💥UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (April Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Type: Explained

  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Criminals of Politics: Analysis of Rajya Sabha Candidates by ADR

    DOMRExplained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Criminality of Politicians, Vote Bank Dynamics

    In the news

    • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.

    Context:

    • Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
    • Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
    • Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.

    Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?

    • Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
    • Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
    • Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
    • Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
    • Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
    • Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.

    Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:

    • Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
    • Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
    • Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.

    Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics

    [A] Legislative Interventions

    • Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
    • Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
    • Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.

    [B] Establishment of Special Courts

    • Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
    • Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.

    [C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)

    • Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
    • Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.

    [D] Election Commission Initiatives

    • Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
    • Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.

    Major Judicial Interventions

    Background Key Outcome Significance
    Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records. Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details. Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
    Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005) Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates. Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more. Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
    Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more. Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
    People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA. Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs). Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.

    Way Forward

    • Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
    • State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
    • Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
    • Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
    • Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
    • Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.

    Try this question from CS Mains 2017:

    Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)

     

    Post your responses here.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    Why sustainable funding matters for India’s ‘Science Power’ ambition?

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: National Science Day

    Mains level: RD ecosystem in India

    In the news

    • National Science Day is commemorated on Feb 28 every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir CV Raman.

    About National Science Day 2024

    • Theme: “Science for Sustainable Development” underscores India’s commitment to leveraging science and technology for long-term socio-economic progress.
    • Key Driver: Science and technology play pivotal roles in India’s journey toward achieving developed nation status by 2047, aligning with global sustainability goals.

    The Current Scenario: R&D Spending in India

    • Low Expenditure: India’s expenditure on research and development (R&D) stands at a mere 0.64% of GDP, a concerning figure for a nation aspiring for technological advancement.
    • Stagnant Growth: Despite calls to double R&D spending, India’s allocation for fundamental research has seen a decline in recent years, highlighting the need for enhanced investment in scientific endeavours.

    science

    Comparative Analysis with Developed Nations

    • Global Benchmarks: Developed nations typically allocate 2-4% of their GDPs to R&D, showcasing a stark contrast to India’s minimal spending. Moreover, even Nations like South Korea have shown significant growth in R&D expenditures, averaging 10.9% annually over 2000–10 and 7.8% for 2010–19.
    • Private Sector Contribution: In economically advanced countries, the private sector contributes significantly to R&D investment, unlike India, where public funding dominates. In leading economies, the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), while in India, its share is only 37%. This disparity highlights the need for increased private sector investment in R&D in India.

    What is the significance of Sustainable Funding for India’s ‘Science Power’ Ambition?

    • Low Corporate Sector Investment: The primary reason for India’s low R&D expenditure is the inadequate investment by the corporate sector. While leading economies see two-thirds of R&D funding coming from corporations, in India, this share is only 37%. Increasing corporate investment in R&D is essential to boost innovation and technological progress.
    • Underestimation of GERD Data: There is evidence suggesting that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data may be underestimated. The current method of data collection relies on surveys and secondary sources like annual reports and databases like Prowess. However, this method may not capture all R&D-performing enterprises, leading to incomplete statistics
    • Foreign Investment Discrepancy: Foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in R&D spending in India. However, the latest statistics indicate that foreign MNCs’ R&D spending in India is only about 10% of what U.S. firms report spending in the country. Encouraging higher foreign investment in R&D can contribute to India’s scientific growth.
    • Challenges in Data Collection: Collecting accurate data from the private corporate sector poses a challenge due to factors like firms’ reluctance to disclose information and the limitations of existing databases like DSIR and Prowess. Enhancing data collection methods is crucial to obtaining a comprehensive picture of R&D activities in the country.

    Challenges Faced by India in Achieving ‘Science Power’ Ambition:

    • Limited Research Workforce: India faces a shortage of high-quality universities and appropriate job opportunities for graduates, which impedes the expansion of its research workforce. To enhance scientific capabilities, there is a critical need to establish more top-tier educational institutions and create avenues for skilled professionals in the field.
    • Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic red tape in India poses a significant challenge to research and innovation. Delays in fund disbursement, lengthy recruitment processes, and administrative inefficiencies hamper the pace of scientific advancements. Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing efficiency are essential to foster a conducive environment for research.
    • Lack of International Collaboration: India has relatively low levels of international collaboration compared to other developing nations, limiting its exposure to global scientific advancements and partnerships. Strengthening ties with international counterparts can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
    • Inadequate Funding: India’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP is significantly lower than other emerging nations like China and Brazil, as well as established economies like the United States and Europe. Insufficient funding limits the capacity for research and innovation, hindering India’s progress in the scientific domain.
    • Infrastructure and Technological Challenges: The development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor manufacturing requires robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. India’s limited investment in science and technology, coupled with bureaucratic hurdles and outdated procurement systems, hinders the adoption of global best practices and impedes research progress.

    Way forward

    • Sustainable funding: India is committed in making progress towards becoming a developed country by 2047 through sustainable means, including R&D funding.
    • Streamline bureaucracy: India needs to streamline its bureaucratic processes to enhance efficiency and reduce delays in funding and project approvals.
    • Increase R&D spending: India aims to increase its Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% of GDP, which is a national goal for some time.
    • Improve infrastructure and technology: India needs to improve its infrastructure and technological capabilities to drive innovation and research progress.
    • Increase in International collaboration: India aims to increase its international collaboration to facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.

    Conclusion

    • As India commemorates National Science Day under the theme of sustainable development, addressing the imperative of sustainable funding for science emerges as a critical priority.
    • By fostering a conducive ecosystem for R&D investment and optimizing budget utilization, India can pave the way for transformative scientific advancements and sustainable socio-economic progress.

    Back2Basics: CV Raman and Raman’s Effect

    Details
    Birth Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency on 7 November 1888.
    Appointment in IISc Appointed as Director of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933, served until retirement in 1948.
    Initial Research Published first research paper, “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture”, in 1906 while still a graduate student.
    Raman Effect Discovered phenomenon where light changes wavelength and frequency upon traversing transparent material, known as Raman Effect.
    Acoustics Worked on theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments, studied acoustics of various musical instruments including Indian ones.
    Colour of Sea Water Conducted observations on sea water using spectroscope,

    Concluded blue color not due to Rayleigh scattering, studied water color attribution.
    Spectroscopic Behaviour Investigated behavior of crystals spectroscopically, studied composition and characteristics of diamonds and colorful materials.
    Angular Momentum Discovered light photons have angular momentum, shifted to atoms that absorb them.
    Scientific Institutions Established Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru in 1949, became its first director.
    Awards and Recognition Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman Effect, first Indian and Asian to win Nobel in sciences.

    Elected member of Royal Society of London in 1924.

    Honored with India’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1954.

    Received Lenin Peace Prize, Franklin Medal, and Hughes Medal in 1930.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    200 Years of Kittur Uprising: Commemorating Rani Chennamma

    Explained | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Kittur Uprising, Rani Chennamma

    Mains level: Women led armed freedom struggles

    kittur

    Introduction

    • In 1824, a fleet of 20,000 British soldiers attempted to invade the former princely state of Karnataka, positioning themselves at the foothills of the Kittur fort.
    • However, Rani Chennamma, the Queen of Kittur, led a valiant resistance, marking one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles in India.

    Kittur Uprising: Historical Context

    • Background: Rani Chennamma’s rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824 is celebrated as a significant event in Karnataka’s political history.
    • Revolt Catalyst: The Company’s refusal to recognize Shivalingappa, adopted as the successor of Kittur under the ‘doctrine of lapse’, triggered the conflict.
    • Military Confrontation: Rani Chennamma led the Kittur army in a fierce battle against the British forces, resulting in the death of British official John Thackery.

    Doctrine of Lapse

    • Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine of Lapse aimed at expanding British territories in India.
    • The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
    • Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
    • The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
    • Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
    • Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
    • The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.

    Legacy of Rani Chennamma

    • Political Leadership: Rani Chennamma’s role as an astute administrator and seasoned stateswoman is highlighted in historical records.
    • Popular Perception: Despite her contributions, Rani Chennamma’s significance in national consciousness emerged later, as Karnataka became a state much later than other regions.
    • Historical Interpretation: Folklore and local traditions fondly remember Rani Chennamma’s bravery and resilience, portraying her as a protector and guardian in Kannada lavanis or folk songs.

    Post-Rebellion Period

    • Imprisonment and Death: Following the British capture of Kittur Fort in 1824, Rani Chennamma and her family were imprisoned. She passed away in captivity in 1829.
    • Historical Records: Historians emphasize Rani Chennamma’s commitment to serving her people, even during her imprisonment, as evidenced by her efforts to support her family and people.

    Commemoration and Contemporary Relevance

    • Naanoo Rani Chennamma Campaign: Social groups across India are organizing a national campaign on February 21, commemorating Rani Chennamma’s rebellion.
    • Campaign Objectives: The campaign aims to mobilize women against patriarchal, anti-democratic, and casteist forces, invoking Rani Chennamma’s memory as a symbol of resistance and empowerment.
    • Political Significance: The campaign underscores the need for gender equality, representation, and social justice, drawing inspiration from Rani Chennamma’s legacy of courage and leadership.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Judicial Reforms

    Should India have regional benches of the Supreme Court?

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Special Leave Petitions (SLPs)

    Mains level: The establishment of regional benches of the Supreme Court in India

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice informed the Lok Sabha that the Law Ministry has accepted its recommendation to establish regional benches of the Supreme Court across India.

    About the Supreme Court:

    • The Supreme Court of India has three jurisdictions under the Constitution: original, appellate, and advisory.
    • The Supreme Court serves as a Constitutional Court as well as a Court of Appeal. The Court sits in benches of varying sizes, as determined by the Registry on the directions of the Chief Justice of India (CJI).

    About SC Constitution Benches:

    • Constitution Bench typically comprises of five, seven, or nine judges who deliberate on a specific issue related to constitutional law.
    • Article 130 says that “the Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.” It shows that the Supreme Court Rules give the Chief Justice of India the power to constitute Benches.
    • Article 145(3) of the Constitution provides for the setting up of a Constitution Bench.
      • Under Article 143, a minimum of five judges need to sit for deciding a case involving a “substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution”, or for hearing any reference, which deals with the power of the President to consult the Court.

     View of Supreme Court on setting of regional benches

    • Recently, CJI D.Y. Chandrachud announced his intent to create Constitution Benches of varied strengths as a permanent feature of the Court.
    • The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice had earlier noted that the demand for having regional benches of the Supreme Court is about ‘access to justice,’ which is a Fundamental Right under the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court previously has been continuously rejecting the idea.
    • During 2019, former Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi supported the view, but minimal progress was made during his tenure. In contrast, during the 74-day tenure of former Chief Justice U.U. Lalit, 25 Constitution Bench matters were listed before five-judge benches.

    Recommendations by the Law Commissions on the setting of regional benches:

    • 10th Law Commission (95th Report), 1984: The Supreme Court of India should consist of two Divisions, namely (a) Constitutional Division, and (b) Legal Division”, and that “only matters of Constitutional law may be assigned to the proposed Constitutional Division”.
    • 11th Law Commission (125th Report), 1988: Recommended for splitting the (Supreme) Court into two halves deserves to be implemented.
    • 18th Law Commission (229th Report), 2009: Recommended that “a Constitution Bench be set up at Delhi to deal with constitutional and other allied issues”, and “four Cassation Benches be set up in the Northern region/zone at Delhi, the Southern region/zone at Chennai/Hyderabad, the Eastern region/zone at Kolkata and the Western region/zone at Mumbai to deal with all appellate work arising out of the orders/judgments of the High Courts of the particular region”.

    The Union Government today said the setting up of the Regional Benches of the Supreme Court in different parts of the country is under examination of the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme

    Significance of Regional Benches in India:

    • High Pendency of Cases: In the Supreme Court, a little more than 80,000 cases are currently pending adjudication out of which 60,000 cases are civil. This cannot be alleviated only through usual methods and is highly dependent upon the efforts and efficiency of the Chief Justice.
    • Insufficient Case Disposal Rates: In 2023, the Supreme Court witnessed a 31% increase in the disposal of cases compared to 2022.
      • However, such a disposal rate is negligible when compared to the total pendency of cases.
    • Democratization of Justice: The setting up of regional benches would also lead to greater opportunities and the democratization of the Bar.
      • For example, there was lots of opposition when the jurisdiction of the Tis Hazari Court was divided into different district courts. However, 10-15 years down the line, a vibrant District Bar in Saket, Rohini, and Karkardooma can be seen.
    • Access to Justice for All: People are reluctant to accept arbitrary actions of the state and its agencies and are increasingly approaching courts of law. The outcome of such cases demands further adjudication by the Supreme Court. Also, it becomes difficult for people living in States far away from Delhi to agitate their cause.
    • Importance of Litigant Presence: It is easy to say that the presence of a litigant is not required in appellate forums but the reality is that every litigant wishes to visit his lawyer and witness court proceedings involving his case.
    • Boosting Judicial System with More Judges: The establishment of regional benches will increase the number of judges as well as lawyers resulting in a much-needed boost to our judicial system.

    Challenges associated with regional benches:

    • Status issues:
      • Dilution of sacrosanct nature: Critics argue that the idea of setting up regional benches will lead to Balkanization of the Supreme Court and lessen the binding force of the decisions of the Supreme Court.
      • Territorial Interference: India being diverse country, have emerging diverse views in judiciary too. Hence, the newly formed regional benches can create conflict of interest by interfering in the territorial jurisdiction of the HCs which may adversely affect our justice system.
    • Implementation issues:
      • Rectifying the imbalances: Major of the cases filed in Apex court, arise from nearby High Courts in north India, this imbalance cannot be rectified by using this solution.
      • Frivolous Petitions: If Justice is that easily accessible considering geographical aspect, there is a possibility of numerous frivolous petitions being filed.

    Way Forward:

    • Need for Enhancing Judicial Infrastructure: Some broader judicial reforms are needed to address the systemic issues such as judicial backlog, delay in justice delivery, and judicial vacancies, which are crucial for improving the overall functioning of the legal system.
      • Explore the use of technology, such as video conferencing and virtual courtrooms, to enhance access to justice and facilitate remote adjudication of cases, especially in remote or underserved areas.
    • Need a balanced approach: The debate on regional benches for the Supreme Court involves considerations of accessibility, case management, and judicial efficiency. While proponents see it as vital for access, opponents emphasize potential drawbacks. Striking a balance necessitates thorough evaluation and careful implementation of reforms.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Ministry of External Affairs : Important Updates

    Raisina Dialogue: Everything You Need to Know  

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Raisina Dialogue

    Mains level: Factors shaping India's foreign policy

    Introduction

    • The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue will be held from February 23 in New Delhi.

    What is Raisina Dialogue?

    • The Raisina Dialogue is an annual multilateral conference.
    • The inaugural edition was held in March 2016.
    • It is held in New Delhi, India.
    • It is organized by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) and held in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs of India.
    • It is modelled after Singapore’s Shangri-La Dialogue.
    • The dialogue brings together policymakers, experts, scholars, and leaders from various fields.
    • It focuses on discussing geopolitical, economic, and strategic issues facing the world.

    Theme of this year’s edition

    • The theme of the 2024 edition is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create,” according to a press release by the Ministry of External Affairs.
    • The participants will engage with each other over six “thematic pillars”:
    1. Tech Frontiers: Regulations & Realities;
    2. Peace with the Planet: Invest & Innovate;
    3. War & Peace: Armouries & Asymmetries;
    4. Decolonising Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusion;
    5. Post 2030 Agenda: People & Progress; and
    6. Defending Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.

    Why is it a significant event for India’s Foreign Policy?

    • International Representation: Reflects India’s aspiration to play a leading role and make significant contributions globally.
    • Platform for Engagement: Offers India avenues to engage with key regional and global issues.
    • Advocacy for World Order: Demonstrates India’s commitment to a world order based on rules, inclusivity, and cooperation.
    • Strengthening Global Image: Enhances India’s reputation as a responsible and resilient global partner.

    Similar Dialogues around the World

    • Shangri-La Dialogue: Security summit in Singapore organized by the IISS.
    • Munich Security Conference: International conference in Germany focusing on security issues.
    • Halifax International Security Forum: Forum in Canada addressing global security threats.
    • Doha Forum: Dialogue platform in Qatar exploring global peace, security, and cooperation trends.
    • Valdai Discussion Club: Russian think tank organizing annual meetings on global politics and economics.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

    Israel proposes New Trade Route via Mundra Port

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mundra Port

    Mains level: IMEC

    mundra port

    Introduction

    • Amid ongoing attacks on Israel-linked ships by Yemen’s Houthi rebels in the Red Sea, Israeli Transport Minister Miri Regev has announced an alternative trade route via the Mundra port in Gujarat.
    • The route aligns with the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project, aiming to link India to Europe via the Middle East.

    Why discuss this?

    • Houthi Attacks: Houthi rebels in Yemen have been targeting ships connected to Israel in solidarity with Gaza, leading to disruptions in global trade, with about 12% passing through the Red Sea.
    • Industry Response: A recent industry agreement grants seafarers the right to refuse to sail through the Red Sea due to safety concerns, further highlighting the gravity of the situation.

    New Route via Mundra Port

    • Overview: Minister Regev outlined the new trade route in a video from the Mundra port. Goods will travel from Mundra to UAE ports, then proceed by land through Saudi Arabia and Jordan to Israel, primarily using trucks.
    • Operational Details: Israeli company Trucknet and UAE’s PureTrans will operate the trucks transporting goods. This route bypasses the Red Sea, ensuring safer passage amidst escalating tensions.

    About India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

    Details
    Corridors East Corridor: Connects India to the Arabian Gulf.

    Northern Corridor: Connects the Gulf to Europe.
    Infrastructure Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networks, and Road transport routes.

    Includes an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline, and a high-speed data cable.
    Signatories India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and Germany.
    Ports Connected India: Mundra (Gujarat), Kandla (Gujarat), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (Navi Mumbai).

    Middle East: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE, as well as Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia.
    Railway Route Connects Fujairah port (UAE) to Haifa port (Israel) via Saudi Arabia (Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan.

    Israel: Haifa port.

    Europe: Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille in France.

    Implications and Considerations

    • Benefits: The land route promises reduced travel time and costs for Israel, while generating revenue for Saudi Arabia and Jordan through transport fees and duties.
    • Challenges: Trucks have limited capacity compared to ships, potentially limiting trade volume. Additionally, the route’s viability hinges on stable diplomatic relations between Israel and the transit countries.
    • Long-term Prospects: The route aligns with the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project, aiming to link India to Europe via the Middle East. However, the project’s progress may face hurdles due to ongoing conflicts.

    Conclusion

    • Israel’s initiative to establish an alternative trade route reflects its adaptability amidst regional challenges. While offering immediate relief from Red Sea disruptions, the long-term success of the route depends on diplomatic stability and infrastructure development in the transit countries.
    • Despite its limitations, the new route underscores the importance of innovation and collaboration in navigating complex geopolitical scenarios, ensuring continuity in global trade operations.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Finance Commission – Issues related to devolution of resources

    Explained: Financial Devolution among States

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Article 270, Article 280 (3)

    Mains level: Not Much

    Introduction

    • Several Opposition-ruled states, particularly from southern India, have voiced concerns over the present scheme of financial devolution, citing disparities in the allocation of tax revenue compared to their contributions.
    • Understanding the concept of the divisible pool of taxes and the role of the Finance Commission (FC) is crucial in addressing these issues.

    Divisible Pool of Taxes: Overview

    • Constitutional Provision: Article 270 of the Constitution outlines the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Centre and the States.
    • Share of taxes: Taxes shared include corporation tax, personal income tax, Central GST, and the Centre’s share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), among others.
    • Finance Commission’s Role: Article 280(3) (a) mandates FC, constituted every five years, recommends the division of taxes and grants-in-aid to States based on specific criteria.
    • XVI FC: It consists of a chairman and members appointed by the President, with the 16th Finance Commission recently constituted under the chairmanship of Arvind Panagariya for the period 2026-31.

    Basis for Allocation: Horizontal and Vertical Devolution

    h

    • Vertical Devolution: States receive a share of 41% from the divisible pool, as per the 15th FC’s recommendation.
    • Key criteria for horizontal devolution: For horizontal devolution, FC suggested 12.5% weightage to demographic performance, 45% to income, 15% each to population and area, 10% to forest and ecology and 2.5% to tax and fiscal efforts.
    1. Income Distance: Reflects a state’s income relative to the state with the highest per capita income (Haryana), aiming to maintain equity among states.
    2. Population: Based on the 2011 Census, replacing the earlier 1971 Census for determining weightage.
    3. Forest and Ecology: Considers each state’s share of dense forest in the total forest cover.
    4. Demographic Performance: Rewards states for efforts in controlling population growth.
    5. Tax Effort: Rewards states with higher tax collection efficiency.

    Challenges and Issues

    • Exclusion of Cess and Surcharge: Around 23% of the Centre’s gross tax receipts come from cess and surcharge, which are not part of the divisible pool, leading to disparities in revenue sharing.
    • Variation in State Contributions: Some states receive less than a rupee for every rupee they contribute to Central taxes, indicating disparities in revenue distribution.
    • Reduced Share for Southern States: Southern states have witnessed a decline in their share of the divisible pool over successive FCs, affecting their fiscal autonomy.

    Proposed Reforms  

    • Expansion of Divisible Pool: Including a portion of cess and surcharge in the divisible pool could enhance revenue sharing among states.
    • Enhanced Weightage for Efficiency: Increasing the weightage for efficiency criteria in horizontal devolution, such as GST contribution, can promote equitable distribution.
    • Greater State Participation in FC: Establishing a formal mechanism for state participation in the FC’s constitution and functioning, akin to the GST council, can ensure a more inclusive decision-making process.

    Conclusion

    • Addressing issues of financial devolution requires a collaborative approach between the Centre and the States, focusing on equitable distribution and fiscal federalism.
    • Reforms in revenue-sharing mechanisms, along with enhanced state participation in decision-making bodies like the FC, are essential for promoting balanced development and resource allocation across the country.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    Legal Conundrum: What constitutes a Money Bill?

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Money Bill

    Mains level: Legislative bypass created by Money Bills

    Money Bill

    Introduction

    • Against the backdrop of significant judicial pronouncements, including recent decisions on the electoral bond scheme and the Aadhaar Act, the Supreme Court grapples with a pivotal question: the delineation of a money Bill.

    Why discuss this?

    • The ongoing examination before a seven-judge constitution bench highlights the crucial need to define the scope of a money Bill and its broader implications.
    • This issue carries substantial weight for legislative efficiency and constitutional adherence.

    What are Money Bills?

    Description
    About A financial legislation exclusively dealing with revenue, taxation, government expenditures, and borrowing.
    Constitutional Basis
    • Article 109: Specifies special procedure for Money Bills.
    • Article 110(1): Specifies matters related to taxation, borrowing, and appropriation of funds.
    • Article 110(3): Grants the Speaker of the Lok Sabha the final decision on whether a bill qualifies as a Money Bill.
    Procedure
    • Introduction in Lok Sabha with the President’s recommendation.
    • Consideration and passage in Lok Sabha.
    • Transmission to Rajya Sabha for recommendations (no amendments).
    • Return to Lok Sabha for consideration of recommendations.
    • Acceptance or rejection of recommendations by Lok Sabha.
    • Assent by the President without the power to return for reconsideration.
    Criteria for a Money Bill
    • Imposition, abolition, or regulation of taxes.
    • Regulation of borrowing or giving guarantees by the Government of India.
    • Custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India.
    • Appropriation of money from the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • Declaration of any expenditure as expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • Receipt of money into or out of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India.
    • Any matter incidental to the specified criteria.
    Decision Authority Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final decision on whether a bill qualifies as a Money Bill.
    President’s Role President can either accept or reject a Money Bill but cannot return it for reconsideration.
    Joint Sitting No provision for Joint sitting for the passage such Bill.

     

    Key Legal Precedents

    [1] Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Amendments:

    • Amendments introduced since 2015 to the PMLA expanded the Enforcement Directorate’s powers, triggering concerns over their passage as Money Bills.
    • Critics argue that such significant alterations should have undergone standard parliamentary scrutiny involving both houses.

    [2] Finance Act of 2017:

    • The Finance Act of 2017, designated as a Money Bill, attracted scrutiny for purportedly aiming to reshape appointments to 19 crucial judicial tribunals.
    • Allegations surfaced suggesting a deliberate manoeuvre to enhance executive authority over these tribunals by categorizing the Act as a Money Bill.
    • Additionally, changes within the Act relaxed qualifications and experience prerequisites for staffing these pivotal judicial entities, raising concerns of dilution.

    [3] Aadhaar Act, 2016:

    • The Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling upheld the validity of the Aadhaar Act as a Money Bill, despite lingering legal and procedural uncertainties.
    • The government’s argument hinged on the Act’s nexus to subsidies disbursed from the Consolidated Fund of India, justifying its classification as a Money Bill.
    • However, the verdict prompted calls for a comprehensive reevaluation, reflecting lingering doubts over the Act’s classification and its implications for parliamentary oversight.

    Legal Implications  

    • Parliamentary Bypass: By categorizing crucial amendments as Money Bills, the standard legislative process involving both houses of Parliament is bypassed, limiting comprehensive scrutiny and deliberation.
    • Eroding Rajya Sabha Scrutiny: Critics argue that such amendments, which often encompass far-reaching implications, should undergo thorough examination and debate in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
    • Hasty Lawmaking: Designating important legislations as Money Bills undermines the role of the Rajya Sabha, curtailing its authority in the lawmaking process.
    • Against Democratic-Ethos: This erosion of parliamentary oversight raises concerns about the equitable distribution of legislative power and the preservation of democratic principles.
    • Lack of Judicial Scrutiny: The judiciary plays a crucial role in adjudicating the legality and constitutional conformity of categorizing amendments as Money Bills.

    Future Prospects

    • Impending Legal Clarity: The anticipated verdict by the seven-judge bench holds the potential to reshape legislative dynamics, potentially paving the way for renewed challenges against contentious enactments.
    • Judicial Review: The judiciary’s vigilance in scrutinizing the validity of money Bills underscores its commitment to upholding constitutional principles and safeguarding legislative integrity.
    • Democratic Accountability: The evolving jurisprudence surrounding money Bills epitomizes the judiciary’s role in navigating complex constitutional nuances, ensuring robust legislative frameworks and institutional accountability.

    Conclusion

    • As the legal saga unfolds, the apex court’s forthcoming pronouncement holds profound implications for India’s legislative landscape and institutional accountability, heralding a new chapter in the nation’s constitutional journey.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q. Regarding the Money Bill, which of the following statements is not correct? (CSP 2018)

    (a) A bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions relating to the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax.

    (b) A Money Bill has provisions for the custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the Contingency Fund of India.

    (c) A Money Bill is concerned with the appropriation of money out of the Contingency Fund of India.

    (d) A Money Bill deals with the regulation of borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the Government of India.

     

    Post your answers here.

     

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Examining Maintenance Rights of Divorced Muslim Women

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Section 125 of CrPC

    Mains level: Personal Laws contradicting with Gender Equality

    Introduction

    • The Supreme Court’s scrutiny of maintenance entitlements for divorced Muslim women under Section 125 of the CrPC reignites the discourse on the supremacy of secular laws versus personal laws.
    • The ongoing case underscores the need for judicial clarity in navigating the intersection of religious rights and gender equality.

    Maintenance Entitlements: Evolution  

    • Section 125 of CrPC codified to provide maintenance for destitute family members.
    • It includes divorced spouses, without religious distinction, subject to the Magistrate’s discretion.

    Exception for Muslim Women

    • Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986: Introduced to address perceived conflicts with religious law post the Shah Bano case, offering maintenance during iddat and extending till remarriage.
    • Judicial Pronouncements: Varied interpretations emerged post Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001), with courts affirming both CrPC and 1986 Act remedies for divorced Muslim women.

    Case Background

    • Dispute Synopsis: Originating from a challenge by a Muslim man against a Telangana High Court directive for interim maintenance to his divorced wife under CrPC Section 125.
    • Legal Argument: Husband contends 1986 Act supersedes CrPC provisions, citing jurisdictional overlap and prior payment during iddat, while wife asserts her right to CrPC maintenance.

    Court Proceedings and Observations

    • Interpretive Dilemma: Supreme Court underscores the non-obstante clause of the 1986 Act, preserving alternative remedies under CrPC.
    • Constitutional Imperatives: Justices emphasize constitutional guarantees of equality, rejecting the notion of legislative intent to bar Muslim women from CrPC relief.
    • Precedential Insight: Recent High Court decisions affirm divorced Muslim women’s right to CrPC maintenance, notwithstanding iddat completion or khula pronouncement.

    Judgments Referenced in the Input

    • Danial Latifi v. Union Of India (2001): Upheld the constitutional validity of the 1986 Act, extending maintenance rights to divorced Muslim women till remarriage, albeit limited to the iddat period.
    • Arshiya Rizvi v. State of U.P. and Anr (2022): Allahabad High Court reaffirmed divorced Muslim women’s entitlement to CrPC maintenance post iddat, ensuring continued financial support.
    • Razia v. State of U.P. (2022): Further reiterated by the Allahabad High Court, emphasizing the availability of CrPC remedies beyond iddat completion.
    • Shakila Khatun v. State of U.P (2023): High Court upheld divorced Muslim women’s right to seek CrPC maintenance, irrespective of religious personal laws.

    Injustice Caused to Muslim Women

    • Limited maintenance: The 1986 law offers limited maintenance only during the iddat period and extends till remarriage.
    • Burden of personal laws: Unlike divorced women from other communities who can seek maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC without limitations, Muslim women face restrictions imposed by personal laws.
    • Financial crisis: This results in inconsistent and inadequate financial support for divorced Muslim women, undermining their economic security and perpetuating gender inequality.
    • Unequal treatment: The injustice lies in the unequal treatment of Muslim women under the law, depriving them of the same level of protection and support afforded to women from other communities in matters of divorce and maintenance.

    Implications and Future Trajectory

    • Judicial Deliberation: Pending verdict poised to shape the landscape of maintenance entitlements, balancing religious autonomy with gender justice.
    • Policy Implications: Clarification sought on legislative intent vis-à-vis CrPC and 1986 Act, crucial for uniform application and equitable access to justice.
    • Societal Impact: The outcome resonates beyond legal corridors, reflecting evolving societal norms and rights consciousness among marginalized communities.

    Way Forward

    • Dialogue and Engagement: Foster open dialogue between religious leaders, legal experts, policymakers, and the Muslim community to understand concerns and perspectives.
    • Legal Reforms: Consider amending existing laws or introducing new legislation to balance religious autonomy with gender justice, especially in provisions related to maintenance for divorced Muslim women.
    • Sensitivity Training: Provide training to legal professionals on handling cases involving Muslim women with cultural competence and understanding of Islamic law while upholding equality principles.
    • Alternative Dispute Resolution: Encourage the use of mediation and arbitration within Islamic law to resolve family disputes, including matters of maintenance, fairly and amicably.
    • Consultation and Collaboration: Include Muslim women in decision-making processes and policy formulation through consultation, ensuring their voices are heard and perspectives considered.
    • Respect for Diversity: Acknowledge diversity within the Muslim community, avoiding generalizations, and upholding principles of pluralism and tolerance in addressing women’s rights issues.

    Conclusion

    • The apex court’s forthcoming ruling holds the potential to bridge legal schisms and affirm the rights of marginalized segments, reinforcing the constitutional ethos of equality and justice for all.

    Try this Question from CS Mains:

    Q.1) Do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in Modern India? (2023)

    Q.2) What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism? (2019)

    Post your opinions here.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    Supreme Court’s Interim Order on Forest Definition

    ExplainedSC Judgements | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Godavarman Judgement, Forest Definition

    Mains level: Forest land-use management

    forest

    Introduction

    • The Supreme Court issued an interim order on February 19, 2024, emphasizing that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the Definition of ‘Forest’ as established in the TN Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India judgement of 1996.
    • This order came during the hearing of a public interest litigation challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Act, which was amended by the Union government in 2023.

    Why such move?

    • The petitioners highlighted concerns that the 2023 amendment had narrowed the expansive definition of ‘forest’ provided in the Godavarman judgement.
    • They argue that this move potentially aims at diverting forest lands for non-forest use.

    What is Godavarman Judgement?

    • The Godavarman Judgment is a landmark environmental case in India, first heard in the Supreme Court in 1996, commonly referred to as the “Godavarman Case.”
    • Originating as a PIL filed by Mr Godavarman, a retired forest officer, it addressed concerns about forest degradation due to various developmental activities without proper environmental clearances.

    Key Legal and Regulatory Framework

    • Forest Conservation Act (FCA) and Rules: The case primarily interprets and implements the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, and the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981, aiming at forest conservation and wildlife protection.
    • Powers of Central Government: The FCA empowers the central government to declare areas as “reserved forest” or “protected forest,” prohibiting non-forest activities without prior approval. It extends to all forests in India, not just declared reserves.
    • Defining Forest: The order defined as any area recorded as forest in the Government record irrespective of the ownership. This definition is broad and encompasses any area recorded as a forest in government records, regardless of its legal status or ownership.
    • Analysis:
    1. Diversion of Forest Land: The case tackled the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes, emphasizing compliance with the law and due diligence.
    2. Extent of Central Government’s Powers: It clarified that the central government’s authority under the FCA extends to all forests, irrespective of ownership, emphasizing stringent regulation.
    3. Emphasis on Sustainable Development: The court stressed the importance of sustainable development in forest conservation and protecting the rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.

    Impact of the Judgement

    • Strengthening Forest Conservation Laws: The case led to stricter interpretation and implementation of forest laws, focusing on conservation and protection.
    • Increased Judicial Role in Environmental Governance: It established the judiciary as a watchdog in environmental governance, promoting public scrutiny of environmental decisions.
    • Protection of Forest Lands: Resulted in the cancellation of projects diverting forest land, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
    • Recognition of Rights: Emphasized the recognition and protection of rights of forest dwellers and tribal communities.
    • Promotion of Sustainable Development: Highlighted the importance of balancing economic development with environmental protection.

    Criticism of the Judgement

    • Hindrance to Economic Development: Criticized for hindering economic development and displacing communities.
    • Role of Judiciary: Criticized for causing delays in decision-making and project implementation.

    Key Points of the Recent Order

    • Adherence to 1996 Order: The bench, led by CJI emphasized that states and Union territories (UTs) must adhere to the definition of ‘forest’ as per the Godavarman judgement until the completion of the process of land recorded as ‘forests’ in government records.
    • Recording Forest Land: State and UT administrations are directed to prepare records on forest land within a year from the notification of the 2023 amendment as per Rule 16 of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Rules, 2023.
    • Expert Committees: The Union government is instructed to provide a comprehensive record of land registered as ‘forest’ by expert committees constituted by states and UTs within two weeks.
    • Compliance Deadline: All states and UTs must comply with the directions by forwarding the reports of the expert committees by March 31, 2024.

    Additional Directions

    • Zoo and Safari Establishment: Any proposal for the establishment of zoos and safaris in forest areas other than protected areas shall not be finally approved without prior permission from the Supreme Court.
    • Exemption Clause: Section 5 of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, exempts zoos and safaris from the definition of ‘forests’ within forest areas, excluding protected areas.
    • Government Undertaking: The Union government submitted an undertaking that no precipitative steps would be taken concerning forest areas as per the dictionary sense, in line with the Godavarman judgement.

    Conclusion

    • The Supreme Court’s interim order underscores the importance of preserving forest lands as per the Godavarman judgement and ensuring compliance with environmental protection measures.
    • It aims to safeguard the ecological balance and prevent misuse of forest resources for non-forest purposes.

    Back2Basics: Universal Definition of Forest

    • As per the Conference of Parties (CoP) 9-Kyoto Protocol, the forest can be defined by any country depending upon the capacities and capabilities of the country.
    • Forest- Forest is defined structurally on the basis of
    1. Crown cover percentage: Tree crown cover- 10 to 30% (India 10%)
    2. Minimum area of stand: area between 0.05 and 1 hectare (India 1.0 hectare) and
    3. Minimum height of trees: Potential to reach a minimum height at maturity in situ of 2 to 5 m (India 2m)

    India’s definition of Forests

    The definition of forest cover has clearly been defined in all the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) and in all the International communications of India.

    • The forest cover is defined as ‘all land, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent irrespective of ownership and legal status.
    • Such land may not necessarily be a recorded forest area. It also includes orchards, bamboo and palm’.

    Classification of forest cover

    In ISFR 2021 recently published has divided the forest cover as:

    1. Inside Recorded Forest Area: These are basically natural forests and plantations of Forest Department.
    2. Outside Recorded Forest Area: These cover mango orchards, coconut plantations, block plantations of agroforestry.

    Forest Survey of India (FSI) Classification

    • FSI classifies forest cover in 4 classes.
    1. Very Dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density of 70% and above.
    2. Moderately dense forest: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 40% and 70%.
    3. Open forests: All lands with tree cover (including mangrove cover) of canopy density between 10% and 40%.
    4. Scrubs: All forest lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees having canopy density less than 10%.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor