Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Quality of Public Expenditure' Index
Why in the News?
The Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) Index, developed by the RBI, evaluates how efficiently government funds are used, focusing on expenditure composition and its long-term impact on economic growth.
About the QPE Index
- The QPE Index by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) measures how effectively government funds are utilized.
- It focuses on fiscal discipline, capital investment, and efficient allocation of public resources for long-term growth.
- Key Indicators of the QPE Index:
- Capital Outlay to GDP Ratio: Measures government spending on infrastructure as a percentage of GDP. Higher ratio = better quality expenditure.
- Revenue Expenditure to Capital Outlay Ratio: Lower ratio preferred, as excessive spending on salaries & subsidies reduces funds for development.
- Development Expenditure to GDP Ratio: Tracks spending in education, healthcare, infrastructure, improving human capital & productivity.
- Development Expenditure as % of Total Expenditure: Higher share indicates better resource allocation.
- Interest Payments to Total Expenditure Ratio: Lower ratio = better debt management & fiscal sustainability.
Key Findings from RBI’s QPE Index Analysis:
- 1991-2003: Post-liberalization, focus on reducing fiscal deficit led to a decline in public investment.
- 2003-2008: FRBM Act (2003) improved fiscal discipline, increasing capital spending & state revenues.
- 2008-2013: Global Financial Crisis (GFC) led to higher government spending, increasing fiscal deficits but supporting recovery.
- 2013-2017: 14th Finance Commission (2015) increased states’ share in central taxes, boosting development expenditure.
- 2017-2020: GST implementation challenges affected the Centre’s revenues, but states benefited from higher tax shares.
- 2020-Present: Record capital expenditure boosted infrastructure & economic recovery, improving public expenditure quality.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Union Budget, which of the following, is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?
1. Defence-expenditure
2. Interest payments
3. Salaries and pensions
4. Subsidies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rupee-Dollar Swap Auction
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will conduct a $10 billion dollar-rupee swap auction on February 28, 2025, aimed at injecting durable rupee liquidity into the banking system.
This 3-year forex swap is expected to inject ₹86,000 crore into the banking system at a time when there is a liquidity deficit of ₹1.7 lakh crore in the financial sector.
What is the RBI’s Forex Swap Auction?
- Forex swap auctions are a tool used by the RBI to manage liquidity and stabilize financial markets.
- In return, the RBI will inject rupee liquidity into the banking system.
- Buy-Sell Swap: RBI buys dollars now and sells them back later (liquidity injection).
- Sell-Buy Swap: RBI sells dollars now and buys them back later (liquidity absorption).
- After 3 years, the transaction will be reversed, with the RBI selling dollars back to banks and absorbing rupee liquidity from the system.
How does it work?
- Auction Process:
- Banks bid in the swap auction by quoting the swap rate (forward premium).
- The lowest premium bids are accepted first (similar to G-sec auctions).
- Liquidity Injection:
- Banks sell US dollars to the RBI at the prevailing exchange rate.
- The RBI provides rupees in exchange, boosting liquidity in the banking system.
- Reverse Swap After Three Years:
- On March 6, 2028, the swap will be reversed.
- The RBI will return US dollars to the banks and absorb the equivalent amount of rupees.
- This allows the RBI to control liquidity over a longer period without permanently altering its forex reserves.
Significance of this move
- Reduces Borrowing Costs: More liquidity in the system lowers short-term interest rates. Bond yields and corporate borrowing costs decline, benefiting businesses and NBFCs.
- Stabilizes Foreign Exchange Markets: The rupee’s availability increases, reducing pressure on exchange rates. Lower hedging costs for companies with foreign liabilities.
- Enhances RBI’s Monetary Policy Toolkit: This approach provides a temporary boost to liquidity, while ensuring a controlled reversal in the future.
PYQ:
[2015] Convertibility of rupee implies:
(a) Being able to convert rupee notes into gold
(b) Allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces
(c) Freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa
(d) Developing an international market for currencies in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BOBP-IGO
Why in the News?
India has taken over the Chairmanship of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) Inter-Governmental Organisation from Bangladesh at the 13th Governing Council Meeting in Male, Maldives.
What is BOBP-IGO?
- BOBP-IGO is a regional fisheries body promoting sustainable fisheries management and improving the livelihoods of small-scale fishers in the Bay of Bengal region.
- It was established in 2003 and is headquartered in Chennai.
- It evolved from the Bay of Bengal Programme (BoBP), which was launched in 1979 under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- Members:
- Full Members: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
- Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties: Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand.
- Objectives: Enhance marine fisheries management, build fisher capacities, promote policy cooperation, and combat Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated (IUU) fishing.
Significance of India’s Chairmanship in BOBP-IGO
- India will lead policies for sustainable fisheries management and marine conservation across member nations.
- This would strengthen monitoring, surveillance, and enforcement to prevent overfishing and illegal activities.
- It will facilitate collaboration among member nations, exchange best practices, and integrate advanced technology in fisheries.
- It would promote scientific research, innovation, and economic growth while reinforcing India’s influence in the Indian Ocean Region.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2014) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on “freedom of speech and expression” (2014), and A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” — M.K. Gandhi (2019).
A Bench of Justices Surya Kant and N. Kotiswar Singh imposed strict conditions, barring Allahbadia and his team from posting on social media until further notice and ordering him to surrender his passport to the police. These conditions go against previous Supreme Court rulings that warn against imposing excessive restrictions that limit personal freedom while granting temporary relief.
Today’s editorial discusses temporary protection from arrest and the factors the Supreme Court considers when granting interim relief to an accused. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 4 in the UPSC Mains examination.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On February 18, the Supreme Court granted temporary protection from arrest to podcaster and influencer Ranveer Allahbadia.
What stringent conditions did the Supreme Court impose on podcaster and influencer Ranveer Allahbadia?
- Prohibition on Social Media Activity: The Court barred Allahbadia and his associates from posting any content on YouTube or other audio/video platforms until further orders. Example: Similar restrictions were rejected in Mohammed Zubair’s case (2021), where the Court held that preventing social media activity violates free speech rights.
- Surrender of Passport: He was directed to surrender his passport to the police to prevent him from leaving the country. Example: In Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022), the Court ruled that conditions like passport surrender must not be disproportionate or impossible to comply with.
- Gag Order on Professional Work: The Court imposed a gag order restricting him from airing new content until further notice. Example: In Rehana Fathima’s case (2021), the Supreme Court overturned a similar order that restricted the activist from expressing her views online.
- Monitoring of Public Statements: Allahbadia’s public statements and activities on digital platforms are subject to strict oversight to prevent further controversies. Example: In Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024), the Court struck down a bail condition requiring the accused to share their Google Maps location PIN, calling it an invasion of privacy.
- Single Investigation for Multiple FIRs: The Court may consolidate the multiple FIRs against him under a single investigation to prevent harassment. Example: In Parteek Bansal v. State of Rajasthan (2022), the Supreme Court denounced the filing of multiple FIRs for the same offense as a form of state harassment.
What factors does the top court consider when granting interim relief to an accused?
- Tampering with Evidence (Interfering with Investigation): The Court considers whether interim relief might allow the accused to destroy, fabricate, or conceal evidence. Example: In Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022), the Court cautioned against imposing impossible bail conditions while ensuring the investigation remains uncompromised.
- Nature and Gravity of the Offense: The seriousness of the alleged crime and its potential social impact are weighed when deciding on interim relief. Example: In Arnab Goswami v. State of Maharashtra (2020), interim bail was granted, with the Court emphasizing the need to prevent misuse of the law for political harassment.
- Protection of Fundamental Rights: The Court considers the accused’s fundamental rights, particularly personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Example: In Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024), the Court struck down a bail condition requiring the accused to share their Google Maps location PIN, calling it a violation of privacy rights.
- Flight Risk (Likelihood of Absconding): The Court evaluates whether the accused is likely to flee the country or jurisdiction to evade legal proceedings. Example: In Chidambaram v. Directorate of Enforcement (2019), anticipatory bail was denied due to concerns about flight risk and the accused’s ability to influence the investigation.
- Intimidation of Witnesses (Influencing or Threatening Witnesses): The possibility of the accused threatening, influencing, or coercing witnesses is assessed to ensure a fair trial. Example: In State of Gujarat v. Amit Shah (2010), bail was granted after the Court found no direct evidence suggesting that the accused would intimidate witnesses.
What has the Court previously stated about gag orders?
- Gag Orders Violate Freedom of Speech: The Court has consistently held that gag orders restricting speech violate Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Example: In Mohammed Zubair v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021), the Court refused to restrict Zubair from tweeting while on bail, stating it would create a chilling effect on free speech.
- Prior Restraint is Constitutionally Disfavored: The Court has cautioned that prior restraint—preventing speech before it occurs—is unconstitutional except in exceptional circumstances like public order or national security. Example: In R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994), the Court ruled that prior censorship is permissible only when there is compelling public interest.
- Gag Orders Must Be Proportional: Any restriction on speech must be narrowly tailored and proportionate to the harm being prevented. Broad, vague restrictions are unconstitutional. Example: In Rehana Fathima v. State of Kerala (2021), the Court struck down a bail condition prohibiting Fathima from expressing her views on social media, calling it disproportionate.
- Right to Practice a Profession: Gag orders must not prevent individuals from pursuing their profession, especially when their work depends on public communication. Example: In Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021), the Court quashed FIRs against journalist Vinod Dua, stating that his journalistic work was protected under Article 19(1)(a).
- Interference with Judicial Process is an Exception: The Court has upheld gag orders only when speech could obstruct the judicial process or prejudice a fair trial. Example: In Sahara India Real Estate Corp. v. SEBI (2012), the Court allowed temporary restrictions to prevent media trials from affecting the outcome of legal proceedings.
Way forward:
- Balance Fundamental Rights with Fair Trial: Ensure that any restrictions on speech, including gag orders, are narrow, proportionate, and imposed only when necessary to protect the integrity of judicial proceedings while safeguarding freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a).
- Establish Clear Guidelines for Interim Relief: Formulate uniform guidelines to regulate conditions like passport surrender, social media bans, and public statement monitoring, ensuring they are consistent with constitutional protections and do not impose disproportionate burdens on the accused.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges to Indian Industries;
Why in the News?
Indian industry leaders are hurting their future by depending too much on cheap labour for growth.
What are the issues related to cheap labour in India?
- Long Working Hours: Migrant industrial workers often work 11-12 hours a day without breaks during peak demand, compromising their physical and mental well-being.
- Informal Employment: As per the 2023-24 Periodic Labour Force Survey, only 21.7% of workers hold regular jobs with salaries. Even within this group, nearly half face informal conditions (no contracts, paid leave, or social security).
- Exploitation via Contract Work: 56% of workers joining the factory sector since 2011-12 are contract workers, lacking legal protection and receiving lower wages.
- Migrant Worker Vulnerability: Migrant workers face multiple disadvantages due to social position, lack of assets, and inadequate access to social security.
- Profit Maximization: Industries prioritize profit over worker welfare, with profit shares rising from 31.6% in 2019-20 to 46.4% in 2021-22 in the factory sector.
What is the current situation of the garment industry in India?
- Stagnant Share in Global Exports: India’s share in global garment exports has remained stagnant at 3.1% over the past two decades. Example: In contrast, Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have increased their market share by investing in modern technologies and efficient supply chains (Economic and Political Weekly, August 2024).
- Over-Reliance on Cheap Labour: The industry depends heavily on low-cost, unorganized labour rather than technology and automation, limiting productivity. Example: Over 70% of the workforce in garment manufacturing operates in small, unregistered enterprises with poor working conditions and low wages (PLFS 2023-24).
- Declining Competitiveness: Rising competition from China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh has reduced India’s competitiveness in both mass-market and premium garment segments. Example: India’s textile and garment exports dropped by 13.3% to $32 billion in 2023-24, while Vietnam’s exports rose to $44 billion (Ministry of Commerce data, 2024).
- Lack of Innovation and Modernization: Indian firms lag in adopting advanced production technologies, affecting product diversity and design innovation. Example: While countries like Vietnam invest in smart textiles and sustainable practices, Indian firms focus primarily on basic, low-margin garments.
- Impact of Policy and Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate government support, high logistics costs, and delayed payments to small firms hinder sectoral growth. Example: The Textile PLI Scheme launched in 2021 aimed to boost manufacturing but has had limited uptake, particularly among smaller manufacturers due to complex compliance issues.
How can India benefit from its cheap labour?
- Investing in Skill Development and Training: Enhancing workers’ skills can increase productivity while maintaining cost advantages. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 50 million workers since its launch in 2015, improving output quality in sectors like textiles, automotive, and electronics.
- Promoting Labour-Intensive Industries: Expanding labour-intensive sectors (e.g., textiles, leather, and electronics assembly) can maximize employment and exports. Example: The Apparel Park Scheme in Tamil Nadu supports garment clusters, increasing job opportunities while improving global competitiveness.
- Strengthening MSMEs and Local Supply Chains: Supporting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through policy incentives and better access to credit can utilize cheap labour efficiently. Example: The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme has provided ₹3.7 lakh crore in credit to over 65 lakh MSMEs (as of 2024).
- Encouraging Export-Oriented Production: Facilitating exports through simplified regulations and logistical improvements can enhance global market access. Example: The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme helps Indian exporters by reimbursing embedded taxes, making Indian goods more competitive.
- Adopting a Hybrid Model of Labour and Technology: Combining low-cost manual labour with affordable automation can balance efficiency with cost advantages. Example: Maruti Suzuki uses a man-machine hybrid system for auto production, reducing costs while maintaining high output, making it India’s largest car exporter.
Why are industries falling behind in innovation?
- Low Investment in Research and Development (R&D): India’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is 0.65% of GDP (2022), significantly lower than countries like China (2.4%) and South Korea (4.8%). Example: In the pharmaceutical sector, while India is a major producer of generic medicines, it lags in developing innovative drugs due to limited R&D spending.
- Dominance of Low-Cost, Labor-Intensive Models: Indian industries prioritize cheap labour over adopting advanced technologies, limiting productivity gains and innovation. Example: In the textile industry, India’s share in global garment exports is 3.1%, while Bangladesh (7.9%) and Vietnam (6.4%) have overtaken India by modernizing production systems.
- Limited Collaboration between Industry and Academia: Weak ties between academic research institutions and industries hinder the commercialization of innovative ideas. Example: In 2021, only 36 patents were filed jointly by Indian universities and private firms compared to 5,000+ in China under their “Industry-Academia Collaboration” model.
- Lack of Policy Incentives for Innovation: Insufficient government policies and weak implementation of initiatives like Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) reduce incentives for private-sector innovation. Example: While China’s “Made in China 2025” policy incentivizes innovation-led manufacturing, India’s PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) scheme primarily focuses on output rather than R&D-driven innovation.
- Financial Constraints on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs, which form 70% of the manufacturing workforce, face difficulties accessing credit for innovation and upgrading technology. Example: Despite initiatives like CGTMSE, only 15% of MSMEs in India receive formal credit, limiting their ability to invest in new technologies.
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Way forward:
- Enhance Technology Adoption and Innovation: Encourage investment in advanced manufacturing technologies and R&D through better policy incentives and stronger industry-academia collaboration to improve productivity and global competitiveness.
- Support Labour Welfare and Formalization: Implement policies to improve working conditions, ensure social security for informal workers, and promote skill development programs to balance cost efficiency with worker well-being.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Demand for Skilled workers;
Why in the News?
The demand for skilled workers will soon be higher than the supply, and India must act quickly to meet the needs of important regions.
What are the Geographic regions and their demands?
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – High Demand for Construction and Manufacturing: The GCC nations (e.g., UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar) require skilled construction and manufacturing workers to support infrastructure projects like NEOM (Saudi Arabia’s smart city project) and the Dubai Urban Plan 2040.
- Europe (including the UK) – Service Sector Growth & Healthcare Needs: Europe, being the oldest post-industrial society, has a rising demand for healthcare professionals, IT experts, and service-sector workers due to ageing populations. Example: Germany’s “Skilled Immigration Act” aims to attract foreign talent in healthcare and technology.
- Australia – Skilled Migration in Healthcare & Construction: Australia is open to skilled migration, especially in healthcare, IT, and construction due to labour shortages. Example: Australia’s Priority Migration Skilled Occupation List (PMSOL) focuses on attracting doctors, engineers, and tech professionals.
- Global Demand in Emerging Sectors – AI, Big Data, and Automation: Countries worldwide, including the US, Canada, and Singapore, require expertise in Artificial Intelligence (AI),the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and big data analytics. Example: Singapore’s Tech. Pass visa encourages AI and IT experts to work in its digital economy.
- Health and Social Care – Universal Demand: Aging populations in developed countries are driving high demand for nurses, caregivers, and medical professionals across the GCC, Europe, and Australia. Example: The UK’s Health and Care Worker visa prioritizes foreign healthcare workers to fill staffing gaps in the NHS.
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Why is the demand for skilled workers expected to exceed the supply in the near future?
- Rapid Technological Advancements: Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cybersecurity are evolving swiftly, creating a need for specialized skills that the current workforce lacks. Example: The global AI market is projected to reach $266 billion by 2027, growing at a compound annual rate of 33.2%.
- Industry-Specific Skill Gaps: Certain industries are experiencing rapid growth, leading to specialized skill shortages that the existing workforce cannot meet. Example: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that by 2030, the renewable energy sector could provide up to 30 million new jobs worldwide.
- Aging Workforce and Retirements: A significant portion of the skilled workforce is approaching retirement age, leading to a loss of expertise and creating vacancies that are difficult to fill. Example: In the United States, the manufacturing sector faces a potential shortage of 2.1 million workers by 2030 due to retirements and a lack of new entrants with the necessary skills.
- Mismatch Between Education and Industry Needs: Educational institutions often do not align curricula with the evolving demands of industries, resulting in graduates lacking the practical skills required by employers. Example: In India, a study by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) revealed a demand for 103 million skilled workers, while the current supply is only 74 million.
What are the existing barriers?
- Complex Visa Processes: Lengthy visa approval times and restrictive work permit policies hinder skilled worker migration. According to the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2023), India ranks 92nd in the ability to enable and attract global talent, reflecting challenges in cross-border workforce movement.
- Exploitation of Migrant Workers: Illegal recruitment agencies engage in wage theft and exploitative practices. As per the International Labour Organization (ILO), approximately 25 million people worldwide are victims of forced labour, with South Asia being a major source of trafficked labour.
- Non-Recognition of Qualifications: Many Indian professional degrees are not accepted in key global markets. A FICCI-KPMG study reports that 53% of Indian professionals face underemployment abroad due to non-recognition of their qualifications, particularly in medicine and engineering.
- Limited Language Proficiency: Inability to communicate effectively impacts job performance and integration. The European Commission (2022) found that 40% of non-EU migrants face employment challenges due to language barriers, particularly in sectors like healthcare and customer service.
- Mismatch Between Skills and Market Needs: Rapid technological advancements outpace current training programs. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF) Future of Jobs Report (2023), 44% of core skills required across industries will change by 2027, leaving a global shortfall of 85.2 million skilled workers by 2030.
What are the existing strategies?
- Migration and Mobility Partnerships: India has established agreements with countries like Germany and Italy to facilitate the movement of students, professionals, and skilled workers. These partnerships aim to streamline visa processes and recognize professional qualifications, thereby promoting bilateral exchanges.
- Digital Platforms for Emigrant Support: The Indian government has upgraded the eMigrate portal to version 2.0, integrating features like 24/7 multilingual helpline support and faster feedback mechanisms. This platform ensures transparency in recruitment and safeguards the welfare of Indian workers abroad.
- Skill Development Initiatives: Through programs like the National Skill Development Mission and the Skill India program, India focuses on training its workforce in emerging technologies and sectors. These initiatives aim to align domestic skills with global market demands, enhancing employability abroad.
- International Collaboration on Education and Training: Workshops and collaborative projects with entities like the European Union have been conducted to strengthen student mobility and the use of educational consultants. These efforts aim to facilitate the international movement of students and young professionals.
- Bilateral Trade Agreements Enhancing Labor Mobility: India is actively pursuing free trade agreements, such as the one with the United Kingdom, which include provisions for labour mobility. These agreements aim to reduce barriers for Indian professionals seeking opportunities abroad.
What is India’s advantage?
- Large and Growing Workforce: India has one of the world’s largest working-age populations, providing a steady supply of skilled workers. Example: By 2030, India’s working-age population is expected to reach 1.04 billion, accounting for 23% of the global workforce (UN Population Report, 2022).
- Cost-Effective Skilled Labour: Indian workers offer high skill levels at competitive costs, making them attractive to global markets. Example: Indian IT professionals earn 60-70% less than their Western counterparts, enabling global firms to save on operational costs (NASSCOM, 2023).
- Strong Diaspora and Global Networks: India has the second-largest diaspora globally, facilitating knowledge transfer and job opportunities. Example: Over 4.2 million Indian-origin people live in the United States, contributing significantly to sectors like technology and healthcare (US Census Bureau, 2022).
- Government-Led Skill and Mobility Initiatives: India has established programs to train and mobilize workers for global opportunities. Example: The Skill India Mission has trained over 40 million workers since 2015, aligning their skills with global market demands (Ministry of Skill Development, 2023).
- Favourable Global Perception: Indian workers are perceived as hardworking and adaptable, maintaining demand despite anti-immigration trends. Example: 25% of doctors in the UK’s NHS are of Indian origin, reflecting their sustained demand and acceptance (UK General Medical Council, 2023).
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Skill Recognition and Mutual Agreements: Expand bilateral agreements for mutual recognition of qualifications to reduce skill mismatch and underemployment, especially in high-demand sectors like healthcare and technology.
- Enhance Digital and Legal Safeguards for Migrant Workers: Improve digital platforms like eMigrate for transparent recruitment, and enforce stricter regulations against exploitative practices to protect Indian workers abroad.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jhumur Dance
Why in the News?
Prime Minister witnessed the largest-ever Jhumur dance performance in Guwahati, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Assam’s tea industry.
What are Tea Tribes/Tea Garden Communities of Assam?
- The Tea Tribes or Tea Garden Communities of Assam are descendants of laborers brought by the British in the 19th century to work in tea plantations.
- These workers were mainly from Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.
- Many were brought through forced migration, and even voluntary migration occurred under exploitative conditions.
- They were subjected to poor wages, inhumane working conditions, and restricted mobility.
- The community is concentrated in Upper Assam districts like Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and Sivasagar, and in the Barak Valley.
- They currently have Other Backward Classes (OBC) Status but demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, as many of their sub-groups, like Munda, Santhal, and Oraon, hold ST status in their original states.
- Despite adversity, the Tea Garden Communities preserved their cultural identity, with distinct festivals, music, and dance forms.
- Their major festivals include Tushu Puja and Karam Puja, celebrated with the traditional Jhumur dance.
About Jhumur Dance
- Jhumur (also spelled Jhumoir or Jhumair) is a folk dance of the Sadan ethnolinguistic group, mainly practised by Assam’s Tea Garden Communities.
- It originated in Chotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Odisha, Bengal, and Chhattisgarh) and was brought to Assam during the British colonial era.
- Over time, it blended with Assamese culture, incorporating Assamese musical and linguistic influences.
- Performance and Style:
- Women are the primary dancers, standing shoulder-to-shoulder in synchronized formations.
- Men accompany them with traditional instruments like madal, dhol, dhak (drums), cymbals, flutes, and shehnai.
- Attire: Women wear red and white sarees, while men wear kurta-dhoti with gamocha (traditional Assamese cloth).
- Jhumur songs depict both celebration and hardship, narrating:
- Love and Nature – Seasonal changes, harvest, and romance.
- Hardships of Tea Workers – Struggles, migration, and exploitation.
- Festivals and Community Life – Unity, faith, and social cohesion.
- It serves as a cultural bridge, helping retain their traditions and forge a unique identity in Assam.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to:
(a) Dance forms of Northwest India
(b) Musical instruments
(c) Pre-historic cave paintings
(d) Tribal languages |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement
Why in the News?
On February 23, 2025, farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders are observing Pagri Sambhal Diwas in honor of Ajit Singh, a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and Bhagat Singh’s paternal uncle.
About the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907)
- The Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement was a peasant uprising in Punjab against the oppressive British land laws that exploited farmers.
- The movement was led by Ajit Singh, Kishan Singh (Bhagat Singh’s father), and Lala Lajpat Rai, who mobilized farmers to resist these unfair policies.
- Farmers protested against three major British laws:
- Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 – Restricted farmers from selling or mortgaging their land, favoring landlords and moneylenders.
- Punjab Land Colonisation Act, 1906 – Allowed the British to take control of farmers’ land after their death instead of passing it to their heirs.
- Doab Bari Act, 1907 – Deprived farmers of ownership rights and reduced them to contract workers.
- The British also raised taxes on agricultural land and irrigation, making it harder for farmers to sustain themselves.
- The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta“, meaning “Take care of your turban, O farmer,” was coined by Banke Dayal, a nationalist poet, and became a symbol of self-respect and protest.
- The movement resulted in mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, forcing the British to roll back some clauses of these laws.
- Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai were arrested in May 1907 and exiled to Burma. Due to public pressure, they were released in November 1907.
- Fearing further persecution, Ajit Singh fled to Persia and later lived in Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he worked with other revolutionaries against British rule.
- The movement became a landmark in India’s freedom struggle, inspiring future farmers’ agitations, the Ghadar Movement, and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.
Who was Ajit Singh?
- Ajit Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and nationalist leader who played a crucial role in India’s independence movement.
- He was born on February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, which is now part of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district.
- He was the elder brother of Kishan Singh, the father of Bhagat Singh, and played a key role in shaping Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary ideals.
- Ajit Singh co-founded the Bharat Mata Society, an organization that aimed to unite farmers and revolutionaries against British exploitation.
- Due to his active role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, he became a prime target of British authorities and was forced into exile for 38 years (1909-1947).
- He lived in Persia, Turkey, Brazil, Germany, and Italy, where he continued his revolutionary activities and worked with Lala Hardayal and Madame Cama.
- In March 1947, Ajit Singh returned to India, just a few months before India gained independence.
- However, due to prolonged illness, he passed away on August 15, 1947, the very day India became independent.
- Since 2021, February 23 has been observed as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honoring Ajit Singh’s contributions to India’s independence and farmers’ rights.
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PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement?
(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon.
(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak.
(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab Colonization Bill.
(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Zonal Council
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune.
About Zonal Councils in India:
|
Details |
| Origin & Purpose |
- Proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1956 to promote cooperation among states after reorganization.
- Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, with the goal of resolving inter-state disputes and ensuring balanced socio-economic development.
|
| Composition & Structure |
- Five Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council (NEC).
- Chairperson: Union Home Minister.
- Vice-Chairperson: Chief Ministers (rotating one-year term).
- Each state is represented by its Chief Minister + 2 ministers, with NITI Aayog participation.
- Standing Committees of Chief Secretaries review issues before full meetings.
|
| Zonal Councils & Member States |
- Northern: Haryana, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh.
- Central: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, UP, MP.
- Eastern: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal.
- Western: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu.
- Southern: AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry.
- North-Eastern Council (NEC): Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim (added in 2002).
|
| Functions & Recent Developments |
- Resolves inter-state disputes, improves Centre-State coordination, addresses border issues, economic planning, transport, and linguistic minorities.
- Strengthens cooperative federalism and regional development.
- 2018: Union Home Minister became NEC Chairperson.
- Modi government transformed Zonal Councils from advisory bodies to action-oriented platforms.
|
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?
1. National Development Council
2. Planning Commission
3. Zonal Councils
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Odisha
Why in the News?
On December 1, 2024, a team of archaeologists, students, and laborers began excavation at the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site in Jajpur, Odisha.
About the Ratnagiri Buddhist Heritage Site
- Located in Jajpur district, Odisha, Ratnagiri is part of the “Diamond Triangle” along with Udayagiri and Lalitgiri.
- It flourished as a Vajrayana Buddhist center from the 5th to 13th century AD.
- It was first reported in 1906, with excavations conducted from 1958-1961 by Debala Mitra.
- It is identified as ‘Sri Ratnagiri Mahavihara Arya Bhikshu Sangha’ through inscriptions.
Key Findings at the Site:
- Largest Buddha Head in Odisha: 1.4 meters tall, made of Khondalite stone, featuring intricate carvings.
- Monolithic Elephant Sculpture: Likely part of an ancient shrine complex.
- Hundreds of Votive Stupas: Used for spiritual offerings, reflecting Vajrayana Buddhist traditions.
- Sanskrit Inscriptions in Kutila Script: Provide insights into monastic teachings and rituals.
- Stone Tablets and Masonry Structures: Indicate large, organized monastic settlements.
- Lion Pedestal (Simhasana) and Buddhist Deities: Includes Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava, Akshobhya, Amitabha, Tara, Marici, Padmapani, Cunda.
- Artefacts Used in Local Villages: Repurposed as decorations, Tulsi bases, and construction materials.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs :
Famous shrine: Location
- Tabo monastery and temple complex: Spiti Valley
- Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako: Zanskar Valley
- Alchi temple complex: Ladakh complex
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moon’s South Pole
Why in the News?
Astronomers are studying the first detailed geological map of the Moon’s South Pole, created by India’s Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander, which landed on August 23, 2023.
About the Geological Map of the Moon’s South Pole:
- First High-Resolution Map:
- This map is created by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO, using data from Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover.
- It offers new insights into the Moon’s formation and evolution.
- Confirmation of a Magma Ocean:
- Pragyan’s Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer detected molten rock beneath the surface.
- This confirms a global magma ocean in the Moon’s early history.
- Age and Crater Mapping:
- Landing site estimated to be 3.7 billion years old, similar to Earth’s early evolution.
- Schomberger Crater identified as the primary source of impact debris.
- Importance for Lunar and Planetary Studies:
- Preserved craters help understand the history of asteroid impacts.
- Provides insights into the formation of the Earth-Moon system.
Why is the Moon’s South Pole a Key Focus for Space Missions?
- Water Ice Reserves:
- Permanently shadowed craters hold large water ice deposits, first confirmed by Chandrayaan-1 (2009).
- Crucial for future lunar colonies and deep-space missions.
- Harsh but Valuable Environment:
- Extreme cold (as low as -250°C) preserves ancient materials.
- Continuous sunlight in some areas makes it ideal for solar power.
- Scientific and Strategic Importance:
- Craters contain pristine material from the early Solar System.
- NASA, China, and Russia plan permanent research bases in the region.
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| PYQ Relevance:
Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
(UPSC CSE 2017) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Prelims have focused on ‘appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India’ (in 2017), and ‘Arbitration and Conciliation’ (2015).
Every Chief Justice of India and senior member of the higher judiciary faces the persistent challenge of case backlogs. Currently, the Supreme Court has around 82,000 pending cases, High Courts have over 62 lakh, and lower courts nearly five crores. About 50 lakh cases have been pending for over 10 years. India can address its legal backlog by adopting mediation as an effective solution for faster and amicable dispute resolution.
Today’s editorial discusses the pending cases in the Supreme Court and explores alternative solutions. This is useful for GS Paper 2 (Polity) in the UPSC Mains.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, the Supreme Court has around 82,000 pending cases, High Courts have over 62 lakh, and lower courts have nearly five crores.
What is the status of case backlogs in India?
- Supreme court: As of recent data, there are approximately 45.3 million pending cases in lower courts across India, with 34.3 million being criminal cases and 10.9 million civil cases. The Supreme Court has a backlog of nearly 83,000 cases, while high courts collectively have about 5.9 million pending cases.
- High Court: As of recent data, there are approximately 62.39 lakh (6.24 million) pending cases across all High Courts in India, with a significant portion being more than a year old6. This includes both civil and criminal cases.
- Nearly 62,000 cases have been pending for over 30 years in various High Courts, including some dating back to the early 1950s. This highlights the chronic issue of long-standing pendency affecting the judicial system.
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How can court case backlogs be transformed into valuable resources?
- Promoting Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Identify and refer suitable cases (e.g., family disputes, commercial disagreements) for mediation to reduce court workload. Example: The Delhi High Court Mediation and Conciliation Centre has successfully resolved thousands of cases through mediation, reducing pendency and fostering amicable settlements.
- Leveraging Data Analytics for Case Management: Use AI and data analytics to categorize cases by complexity, urgency, and likelihood of settlement for faster resolution. Example: The Supreme Court’s SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency) uses AI to assist judges in analyzing and prioritizing cases.
- Expanding Fast-Track and Special Courts: Establish dedicated courts for high-pendency areas like cheque-bouncing cases (Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act) and sexual offenses. Example: Fast-track courts for rape cases under the POCSO Act have expedited justice delivery in many states, reducing backlog in sensitive matters.
- Implementing E-Courts and Digital Filing: Shift to e-filing and virtual hearings to streamline processes and reduce procedural delays. Example: The E-Courts Project has enabled online case filing and digital record management, reducing paperwork and improving case tracking.
- Imposing Costs for Frivolous Litigation: Introduce punitive costs for unnecessary appeals and frivolous cases to discourage misuse of the judicial system. Example: The Supreme Court has imposed heavy fines in cases of “Public Interest Litigations” (PILs) found to be motivated by personal agendas.
Should India consider adopting mediation as a dispute resolution method?
- Faster and Cost-Effective Resolution: Mediation is quicker and less expensive than prolonged litigation, saving time and financial resources for both parties. Example: In commercial disputes, companies like Tata and Reliance have used mediation to resolve conflicts, avoiding lengthy and costly legal battles.
- Preserving Relationships: Mediation focuses on mutual agreement, fostering cooperation and maintaining relationships, which is crucial in family and business matters. Example: Matrimonial disputes in family courts are often referred to mediation, leading to amicable settlements and reducing emotional distress.
- Encouraging Confidentiality and Flexibility: Mediation proceedings are confidential, protecting sensitive information and offering flexible solutions tailored to the parties’ needs. Example: Intellectual Property (IP) disputes in the Bombay High Court have been successfully mediated, protecting trade secrets while resolving conflicts.
- Global Best Practice Alignment: Many countries, including the United States and Singapore, prioritize mediation to resolve civil and commercial disputes efficiently. Example: India’s Commercial Courts Act, 2015, mandates pre-institution mediation for commercial cases, aligning with international standards and reducing case influx.
- Reducing Judicial Backlog: Mediation can significantly reduce the burden on courts by resolving disputes outside the formal judicial system. Example: The Delhi Dispute Resolution Society has successfully mediated thousands of civil and matrimonial disputes, easing pressure on the Delhi High Court.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Enactment of the Mediation Act, 2023: The Mediation Act provides a statutory framework for mediation, aiming to encourage institutional mediation and enforce mediated settlement agreements. It also establishes a body for registering mediators and promotes community and online mediation.
- Introduction of Court-Annexed Mediation Centres: Mediation centres have been set up in various High Courts and District Courts to facilitate dispute resolution. Example: The Delhi High Court Mediation Centre (Samadhan) and Bangalore Mediation Centre successfully mediate thousands of cases annually.
- Incorporating Mediation in Specific Laws: Laws like the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 mandate pre-institution mediation for commercial disputes, promoting early settlements.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Mediation Infrastructure: Expand court-annexed mediation centres, train mediators, and promote online dispute resolution (ODR) to enhance accessibility and efficiency.
- Policy and Public Awareness: Implement awareness campaigns to encourage mediation adoption and introduce incentives for parties choosing alternative dispute resolution methods.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Foreign Funding; India USA relation;
Why in the News?
Recently the Indian government said that it is seriously investigating claims made by the U.S. government that USAID planned to spend $21 million to influence voter turnout in India.
What is USAID, and how did it originate?
- USAID (United States Agency for International Development) was founded in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy through the Foreign Assistance Act to promote global development and humanitarian assistance.
- To advance U.S. foreign policy by providing economic, developmental, and humanitarian aid worldwide. It operates under the U.S. Department of State, managing a diverse range of global programs in health, education, and economic growth.
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What are the recent issues related to USAID?
- Allegations of Interference in India: The Indian government is investigating claims that USAID allocated $21 million to influence voter turnout in India. This follows a report by the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk. Indian authorities are concerned about potential foreign interference in domestic affairs.
- Global Funding Cuts: President Trump’s administration has frozen USAID funds and withdrawn from the World Health Organization, critically affecting health sectors in African nations. Countries like Rwanda are seeking alternative partnerships, notably with China, to fill the void left by U.S. aid reductions.
- Dismantling of USAID Operations: A federal judge has permitted the Trump administration to proceed with plans to dismantle USAID. This includes placing staff on administrative leave and recalling foreign aid workers, actions that have faced legal challenges and raised concerns about the future of U.S. foreign aid programs.
How has USAID impacted the world through its programs and initiatives?
- Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns: In Venezuela (2019), USAID’s humanitarian aid was viewed as a political tool to undermine the Maduro government, leading to accusations of U.S. interference in domestic affairs.
- Dependency on Foreign Aid: In Haiti, decades of USAID assistance in agriculture and disaster relief created a dependency culture, weakening local institutions and undermining self-sufficiency.
- Distortion of Local Economies: In African nations, large-scale food aid under USAID programs has often disrupted local markets, making local farmers less competitive due to the influx of free or subsidized goods.
- Lack of Cultural Sensitivity and Misaligned Priorities: In Afghanistan, USAID’s focus on infrastructure projects (e.g., road-building) often ignored local customs and community needs, leading to wasteful spending and resentment toward U.S. initiatives.
- Lack of Accountability and Corruption Risks: In Iraq (2003-2010), USAID-funded reconstruction projects faced allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and incomplete infrastructure, raising concerns about transparency and financial misuse.
What is the significance of USAID in global development and diplomacy?
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: USAID provides emergency aid during crises, such as delivering medical supplies and food after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake, helping millions affected by natural disasters.
- Promoting Global Health Initiatives: USAID supports health programs to combat diseases. For instance, through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), it has provided HIV/AIDS treatment to millions in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Advancing Economic Development: USAID helps countries build economic resilience. In India, USAID has funded clean energy projects, promoting sustainable growth and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
- Strengthening Democratic Governance: USAID promotes democracy and human rights. In Ukraine, it supported electoral reforms and civil society organizations to enhance transparent governance and free elections.
- Enhancing U.S. Strategic Interests: USAID’s programs foster diplomatic ties. In Southeast Asia, its infrastructure and education initiatives strengthen regional stability and counterbalance the influence of other global powers.
How has USAID impacted India?
- Public Health Improvement: USAID has supported tuberculosis (TB) and HIV programs, improving detection and treatment. For example, it partnered with the Ministry of Health to reduce TB incidence and strengthen healthcare systems.
- Clean Energy and Climate Action: USAID’s PACE-D 2.0 initiative promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency in India, helping to expand solar power and reduce carbon emissions.
- Disaster Management and Resilience: USAID partnered with India’s National Disaster Management Authority to improve disaster preparedness and provide training for better emergency response, especially during floods and cyclones.
- Education and Skill Development: USAID collaborates with the Ministry of Education to support STEM education and fund IIT Gandhinagar, enhancing research and technical innovation in India.
- Agriculture and Rural Development: USAID has worked with the Ministry of Agriculture to improve farm productivity by providing advanced farming techniques and enhancing food security in rural areas.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Oversight Mechanisms: Implement robust regulatory frameworks to monitor foreign aid and ensure alignment with national interests and policies.
- Enhance Domestic Capacities: Invest in local infrastructure, research, and development to reduce reliance on external funding and promote sustainable growth.
Mains PYQ:
Q Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender equality;
Why in the News?
On Friday (February 21, 2025), the Supreme Court told the Centre that schools should teach students about gender equality and how men should treat women with respect.
Is the lack of basic education about gender equality the root cause of the surge in rape cases and crimes against women?
- Perpetuation of Gender Stereotypes: Without education promoting gender equality, traditional gender norms that view women as inferior or subordinate to men persist. These stereotypes normalize the control and objectification of women.
- Example: In many societies, women are still expected to conform to rigid gender roles (e.g., being submissive or confined to domestic spaces), leading to a culture where violence against women is excused or ignored.
- Lack of Consent Education: Education about bodily autonomy and consent is often missing from curricula, leading to misunderstandings about boundaries and mutual respect in relationships.
- Example: In the 2012 Nirbhaya case in India, public outrage highlighted how a lack of understanding of consent and gender respect contributed to the brutal crime and called for reforms in legal and educational frameworks.
- Normalization of Violence: In the absence of gender-sensitive education, violence against women is often normalized or trivialized, reducing the social stigma against perpetrators and discouraging survivors from seeking justice.
- Example: A 2018 NCRB report indicated that a significant number of rape cases were committed by individuals known to the victim, reflecting how intimate violence is often overlooked due to cultural acceptance.
- Failure to Challenge Patriarchal Mindsets: Without education to challenge patriarchal beliefs, young minds are conditioned to accept gender hierarchies, reinforcing power imbalances that enable violence.
- Example: In rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, deeply entrenched patriarchal values have led to frequent reports of gender-based violence, underscoring the need for education to disrupt these harmful norms.
- Ineffective Implementation of Gender Sensitization Programs: Despite legal mandates like the POSH Act (2013) and initiatives for gender education, the absence of comprehensive implementation limits public understanding and societal change.
- Example: In workplaces across India, the lack of proper sensitization and training programs on gender equality has resulted in underreporting of sexual harassment cases.
Should schools include gender equality and respectful behavior in curricula?
- Promotes Mutual Respect and Empathy: Teaching gender equality helps students understand and respect diverse identities, fostering empathy and reducing discriminatory attitudes.
- Example: Programs like UNICEF’s “Life Skills Education” in schools across India teach students about gender sensitivity, helping reduce bullying and promoting inclusive behavior.
- Prevents Gender-Based Violence: Educating students about consent, boundaries, and respectful communication helps prevent harassment and violence from an early age.
- Example: Countries like Sweden have implemented comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), resulting in lower rates of sexual harassment among teenagers.
- Challenges Gender Stereotypes: Curricula that question traditional gender roles empower students to pursue diverse career paths and challenge social biases.
- Example: “Breakthrough India” runs school-based campaigns that challenge stereotypes, encouraging both girls and boys to engage in activities beyond gender norms (e.g., encouraging girls in STEM fields).
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
At legislative level:
- Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Enacted after the Nirbhaya case to expand the definition of rape, introduce stricter punishments, and criminalize stalking and voyeurism.
- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides legal protection to children against sexual abuse and exploitation.
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (POSH) Act, 2013: Mandates the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces to address sexual harassment cases.
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Replaces the Indian Penal Code, with enhanced provisions for sexual offenses and crimes against women.
At policy level:
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), 2015: Aims to address the declining child sex ratio and promote the education and welfare of girls.
- One Stop Centres (OSCs), 2015: Provides integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, including legal aid and medical assistance.
- NIRBHAYA Fund, 2013: Supports initiatives for the safety and security of women, including emergency response systems and the creation of women’s help desks in police stations.
- Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV) Scheme: Facilitates community-level support for women by appointing volunteers to assist victims in reporting crimes.
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Way forward:
- Integrate Comprehensive Gender Education: Mandate gender equality and consent education across all educational levels to challenge stereotypes, promote mutual respect, and prevent gender-based violence.
- Strengthen Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of gender-sensitive laws and policies through regular audits, awareness campaigns, and robust monitoring mechanisms to improve accountability and support for survivors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Remission
Why in the News?
In a historic judgment, the Supreme Court of India has ruled that prisoners eligible for remission under state policies must be considered for release even if they do not apply for it.
This decision comes as part of the suo motu case “In Re: Policy Strategy for Grant of Bail”, initiated in 2021 to address prison overcrowding.
Supreme Court’s Ruling: Key Takeaways
- The SC overruled its earlier stance in:
- Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) – Held that remission was not automatic and required a convict’s application.
- Mohinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2013) – Ruled that courts cannot grant remission suo motu.
- The new ruling recognizes the existence of remission policies in states and holds that:
- Prison superintendents must initiate remission proceedings for eligible convicts.
- Failure to consider eligible prisoners for remission violates Article 14 (Right to Equality).
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What is Remission?
- Remission refers to the reduction of a prison sentence without altering the conviction.
- It is different from pardon or commutation, which may involve modifying or canceling the sentence entirely.
Legal Provisions on Remission
- The power of remission is governed by:
- Section 473 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 (formerly Section 432 of CrPC) – Grants state governments the power to remit sentences at any time under specific conditions.
- Section 475 of BNSS (formerly Section 433A of CrPC) – Prevents remission for life convicts guilty of crimes punishable by death until they serve at least 14 years.
- Articles 72 & 161 of the Constitution – Provide remission powers to the President and Governors at the Union and State levels.
- Earlier, remission was initiated only when a prisoner applied for it, but the new ruling removes this necessity if states already have structured remission policies.
Impact of the Ruling on Prison Reforms
- India’s prison population far exceeds capacity, with a 131.4% occupancy rate (2022 NCRB data).
- Over 75% of prisoners are undertrials—this ruling may not directly help them, but it could ease congestion by enabling timely release of eligible convicts.
- The new ruling ensures all eligible prisoners get equal consideration, preventing biases in prison administration.
- International standards (like UN Nelson Mandela Rules) emphasize prisoner rights and rehabilitation.
- The judgment upholds fairness and reintegration into society.
PYQ:
[2014] Instances of the President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major and Minor Minerals
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Mines has reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals, aligning with the National Critical Mineral Mission to boost India’s industrial growth.
Major and Minor Minerals in India
What are Major Minerals?
- Major minerals are those with high economic value, used in industrial applications, energy production, and metallurgy.
- Regulation: Controlled by the Central Government under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act).
- Examples:
- Metallic Minerals: Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Gold, Manganese, Zinc, Lead.
- Energy Minerals: Coal, Lignite, Uranium.
- Industrial Minerals: Limestone, Rare Earth Elements, Graphite, Gypsum.
What are Minor Minerals?
- Minor minerals have lower economic value and are mainly used in construction, local industries, and ornamental purposes.
- Regulation: Controlled by State Governments under the MMDR Act, which gives them the power to grant leases and regulate mining activities.
- Examples:
- Building Materials: Sand, Gravel, Stone, Marble.
- Non-Metallic Minerals: Dolomite, Mica, Quartz, Felspar, Clay (until reclassified as major minerals).
Key Reasons for Reclassification:
- Extraction of Critical Minerals: These minerals are found with Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tin, and Tantalum, essential for energy transition, space, and healthcare industries.
- Industrial & Strategic Importance: Barytes is used in oil drilling, electronics, radiation shielding, while Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are crucial for ceramics, glass, and semiconductor industries.
- Improved Regulation & Transparency: Reclassification ensures scientific mining, reporting, and compliance under Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), reducing illegal extraction and enhancing exploration.
- No Impact on Existing Leases: Current leases remain valid for 50 years, allowing miners to adapt to new rules without disruption, with revenue continuing to benefit State Governments.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following minerals:
- Bentonite
- Chromite
- Kyanite
- Sillimanite
In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bathou Faith and its Philosophy
Why in the News?
The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government in Assam has officially included ‘Bathouism’ as an option in the religion column of key application forms, including admission forms, birth and death certificates.
What is Bathouism?
- Bathouism is the traditional faith of the Bodo people, primarily practiced in Assam and the foothills of Bhutan.
- It is a nature-centric religion that worships Bathoubwrai, the supreme deity believed to govern the universe.
- The central symbol of Bathouism is the Sijou plant (Euphorbia antiquorum), representing Bathoubwrai and planted in sacred enclosures (Bathou Thansali).
- Bathou Puja is performed to seek divine blessings for prosperity, health, and well-being.
- The Assam government has recently recognized Bathouism as a distinct faith, allowing its inclusion in official documents.
Philosophy of Bathouism
- Bathouism is based on five fundamental elements, known as Ba (five) Thou (deep thought), representing natural forces:
- Bar (Air) – Symbolizes breath, movement, and life force.
- San (Sun) – Represents light, energy, and warmth.
- Ha (Earth) – Stands for stability, fertility, and sustenance.
- Or (Fire) – Denotes transformation and purification.
- Okhrang (Sky) – Represents infinite wisdom and cosmic balance.
- Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai) is considered almighty, omniscient, and eternal, beyond time and space. He is indestructible—fire cannot burn him, water cannot moisten him, air cannot dry him, and weapons cannot pierce him.
- Bathouism promotes:
- Truthfulness, honesty, and righteousness.
- Respect for elders, ancestors, and nature.
- Peaceful coexistence and non-violence.
- Gratitude through rituals and pujas.
- Bathou rituals involve five bamboo sticks symbolizing the five elements, with offerings of rice beer, milk, flowers, and incense.
- Ancestral veneration and community harmony are integral aspects of the faith.
PYQ:
[2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?
(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
(c) Lokayata and Kapalika
(d) Sankhya and Yoga |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SOUL Conclave
Why in the News?
Prime Minister inaugurated the first edition of the School of Ultimate Leadership (SOUL) Leadership Conclave at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
Bhutan’s PM Tshering Tobgay was the keynote speaker, emphasizing India’s leadership role in shaping governance and public service.
What is the SOUL Leadership Conclave?
- The SOUL Leadership Conclave (School of Ultimate Leadership Conclave) is a premier leadership summit inaugurated by PM Modi.
- It is aimed at cultivating transformational leaders beyond traditional political hierarchies.
- The event is designed to bring together leaders from diverse sectors, including politics, business, sports, media, spirituality, and public policy, to share their insights and experiences on leadership.
- The conclave serves as the foundation for the upcoming SOUL Leadership Institution, an exclusive leadership training academy in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Key Features of SOUL Conclave:
- Multi-Sector Leadership: Brings together leaders from various fields to promote cross-sector collaboration and knowledge-sharing.
- Training & Development: Focuses on nurturing ethical and globally competent leaders, beyond traditional political dynasties.
- SOUL Leadership Institute: A 22-acre, ₹150 crore campus is being developed in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, for formal leadership training.
- Global Leadership Insights: Discusses policymaking, governance, and leadership challenges with national and international leaders.
- Strengthening India’s Leadership Pipeline: Aims to train future leaders in governance, economics, diplomacy, and innovation.
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) Explain the difference between the computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE 2021) |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s Gross Domestic Product (2021), and India from realizing its potential GDP (2020).
An economy grows through two key factors: supply (production of goods and services) and demand (spending on these goods and services). Among demand sources, investment is crucial as it creates a multiplier effect, boosting jobs and income. Consumption follows growth but cannot drive it alone, as sustainable expansion requires strong investment and production.
Today’s editorial talks about India’s GDP growth factors based on demand and supply. This content would help in GS Paper 3 mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
An economy’s growth is like navigating two interconnected boats—one representing the supply or production of goods and services.
Is consumption enough to drive growth?
Consumption plays a crucial role in driving economic growth, but it is not sufficient on its own for sustainable long-term growth.
- Consumption-Led Growth is Slower: While consumption boosts demand, it does not create long-term productive capacity. Example: India’s GDP growth in recent years has been driven by consumption (60.3% of GDP in 2023), but it lags behind China’s investment-driven growth.
- Limited Multiplier Effect: Unlike investment, increased consumption has a weaker impact on overall income and job creation. Example: If people buy more smartphones, it benefits retailers but does not significantly boost domestic production if phones are imported.
- Investment is Crucial for Sustainable Growth: Higher investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology leads to job creation and productivity gains. Example: China’s high investment rate (41.3% of GDP in 2023) has helped it achieve rapid economic growth and higher per capita income than India.
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Why is economic growth dependent on two factors?
- Balanced Growth Requires Both Supply & Demand: Economic growth happens when goods and services are produced (supply) and purchased (demand) in a balanced manner.
- Example: A country increasing factory production (supply) must also have enough consumers to buy the products (demand), ensuring sustainable growth.
- Mismatch Leads to Economic Problems
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- If demand > supply, inflation rises due to excessive spending with limited goods.
- If supply > demand, businesses suffer from unsold stock, leading to job losses.
- Example: Post-pandemic, supply chain disruptions led to high demand but low supply, causing inflation.
- Investment Drives Long-Term Growth: Investment in infrastructure, industries, and technology increases production capacity (supply) while also creating jobs, which boosts spending power (demand).
- Example: China’s high investment in infrastructure and manufacturing led to rapid economic growth by expanding both supply and demand.
- Government Policies Impact Both Sides: Fiscal and monetary policies help balance supply-side growth (e.g., industrial incentives) and demand-side expansion (e.g., tax cuts or subsidies).
- Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme boosts manufacturing (supply), while government social schemes increase purchasing power (demand).
- Exports and Imports Affect Domestic Growth: A strong export sector increases supply, bringing foreign exchange, while controlled imports ensure domestic industries remain competitive.
- Example: India’s IT exports generate revenue (supply), while consumer imports like electronics influence domestic demand.
What role does investment play in economic growth?
- Boosts Production Capacity: Investment in factories, infrastructure, and technology increases the ability to produce goods and services, leading to higher GDP. Example: China’s heavy investment in manufacturing and infrastructure helped it become the world’s largest exporter.
- Creates Employment Opportunities: New industries and infrastructure projects generate jobs, increasing income and overall demand in the economy. Example: India’s road and metro projects have created millions of direct and indirect jobs, boosting economic activity.
- Multiplier Effect on Demand & GDP: Investment leads to increased income, which in turn increases consumption and demand, further driving growth. Example: A ₹100 investment in building highways can create ₹125 in overall economic output due to increased business activities along the route.
- Encourages Private Sector Confidence: When the government invests in key sectors, it builds confidence among private businesses to invest further. Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing has attracted global tech firms to set up production units.
- Leads to Technological and Industrial Development: Investments in research, innovation, and new industries enhance productivity and global competitiveness. Example: South Korea’s investment in R&D and technology made it a leader in electronics and automobile industries.
How have India and China experienced changes in per capita income?
- Similar Per Capita Incomes in the Early 1990s: In the early 1990s, India and China had nearly equal per capita incomes, with both countries being 1.5% of the U.S. average. Example: In 1992, both nations were considered low-income economies with similar economic structures.
- China’s Investment-Led Growth Model: China prioritized high investment rates, focusing on infrastructure, state-owned enterprises, and manufacturing. Example: In 1992, China’s investment rate was 39.1% of GDP, much higher than India’s 27.4%.
- Diverging Growth Post-2000s: India’s investment rate rose to 35.8% in 2007, almost matching China’s, but declined after 2012 due to policy uncertainty and global economic slowdown.Example: By 2013, China’s investment rate increased to 44.5%, while India’s fell to 31.3%.
- China’s Faster Rise in Per Capita Income: By 2023, China’s per capita income was 5 times India’s in nominal terms and 2.4 times higher in purchasing power parity (PPP). Example: As a percentage of U.S. per capita income in 2023: China: 15%, India: 3%.
- India’s Consumption-Driven Growth Model: India’s economic growth has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, while China maintained higher investment levels. Example: In 2023, consumption was 60.3% of India’s GDP, compared to 39.1% in China.
- Long-Term Impact on Growth and Inequality: India’s lower investment and trade deficits have led to slower per capita income growth, affecting job creation and economic equality. Example: China’s investment rate in 2023 was 41.3%, whereas India’s was only 30.8%, limiting economic expansion.
What measures has the Indian government taken to promote investment in India?
- Infrastructure Development: The government has launched massive infrastructure projects to boost investment and improve connectivity. Example: PM Gati Shakti (National Master Plan) aims to integrate multi-modal transport networks and reduce logistics costs.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced to boost manufacturing and attract foreign and domestic investments in key sectors. Example: PLI schemes for electronics, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy have encouraged global firms to set up production in India.
- Corporate Tax Reforms: India reduced corporate tax rates to make the investment climate more competitive. Example: In 2019, the corporate tax rate was slashed to 22% for existing companies and 15% for new manufacturing firms.
- Ease of Doing Business & FDI Reforms: Simplified regulatory processes, digital approvals, and single-window clearances to attract investments. Example: 100% FDI allowed in sectors like defense, telecom, and insurance under automatic route.
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Way forward:
- Enhancing Investment-Led Growth: India should focus on increasing capital formation by boosting infrastructure, industrial productivity, and R&D investments. Strengthening public-private partnerships (PPPs) and expanding the PLI scheme to emerging sectors can accelerate long-term economic growth.
- Balancing Consumption and Supply-Side Expansion: While consumption remains a key driver, policies should encourage domestic manufacturing and export competitiveness to reduce reliance on imports. Strengthening skill development and labour market reforms will enhance productivity and job creation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to the Judiciary;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court recently halted a Lokpal order that sought to include High Court judges under its jurisdiction, calling the anti-corruption body’s interpretation “very disturbing.”
Why did the Supreme Court stay the Lokpal order?
- Violation of Judicial Independence (Article 50 & Article 121): The Supreme Court held that bringing High Court judges under Lokpal’s jurisdiction undermines judicial independence, which is a part of the Basic Structure Doctrine.
- Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive, preventing interference in judicial functioning.
- Article 121 prohibits Parliament from discussing the conduct of judges except in matters of impeachment, reinforcing judicial autonomy.
- Judges Are Appointed Under the Constitution (Article 124 & Article 217): The Supreme Court rejected Lokpal’s argument that High Courts were created by British laws, emphasizing that all judges are appointed under the Constitution.
- Article 124 establishes the Supreme Court, while Article 217 governs the appointment of High Court judges, ensuring their independence from executive control.
- Judicial Oversight Is an Internal Process (Article 124(4) & Article 217(1)(b)): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that judicial misconduct should be handled internally, either through the in-house procedure or the impeachment process.
- Article 124(4) (for Supreme Court judges) and Article 217(1)(b) (for High Court judges) provide for removal only through Parliamentary impeachment, making external investigations by the Lokpal unconstitutional.
What is suo motu case?
Suo motu (Latin: on its own motion) refers to the Supreme Court or High Courts taking up a case on their own initiative, without a formal petition being filed.
In which circumstances do courts in India exercise suo motu powers?
- Constitutional Concerns (Separation of Powers, Judicial Independence): Courts intervene suo motu when an issue threatens constitutional principles like the separation of powers or judicial independence.
- Example: In re: Article 370 of the Constitution (2023) – The Supreme Court took up the matter of abrogation of Article 370 to examine whether the Union government’s decision upheld constitutional principles.
- Fundamental Rights Violations: Courts act suo motu when fundamental rights under Articles 14 (equality), 19 (freedom), and 21 (right to life) are violated.
- Example: Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) No.1 of 2020 – The Supreme Court intervened during COVID-19 migrant crisis, directing the government to provide food, shelter, and transport to stranded workers.
- Public Interest or Institutional Integrity: Courts take suo motu cognizance to protect public interest and prevent harm to democratic institutions.
- Example: Suo Motu Cognizance of Lakhimpur Kheri Violence (2021) – The Supreme Court intervened to monitor the UP government’s investigation into the killing of protesting farmers, ensuring transparency and accountability.
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Why did the Lokpal order bring High Court judges under its jurisdiction?
- Interpretation of ‘Public Servants’ Under Lokpal Act: The Lokpal classified High Court judges as public servants under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, making them subject to its jurisdiction.
- Reliance on Section 14(1)(f) of the Lokpal Act: This section grants Lokpal jurisdiction over any body or authority established by an Act of Parliament.
- The Lokpal argued that High Courts were established by British Parliamentary Acts (Indian High Courts Act, 1861 & Government of India Act, 1935), making them fall within this clause.
- Distinction Between High Courts and Supreme Court: The Lokpal reasoned that Article 124 of the Constitution explicitly established the Supreme Court, but Article 214 only recognized High Courts, implying that High Courts were not directly created by the Constitution.
- Based on this, the Lokpal ruled that Supreme Court judges were outside its jurisdiction, but High Court judges were not.
- Lack of Explicit Exemption for Judges: The 2013 Lokpal Act does not explicitly exclude High Court judges from its jurisdiction, which the Lokpal interpreted as allowing it to investigate them.
- Case-Specific Justification: The complaint involved a High Court judge allegedly influencing judicial decisions for personal benefit. The Lokpal argued that since the judge was serving in a High Court of a State reorganized by an Act of Parliament, it had jurisdiction over the matter.
Way forward:
- Judicial Accountability Within Constitutional Framework: Strengthen in-house mechanisms for judicial oversight while ensuring compliance with constitutional provisions like Articles 124(4) and 217(1)(b), which mandate impeachment as the sole removal process for judges.
- Clarify Lokpal’s Jurisdiction Through Legislative Review: Amend the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to explicitly define its jurisdiction, ensuring it does not encroach upon judicial independence while maintaining transparency in the judiciary.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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