💥UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (June Batch) + Access XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Type: Explained

  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Somnath Temple: A Historical Perspective

    19 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | History
    Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Somnath Temple

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    somnath

    Introduction

    • The inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22, 2024, has sparked discussions about the role of politics and religion in India.
    • In this historical analysis, we delve into the lesser-known aspects of another significant temple, the Somnath Temple, to understand its complex historical background and the British influence on its perception.

    Somnath, Till 1947

    • Historical Significance: Located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval, Gujarat, Somnath is a revered Hindu pilgrimage site.
    • Temple’s Legacy: The temple is known as the “holy place of the First Aadi Jyotirling Shree Somnath Mahadev” and holds religious significance.
    • Maratha Queen’s Effort: In 1782, Maratha queen Ahalyabai Holkar built a small temple at the site, but the grandeur of the original was not restored.

    Somnath’s Decline

    • Historical Attacks: The temple faced numerous attacks throughout history, including the devastating raid by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026 CE.
    • Diverse Rulers: While some Muslim rulers permitted worship at the temple, such as Akbar in the sixteenth century, others, like Aurangzeb, ordered its destruction in 1706.
    • Abul Fazl’s Remark: Historian Abul Fazl described Mahmud of Ghazni’s raid as “the plunder of the virtuous,” acknowledging the temple’s significance.
    • British Intervention: In 1842, British Governor General Lord Ellenborough used the “gates of Somnath” as a symbol of avenging an insult during an Afghanistan expedition.

    After Independence

    • Junagadh’s Accesion to Pakistan: After Independence, the Nawab of Junagadh attempted to accede to Pakistan, leading to unrest.
    • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Decision: On November 12, 1947, Patel announced the reconstruction of Somnath, endorsed by the Union Cabinet.
    • Mahatma Gandhi’s Suggestion: Gandhi proposed that the temple’s funding should come from the public, leading to the creation of a Trust under K M Munshi.

    Nehru’s Opposition to the Inauguration

    • Political Implications: Nehru opposed President Rajendra Prasad’s participation in the temple’s spectacular opening.
    • Concerns about Secularism: Nehru expressed reservations about the government’s involvement in a ceremony with potential political and revivalist implications.
    • Financial Concerns: He criticized the Saurashtra government’s contribution to the event, citing austerity measures and economic challenges.
    • Secular State: Nehru emphasized the importance of India being a secular state and not associating with religious events.
    • Opposition to External Affairs Circular: He objected to a circular requesting the collection of water, soil, and twigs from foreign countries for the ceremony.

    Conclusion

    • The story of Somnath temple’s revival encapsulates India’s complex journey through history, politics, and religion.
    • It highlights the delicate balance between preserving historical heritage and upholding the principles of a secular state.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran

    Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy

    19 January 2024 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Iran-Pakistan Relations

    iran

    Introduction

    • Recent events have thrust the relationship between Iran and Pakistan into the spotlight, with missile strikes, drone attacks, and territorial disputes escalating tensions between the two neighboring nations.
    • In this comprehensive analysis, we examine the historical context, evolving dynamics, and broader implications of the Iran-Pakistan relationship.

    Iran-Pakistan: Historical Background

    [A] Pre-1979: Allies under the Shadow of Superpowers

    • Alliance and CENTO: Before Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979, both countries were aligned with the United States and were part of the Baghdad Pact (later CENTO), a military alliance modeled on NATO.
    • Support During Wars: Iran provided material and weapons support to Pakistan during its wars against India in 1965 and 1971.

    [B] Post-1979: A Shift in Alliances

    • Sectarian Divide: After Ayatollah Khomeini’s Shiite regime took power in Iran, Pakistan, a Sunni-majority nation, found itself at odds with Iran due to sectarian differences.
    • Geopolitical Differences: Differences emerged as Iran became a sworn enemy of the United States after 1979, while Pakistan drew closer to the U.S., particularly during the “War on Terror” post-9/11.
    • Focus on Exporting Revolution: Iran’s foreign policy, centred on exporting the Islamic revolution, made its Arab neighbours uneasy, leading to a divergence in regional priorities.
    • Opposite Sides in Afghanistan: Iran backed the Northern Alliance against the Taliban in Afghanistan, a group created with Pakistan’s support, leading to further tensions.

    Attempts at Reconciliation

    • 1995: Benazir Bhutto’s Visit: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto referred to Iran as “a friend, a neighbor, and a brother in Islam” during her visit to Tehran in 1995, emphasizing cooperation and regretting U.S. sanctions.
    • Zardari’s Era: Asif Ali Zardari’s presidency saw increased cooperation with Iran, particularly in trade and energy, though Sunni-Shiite tensions persisted.
    • Nawaz Sharif’s Shift: Nawaz Sharif, upon becoming Prime Minister in 2013, realigned Pakistan’s stance away from Iran, strengthening ties with Arab allies and leaving the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project incomplete.

    The Balochistan Conundrum

    • Shared Ethnicity: The Baloch population, living on both sides of the Iran-Pakistan border, shares deep cultural, ethnic, and linguistic ties.
    • Marginalization and Grievances: Baloch communities in both nations have been marginalized, leading to separatist movements.
    • Cross-Border Insurgency: Baloch insurgents operate across the porous border, targeting military and civilian targets, complicating relations.
    • Differences in Insurgent Groups: Baloch insurgents in Iran often have religious affiliations, while those in Pakistan lean towards secular ethno-nationalism.

    Broader Regional Implications

    • Regional Power Dynamics: The involvement of Arabs, Israelis, and Iranians in the Balochistan issue reflects broader regional power politics.
    • Strategic Significance: Balochistan’s location at the mouth of the Gulf makes it integral to geopolitical strategies, including China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
    • Balancing Act: India’s involvement in Iran and the Chabahar port development, seen as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar port, adds to regional complexities.
    • Middle East Policy Shift: India’s economic and security interests in the Middle East are prompting a shift in its traditionally neutral stance towards regional conflicts.

    Conclusion

    • The recent cross-border strikes and tensions between Iran and Pakistan underscore the fragility of their relationship, complicated by historical, sectarian, and geopolitical factors.
    • While both nations are likely to seek de-escalation, the Balochistan issue, regional power dynamics, and India’s evolving role in the Middle East are challenging established assumptions about security in the region.
    • As the Gulf’s conflicts spill into the Baloch frontier, a weakened Pakistan may find itself increasingly entangled in the Middle East’s widening conflict theatre, demanding a reevaluation of India’s regional strategies.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Sub-Categorisation of SCs:  Panel to look into even distribution of benefits

    19 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Sub-Categorization of SCs, OBCs

    Mains level: Horizontal Reservation

    Introduction

    • The Union government of India has taken a significant step by forming a committee of Secretaries to address the pressing issue of equitable distribution of benefits, schemes, and initiatives among the diverse Scheduled Castes (SCs) spread across the nation.
    • This move has been triggered by a longstanding demand for sub-categorization of SCs, particularly raised by the Madiga community in Telangana.

    Need for Sub-Categorization

    • Historical Imbalance: Over 1,200 Scheduled Castes exist in India, leading to varying degrees of backwardness and underrepresentation.
    • Demand from Madiga Community: The Madiga community in Telangana has been vocal about sub-categorization to ensure fair allocation of benefits.
    • Prime Minister’s Commitment: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pledge to address this issue gained prominence during the Telangana Assembly election.

    Supreme Court’s Role

    • Constitutional Challenge: A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court is set to examine the permissibility of sub-categorization among SCs and Scheduled Tribes.
    • Focus on Reservation: The Supreme Court’s hearing revolves around the constitutionality of sub-categorization concerning reservation in jobs and education, leaving other aspects open for consideration.

    Legal Landscape to date

    • State-Level Attempts: In the past two decades, several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted to introduce reservation laws for sub-categorizing SCs within their jurisdictions. However, these efforts have been entangled in legal battles, awaiting a decision from a Supreme Court Constitution Bench.
    • Andhra Pradesh’s Initiative: The issue gained prominence when the Andhra Pradesh government established a commission in 1996, led by Justice Ramachandra Raju, to recommend sub-categorization based on disparities among SC communities. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that states lacked unilateral authority to sub-categorize communities within the SC and Scheduled Tribes (ST) lists, as this prerogative rested with Parliament and the President.
    • Contradictory Rulings: A 2020 judgment by a five-judge Bench, led by Justice Arun Mishra, contradicted the 2004 ruling by suggesting that determining benefits within the SC/ST lists would not constitute “tinkering” and could be within the purview of states. This contradiction led to the referral of the 2020 judgment to a larger Bench.

    Government Committee’s Mandate

    • Equitable Strategies: The committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, aims to explore alternative approaches to address grievances within the SC communities.
    • No Involvement in Reservation: The committee is explicitly instructed not to interfere with reservation-related matters, such as quota distribution for employment and education.
    • Focus on Special Initiatives: Instead, it will concentrate on strategies like special initiatives and the realignment of existing schemes to benefit underprivileged SCs.
    • Committee Members: The committee comprises Secretaries from the Home Ministry, Law Ministry, Tribal Affairs Ministry, and Social Justice Ministry.
    • Submission of Findings: Although no specific deadline is set, the committee is urged to present its findings as soon as possible.

    The Madiga Community’s Struggle

    • Long-standing Demand: The Madiga community has advocated for sub-categorization since 1994, initiating the formation of commissions to explore possibilities.
    • Concerns of Exclusion: Madigas allege that the benefits meant for SCs have predominantly favored the Mala community, leaving them marginalized.
    • State Initiatives: Several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted state-level reservation laws to sub-categorize SCs.
    • Pending Supreme Court Decision: These efforts are stalled, awaiting the Supreme Court’s verdict on the matter.

    Arguments for Sub-Categorization

    • Addressing Graded Inequalities: Advocates argue that sub-categorization rectifies the graded inequalities within SC communities. It ensures that the most backward communities receive their due share of benefits, preventing the dominance of relatively advanced communities.
    • Representation at All Levels: The goal is to ensure representation at all levels, including higher positions. However, the most marginalized SCs lag so far behind that even reserved positions at advanced levels may not benefit them due to a lack of suitable candidates.

    Data Requirements for Sub-Categorization

    • Emphasis on Robust Data: Legal experts stress the significance of comprehensive data, including population figures, socio-economic indicators, and community-specific information.
    • Basis for Fair Categorization: This data serves as the foundation for reasonable categorization, quota allocation, and informed policy decisions.

    Conclusion

    • The initiative to address sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes is a critical step towards achieving equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities.
    • While the Supreme Court grapples with the constitutional aspects of reservation, the government committee seeks alternative means to ensure the welfare of the most marginalized SCs.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    Complex China-Taiwan Relations: A Historical Perspective

    18 January 2024 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Effect Of Policies & Politics Of World On India’S Interests

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Read the attached story

    Mains level: China-Taiwan Relations

    taiwan

    Introduction

    • Taiwan’s presidential election on January 13, which saw the victory of the ruling party candidate Lai Ching-te, carries significant implications not only for the island but also for global geopolitics.
    • To understand the dynamics at play, it’s crucial to delve into the complex history and evolving relationship between China and Taiwan.

    Taiwan Tension: A Historical Background

    • Early Settlement: Taiwan’s first known settlers were Austronesian tribal people, believed to have migrated from southern China.
    • Chinese Records: Chinese records from AD 239 mention Taiwan, forming part of China’s territorial claim.
    • Qing Dynasty and Japan: Taiwan was administered by China’s Qing dynasty and later ceded to Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War.
    • Post-World War II: After World War II, Taiwan was officially considered occupied by the Republic of China (ROC), with the consent of the US and UK.

    Civil War and Exile

    • Civil War: A civil war broke out in China, leading Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang (KMT) government, along with supporters, to flee to Taiwan in 1949.
    • Dictatorship Era: Chiang established a dictatorship that ruled Taiwan until the 1980s.
    • Transition to Democracy: After Chiang’s death, Taiwan embarked on a transition to democracy, holding its first elections in 1996.

    Status of Taiwan

    • Disagreement: There is disagreement regarding Taiwan’s status.
    • Independent Governance: Taiwan has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and an armed forces.
    • Decline in Recognition: Over time, the number of countries recognizing Taiwan as the ROC government has dwindled, largely due to diplomatic pressure from China.

    Evolving Relations with China

    • 1980s Improvement: Relations started improving in the 1980s as Taiwan relaxed rules on visits and investments in China.
    • One Country, Two Systems: China proposed the “one country, two systems” option, which Taiwan rejected.
    • Political Shift: The election of Chen Shui-bian in 2000 marked a shift, as he openly backed Taiwan “independence.”
    • Anti-Secession Law: China passed an anti-secession law in 2005, threatening non-peaceful means against Taiwan.
    • Cross-Strait Relations: Cross-strait relations soured under President Tsai Ing-wen, with China cutting off official communications due to her refusal to endorse a single Chinese nation concept.

    US Involvement

    • US-Taiwan Relations: The US officially recognizes Beijing but remains Taiwan’s significant international supporter.
    • Defensive Commitment: The US is bound by law to provide Taiwan with defensive weapons, and President Joe Biden has stated a commitment to defending Taiwan militarily.
    • Contested Issue: Taiwan remains a contentious issue in US-China relations, with Beijing condemning perceived US support for Taipei.
    • Increased Tensions: China has intensified its “grey zone warfare” around Taiwan, sending fighter jets and conducting military drills in response to US-Taiwan exchanges.

    Conclusion

    • The results of Taiwan’s presidential election and the evolving China-Taiwan relationship have far-reaching implications for global politics.
    • Balancing diplomatic recognition, territorial disputes, and US involvement, the delicate equilibrium in the Taiwan Strait will continue to shape the course of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Middle East

    Explained: India-UAE Relations

    18 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Kafala System

    Mains level: India-UAE Relations

    India-UAE Relations

    Introduction

    • PM Modi recently highlighted the strength of India-UAE relations at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024.
    • Bilateral discussions were held with UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, who was the Chief Guest.

    India-UAE Relations: Historical Context

    India-UAE relations have seen significant milestones:

    • India-UAE CEPA: Effective since May 1, 2022, this agreement has slashed tariffs on over 80% of products, facilitating duty-free access for 90% of Indian exports to the UAE. Non-oil trade surged to $50 billion from May 2022 to April 2023, with a $100 billion target by 2030.
    • IMEC: The UAE is vital to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
    • I2U2 Group: Comprising India, UAE, Israel, and the U.S., this group promotes technological and private-sector cooperation in water, energy, and transportation.
    • Rupee-Dirham Agreement: The Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of the UAE have established a framework for using local currencies in cross-border transactions, reducing dependence on the U.S. Dollar.
    • Cultural Exchange: The UAE’s tolerance is evident with the construction of the BAPS Hindu Mandir in Abu Dhabi, the first temple of its kind.

    Significance of India-UAE Relations

    These relations hold immense strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance:

    [A] Strategic Significance:

    • Security Concerns: Amid conflicts in the Middle East, the India-UAE alliance enhances both nations’ security, including fighting piracy and terrorism.
    • Energy Security: The UAE is India’s sixth-largest crude oil exporter, playing a key role in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves Program.

    [B] Political Significance:

    • Multilateral Reforms: The UAE supports India in various international platforms.
    • Counterbalancing China’s Regional Dominance: India’s strengthened relations with the UAE help offset China’s growing presence in the region.
    • Engagement with Regional Alliances: Enhanced India-UAE relations could pave the way for India’s membership in organizations like the OIC and a free trade agreement with the GCC.

    [C] Economic Significance:

    • Remittances: The UAE is a major source of remittance inflows to India.
    • Trade and Investments: The UAE is India’s third-largest trade partner, with substantial investments in various sectors.
    • Access to the African Market: Relations with the UAE facilitate India’s entry into the African market.

    [D] Cultural Significance:

    • Safeguarding Indian Diaspora Interests: A robust relationship protects the interests of the large Indian expatriate community.
    • Boosting India’s Soft Power: Positive relations enhance India’s soft power in the Middle East.

    Challenges to India-UAE Relations

    • Trade Restrictions: The UAE’s Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs), including SPS measures and TBT, have affected Indian exports, particularly in sectors like poultry and processed foods.
    • Chinese Economic Influence: China’s “Cheque Book Diplomacy” overshadows Indian enterprises in the UAE.
    • Kafala Labour System: Harsh conditions for immigrant laborers, passport confiscation, and delayed wages pose significant issues.
    • Financial Aid to Pakistan: Concerns arise due to the UAE’s substantial financial assistance to Pakistan.
    • Iran-Arab Dispute: Balancing ties with the UAE and Iran amid their conflict is a diplomatic challenge.

    Way Forward

    • Clarity in Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): Establish transparent NTB practices for smoother trade relations.
    • Comprehensive Strategic Dialogue: Initiate high-level dialogues to address strategic, defense, and political issues.
    • Harmonization with UAE’s ‘Vision 2021’: Collaborate in emerging sectors to reinforce economic ties.
    • Joint Ventures in Technology and Innovation: Encourage collaborations in cutting-edge technology.
    • Healthcare Cooperation: Collaborate in healthcare research and public health initiatives.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    Science Communication in India: Bridging Gaps  

    17 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Science Communication, Various initiatives mentioned

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Science Communication

    Introduction

    • Science communication is an essential bridge between the scientific community and the public, fostering understanding, engagement, and informed decision-making.
    • In India, the recent focus on communicating science, particularly during Chandrayaan-3 and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the growing importance of this discipline.
    • However, gaps and challenges persist in effectively conveying scientific information.

    Role of Science Communication

    • Science communication encompasses all aspects of conveying scientific knowledge, fostering discussions on ethical, societal, and political impacts, and engaging scientists and diverse audiences.
    • In today’s context, it extends to sharing research findings, institutional outreach, and public engagement with science.

    Contemporary Science Communication in India

    • Government Initiatives: In 2021, the CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR) was established. National science funding agencies and research organizations actively engage in science communication through press releases, social media campaigns, exhibitions, and lectures.
    • Growing Landscape: Science communication extends to research organizations, universities, social enterprises, non-profits, and art-science collaborations. It bridges journalism, education, outreach, and art with science.

    Government-Led Efforts

    India’s commitment to science communication dates back to the post-independence era. Key milestones include:

    • Publications & Information Directorate (PID): Established in 1951 under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PID published national science magazines to disseminate scientific knowledge.
    • Birla Industrial and Technological Museum (1959): Focused on defining India’s scientific heritage and promoting science education.
    • 42nd Amendment to the Constitution (1976): Introduced Article 51 A (h), emphasizing the development of a scientific temper among citizens.
    • National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC): Formed during the sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), emphasizing the popularization of science.
    • Vigyan Prasar (1989): An autonomous organization set up by the Department of Science and Technology to popularize science.

    Addressing Challenges and Forging Ahead

    To enhance science communication in India:

    1. Formal Education and Training: Introduce masters and doctoral programs in science communication. These programs will cultivate a cadre of skilled communicators attuned to India’s diverse contexts.
    2. Integration with Scientific Process: Encourage scientists to actively participate in science communication. This includes incorporating communication as part of research and rewarding scientists for their efforts.
    3. Large-Scale Strategy: Establish a professional organization that collaborates with government departments, stakeholders, and experts to create comprehensive science communication frameworks. These frameworks must span various disciplines, media formats, and demographic groups.

    Conclusion

    • Science communication plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific literacy, public engagement, and informed decision-making in India.
    • By addressing current gaps and embracing a forward-looking approach, India can build a robust science communication ecosystem that effectively bridges the gap between science and society, empowering citizens and propelling scientific progress.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Global Surgery: Why access to essential Surgery is important?

    16 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Global Surgery

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Global Surgery

    Introduction

    • Global surgery, despite its critical importance, often remains in the shadows of global health initiatives.
    • This is particularly evident in South Asia, where the world’s largest population lacking access to essential surgery resides.

    Why discuss this?

    • Global surgery aims to address this disparity by focusing on equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, encompassing a range of procedures.
    • While 2015 marked a turning point in recognizing the significance of global surgery, this field’s history goes back several decades.

    What is Global Surgery?

    • Equitable Access: Global surgery prioritizes providing equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but also in under-served populations within high-income countries (HICs).
    • Scope of Surgery: It encompasses essential and emergency surgeries, including surgery, obstetrics, trauma, and anaesthesia (SOTA).

    Emergence of Global Surgery

    • Annus Mirabilis of 2015: This year marked a pivotal moment in recognizing the global significance of surgical care.
    • Influential Reports: The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN) report sponsored by the World Bank and The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) played key roles.
    • WHO Resolution 68.15: The World Health Organization Declaration on Safe Surgery highlighted the essential role of surgical systems in achieving universal health coverage.

    Magnitude of the Problem

    • Access Disparities: Over 70% of the global population, around five billion people, lack timely access to safe and affordable surgical care.
    • Regional Disparities: Access gaps are most severe in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), with 99% and 96% of people facing disparities, compared to 24% in HICs.
    • South Asia’s Challenge: Over 1.6 billion people, over 98% of South Asia’s population, lack access to safe and affordable SOTA care.
    • Disease Burden: In 2010, surgically treatable conditions caused around 17 million deaths, surpassing the combined mortality burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
    • Economic Impact: The cumulative projected loss to global GDP due to insufficient surgical care could reach $20.7 trillion by 2030.

    Current Efforts and Neglect

    • Neglect in Policies: Surgical care often receives little attention in international and national policies.
    • Limited Research Focus: Research in global surgery is underrepresented compared to global health.
    • Funding Neglect: Funding for surgery is significantly lower than for other health sectors.
    • Research Funding Disparity: Research funding for surgery-related projects is scarce compared to other health fields.

    Way Forward

    • Cost-Effectiveness: Global surgery has demonstrated that emergency and essential surgical care is cost-effective and cost-beneficial.
    • Policy Commitment: Many countries have initiated National Surgical, Obstetrics, and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPs), demonstrating political and policy commitment.
    • Positive Initiatives: Several South Asian countries have launched initiatives to expand surgical access.
    • Research and Innovation: Prioritizing research, policy support, and sustainable financing are key to addressing global surgery challenges.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Maldives

    Why are Indian soldiers in Maldives?

    15 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: UTF Harbour Project

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    maldives

    Introduction

    • With President Muizzu’s administration insisting on the withdrawal of Indian troops, a high-level core group has been set up to negotiate this process.
    • This situation raises questions about the reasons behind the presence of Indian troops and the factors fueling the ‘India Out’ campaign.

    Overview of the Current Situation

    • Official Statement: Maldives affirmed the policy of President Muizzu’s administration to remove Indian military personnel from the Maldives.
    • Negotiation Group: A core group, including Indian High Commissioner, met in Male to discuss the troop withdrawal, though the Indian government has not yet commented on these reports.

    Indian Military Presence in the Maldives

    • Troop Numbers: Contrary to the rhetoric of the ‘India Out’ campaign, only 88 Indian military personnel are stationed in the Maldives, primarily for training purposes.
    • Historical Context: Indian soldiers have been sent to the Maldives for training in combat, reconnaissance, and rescue-aid operations. The only time Indian troops were involved in active military operations was during the 1988 coup attempt, at the request of then-President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.

    Factors behind the ‘India Out’ Campaign

    • Controversy over Helicopters: The gifting of two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters by India, used for humanitarian purposes, became a point of contention, portrayed as a military presence by certain political factions.
    • Perceived Lack of Transparency: The Solih government’s alleged opacity in dealings with India fueled suspicions.
    • Maritime Security Dependence: The Maldives relies on India for maritime security, collaborating to counter common threats.
    • Police Academy Speculations: The construction of a new police academy with Indian assistance led to rumours about its purpose and scale.
    • UTF Harbour Project Agreement: Speculations about the UTF (Uthuru Thila Falhu- Island) project being turned into an Indian naval base, despite official clarifications to the contrary.

    Conclusion

    • The insistence on the withdrawal of Indian troops from the Maldives and the ensuing ‘India Out’ campaign reflect a complex interplay of historical, political, and security factors.
    • While the Indian military presence has been primarily for training and humanitarian assistance, various internal and external elements have contributed to the current sentiment.
    • Understanding these nuances is crucial for comprehending the evolving relationship between India and the Maldives and the broader geopolitical implications in the region.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • River Interlinking

    Madhya Pradesh’s Ken-Betwa River Project

    15 January 2024 | ExplainedPrelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Ken-Betwa Link Project

    Mains level: Not Much

    Ken-Betwa

    Introduction

    Overview of the Project and Violations

    • Project Details: The Lower Orr dam, a part of the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project’s second phase, began construction in 2019.
    • Violation of Clearance Laws: In 2022, an expert appraisal committee (EAC) reported that the project commenced without formal clearance from the Environment Ministry.
    • Incomplete Construction: As of the last report, about 82% of the dam and 33.5% of the canal network were completed without necessary clearances.
    • EAC’s Recent Recommendations: In December 2023, the EAC called for a fresh evaluation and more data on potential damage caused by the construction.

    What is the Ken Betwa Link Project?

    • First of its Kind: This project is the inaugural venture under the National Perspective Plan for interlinking Indian rivers.
    • River Linking: It involves transferring water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.

    Phases of the Project

    • Phase-I Components: This includes the Daudhan dam complex, Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa link canal, and Power houses.
    • Phase-II Components: The second phase will see the construction of the Lower Orr dam, Bina complex project, and Kotha barrage.

    Utility of the Project

    • Irrigation Benefits: The project aims to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares annually.
    • Drinking Water Supply: It is expected to provide drinking water to 62 lakh people.
    • Power Generation: The project will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
    • Regional Development: It promises to bring socio-economic prosperity to the Bundelkhand region through increased agricultural activities and employment.
    • Combating Rural Distress: The project is also seen as a solution to distress migration from this region.

    Ecological Issues with the Project

    • Scientific Basis: Concerns have been raised about the ‘surplus and deficit’ model and the availability of water in the Ken River.
    • Water Sharing Disputes: UP and MP have had disagreements over water sharing, especially during non-monsoonal months.
    • Environmental Impact: The project involves creating a reservoir dam in the Panna National Park and Tiger Reserve, impacting the downstream Ken Gharial Sanctuary.
    • Wildlife Act Compliance: Approval by the National Board for Wildlife, as required under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, has not been confirmed.

    Issues with the Projects

    • Displacement: The project will lead to significant displacement of people.
    • Topographical Changes: The flat topography of the Ganga basin poses challenges for dam construction.
    • Inundation and Seismic Hazards: Large-scale water transfer risks inundating forests and creating seismic hazards in the Himalayan region.
    • Financial and Political Challenges: The project requires substantial financial investment and political support.
    • Land Acquisition and Ecological Feasibility: Consensus building for land acquisition and ecological concerns are major hurdles.

    Criticisms of Such Projects

    • Questionable Science: Critics argue that these projects are based on outdated water management understanding.
    • Contravention with Nature: They are seen as going against natural processes, posing more threats than opportunities.

    Way Forward

    • Expert Scrutiny: Thorough and independent expert scrutiny during the approval stage is crucial.
    • Independent Hydrological Study: A comprehensive study of these rivers is necessary to assess the feasibility and impact.

    Conclusion

    • Developmental projects like the Ken-Betwa Link should not compromise fragile ecosystems or important wildlife habitats.
    • The potential destructive impact on the flow of water and sanctuary ecosystems, along with legal compliance, needs clear assessment and consideration.
    • Sound environmental governance and due diligence are essential in balancing developmental needs with ecological preservation.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor

  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-ASEAN

    What happened in Bhutan’s elections?

    13 January 2024 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: India-Bhutan Relations and China Factor

    Introduction

    • In a significant political development, Tshering Tobgay and the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) emerged victorious in Bhutan’s recent runoff election, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s young democracy.
    • Bhutan’s election not only reflects the evolving political dynamics within but also has broader implications for the region, particularly in terms of Bhutan’s relations with India and China.

    Bhutan’s Democratic Evolution

    • Fair Elections: Unlike some neighbouring countries, Bhutan’s elections have been largely free from tampering or political violence.
    • Monarchy to Democracy: Since transitioning from a monarchy to a parliamentary democracy in 2008, Bhutan has seen its democratic processes evolve, with increased party participation and voter choice.
    • Challenges: Despite progress, concerns about media censorship and discrimination against minorities persist.

    Economic Context of the Elections

    • Economic Challenges: Bhutan faces economic difficulties, including a struggling tourism sector, high youth unemployment, and significant emigration for better opportunities.
    • Tobgay’s Economic Focus: Tobgay’s campaign centred on addressing these economic issues, promising investment and solutions to curb the emigration trend.

    India’s Role and Regional Implications

    • India-Bhutan Relations: India remains Bhutan’s largest donor and ally, playing a crucial role in Bhutan’s economic recovery and infrastructure development.
    • Hydroelectric Potential: Bhutan’s untapped hydroelectric resources present opportunities for energy trade with India.
    • China Factor: Recent years have seen heightened tensions between India and China over Bhutan, especially in the disputed Doklam region.
    • Tobgay’s Pro-India Stance: Tobgay is perceived as pro-India, which aligns with India’s strategic interests in the region. His election has been positively received by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

     Conclusion

    • Tshering Tobgay’s election victory in Bhutan is a testament to the country’s maturing democracy and its ability to navigate complex economic and geopolitical challenges.
    • As Bhutan continues to balance its relationships with major powers like India and China, Tobgay’s leadership will be pivotal in shaping the nation’s future trajectory, both domestically and in the broader South Asian context.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor