The Supreme Court has asked the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to clarify why amendments were made in 2018 to the Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) Regulations.
These amendments had eliminated crucial clauses aimed at preventing opacity in FPI ownership structures.
The report highlighted the challenges faced by SEBI in determining the “ownership” of 13 overseas entities, including the FPIs mentioned in the Hindenburg report, due to the lack of clarity in their ownership chain.
What are FPIs?
Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPI) refer to investments made by foreign individuals, institutional investors, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and other entities in financial instruments of a foreign country.
These investments typically involve the purchase of securities such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and other tradable financial assets.
Key characteristics of foreign portfolio investments include:
Indirect Ownership: FPIs involve indirect ownership of financial instruments rather than direct ownership of physical assets or businesses. Investors hold portfolios of securities issued by companies, governments, or other entities in the target country.
Diversification: FPIs allow investors to diversify their investment portfolios internationally. By investing in different countries and asset classes, investors can reduce risks associated with a concentration in a single market or asset type.
Liquidity: FPIs offer high liquidity as they involve trading in financial instruments that can be easily bought or sold in the secondary market. Investors have the flexibility to enter or exit their positions quickly based on market conditions or investment objectives.
Market Access: FPIs provide foreign investors with access to the securities markets of other countries. This enables them to participate in the economic growth and potential returns of different markets and take advantage of investment opportunities that may not be available domestically.
Regulatory Framework: FPIs are subject to regulations and guidelines set by the regulatory authorities of the target country. These regulations may include registration requirements, investment limits, disclosure obligations, and compliance norms to ensure market integrity and investor protection.
Market Impact: Large FPI flows can have a significant impact on the target country’s financial markets. They can influence stock prices, bond yields, exchange rates, and overall market sentiment. As a result, FPIs are closely monitored by regulatory bodies and policymakers.
Key Issue: FPI Regulations Amendment
The Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) Regulations were first introduced in 2014 by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
Removal of “opaque structure” provision: The 2018 amendments eliminated provisions in the FPI Regulations that addressed opaque structures and required FPIs to disclose every ultimate natural person in the ownership chain.
Justice Sapre panel’s observations: The expert committee report stated that the removal of these provisions had put SEBI in a “chicken-and-egg situation” in its investigation of the 13 overseas entities suspected of having opaque structures.
Need for information on ultimate economic ownership: The report emphasized that SEBI’s investigation required information about the ultimate economic ownership, rather than just beneficial owners, of the entities under scrutiny.
Supreme Court’s Query and SEBI’s Response
Court’s inquiry on the amendments: The Chief Justice asked SEBI to explain the circumstances and reasons behind the changes made to the provisions dealing with opaque structures.
SEBI’s assertion on ongoing investigation: The Solicitor General, representing SEBI, stated that the investigation was progressing at full speed and that the agency was working diligently to meet the extended deadline set by the court.
Petitioners’ arguments on fatal impact: The petitioners argued that the amendments made in 2018 had rendered SEBI’s current investigation ineffective, as the definition of opaque structure was removed. They claimed that these amendments were intended to prevent fraud exposure.
Court’s Concerns and Request for Explanation
Court’s curiosity about the amendments: The Chief Justice expressed the court’s interest in understanding the reasons behind the changes made by SEBI in 2018.
Potential impact on the investigation: The court acknowledged the argument that the amendments might restrict SEBI from delving into the layers of transactions, potentially hindering the investigation.
Conclusion
The court seeks clarification on the circumstances surrounding these changes and their impact on SEBI’s investigation into the Adani Group.
The court’s concern lies in understanding the potential limitations these amendments may have imposed on SEBI’s ability to explore the ownership chain and layers of transactions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST, GST Council
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council convened its 50th meeting on July 11, announcing significant revisions and clarifications to tax rates.
Additionally, the council discussed the establishment of GST Appellate Tribunals.
It sought to address the concerns surrounding inclusion of the GST Network under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
What is GST Council?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a crucial body established under the 101st Constitutional Amendment in 2016 to oversee the implementation of the GST regime in India.
Comprised of representatives from the central government and the states, the Council plays a pivotal role in making recommendations and decisions related to GST.
Composition of the GST Council
Joint forum: The GST Council is a joint forum consisting of members from the Centre (Union Finance Minister and Union Minister of State for Finance) and representatives from the states.
State representation: Each state nominates a minister in charge of finance, taxation, or any other relevant minister to be a member of the Council.
Objectives of the GST Council
Recommendation-making authority: The Council is responsible for making recommendations to the Union and the states on important GST-related issues. This includes suggestions on the goods and services that should be subjected to or exempted from GST, as well as the formulation of model GST laws.
Decision-making on tax rates: The Council determines the various rate slabs under the GST regime. It has the authority to decide the applicable tax rates for different goods and services.
Recent Tax Rate Changes proposals
Uncooked and unfried snack pellets and fish soluble paste: The tax rate on these items was reduced from 18% to 5%.
Imitation zari threads or yarn: The GST rate on these items was reduced from 12% to 5%.
Food and beverages consumed inside cinema halls: The GST rate for these items was reduced to 5% without any input tax credits, compared to the previous 18% levied on cinema services.
Special utility vehicles (SUVs): The tax treatment for SUVs was clarified, ensuring that the higher GST compensation cess does not affect sedans. The conditions for classifying a vehicle as an SUV were revised to exclude the requirement of being popularly seen as an SUV. The ground clearance of 170 mm should now be for an unladen vehicle.
Exemption for satellite launch services: The Council offered an exemption on GST for satellite launch services provided by private organizations.
Other recommendations: GST Appellate Tribunals
Proposal for setting up GST Appellate Tribunals: States’ proposals to establish 50 Benches of GST Appellate Tribunals were examined. These tribunals will play a crucial role in resolving GST disputes.
Operational timeline: The government aims to make the tribunals operational within four to six months, starting with the establishment of Benches in State capitals and places where High Courts have Benches.
Appointment and service conditions: The Council cleared the appointment and service conditions for tribunal members and the president, which will come into effect from August 1.
Inclusion of GST Network under PMLA
Concerns raised by non-BJP ruled states: Representatives from states not governed by the BJP criticized the decision to bring the GST Network under the purview of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) administered by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
Tamil Nadu’s opposition: Tamil Nadu expressed opposition to the move, stating that it is against the interests of taxpayers and goes against the objective of decriminalizing offenses under the GST law.
Explanation and clarification: Revenue Secretary presented an explanation of the provision, stating that it is a requirement of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and not directly related to the GST law.
Information sharing: The GSTN will not share information about private businesses with other law enforcement agencies. The ED will neither receive nor provide information, but the director of the Financial Intelligence Unit may provide information to the GSTN to empower tax authorities in combating tax evasion and money laundering.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Challenges faced by India's manufacturing sector, declining productivity, and its impact on employment and economy
What is the news?
According to a recent study Productivity growth in Indian manufacturing has been slowing since the 1990s, with a more pronounced decline in the years leading up to the Covid-19 pandemic. Exploring the causes behind this decline is crucial to develop effective strategies for revitalizing the sector.
Central idea
India’s manufacturing sector has long been a matter of concern for policymakers and the subject of extensive academic research. The government has consistently aimed to increase the share of manufacturing in the country’s GDP. However, despite efforts to promote manufacturing, the sector’s contribution and overall employment has remained stagnant.
Key Facts about Manufacturing Productivity in India
Slowing Growth: Productivity growth in India’s manufacturing sector has been declining since the 1990s, with a significant acceleration in the mid-2010s and leading up to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Gap with the United States: India’s manufacturing productivity per worker is considerably lower compared to the United States. In 2020, it was only around a fifth of the productivity level in the US.
Regional Disparities: There are wide variations in manufacturing productivity across Indian states. Western and Central Indian states tend to have higher average productivity, while Southern and Eastern states have lower productivity levels. This contrasts with the GDP per capita rankings, where Southern states generally have higher incomes than their Western and Central counterparts.
Potential reasons behind the decline in manufacturing productivity
Slow Manufacturing Sector Growth: The overall growth rate of India’s manufacturing sector has been decreasing, particularly since around 2015. This sluggish growth can limit the opportunities for productivity improvement and hinder overall sector performance.
Insufficient Investments: Inadequate investments in technology, infrastructure, and research and development (R&D) can hamper productivity growth. Limited capital expenditure by firms may result in outdated machinery, inefficient processes, and lower productivity levels.
Skill Mismatch: The manufacturing sector requires a specific skill set, and a mismatch between the skills possessed by the labor force and the skills demanded by the industry can impede productivity. The lack of trained and skilled workers in areas such as advanced manufacturing techniques, automation, and specialized operations may contribute to lower productivity levels.
Informality and Informal Labor Market: The prevalence of informal employment in the manufacturing sector can hinder productivity growth. Informal workers often lack access to training, social security benefits, and stable employment conditions, which can lead to lower productivity levels compared to formal employment arrangements.
Regulatory Challenges: Cumbersome regulatory processes, including complex labor laws, bureaucratic red tape, and regulatory compliance burdens, can hamper productivity growth. These challenges may discourage investment and hinder the adoption of efficient production practices.
Infrastructure Deficiencies: Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks, unreliable power supply, and limited access to technology and connectivity, can negatively impact manufacturing productivity. Insufficient infrastructure can increase costs, disrupt supply chains, and hinder efficiency in production processes.
Inefficient Supply Chains: Weak linkages and coordination within supply chains can contribute to lower productivity in manufacturing. Challenges such as fragmented value chains, inefficient logistics, and inadequate coordination between suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors can result in delays, increased costs, and reduced overall productivity.
Lack of Innovation and Technology Adoption: Limited emphasis on innovation, research, and development, as well as a slower adoption of advanced technologies, can constrain productivity growth in the manufacturing sector. Insufficient investment in technological upgrades and a reluctance to adopt new manufacturing techniques can lead to lower productivity compared to global standards.
Implications of Declining manufacturing productivity
Economic Growth: Declining manufacturing productivity can hinder overall economic growth.
Reduced Competitiveness: Declining productivity in manufacturing can erode a country’s competitiveness in the global market. This can lead to a decline in exports and an increase in imports, negatively impacting the trade balance and potentially affecting the overall economic stability of a nation.
Employment and Labor Market Challenges: Lower productivity can result in reduced job creation within the manufacturing sector, leading to unemployment or underemployment.
Technological Progression: When productivity declines, the incentives for firms to invest in research and development or adopt new technologies may diminish, leading to a slower pace of technological advancement within the manufacturing sector.
Industrial Development and Diversification: A decline in productivity can hinder the growth and diversification of the manufacturing sector, limiting its ability to contribute to overall industrial development.
Investment and Innovation: Declining productivity in manufacturing can discourage investment and innovation within the sector.
Sectoral Shifts: Declining manufacturing productivity may result in a shift towards other sectors of the economy. If manufacturing becomes less competitive and less productive, resources and investments may be redirected to other sectors such as services.
What can be done?
Boost Investments: Encouraging both domestic and foreign investments in the manufacturing sector can help upgrade infrastructure, improve technology adoption, and enhance productivity. This can be achieved through attractive investment policies, tax incentives, and easing of regulatory procedures.
Skill Development and Training: Focusing on skill development programs tailored to the manufacturing sector can address the skill mismatch and enhance the capabilities of the workforce. Collaborating with educational institutions and industry associations to design training programs and apprenticeships can ensure a skilled labor force.
Infrastructure Development: Prioritizing infrastructure development, including transportation networks, power supply, logistics, and digital connectivity, is essential for improving productivity. Investment in infrastructure projects can create an enabling environment for manufacturing activities and reduce operational inefficiencies.
Regulatory Reforms: Streamlining regulatory processes, reducing bureaucratic complexities, and simplifying labor laws can create a business-friendly environment. Establishing a favorable regulatory framework can attract investments, foster innovation, and enhance productivity in the manufacturing sector.
Research and Development (R&D): Encouraging R&D activities and innovation in the manufacturing sector can lead to technological advancements and productivity gains. Collaborations between industry, research institutions, and academia can facilitate knowledge transfer and promote innovation-driven manufacturing.
Entrepreneurship and Start-up Ecosystem: Supporting entrepreneurship and nurturing a vibrant start-up ecosystem in manufacturing can bring fresh ideas, innovation, and competitiveness. Providing access to finance, mentorship programs, and incubation support can encourage entrepreneurial growth and drive productivity.
International Collaborations: Strengthening international collaborations and partnerships can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and best practice sharing. Engaging with global manufacturing networks can help Indian manufacturers learn from successful models and adapt to global standards.
Conclusion
The findings of this study underscore the urgent need for policy interventions to address the challenges faced by India’s manufacturing sector. Encouraging investments in workers, improving labor market conditions, and promoting a conducive business environment are crucial steps that can help revitalize India’s manufacturing sector, enhance productivity, and lift millions out of poverty.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NFHS report
Mains level: India's progress and challenges in family planning and the concept of Reproductive autonomy,
Why is this news?
India’s progress in family planning initiatives and achievements in areas such as life expectancy, maternal health, and gender empowerment. Instead of ensuring reproductive autonomy for each woman, society has obsessed with total fertility rates and the ideal population size of a family.
Central Idea
The theme of this year’s World Population Day, Unleashing the power of gender equality: Uplifting the voices of women and girls to unlock our world’s infinite possibilities, holds significant relevance for India. In order to foster women-led development across various sectors in India, it is imperative to prioritize reproductive autonomy as a core component.
What is mean by reproductive autonomy?
Reproductive autonomy refers to an individual’s right and ability to make informed decisions regarding their reproductive health and choices without interference, coercion, or discrimination.
It encompasses the freedom to decide whether or when to have children, the number of children to have, and the spacing between pregnancies.
Reproductive autonomy includes access to comprehensive reproductive healthcare services, including family planning methods, contraceptives, sexual education, prenatal care, safe abortion services, and support for reproductive health decisions.
India’s progress in family planning
Family planning initiatives: India has been commended for its family planning initiatives, aiming to provide comprehensive reproductive health services to every potential beneficiary.
Reproductive health services: Efforts have been made to expand the contraceptive basket and provide a range of modern short and long-acting reversible contraceptives, permanent methods, information, counseling, and services, including emergency contraception.
Maternal health improvements: India has made impressive strides in maternal health, as reflected in the significant reduction in maternal mortality rates. The current rate stands at 97 per 100,000 live births, down from 254 in 2004.
Gender empowerment: India has achieved progress in empowering women and girls. The number of child marriages has been cut in half since the early 2000s, and teen pregnancies have significantly decreased.
Access to vital services: India has witnessed improved access to crucial services, including health, education, and nutrition.
Longer life expectancy: Life expectancy at birth has significantly increased in India over the years, with Indians now living a decade longer compared to the 1990s.
What are the Challenges?
Lack of physical autonomy: Despite the progress made, many women in India continue to lack physical autonomy.
Limited decision-making power: According to the National Family Health Survey, only 10% of women in India are independently able to make decisions about their own health.
Acceptance of marital violence: The survey also reveals that 11% of women believe that marital violence is acceptable if a woman refuses to have sex with her husband.
Unplanned pregnancies: Nearly half of all pregnancies in India are unplanned, highlighting a challenge in ensuring effective family planning services and education.
Ongoing gender disparities: While progress has been made, there are persistent gender disparities and inequalities that need to be addressed to achieve true gender equality.
Societal attitudes: Attitudes and societal norms that perpetuate gender-based discrimination and violence continue to pose challenges to women’s empowerment.
Opportunities for India
Advancing gender equality: India has a significant opportunity to advance gender equality, which can have far-reaching positive effects on various aspects of society, including economic growth, social progress, and inclusive development.
Economic growth potential: By increasing women’s labor force participation by 10 percentage points, India could unlock significant economic growth potential. It is estimated that this could contribute to more than 70% of the potential GDP growth, amounting to an additional $770 billion by 2025.
Human capital development: Empowering women through education and family planning can lead to the accumulation of human capital, which is crucial for sustainable development and economic progress.
Harnessing women’s potential: By enabling women to participate fully in various sectors, including science, technology, agriculture, education, and healthcare, India can tap into the immense talent, ideas, and innovation that women bring to the table.
Rights-based legislation and policies: India has the opportunity to formulate and implement legislation and policies that empower women, girls, and marginalized individuals, enabling them to assert their rights and make life-changing personal decisions.
Inclusive economic development: Promoting gender equality and empowering women can contribute to inclusive economic development by ensuring equal opportunities and participation for all segments of society.
Shifting population dynamics: By focusing on reproductive choices and ensuring reproductive autonomy for individuals, India can shape its population dynamics in a way that respects individual rights and choices, while also addressing demographic challenges.
Way forward
Investments in women’s lives: Ensuring gender equality and empowering women requires making investments in every stage of a woman’s life, from childbirth to adolescence to maturity. This includes providing access to quality education, healthcare, and support systems that enable women to make informed choices and assert their rights.
Legislation and policies: Formulating and implementing rights-based legislation and policies that empower women, girls, and marginalized individuals is crucial. This involves engaging with these groups, understanding their needs, and creating an enabling environment that supports their rights and decision-making.
Comprehensive reproductive health services: Continued efforts should be made to provide comprehensive reproductive health services that are accessible, affordable, and of high quality. This includes expanding the contraceptive basket, ensuring access to family planning methods, information, counseling, and emergency contraception.
Gender-just approaches: Adopting gender-just approaches and solutions is essential for building a prosperous and inclusive India. This involves challenging societal norms and attitudes that perpetuate gender discrimination and violence, and promoting gender equality as a fundamental value.
Population and development discourse: Reaffirming the commitment to placing individual rights, particularly women’s rights and well-being, at the center of the population and development discourse is crucial. Shifting the focus from population stabilization to respecting reproductive choices and promoting reproductive autonomy is essential.
Conclusion
On this World Population Day, let us reiterate our commitment to placing individual rights, particularly women’s rights and well-being, at the forefront of population and development discourse. Embracing gender-just approaches and solutions is essential for building a prosperous India and a better world for all.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Majorana Zero Modes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Microsoft researchers have made significant strides in the creation of Majorana zero modes, a type of particle that could revolutionize quantum computing.
Majorana zero modes, which are their own antiparticles, possess unique properties that could make quantum computers more robust and computationally superior.
Majorana Fermions: A conceptual backgrounder
Fermions and Antiparticles: All subatomic particles that constitute matter are known as fermions, with each fermion having an associated antiparticle that annihilates upon interaction.
Majorana Fermions: In 1937, Italian physicist Ettore Majorana discovered that certain particles, known as Majorana fermions, can satisfy specific conditions and be their own antiparticles.
Neutrinos as Potential Majorana Fermions: Neutrinos are one type of subatomic particle that scientists speculate may exhibit Majorana fermion behavior, although experimental confirmation is still pending.
Understanding Majorana Zero Modes
Quantum Numbers and Spin: All particles have four quantum numbers, with one called the quantum spin having half-integer values for fermions. This property allows any fermion, even a large entity like an atom, to be classified as a fermion.
Bound States and Fermions: Bound states composed of two particles can also be classified as fermions if their total quantum spin possesses a half-integer value.
Majorana Zero Modes: When these bound states are their own antiparticles and do not readily de-cohere, they are known as Majorana zero modes, which have been sought after by physicists for many years.
Easy explained: Majorana Zero Modes
In the world of physics, particles can have interesting properties and behave in strange ways. One type of particle that scientists have been studying is called a Majorana particle.
Majorana particles have a special property called “non-Abelian statistics.” Without getting too technical, this property means that when two Majorana particles come close together, something interesting happens. Instead of behaving like normal particles, they can combine in a special way to form a new kind of particle called a Majorana zero mode.
A Majorana zero mode is a very peculiar particle because it is its own antiparticle. Normally, particles have antiparticles with opposite properties, like an electron and a positron. But Majorana zero modes are special because they don’t have separate antiparticles. They are their own antiparticles!
Potential Benefits for Computing
Enhanced Stability: Majorana zero modes offer increased stability for qubits, the fundamental units of information in quantum computing. Even if one entity within the bound state is disturbed, the qubit as a whole can remain protected and retain encoded information.
Topological Quantum Computing: Majorana zero modes can enable topological quantum computing, which takes advantage of non-Abelian statistics. These statistics introduce an additional degree of freedom, allowing algorithms to produce different outcomes based on the order in which steps are performed.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Creating Majorana Zero Modes: Scientists have been exploring various setups, such as topological superconductors, to generate Majorana zero modes. However, confirming their existence remains a challenge, as their effects on surrounding materials must be inferred indirectly.
Recent Advances by Microsoft Researchers: Microsoft researchers recently engineered a topological superconductor using an aluminium superconductor and an indium arsenide semiconductor. Their device passed a stringent protocol, suggesting a high probability of hosting Majorana zero modes.
Future prospects
While this achievement is significant, the existence of Majorana fermions and their potential for topological quantum computing still need independent confirmation.
Continued improvements in simulation, growth, fabrication, and measurement capabilities are necessary to achieve the desired topological gap for coherent operations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The upcoming virtual summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) hosted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, holds significant importance in the current geopolitical context.
Ashok Sajjanhar, a former Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer and ambassador to several countries, shares his insights on the event and its potential outcomes.
What is SCO?
SCO is an international organization founded in 2001.
It is primarily focused on promoting cooperation and regional stability among its member states.
The SCO originated from the Shanghai Five mechanism, which was established in 1996 to resolve border disputes and promote mutual trust among China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
Uzbekistan joined the organization in 2001, leading to its formation as the SCO.
Member States
China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan
Joint military exercises, counter-terrorism operations, intelligence sharing
Economic Cooperation
Trade facilitation, investment, infrastructure development
Key Bodies
SCO Summit, SCO Business Council, Interbank Consortium of the SCO
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)
Coordination of anti-terrorism efforts
Dialogue Partners
Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, among others
Observer States
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, among others
Outreach and Engagement
United Nations, ASEAN, CIS, and other regional/international organizations
Significance of the Meeting during the Russia-Ukraine War
Major participants: The summit is expected to see the participation of key leaders such as Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif.
Declining Influence of Russia: The meeting provides an opportunity for President Putin to gauge the declining influence and relevance of Russia, particularly in the Central Asian countries.
Message for Resolution: The decreased importance of Russia’s role in the region may convey the need for a prompt resolution to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
India’s Strategic Autonomy and Self-Assuredness
Successful India-US Relations: Prime Minister Modi’s recent successful visit to the United States highlights the growth of India-US relations.
India’s Role in SCO: India’s participation in the SCO while maintaining strong relations with the United States underscores its strategic autonomy and self-assuredness.
Impact of PM Modi’s Statement to Mr. Putin
Asserting India’s Voice: PM Modi’s statement, “this is not the era of war,” showcased India’s capacity to communicate with President Putin.
Influencing Diplomatic Outcomes: The statement helped in securing the Bali G20 summit declaration and demonstrated India’s voice as a mediator between Russia and the West.
Implications for India-China Relations
Unlikely Impact on Border Standoff: The virtual summit is unlikely to have any immediate impact on the India-China border standoff.
Ongoing Talks and Stalemate: Multiple rounds of talks between India and China have taken place, but there has been limited progress in de-escalation and disengagement at key points.
Snub to Pakistan: India’s strong stance on cross-border terrorism, as demonstrated in the past, is likely to be reiterated during the discussions.
India’s Opportunities at SCO
Central Asian outreach: India has historical and cultural ties with Central Asian countries and aims to expand partnerships in the region.
Neglected Engagement: Post-Soviet independence, India’s engagement with these countries was hindered by its lack of direct access through Pakistan’s territory.
SCO as a Platform: India’s SCO membership allows for interaction at various levels and offers opportunities to strengthen ties with Central Asian countries.
Conclusion
The SCO virtual summit presents a significant opportunity for India to engage with key regional players and enhance its profile and stature in Central Asia.
The summit’s outcomes, including the adoption of documents on various issues, will contribute to advancing India’s interests, strengthening trade ties, and promoting investments in the region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Mob violence and communal hatred
Central Idea
The Supreme Court has decided to assess the actions taken by the Union and States to address incidents of lynchings since its July 2018 judgment condemning these acts as mobocracy.
The court has directed State governments to provide year-wise data on complaints filed, FIRs registered, and court proceedings related to incidents of mob violence and lynchings.
Mob Lynching: A Backgrounder
Concerns over Vigilantism: The 2018 Supreme Court bench, addressed the growing issues of vigilantism, mob lynching, communal violence, and hate crimes.
State Responsibility: The court emphasized that states have the duty to prevent individuals or core groups from taking the law into their own hands, stressing that every citizen has the right to report law infractions to the police rather than resorting to vigilantism.
Affront to the Rule of Law: The court declared that lynching undermines the rule of law and the constitutional values, leading to anarchy and violence in society.
Supreme Court’s Observations
Prevention and Vigilance: The court stressed that authorities responsible for maintaining law and order must prevent vigilantism, including cow vigilantism, from occurring. Vigilante actions erode the legal institutions of the state and disrupt the constitutional order.
Rising Intolerance: The court expressed concern over rising intolerance and growing polarization, fueled by incidents of mob violence, emphasizing that such acts should not become the normal state of law and order in the country.
Creeping Threats: The court highlighted the dangers posed by lynching and mob violence, which could escalate into widespread incidents influenced by intolerance, misinformation, and the circulation of fake news.
Directive for Preventive and Remedial Measures
Designation of Nodal Officers: State governments must appoint senior police officers as Nodal Officers in each district to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
Identification of High-Incidence Areas: State governments should identify areas where mob violence and lynching have been reported.
Police Actions and FIR Registration: Police officers must disperse mobs using their authority under Section 129 of the CrPC, and FIRs must be promptly registered under Section 153A of the IPC.
Monitoring of Investigations: Nodal Officers have the responsibility to personally monitor the investigation of such offenses and ensure effective implementation.
Compensation Scheme: State governments should establish a victim compensation scheme for lynching and mob violence victims in line with Section 357A of the CrPC.
Designated Courts: Special designated courts or fast-track courts should handle cases related to lynching and mob violence in each district.
Directive to State Governments
Information Gathering: A Bench comprising Justices Sanjeev Khanna and Bela M. Trivedi has instructed State governments to compile comprehensive data on incidents of mob violence and lynchings.
Year-wise Data: The data should include information on complaints filed, FIRs registered, and challans submitted to the courts, highlighting the progress made each year.
Coordination with State Departments: The court suggested that the Ministry of Home Affairs hold meetings with relevant department heads of the State governments to obtain updates on the measures taken in response to the court’s 2018 judgment in the Tehseen Poonawala case.
Compliance with Court’s Directions: The court had previously directed the formation of Special Task Forces by the States to gather intelligence on hate speeches, mob violence, and lynchings.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s monitoring of preventive and remedial measures for mob lynching demonstrates the commitment to address this issue.
By directing the consolidation of data and urging compliance with the 2018 judgment, the court aims to hold the Union and State governments accountable for their actions.
These measures seek to curb vigilantism, protect the rule of law, and ensure justice for victims of mob violence and lynchings.
| Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Semiconductor industry in India
Central Idea
Taiwan-based Hon Hai Technology Group, commonly known as Foxconn, has announced its withdrawal from a $19.5 billion semiconductor joint venture with the Vedanta Group.
The decision comes as Foxconn aims to explore alternative development opportunities.
Background and JV Details
The joint venture aimed to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant in Gujarat, India.
The plant was intended to produce 28 nanometer semiconductors.
The partnership was expected to boost India’s semiconductor manufacturing capabilities.
Foxconn’s Decision to Withdraw
Fulfilling Technology Transfer and Investment Requirements: Reports suggested that the firms were unable to meet the government’s demands for increased technology transfer and investment from European firm STMicroelectronics.
Financial Constraints: Vedanta’s heavy debt burden and its ability to finance the acquisition of chipmaking technology are believed to have played a significant role in Foxconn’s decision to pull out of the joint venture.
Differences and Lack of Progress: Senior government officials confirm that the joint venture encountered difficulties and differences, leading to the realization several months ago that Foxconn would withdraw.
Diverse Development Opportunities: Foxconn cited the need to explore a wider range of development opportunities as the reason for its withdrawal from the joint venture.
Vedanta’s response
Commitment from Vedanta: Vedanta stated that it will continue to pursue other partnerships and highlighted its possession of a license for production-grade technology for 40nm chips from a prominent Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM).
Importance of India in Semiconductor Supply Chains: Vedanta reiterated the significance of India in global semiconductor supply chain repositioning efforts.
Independence and New Partners: Vedanta intends to remove the Foxconn name from the fully-owned entity and pursue partnerships with other companies to establish India’s first foundry.
Production Licenses: Vedanta highlights its possession of a license for production-grade technology for 40 nm chips and the forthcoming acquisition of a license for production-grade 28 nm chips.
Government Evaluation: The government will evaluate Vedanta’s proposal, but the absence of Foxconn may affect the progress of the application.
Government’s position
Commitment to India’s Semiconductor Mission: Electronics and Information Technology Minister assured that both Foxconn and Vedanta remain dedicated to India’s semiconductor mission and the Make in India program.
Continuation of Semiconductor Growth: The government aims to continue developing India’s semiconductor industry and attract further investments.
Uncertainty Surrounding Other Proposals
ISMC Proposal: ISMC, backed by Next Orbit and Tower Semiconductor, has requested that its proposal not be considered due to the pending merger between Intel and Tower Semiconductor. The proposal for a $3 billion semiconductor fab in Karnataka is expected to remain on hold until the merger is finalized.
IGSS Venture Proposal: The proposal by Singapore-based IGSS Venture did not meet the standards set by the government’s advisory committee and is currently on hold.
Importance of Chipmaking for India
Strategic Sector: India has identified electronics manufacturing, including chipmaking, as a critical sector for domestic production and export growth.
Domestic Supply Chain: Chip manufacturing plays a crucial role in developing a domestic electronics supply chain, reducing reliance on imports, particularly from China.
Opportunity for India: As companies seek to diversify their manufacturing bases away from China, India has the potential to emerge as a reliable destination for semiconductor manufacturing.
GlobalContext: The US has passed the CHIPS Act, providing significant subsidies for chip manufacturing domestically, while imposing restrictions and sanctions on China’s semiconductor industry.
Conclusion
Foxconn’s withdrawal and uncertainties surrounding other proposals highlight challenges in India’s semiconductor manufacturing plans.
Financial constraints faced by Vedanta and the need for technology acquisition pose hurdles to realizing India’s chipmaking ambitions.
Nonetheless, India’s focus on chip manufacturing remains a strategic priority to develop a domestic electronics supply chain and reduce dependence on imports.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global South
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The unwillingness of many leading countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America to stand with NATO over the war in Ukraine has brought to the fore once again the term “Global South.”
What is Global South?
The term “Global South” refers to countries that are often described as ‘developing’, ‘less developed’, or ‘underdeveloped’.
It encompasses countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, which are characterized by higher levels of poverty, income inequality, and harsh living conditions compared to the “Global North”.
Historical Background
Emergence of the Term: The term ‘Global South’ was first used in 1969 by political activist Carl Oglesby, who argued that the war in Vietnam represented a history of northern “dominance over the global south”.
Transition from Third World: Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, these countries were commonly referred to as the ‘Third World’.
Momentum and Context: The term gained momentum following the end of the Cold War and the rise of the non-aligned movement.
Features of the Global South
Lower-income Countries: The Global South primarily consists of lower-income countries located in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Geopolitical Background: Geopolitically, these nations have a history of imperialism and colonial rule.
Newly Industrialized Status: Many of these countries are in the process of industrialization and have been described as newly industrialized.
Prominent Countries: Prominent countries within the Global South include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Mexico, known for their large populations and economies.
Need for Classification
Critique of Earlier Terms: The East/West binary and the categorization of countries as developed/developing were criticized for perpetuating stereotypes and favoring Western ideals.
Cold War Context: The First World, Second World, and Third World classifications were associated with Cold War alliances.
Broad and Inclusive Classification: The term ‘Global South’ provides a broader classification based on shared history of colonization and similar socioeconomic indicators.
Global South amid Ukrainian War
South-South Cooperation: South-South cooperation has emerged as countries like India and China challenge the dominant global order led by the US.
Questioning the North as the Ideal: The rise of Asian countries questions the notion of the North as the ideal.
Criticism of Classification: The classification of the Global South has been criticized for its broadness and concerns about resource accumulation, as well as the neglect of Africa.
Significance of the Global South
India’s Role: India aims to unite Global South countries to adopt an action-oriented approach.
Potential for Progress: Cooperation within the Global South can unlock significant potential for progress, including technical and ideas exchanges, sharing of manufacturing best practices, and more.
Common Concerns: Energy security, justice, and sustainable energy transition are common concerns for the Global South, which India aims to highlight.
Challenges for Consolidation
Debate over Climate Reparations: The ongoing debate over climate reparations has triggered controversy, as some argue that China and India should contribute given their increasing industrialization and historical carbon emissions.
Impact of Russia-Ukraine War: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine war has impacted the least developed countries (LDCs) and prompted them to align more closely with China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Dominance of the US: Despite the shift to a multipolar world, the US still dominates international affairs, posing challenges for the consolidation of the Global South.
Way Forward
Active Engagement: India must actively engage with regional politics within the developing world to champion the Global South.
Tailored Policy Approach: It is crucial to recognize the diversity within the Global South and develop a policy vision that addresses the varying needs and capabilities of its member countries.
Conclusion
Collaboration between the Global South and India can lead to significant advancements in various fields.
India’s development partnerships prioritize consultation, outcome orientation, people-centric approaches, and respect for the sovereignty of partner countries.
Distinguishing India’s approach from that of China can help avoid debt traps and financially unsound undertakings, promoting sustainable development within the Global South.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AI generative models, Latest AI applications
Mains level: Artificial Intelligence and generative models, Benefits, challenges, way ahead
What is the news?
The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and generative AI models and its impact on productivity, growth, and employment is explored, with a focus on the positive effects, potential job displacement, and opportunities for India, while dispelling fears of a robot-dominated future.
Central Idea
The rapid advancements in AI, particularly in the form of Large Language Models and Generative AI, have revolutionized various aspects of our lives. From automated factories to self-driving cars and chatbots, AI has extended its influence beyond our expectations.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act.
An AI system can also take action through technologies such as expert systems and inference engines or undertake actions in the physical world.
These human-like capabilities are augmented by the ability to learn from experience and keep adapting over time.
What is generative AI?
Like other forms of artificial intelligence, generative AI learns how to take actions from past data.
It creates brand new content – a text, an image, even computer code – based on that training, instead of simply categorizing or identifying data like other AI.
The most famous generative AI application is ChatGPT, a chatbot that Microsoft-backed OpenAI released late last year.
The AI powering it is known as a large language model because it takes in a text prompt and from that writes a human-like response.
Potential positive economic impact of AI
PwC Report: The PwC report predicted an increase in global GDP by 14% or $15.7 trillion by 2030 due to ongoing technological advancements in AI. It also suggests that the greatest economic gains from AI will come from China, with a projected 26% boost to GDP by 2030.
Goldman Sachs Research: According to the Goldman Sachs Research report, generative AI alone could raise global GDP by 7% or almost $7 trillion over a 10-year period.
Forum for the Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets Survey: The survey conducted among economic experts revealed that 44% of U.S. experts expected a substantial increase in GDP per capita due to AI, while 34% of European experts expected the same.
Positive effects of AI adoption
Increased productivity: A study conducted by economists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) called Generative AI at Work revealed that AI tools improved worker productivity by 14% and enhanced consumer satisfaction among customer service agents.
Improved consumer satisfaction: AI tools have contributed to better treatment of customer service agents, leading to improved consumer satisfaction.
Employee retention: The use of AI tools in the workplace has been associated with increased employee retention rates, possibly due to the enhanced productivity and job satisfaction resulting from AI support.
Faster and smarter work: A recent survey among employees of LinkedIn’s top 50 companies in the United States shows that almost 70% of them found AI helping them to be faster, smarter, and more productive
Potential for significant GDP growth: Research by PwC suggests that ongoing advancements in AI could lead to a projected increase in global GDP by 14% or $15.7 trillion by 2030.
Creation of human-like output: Generative AI has the potential to generate human-like output, which can have positive macroeconomic effects by facilitating better communication and interaction between humans and machines.
Employment challenges
Labor replacement: AI technologies have the capability to automate both repetitive and creative tasks, potentially leading to the displacement of certain jobs.
Negative impact on wages and employment: Studies indicate that the adoption of robots and automation can have a negative effect on wages, employment, and the labor share. This impact is particularly observed among blue-collar workers and those with lower levels of education.
Wage inequality: Automation and AI contribute to wage inequality by affecting worker groups specializing in routine tasks. Changes in the wage structure over the last few decades can be attributed to the decline in wages for workers engaged in routine tasks in industries undergoing automation.
Intensified competition and winner-takes-all scenario: The adoption of AI may intensify competition among firms, potentially leading to a winner-takes-all scenario where early adopters gain significant advantages.
Displacement of middle-class jobs: AI technologies, especially in white-collar industries, may displace middle-class jobs, posing challenges for those in such occupations. The impact of AI on middle-class employment remains uncertain, potentially leading to job losses in these sectors.
Opportunities for India
Embracing the demographic dividend: India’s large population presents an opportunity to leverage the demographic dividend. By investing in AI education and training, India can harness the potential of its workforce and utilize AI to drive economic growth and create employment opportunities.
Focus on online education: The pandemic has increased acceptance and reliance on online education. India can take advantage of this trend and utilize online platforms to offer AI education and reach a wider audience, further accelerating the adoption of AI skills across the country.
Potential economic gains: The PwC report suggests that China is projected to experience the greatest economic gains from AI. However, India can still benefit by focusing on AI education, innovation, and creating an ecosystem that fosters AI-driven growth. By doing so, India can tap into the economic benefits associated with AI and boost its own GDP.
Way forward
Collaborative approach: Governments, industry, academia, and civil society should collaborate to shape the future of AI in a manner that benefits society as a whole. Open dialogues, partnerships, and knowledge sharing can drive responsible AI development.
Lifelong learning: Promoting a culture of lifelong learning and continuous skill development is crucial. This includes investing in education and training programs that cater to the changing demands of the AI-driven job market.
Regulatory frameworks: Governments need to develop agile regulatory frameworks that strike a balance between innovation and accountability. These frameworks should be adaptable to evolving technologies and address potential risks associated with AI.
Research and innovation: Continued research and investment in AI can drive innovation, especially in areas such as explainable AI, ethics, and responsible AI practices. Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and supporting AI research can lead to breakthroughs in addressing challenges and maximizing benefits.
Inclusive approach: Ensuring inclusivity in AI development and deployment is vital. Diversity in AI teams and the inclusion of diverse perspectives can help mitigate biases and ensure AI systems serve the needs of all individuals and communities.
Conclusion
Artificial Intelligence has permeated various sectors of the global economy, offering substantial benefits in terms of productivity and growth. While concerns regarding job displacement persist, the full extent of AI’s impact on employment remains uncertain. Governments should proactively address the challenges posed by AI while promoting education and training in AI-related fields.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: public health surveillance models
Mains level: wastewater surveillance and its benefits, public health surveillance mechanism, challenges and innovative models
What’s the news?
A recent study published in The Lancet Global Health has reintroduced wastewater surveillance as a powerful strategy for public health surveillance.
Central idea
In 1854, during a cholera outbreak in London, physician John Snow traced the epidemic to a contaminated water pump, highlighting the importance of disease prevention. Today, advancements in public health surveillance present new opportunities to detect outbreaks early. Wastewater surveillance, a cost-effective approach, has gained prominence in tracking diseases like poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2.
What is mean by Wastewater Surveillance?
Wastewater surveillance refers to the monitoring and analysis of wastewater samples to gather information about the presence and spread of disease-causing agents, such as viruses or bacteria, within a community.
It involves systematically sampling and testing wastewater from various sources, such as sewage systems or wastewater ponds. The samples are then analyzed in designated laboratories to identify specific markers or genetic fragments of pathogens.
Benefits of Wastewater Surveillance
Early Outbreak Detection: Wastewater surveillance detects disease-causing agents before clinical cases are reported, enabling prompt response and containment measures.
Community-Level Monitoring: Analyzing wastewater samples offers insights into overall community health, aiding in disease trend identification and targeted interventions.
Cost-Effectiveness: Wastewater surveillance eliminates the need for individual samples, reducing costs associated with collection, testing, and analysis.
Complementary to Clinical Data: Wastewater surveillance provides additional information beyond clinical data, capturing asymptomatic cases and enhancing disease prevalence understanding.
Early Warning System: Specific genetic markers or pathogen fragments found in wastewater samples can serve as an alert for potential disease outbreaks.
Surveillance in Resource-Limited Areas: Wastewater surveillance helps monitor disease occurrence in areas with limited access to healthcare facilities, enabling prioritized resource allocation.
Evidence-Based Decision Making: Integrating wastewater surveillance data with other sources informs data-driven decisions for disease control, resource allocation, and targeted interventions.
Challenges in India’s public health surveillance system
Uneven Coverage: The public health surveillance system in India does not provide uniform coverage across the country. Rural and remote areas often lack adequate surveillance infrastructure and resources, resulting in limited data collection and monitoring capabilities in these regions.
Fragmented and Siloed Efforts: Disease surveillance efforts in India are often fragmented and focused on specific diseases or health conditions. This siloed approach makes it difficult to detect and respond to emerging health threats comprehensively.
Inadequate Data Sharing: In India, there are challenges in sharing data between different levels of government and across departments, hindering the seamless flow of information necessary for early detection and response.
Limited Diagnostic and Laboratory Capacity: India’s public health laboratory infrastructure and diagnostic capacity need significant improvements. Inadequate resources, outdated equipment, and a shortage of trained personnel can hamper timely and accurate testing.
Underreporting and Data Quality Issues: Underreporting of diseases and inconsistent data quality pose significant challenges in India’s public health surveillance system.
Limited Use of Advanced Technologies: The adoption of advanced technologies, such as real-time data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, is limited in India’s public health surveillance system.
How India can enhance its epidemiological capabilities?
Incorporate Wastewater Surveillance into Reporting: Efforts should be made to incorporate wastewater surveillance data into existing surveillance reporting systems.
Integration with Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, which aims to create a seamless online platform for healthcare services, offers an opportunity for the integration of wastewater surveillance.
Strengthen Public Health Laboratory Networks: Efforts should be made to strengthen public health laboratory networks by incorporating the testing of wastewater samples into surveillance reporting. This can be achieved by providing the necessary resources, equipment, and trained personnel to conduct wastewater testing.
Training of Public Health Professionals: Public health professionals should receive training not only in traditional epidemiological methods but also in the management and interpretation of data derived from wastewater surveillance.
Data Management and Analysis: Develop robust data management systems to collect, store, and analyze wastewater surveillance data. This may involve creating dedicated databases or integrating wastewater surveillance data into existing surveillance information systems.
Need for Political backing and adequate funding for the successful integration of wastewater surveillance
India’s Commitment to Public Health Surveillance: India has already demonstrated its commitment to public health surveillance and resource mobilization. It is essential for political leaders to recognize the potential of wastewater surveillance as an effective tool for disease monitoring and response.
Niti Aayog’s Vision: The integration of wastewater surveillance aligns with Niti Aayog’s vision. Political leaders can provide strategic guidance and policy support to ensure the inclusion of wastewater surveillance in the national public health agenda
International Platforms and Leadership: India’s leadership at international platforms like the G20 provides an opportunity to elevate the significance of innovative approaches to disease surveillance, including wastewater surveillance. Political leaders can leverage these platforms to advocate for enhanced public health surveillance and secure international commitments and support.
Resource Allocation: Adequate funding is essential to implement wastewater surveillance effectively. Political leaders should allocate sufficient resources to build and strengthen laboratory networks, develop wastewater sampling infrastructure, and train public health professionals in data analysis and interpretation.
Public-Private Partnerships: Political leaders can facilitate partnerships between the public and private sectors to enhance funding for wastewater surveillance.
Conclusion
The inclusion of wastewater surveillance in India’s public health infrastructure holds great promise for enhancing disease prevention and control. Through strategic leadership, India has the potential to set a precedent in integrated public health surveillance, creating a model that prioritizes proactive measures, timely response, and a resilient healthcare system.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: LVM3
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
ISRO is scheduled to launch the Chandrayaan 3 mission on July 14.
The mission will be carried out using the LVM-3 configuration.
The GSLV is used for heavier payloads and higher orbits, with the most powerful configuration known as LVM-3.
Soon a comprehensive article about Chandrayaan 3 would be released!
LVM3: Unlocking New Frontiers of Space Exploration
Expendable Space Launch Vehicle: LVM3 is an expendable space launch vehicle meticulously crafted by ISRO.
Purpose: Its primary objective is to deploy satellites and space objects into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits (GTO).
Launch History: ISRO successfully launched the first LVM3 on April 18, 2001, and has accomplished a total of 13 launches to date.
Impressive Specifications: With a lift-off mass of 420 tonnes, LVM3 demonstrates its robustness in handling complex missions.
Stages of LVM3: Powering the Journey to Orbit
First Stage:
S139 Solid Booster: The initial stage of LVM3 features the S139 solid booster, armed with 138 tonnes of propellant.
Liquid Strap-on Motors: Additionally, it incorporates four liquid strap-on motors, each carrying 40 tonnes of propellant.
Second Stage:
Liquid Engine: The second stage of LVM3 is equipped with a liquid engine, propelling the vehicle with 40 tonnes of liquid propellant.
Third Stage:
Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS): LVM3 showcases its technological prowess with the indigenously built CUS, capable of accommodating 15 tonnes of cryogenic propellants.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Turtle Rehabilitation
Mains level: Not Muchga
Central Idea
Hundreds of turtles will be released into the river as a joint endeavour between the Namami Gange Programme, the Forest and Wildlife Department, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
These turtles, hatched at a breeding and rehabilitation center in Varanasi, aim to contribute to the cleanliness and rejuvenation of the sacred Ganges.
Turtle Rehabilitation Center: A Crucial Element in Ganges Conservation
Significance: The turtle rehabilitation center in Varanasi, established under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in the late 1980s, plays a pivotal role in the conservation of the Ganges River.
Achievements: Over 40,000 turtles have been released from the center, with approximately 28,000 turtles released during the initial phase of the GAP.
Renewed Focus: The center has gained renewed attention and support following the launch of the Namami Gange Programme in 2014, a flagship initiative of the Central government aimed at combating pollution and restoring the river’s ecological balance.
Strengthening the Ganges Clean-up Efforts
Turtle Population: The center nurtures around a dozen turtle species, including herbivores and carnivores, which are vital in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
Collection of Eggs: The Forest and Wildlife Department collects turtle eggs from the coastal areas of the Chambal region.
Controlled Hatching Process: The eggs are carefully monitored for 70 days in a specially designed room for hatching. They are buried in sand-filled wooden boxes placed on a water-filled ground with bricks on top.
Monitoring and Care: After hatching between June and July, the turtles are observed and nurtured in an artificial pond for two years to ensure their health and readiness for release into the river.
Role of Turtles in Ganges Restoration
Impact on Water Quality: Turtles contribute to improving the quality of the Ganges by feeding on meat and waste products present in the river.
Positive Indicators: Water quality assessments conducted by the Namami Gange Programme reveal improvements in biochemical demand (BOD), faecal coliform (FC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels.
Government’s Findings: The Uttar Pradesh Government confirmed that the pH levels at various locations, including Varanasi, meet bathing water quality criteria, while DO, BOD, and FC levels have shown improvement at 16, 14, and 18 out of 20 locations, respectively.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SCO
Mains level: Significance of SCO, challenges within and way forward
Central idea
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s virtual summit with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) holds immense significance. With the participation of key leaders such as Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and Pakistan Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, the meeting is poised to address crucial regional issues.
Relevance of the topic
India’s strained relations with neighbouring countries and the ongoing war in Europe.
Negotiations and meetings of SCO hold significance for India specifically related to the India-china relations and border standoff
Significance of the Meeting for India
Regional Engagement: As the host of the SCO meeting, India has the opportunity to actively engage with key regional players, including Russia, China, and Central Asian countries. This engagement allows India to strengthen its relations with neighboring nations and enhance regional cooperation on various fronts.
Showcase of Strategic Autonomy: India’s successful visit to the United States prior to the SCO summit highlights its ability to maintain positive relations with global powers while actively participating in regional groupings like the SCO. This demonstrates India’s strategic autonomy and self-assuredness, reinforcing its position as a reliable and influential player in global affairs.
Voice of Reason: PM Modi’s previous statement to President Putin, emphasizing that this is not the era of war, showcased India’s capacity to express its views to influential leaders. It highlighted India’s commitment to peaceful resolution and diplomacy, enhancing its international standing.
Strengthening Central Asian Ties: India’s participation in the SCO provides a valuable platform to strengthen and expand its relations with Central Asian countries. By actively engaging with them through the SCO, India can foster stronger bilateral ties and explore opportunities for trade, investment, and cooperation in various sectors.
Countering Cross-Border Terrorism: The SCO’s focus on combating terrorism and cross-border issues aligns with India’s priorities. Through participation in SCO initiatives and discussions, India can emphasize the importance of concerted efforts to address terrorism and promote regional stability.
Changing Dynamics in Central Asia
Decline of Russian Influence: Central Asia, which was traditionally considered Russia’s backyard, has seen a decline in Russia’s influence in recent years. This decline is partly due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war and Russia’s annexation of Ukrainian territories. Central Asian countries, such as Kazakhstan, have openly expressed their non-support for Russia’s actions, signaling a shift in their perspective.
Growing Chinese Presence: China has been expanding its presence in Central Asia through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Chinese investments in infrastructure projects, such as building pipelines, transmission lines, and other connectivity projects, have increased.
Common People’s Concerns: The common people in Central Asian countries have concerns about potential economic exploitation and loss of national assets. There have been demonstrations against China’s increasing influence, highlighting the need for careful consideration of the long-term implications of Chinese involvement.
Search for Diverse Partnerships: Central Asian countries are looking beyond Russia and China for partnerships. They aim to avoid becoming excessively dependent on a single power and seek relationships with multiple countries. India, Turkey, Iran, the United States, and Europe are among the nations interested in engaging with Central Asian countries and offering alternative opportunities for economic cooperation, security, and development.
Strengthening Relations with India: India has historical, cultural, and civilizational links with Central Asia. Prime Minister Modi’s visits to all five Central Asian countries in 2015 demonstrated India’s commitment to deepening ties.
Multi-Actor Engagement: Besides India, other countries such as Turkey, Iran, the United States, and Europe are also recognizing the opportunities in Central Asia. They are actively seeking to enhance their relations with the region, understanding the need for a multi-actor approach to regional engagement.
India’s progress and expectations
Strengthening regional relations: India’s active participation in the SCO has strengthened ties with Central Asian countries and expanded cooperation in various sectors.
Counterterrorism and security cooperation: India’s engagement in the SCO highlights its commitment to combating terrorism and promoting regional security.
Economic cooperation and trade opportunities: India seeks to enhance economic ties with Central Asian nations through trade and investment improvements.
Regional connectivity and infrastructure development: India advocates for improved regional connectivity, including projects like the International North-South Transport Corridor and the Chabahar Port, to facilitate trade and economic cooperation.
Cultural and people-to-people exchanges: India focuses on fostering cultural and educational exchanges to deepen mutual understanding and strengthen ties between India and Central Asia.
Expanding influence: Active participation in the SCO allows India to expand its influence in the region and project itself as a reliable and responsible partner in international affairs.
Challenges within the SCO framework
Divergent Interests: The SCO consists of member states with diverse geopolitical interests, historical disputes, and economic priorities. These divergences can sometimes make it difficult to achieve consensus and coordinated action on important issues.
Bilateral Disputes: Some SCO member states have ongoing bilateral disputes, such as the border disputes between India and China, and Pakistan and India. These disputes can create tensions within the organization and hinder collective decision-making.
Power Dynamics: The SCO includes major powers like China and Russia, which may wield more influence and have their own priorities within the organization. Balancing power dynamics and ensuring equitable representation among member states can be a challenge.
Security Concerns: The SCO’s primary focus is on regional security, counterterrorism, and combating extremism. However, member states may have varying security concerns, differing threat perceptions, and divergent approaches to addressing security challenges.
Economic Disparities: The SCO encompasses countries with varying levels of economic development and differing priorities for economic cooperation. Achieving comprehensive economic integration among member states can be challenging due to disparities in economic systems, infrastructure connectivity, and trade barriers.
Way forward
Strengthening Trust and Confidence: Member states should work towards building trust and confidence among themselves through increased dialogue, transparency, and shared understanding of each other’s perspectives and concerns. Regular high-level exchanges, bilateral meetings, and people-to-people interactions can contribute to enhancing trust and cooperation.
Consensus-Building and Decision-Making: The SCO should prioritize consensus-building among member states on key issues. Ensuring that decision-making processes are inclusive, transparent, and representative will help in addressing divergent interests and maintaining unity within the organization.
Resolving Bilateral Disputes: Member states should make efforts to resolve their bilateral disputes through peaceful means and dialogue. Encouraging direct negotiations, promoting confidence-building measures, and seeking third-party mediation when necessary can contribute to reducing tensions and enhancing cooperation within the SCO.
Enhanced Economic Cooperation: The SCO should focus on deepening economic cooperation among member states. This can be achieved through the promotion of trade, investment, infrastructure connectivity, and technology sharing.
Regional Security Cooperation: Member states should collaborate closely to address common security challenges, including terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking. Strengthening intelligence sharing, joint exercises, and capacity-building initiatives can enhance the effectiveness of the SCO in maintaining regional security and stability.
Engaging with External Partners: The SCO should engage with external partners, including observer states and dialogue partners, to explore areas of mutual interest and cooperation. This can help leverage external expertise, resources, and networks to support the organization’s objectives while ensuring that the SCO remains independent and maintains its autonomy.
Conclusion
While the SCO meeting may not directly resolve border standoffs or ongoing wars, it serves as a platform to strengthen regional relations, address cross-border terrorism, and explore avenues for cooperation. By actively engaging with Central Asian countries and leveraging its strengths, India can enhance its influence and contribute to the region’s progress
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
China’s Ministry of Commerce recently announced export controls on gallium and germanium, citing national security interests.
The move has raised concerns due to the crucial role of these raw materials in semiconductor manufacturing and various other industries.
Why read this?
The restrictions imposed by China have prompted responses from other countries, highlighting the geopolitical backdrop of the ongoing ‘global chip war.’
Curbs Imposed by China
Specific Licensing Requirement: Export operators must acquire a specific license to restrict the export of gallium and germanium.
Application Process: Operators need to provide details of importers, end-users, end use, and the original export contract. Exporting without permission will be deemed a violation, leading to administrative penalties and potential criminal charges.
Significance and Concerns
Role of Gallium: Gallium is crucial for manufacturing semiconductor wafers, integrated circuits, mobile communications, satellite communications, LEDs, automotives, lighting, and sensor applications.
Role of Germanium: Germanium is used in fiber-optic cables, infrared imaging devices, optical devices, and solar cells due to its properties such as heat resistance and energy conversion efficiency.
Import Dependency: China dominates 80% of gallium production and 60% of germanium production, causing concerns for countries heavily reliant on imports, such as the European Commission and India.
International Responses
United States: The U.S. opposes China’s export controls and plans to consult with partners and allies to address the issue. The focus is on diversifying supply chains and building resilience.
European Commission: Expresses concerns about the development, raising doubts regarding its security-related nature.
Geopolitical Backdrop: The US, Japan, and the Netherlands have implemented export control measures for national security reasons, targeting advanced computing chips and semiconductor manufacturing capabilities.
China’s Perspective
Denial of Targeting Specific Countries: Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson emphasizes that the export measures are not aimed at any particular country and highlights China’s commitment to secure and stable global supply chains.
Countermeasures: Some Chinese officials have suggested that the export controls are just the beginning, and China may escalate its countermeasures if restrictions intensify in the future.
Impact on India
Short-Term Disruption: India may experience short-term disruptions in its industries due to the disruption of immediate supply chains and increased prices.
Long-Term Consequences: The long-term impact on India’s chip-making plans and industries will depend on factors such as alternative supply sources, domestic semiconductor production capabilities, and strategic partnerships like the India-U.S. Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
Opportunity for India: India can explore waste recovery from zinc and alumina production for gallium and germanium, consider alternative substitutes like indium and silicon, and focus on domestic semiconductor production.
Conclusion
China’s export controls on gallium and germanium have raised concerns globally due to their critical role in various industries, particularly semiconductor manufacturing.
The responses from other countries reflect the geopolitical backdrop of the ongoing ‘chip war.’
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Issues in Rupee-Ruble trade
Central Idea
India’s increasing reliance on oil imports from Russia has presented challenges in making payments due to various factors.
The breach of the oil price cap imposed by the US and European nations, lower discounts offered by Russia, and geopolitical ramifications of using alternative currencies have complicated the payment process.
Oil Imports from Russia
Shift in Imports: Russia has become the largest supplier of oil to India, surpassing traditional players such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
Increased Imports: Crude oil imports from Russia to India have surged, reaching over $31 billion in 2022-23, almost 13 times higher than the previous year.
Dominance in Supply: Russia accounts for a significant portion of seaborne supplies of Russian-grade oil priced under $60 per barrel.
Currency for Payments
SWIFT Sanctions: Western sanctions on Russian banks have blocked transactions through the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) system, hindering payments.
Dollar Dependency: Oil transactions have traditionally been dollar-dependent, but the price cap and sanctions have prompted India to explore alternative payment mechanisms.
Yuan and Dirham Payments: Some non-dollar payments for Russian oil have been settled in Chinese Yuan and UAE dirham.
Issues with Rupee-Rouble Mechanism
Failed Implementation: Negotiations to reactivate the rupee-rouble trade arrangement have faced obstacles due to scepticism about rouble convertibility and concerns over rupee volatility.
Trade Deficit Concerns: The surge in oil trade has led to a significant trade deficit, reaching $43 billion in 2022-23, creating challenges for India.
Geopolitical Ramifications
Strained Ties with China: Using the Chinese yuan for payments raises geopolitical concerns amid ongoing tensions between India and China.
De-dollarization Efforts: The U.S. sanctions have prompted countries to explore de-dollarization, seeking alternatives to the global reserve currency.
Potential Solutions
Investment Opportunities: Balancing the trade deficit with Russia could involve encouraging investments in energy projects in India or Russian investments in Indian government bonds.
Roadmap for Rupee Internationalization: India aims to increase the international acceptance of the Indian rupee, although challenges related to its purchasing power and global market share remain.
Conclusion
India’s challenges in paying for oil imports from Russia have arisen due to breaches of the oil price cap, limited payment mechanisms, and geopolitical considerations.
The failed rupee-rouble mechanism and the ballooning trade deficit have further complicated the situation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Performance Grading Index (PGI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The annual Performance Grading Index (PGI) released by the Union government ranks the performance of States and Union Territories in school education for the year 2021-22.
While Chandigarh and Punjab emerged as the top performers, none of the states or UTs achieved the highest grade, Daksh, indicating room for improvement across the board.
Performance Grading Index (PGI)
The Performance Grading Index (PGI) is a tool to provide insights on the status of school education in States and UTs including key levers that drive their performance and critical areas for improvement.
The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL) has designed the PGI to catalyse transformational change in the field of school education.
Key Parameters of the PGI
Learning Outcomes: Assessing students’ performance in subjects such as language, math, science, and social science.
Access to Education: Evaluating net enrolment ratio, retention rates, transitions between educational levels, and mainstreaming of out-of-school children.
Infrastructure: Examining availability of science labs, computer labs, book banks, vocational education subjects, mid-day meal supply, functional drinking water facilities, and provision of uniforms and free textbooks.
Equity: Considering the performance gap between marginalized communities and the general category, as well as the presence of inclusive infrastructure like ramps and disabled-friendly toilets.
Educational Governance and Management: Assessing digital attendance records, the presence of single-teacher primary schools, vacancies in educational posts, inspections, and teacher evaluations.
PGI Grades and Rankings
Daksh: The highest grade in the PGI, scoring above 940 out of 1,000 points.
Akanshi-3: The lowest grade, with scores up to 460 points.
Top Performers: Chandigarh and Punjab secured the sixth-highest grade, Prachesta-2, followed closely by Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Delhi, Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu at Prachesta-3.
Improvement Needed: Thirteen states, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh, were categorized as Akanshi-1 states, indicating substantial room for improvement.
Action for Improvement
Domain-Wise Action: The report highlights that states can take specific actions in each domain to improve their overall score in the PGI.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nari Adalat
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The government is launching a unique initiative ‘Nari Adalat’ to establish women-only courts at the village level.
Nari Adalat
Nari Adalat aims to provide an alternative dispute resolution forum for issues such as domestic violence, property rights, and countering patriarchal norms.
The pilot project will commence in 50 villages each in Assam and Jammu and Kashmir, with plans for nationwide implementation over the next six months.
Structure and Functioning
Composition: Each Nari Adalat will consist of 7-9 members, with half elected members of the gram panchayat and the other half being women with social standing, such as teachers, doctors, and social workers.
Objectives: It will address individual cases, promote awareness about social schemes, collect feedback, raise awareness about legal rights, and resolve cases falling within its jurisdiction.
Services Provided: The platform will offer alternate dispute resolution, grievance redressal, counseling, evidence-based decision making, pressure group tactics, negotiation, mediation, and reconciliation for accessible and affordable justice.
Implementation and Collaboration
Ministry-In-Charge: The Ministry of Women and Child Development will oversee the implementation of the scheme under the Sambal sub-scheme of Mission Shakti, dedicated to women’s safety, security, and empowerment.
Collaborative Efforts: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, the Ministry of Rural Development, and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology’s Common Service Centers will collaborate in the implementation process.
Standard Operating Procedures: Detailed procedures for all states have been prepared and will be released to ensure uniformity and effective functioning of Nari Adalats.
Inception of the idea
Previous Initiatives: The scheme draws inspiration from the Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats (People’s Court of Women) previously operated by the National Commission for Women (NCW).
Focus Areas: These courts addressed matters related to family affairs, matrimonial disputes, bigamy, succession, and motor vehicle accident disputes related to labor.
Discontinued Scheme: The NCW-assisted Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats conducted a total of 298 sessions before the scheme was discontinued in 2014-15.
Need for such scheme
Persisting Gender Bias: Women’s only courts counter gender bias in traditional court systems, providing a fair and non-discriminatory environment for women’s cases.
Cultural and Social Barriers: These courts break down cultural and social barriers that prevent women from seeking justice, offering a culturally sensitive space where they can freely participate.
Empowerment andAgency: Women’s only courts empower women to assert their rights, challenge patriarchal norms, and access justice independently.
Addressing Specific Issues: These courts focus on women’s unique issues, including domestic violence, property rights, and gender-based discrimination.
Enhanced Access to Justice: By being located at the village level, women’s only courts improve access to justice for women who face geographical and logistical challenges in reaching mainstream courts.
Alternative Dispute Resolution: These courts offer mediation and negotiation options, which are more effective and less adversarial for resolving disputes, particularly in family and community conflicts.
Precedents and Awareness: Women’s only courts set legal precedents and raise awareness about women’s rights, influencing social norms and promoting positive change.
Conclusion
The establishment of women-only courts at the village level through the Nari Adalat initiative demonstrates the government’s commitment to empowering women and promoting gender justice.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dadabhai Naoroji
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Dadabhai Naoroji, the first Indian member of the British Parliament, played a significant role in India’s anti-colonial struggle.
His scholarly work exposed the economic exploitation of India under British rule, emphasizing the drain theory.
Who was Dadabhai Naoroji?
Early Life: Naoroji was born in Navsari, Gujarat, into a Parsi Zoroastrian family. He received his education at the Elphinstone Institute School.
Social Reforms: He founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha and the Rast Goftar newspaper to promote Parsi social reforms and clarify Zoroastrian concepts.
Political Activism: Naoroji co-founded the London Indian Society and the East India Association, advocating for Indian political rights and countering negative stereotypes.
Indian National Congress: He played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and served as its President on three occasions.
British Parliament: Naoroji became the first Indian MP in the British House of Commons, representing Finsbury Central from 1892 to 1895.
Economic Critique: His book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” exposed the drain of wealth from India to Britain and its impact on India’s development.
His proposition of Drain Theory and Poverty
Naoroji’s Drain Theory: He identified six factors contributing to the wealth drain, including foreign governance, lack of immigration, and unequal employment opportunities.
Impact of Drain: Naoroji estimated a drain of 200-300 million pounds from India to Britain, which hindered India’s economic progress.
Railways and Tribute: Naoroji argued that India paid for services like railways, but the profits were drained out of the country, leading to economic imbalances.
Exploitative Trade: British workers in India were encouraged to repatriate their earnings, and Indian goods were undervalued, allowing for economic exploitation.
Major works
Started the Rast Goftar Anglo-Gujarati Newspaper in 1854.
The manners and customs of the Parsees (Bombay, 1864)
The European and Asiatic races (London, 1866)
Admission of educated natives into the Indian Civil Service (London, 1868)
The wants and means of India (London, 1876)
Condition of India (Madras, 1882)
Legacy and Views
Naoroji’s Significance: He is considered a crucial figure in India’s independence movement, advocating for responsible government and Indian autonomy.
Influence on Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi was influenced by Naoroji’s writings and recognized him as a father figure for the Indian people.
Admirations: Bal Gangadhar Tilak praised Naoroji’s leadership and stated that Indians would unanimously elect him if given the chance.
Recognition: Naoroji’s contributions are honoured through various roads, streets, and awards named after him.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NanoSIMS
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
A team of scientists from IIT Kharagpur has discovered evidence of exceptionally high annual rainfall during the volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps in India around 66 million years ago.
Using a new technique called Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), the researchers analyzed the isotopic composition of fossil trees from the Cretaceous period.
They determined the isotopic composition of the rainfall-derived lake water.
Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS)
NanoSIMS is an advanced analytical technique to determine the composition and distribution of elements and isotopes at a microscopic scale.
It allows for high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of samples.
The technique involves bombarding the sample surface with a focused beam of primary ions.
This causes the ejection of secondary ions from the sample surface.
The secondary ions are collected and analyzed using a mass spectrometer.
The mass spectrometer separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and measures their abundance.
Analysis and Findings
New Technique: The team used Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to analyze oxygen isotopes in fossil trees and measure the isotopic composition of the lake water derived from rainfall.
Depleted Oxygen Isotopes: The analysis revealed depleted oxygen isotope values, indicating higher tropical rainfall in India during the terminal Cretaceous period.
Link to Paleoclimatic Changes: The increase in rainfall closely corresponded to changes in paleo-atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, suggesting a potential underlying link between the two.
Implications and Comparison
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration: The eruption of Deccan Trap lavas released a significant amount of carbon dioxide, raising atmospheric levels to as high as 1,000 ppm.
Comparison to Modern Rainfall: The data from fossil trees indicated an annual rainfall of 1,800-1,900 mm, exceeding the average modern rainfall of 1,000-1,200 mm in most parts of peninsular India.
Climate Change Predictions: The findings align with predictions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for extreme warming scenarios, suggesting a correlation between high carbon dioxide levels and increased rainfall.
Climate Models and Future Projections
Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels: Fossil fuel emissions have raised carbon dioxide levels from 280 ppm to about 420 ppm in 2023.
Impact on Rainfall: Climate models indicate that doubling carbon dioxide levels will intensify atmospheric circulation and subsequently increase rainfall.
IPCC AR6 Report: The report warns of a significant increase in the wettest day precipitation and tropical cyclone-associated rainfall if carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise unabated.
Conclusion
The study provides evidence of high rainfall during the volcanic activity that formed the Deccan Traps in India millions of years ago.
The findings suggest a correlation between elevated carbon dioxide levels and increased rainfall, supporting predictions made by climate models for future climate change scenarios.
