonged the negotiation process, the treaty sets the stage for enhanced global cooperation and the implementation of regulations to safeguard our oceans for future generations.
Back2Basics:
International Seabed Authority (ISA)
Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA)
Purpose
Regulate and manage activities in the international seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction
Ensure the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks
Legal Framework
Established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
International treaty adopted by the United Nations
Established Date
1994
1995
Resource Focus
Non-living resources (seabed minerals) and living resources (deep-sea ecosystems)
Fish stocks (shared resources occurring in EEZs and beyond national jurisdiction)
Cooperation
Emphasizes cooperation among states and establishment of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)
Promotes cooperation among states for sustainable fisheries management
Conservation
Manages resources for the benefit of humankind as a whole, adhering to the common heritage of mankind principle
Aims to conserve and sustainably manage fish stocks for present and future generations
Licensing
Issues licenses and contracts for seabed mineral exploration and exploitation
N/A (Focuses on the management and conservation of fish stocks)
Data Collection
Promotes scientific research and international cooperation in the deep seabed area
Encourages data collection, reporting, and scientific assessment of fish stocks
Dispute Settlement
Provides mechanisms for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts
Includes provisions for dispute settlement and peaceful resolution of conflicts
Membership
Consists of member states and the European Union
Open to states committed to sustainable fisheries management
