Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Freedom of Religion
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The 22nd Law Commission of India has sought fresh suggestions from various stakeholders, including public and religious organisations, on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
- The UCC aims to establish a single personal civil law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc.
- The idea of a UCC has a long history in India and has been a topic of debate and discussion.
- This article explores the basis for a UCC, its timeline, the conflict with the right to freedom of religion, minority opinions, challenges to implementation, and the way forward.
Basis for UCC: Article 44
- Article 44 of the Directive Principles envisions the state’s endeavor to secure a UCC for all citizens throughout the country.
- While DPSP of the Constitution are not enforceable by courts, they provide fundamental principles for governance.
Personal Laws and UCC: A Timeline
- Colonial Period: Personal laws were first framed for Hindu and Muslim citizens during the British Raj.
- 1940: The idea of a UCC was proposed by the National Planning Commission, examining women’s status and recommending reforms for gender equality.
- 1947: UCC was considered as a fundamental right during the framing of the Constitution by Minoo Masani, Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
- 1948: The Constitution Assembly debated Article 44, which emphasizes the implementation of uniform civil laws as a state duty under Part IV.
- 1950: Reformist bills were passed, granting Hindu women the right to divorce and inherit property and outlawing bigamy and child marriages.
- 1951: Ambedkar resigned when his draft of the Hindu Code Bill was stalled in Parliament.
- 1985: Shah Bano case highlighted the need for a UCC and the rights of divorced Muslim women.
- 1995: Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India reiterated the urgency of a UCC for national integration and removing contradictions.
- 2000: The Supreme Court, in Lily Thomas v. Union of India, stated it could not direct the government to introduce a UCC.
- 2015: The apex court refused to mandate a decision on implementing a UCC.
- 2016: The Triple Talaq debate gained attention, leading to the ruling of its unconstitutionality in 2017.
UCC vs. Right to Freedom of Religion
- Article 25: Guarantees an individual’s fundamental right to religion.
- Article 26(b): Upholds the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs.
- Article 29: Protects the right to conserve distinctive culture.
- Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on freedom of religion for public order, health, morality, and other provisions related to fundamental rights.
Minority Opinion in the Constituent Assembly
- Some members sought to exempt Muslim Personal Law from state regulation, arguing against interference in personal laws based on secularism.
- Concerns were raised about uniformity in a diverse country like India and the potential for opposition from different communities.
- Gender justice was not a significant focus during these debates.
Enacting and Enforcing UCC
- Fundamental rights are enforceable in courts, while Directive Principles have varying degrees of enforceability.
- The wording of Article 44 suggests a lesser duty on the state compared to other Directive Principles.
- Fundamental rights are considered more important than Directive Principles, and a balance between both is crucial.
Need for UCC
- Multiple personal laws: Different religions and denominations follow distinct property and matrimonial laws, hindering national unity.
- Absence of exclusive jurisdiction: Such thing in the Union List implies that the framers did not intend to have a UCC.
- Customary laws are discriminatory: These laws also vary among different communities and regions.
Why is UCC Necessary?
- Harmonizing equality: UCC would provide equal status to all citizens, promote gender parity, and align with the aspirations of a liberal and young population.
- Promote fraternity: Implementation of UCC would support national integration.
Hurdles to UCC Implementation
- Opposition from religious factions: The diverse religious and cultural landscape of India poses practical difficulties.
- Minority resistance: UCC is often perceived by minorities as an encroachment on religious freedom and interference in personal matters.
- Societal preparedness: Experts argue that Indian society may not be ready to embrace a UCC at present.
Unaddressed Questions
- Ignoring diversities: Maintaining the essence of diverse components of society while achieving uniformity in personal laws.
- One size fits all: The assumption that practices of one community are backward or unjust.
- Uniqueness of diversity: The effectiveness of uniformity in eradicating societal inequalities.
Way Forward
- Theological education: Religious intelligentsia should educate their communities about rights and obligations based on modern interpretations.
- Open discussion: The government should create an environment conducive to UCC by explaining Article 44’s contents and significance while considering different perspectives.
- Gradual introduction: Social reforms should be gradual, addressing concerns such as fake news and disinformation.
- Prioritizing social harmony: Preserving the cultural fabric of the nation is essential.
Conclusion
- UCC is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of religious, cultural, and societal perspectives.
- Balancing the unity and diversity of India is crucial, as the implementation of a UCC should aim to provide equal rights and opportunities while respecting the distinct identities of different communities.
- Education, dialogue, and a gradual approach are necessary to achieve consensus and promote social harmony in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Global nuclear arms race
Central Idea
- China’s nuclear arsenal: China increased its nuclear arsenal from 350 warheads in January 2022 to 410 warheads in January 2023, according to SIPRI.
- Potential ICBM parity: SIPRI suggests that depending on how China structures its forces, it could have a comparable number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to the U.S. or Russia by the end of the decade.
- Concerns over stated aim: SIPRI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme questions the alignment between China’s expanding nuclear arsenal and its declared goal of maintaining minimum nuclear forces for national security.
India and Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal Growth
- India’s nuclear arsenal: SIPRI estimates indicate that India’s nuclear arsenal grew from 160 warheads in 2022 to 164 warheads in 2023.
- Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal: SIPRI estimates that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal increased from 165 warheads in 2022 to 170 warheads in 2023.
- Emphasis on longer-range weapons: India seems to be placing growing importance on longer-range weapons capable of reaching targets across China, while Pakistan remains the primary focus of India’s nuclear deterrent.
Global Nuclear Weapons Inventory
- Total global inventory: As of January 2023, the global inventory of warheads reached 12,512.
- Warheads in military stockpiles: Approximately 9,576 warheads were held in military stockpiles for potential use, representing an increase of 86 warheads compared to January 2022.
- Dominance of Russia and the U.S.: Russia and the U.S. collectively possess nearly 90% of all nuclear weapons.
- Stability in nuclear arsenals: The size of Russia’s and the U.S.’ nuclear arsenals remained relatively stable in 2022, although transparency regarding nuclear forces declined due to the Ukraine conflict, as noted by SIPRI.
Reasons for increased stockpile
- Shifting power dynamics: China’s significant expansion of its nuclear arsenal has implications for global power dynamics, potentially challenging the traditional dominance of the U.S. and Russia in the nuclear arena.
- Regional security concerns: China’s increased nuclear capabilities raise concerns among neighboring countries, particularly those involved in territorial disputes or security rivalries in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Global arms race: China’s nuclear arsenal growth may fuel an arms race in the region, leading to increased tensions and instability.
Nuclear Dynamics in South Asia
- Strategic rivalry between India and Pakistan: The nuclear arsenals of India and Pakistan continue to expand, reflecting the ongoing strategic competition and deterrence dynamics between the two countries.
- Escalation risks: The increase in nuclear capabilities in South Asia raises the potential for miscalculation and escalation, heightening the risk of a nuclear conflict in the region.
- Implications for regional stability: The growth of nuclear arsenals in India and Pakistan has wider implications for regional stability and the effectiveness of non-proliferation efforts.
Challenges to the Global Disarmament ideals
- Declining transparency: The decline in transparency regarding nuclear forces in Russia and the U.S., coupled with the overall increase in global warhead stockpiles, poses challenges to nuclear arms control and disarmament efforts.
- Erosion of trust: The lack of transparency and increased stockpiles undermine trust between nuclear-armed states, making it more difficult to achieve meaningful progress in disarmament negotiations.
- Need for renewed dialogue: The growing nuclear arsenals underscore the importance of revitalizing international dialogue on disarmament and strengthening existing arms control agreements.
Legacy issues
- Notion of Nuclear ‘Haves’ and ‘Have-Nots’: The proponents of disarmaments are themselves nuclear armed countries thus creating a nuclear monopoly.
- Concept of Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE): conducted for non-military purposes such as mining.
India’s commitment for de-nuclearization
- Universal commitment and non-discriminatory framework: India advocates for nuclear disarmament based on principles of equality, non-discrimination, and global security.
- Working paper on Nuclear Disarmament: India submitted a working paper on Nuclear Disarmament to the UN General Assembly in 2006, presenting its perspectives and proposals for achieving global disarmament.
- Participation in Nuclear Security Initiatives: India actively engages in the Nuclear Security Summit process and supports efforts to enhance global nuclear security through participation in international conferences organized by the IAEA.
- Membership in the Nuclear Security Contact Group: India is a member of the Nuclear Security Contact Group, contributing to discussions and initiatives aimed at strengthening international cooperation on nuclear security.
- Support for Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT): India expresses readiness to support negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, considering it an important step towards disarmament by banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.
- Concerns regarding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): India has not joined the CTBT due to several concerns, but it remains open to addressing these concerns and exploring possibilities for future accession to the treaty.
- Leadership in Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Proliferation: India actively leads efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring WMDs, piloting an annual UNGA Resolution on “Measures to Prevent Terrorists from Acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction” since 2002, which receives consensus adoption.
Way forward
- Strengthening non-proliferation efforts: The expansion of nuclear arsenals highlights the need for robust non-proliferation mechanisms and adherence to international agreements such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
- Managing nuclear risks: As the number of nuclear-armed states increases, effective risk management and confidence-building measures become crucial to prevent accidental or intentional use of nuclear weapons.
- Balancing deterrence and disarmament: The international community faces the challenge of striking a balance between maintaining credible deterrence and pursuing disarmament goals to ensure global security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atlantic Declaration
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The US and Britain have announced a new strategic pact called, reaffirming their “special relationship” to address challenges posed by Russia, China, and economic instability.
- They signed Atlantic Declaration to develop a new green economy through extensive industrial subsidies instead of pursuing a post-Brexit free-trade agreement.
What is Atlantic Declaration?
- The “Atlantic Declaration” aims to enhance industry collaboration in defense and renewable energy sectors in response to China’s growing competition.
- The declaration recognizes the challenges posed by authoritarian states, disruptive technologies, non-state actors, and transnational issues like climate change.
- Both leaders affirmed the strength of the transatlantic relationship and emphasized the need to adapt to the changing world economy driven by AI and technological advancements.
Key terms of the declaration
- Supply Chain Strengthening: The US and UK will strengthen their supply chains, invest in each other’s industries, and develop future technologies under the Atlantic Declaration.
- Clean Energy Partnership: They agreed to launch a civil nuclear partnership, aiming to promote clean energy cooperation and reduce reliance on Russian fuel.
- Technology and Critical Minerals: The countries will collaborate on the safe development of AI technology, negotiate a critical minerals agreement, and cooperate on telecoms technology and quantum technologies.
- UK-US “Data Bridge”: The declaration includes a commitment in principle to a UK-US “data bridge” that facilitates the transfer of data between British and US businesses without unnecessary bureaucracy.
- Critical Minerals Agreement: Negotiations on a critical minerals agreement will allow certain UK firms to access tax credits available under the US Inflation Reduction Act.
- Business Collaboration: Cooperation will extend to telecoms technology, including 5G and 6G, as well as quantum technologies, fostering collaboration and innovation between the US and UK.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AMR, Pandemic Treaty
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Pandemic Treaty: The latest version of the draft Pandemic Instrument, also known as the “pandemic treaty,” was shared with Member States at the World Health Assembly.
- Removal of AMR Mentions: It became apparent that all mentions of addressing antimicrobial resistance in the Pandemic Instrument were at risk of removal.
What is AMR?
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the development of resistance in microorganisms to drugs that were once effective against them.
- Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, can become “immune” to medications used to kill or control them.
- Misuse or overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of AMR.
About the Pandemic Treaty
- Initiation of Work: Work on the Pandemic Instrument began in December 2021.
- Objective: The instrument aims to protect nations and communities from future pandemic emergencies under the WHO’s Constitution.
Importance of Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
- Calls for Inclusion: Civil society and experts, including the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, have emphasized the inclusion of AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.
- Not Limited to Viruses: Not all pandemics in the past or future are caused by viruses, with bacterial pandemics like plague and cholera being devastating examples.
- Impact of Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections cause one in eight deaths globally and contribute to the rise of drug-resistant infections.
Need for Comprehensive Pandemic Preparedness
- Wider Range of Threats: Planning and developing effective tools to respond to a broader range of pandemic threats, beyond viruses, is crucial.
- Secondary Bacterial Infections: Even in viral pandemics like COVID-19, secondary bacterial infections become a serious issue, requiring effective antibiotics.
Concerns over Potential Removal of AMR Measures
- Risk to Future Pandemics: The removal of AMR measures from the Pandemic Instrument could hinder efforts to protect people from future pandemics.
- At-Risk Measures: Measures at risk of removal include better access to safe water, infection prevention and control, integrated surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship.
Strengthening the Pandemic Instrument to Address AMR
- Inclusion of AMR Measures: Measures to address AMR can be easily incorporated into the Pandemic Instrument.
- Recommendations for Inclusion: Recommendations include addressing bacterial pathogens, tracking viral and bacterial threats, and harmonizing AMR stewardship rules.
Efforts to Highlight AMR in the Pandemic Instrument
- Involvement of Specialized Organizations: Civil society and research organizations participated in the WHO’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Body, providing analysis on AMR in the draft.
- Publication of Special Edition: Leading academic researchers and experts published a special edition outlining the importance of addressing AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.
Current State and Next Steps
- Concerns over Removal: Insertions related to AMR are at risk of removal after closed-door negotiations by Member States.
- Importance of the Pandemic Instrument: The instrument is vital for mitigating AMR and safeguarding antimicrobials for treating secondary infections in pandemics.
- Global Political Action: Collaboration and collective efforts are needed to address AMR and support the conservation and equitable distribution of safe and effective antimicrobials.
Safeguarding Antimicrobials for Future Pandemic Response
- Undermining Goals: Missing the opportunity to address AMR in the Pandemic Instrument undermines its broader goals of protecting nations and communities.
- Core Role of Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials are essential resources for responding to pandemics and must be protected.
- Call for Strengthened Measures: Member States should strengthen measures to safeguard antimicrobials and support actions for conserving their effectiveness within the instrument.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Duty-Free Quota Free (DFQF) Scheme
Mains level: WTO
Central Idea
- India offers a duty-free quota-free (DFQF) scheme to least developed countries (LDCs) under the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
- A report by the LDC Group reveals that about 85% of the products offered by India remain unutilised under the DFQF scheme.
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
|
| Establishment |
The WTO was established on January 1, 1995, following the Uruguay Round of Negotiations conducted from 1986 to 1994. |
| Nature |
The WTO is the only global international organization dedicated to regulating trade rules between nations. |
| Successor to GATT |
It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was in place from 1948 to 1994. |
| Objectives |
To facilitate the smooth, predictable, and unrestricted flow of international trade. |
| Working Principles |
Based on the principles of MFN and national treatment, ensuring equal and non-discriminatory treatment. |
| Member-Driven Organization |
Governed by its member governments, and decisions are made through consensus among these members. |
| Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries |
The WTO provides specific flexibilities and rights to least developed countries (LDCs) and developing nations. |
DFQF Scheme
- The DFQF access for LDCs was initially decided at the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Meeting in 2005.
- India became the first developing country to extend this facility to LDCs in 2008, providing preferential market access on 85% of its total tariff lines.
- The scheme was expanded in 2014, offering preferential market access on about 98.2% of India’s tariff lines to LDCs.
Issues highlighted by WTO
(1) Tariff Line Utilisation Data
- WTO data from 2020 indicates that 85% of the tariff lines offered by India under the DFQF scheme show zero utilisation rate.
- China’s utilisation rate for similar tariff lines is 64%, with only 8% of the lines showing a utilisation rate above 95%.
- Utilisation rates for beneficiary LDCs vary significantly, with Guinea and Bangladesh having low rates (8% and 0% respectively), while Benin reports the highest utilisation rate of 98%.
(2) Non-Preferential Tariff Route
- Similar to China, significant amounts of LDC exports enter India under the non-preferential (most favoured nation) tariff route, despite being covered by the Indian preference scheme.
- The report highlights the importance of preference margins, indicating potential duty savings.
- For example, fixed vegetable oil exported from Bangladesh to India has a preference margin of 77.5 percentage points, implying a potential $74 million duty savings if the preference scheme were utilized.
Challenges and Barriers
- The report suggests that the low utilisation of the preference scheme by LDCs is not due to exporter awareness but rather existing barriers that hinder the effective use of preferences.
- The specific barriers preventing LDCs from fully utilizing the scheme are not mentioned in the article.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPEC+
Mains level: Global crude oil pricing dynamics
Central Idea
- Saudi Arabia has decided to decrease its oil supply to the global economy.
- This unilateral action aims to stabilize the declining crude oil prices.
- Previous efforts by major oil-producing countries within the OPEC+ alliance to cut supply did not yield desired price increases.
What is OPEC+?
- The non-OPEC countries which export crude oil along with the 14 OPECs are termed as OPEC plus countries.
- OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan.
- Saudi and Russia, both have been at the heart of a three-year alliance of oil producers known as OPEC Plus — which now includes 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations — that aims to shore up oil prices with production cuts.
Reasons for OPEC+ Production Cuts
- Russian war: Oil prices rose significantly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Previous major cut: The recent production cut is the largest since 2020 when OPEC+ members reduced outputs by 10 million barrels per day (bpd) during the Covid-19 pandemic.
- Benefit to Middle Eastern states: The cuts are expected to boost prices, benefiting Middle Eastern OPEC+ members who have become significant oil suppliers to Europe after sanctions were imposed on Russia.
Concerns for India
- Fuel price hike: Despite importing cheap Russian oil, India has not seen a decrease in fuel prices.
- Fiscal challenges: Rising oil prices pose fiscal challenges for India, where heavily-taxed retail fuel prices have reached record highs, threatening the demand-driven economic recovery.
- Reliance on West Asian supplies: India imports about 84% of its oil and depends on West Asian countries for over three-fifths of its oil demand.
- Potential impact on consumption-led recovery: India, as one of the largest crude-consuming countries, is concerned that production cuts by OPEC+ nations could undermine the country’s consumption-led economic recovery and negatively affect price-sensitive consumers.
Back2Basics: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|
Description |
| Founding |
September 14, 1960 |
| Member Countries |
Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela |
| Goal |
Coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries, ensure stability and predictability in oil markets, secure fair returns on investment for member countries’ petroleum resources |
| Production Quotas |
Set production limits for member countries to manage oil supply and stabilize prices |
| Market Monitoring |
Monitor global oil market conditions, supply, demand, inventories, and prices |
| OPEC Meetings |
Regular meetings held every six months for member countries to discuss and negotiate oil production and pricing policies |
| Pricing Policy |
Historically used the “OPEC basket” concept – a weighted average price of crude oil blends produced by member countries |
| Influence on Prices |
OPEC’s decisions and actions can impact global oil prices by increasing or decreasing production levels |
| Diminished Influence |
OPEC’s influence on oil prices has reduced due to factors like the rise of non-OPEC oil production, changes in global energy markets, and geopolitical developments |
| Non-OPEC Cooperation |
OPEC cooperates with non-OPEC countries, notably through the “OPEC+” group, which includes Russia, to collectively manage oil supply levels and enhance market stability |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Helmand River
Mains level: Taliban-Iran Conflict
Central Idea
- Iran and Afghanistan have been engaged in a prolonged disagreement over the sharing of water from the Helmand River.
- Violent confrontations have occurred in the border region between the two countries in the recent past.
About Helmand River
- The Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan, spanning approximately 1,150 kilometers (715 miles) in length.
- It originates near Kabul in the western Hindu Kush mountain range.
- The river flows in a south-westerly direction through desert areas before emptying into Lake Hamun, which straddles the Afghanistan-Iran border.
- Lake Hamun, fed by the Helmand River, is the largest freshwater lake in Iran.
- The Helmand River is a vital water source for both Afghanistan and Iran, supporting agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the region.
Row over Helmand River and Lake Hamun
- Afghanistan’s longest river: The Helmand River holds great importance for Afghanistan as it is the country’s longest river, originating near Kabul and flowing through desert areas.
- Iran’s largest freshwater lake: Lake Hamun, located on the Afghanistan-Iran border, is Iran’s largest freshwater lake and has been historically sustained by the Helmand River.
- Drying up due to drought: The Lake has experienced a drastic decline in water levels and has largely dried up, attributed to factors such as drought and the construction of dams and water control infrastructure.
- Economic Importance: Lake Hamun plays a vital role in the regional ecosystem and supports agricultural activities, livelihoods, and economic sectors in the surrounding areas.
Disagreements between Iran and Afghanistan (Taliban)
- Fouling of the 1973 Helmand River Treaty: The agreement signed in 1973 between Iran and Afghanistan to regulate the allocation of river water has not been fully ratified or effectively put into practice.
- Iran accuses Afghanistan of violating water rights: Iran has consistently accused Afghanistan of infringing upon its water rights, claiming that it receives significantly less water than agreed upon in the 1973 treaty.
- Afghanistan blames climatic factors for reduced water flow: Afghanistan has refuted Iran’s allegations, citing climatic factors such as reduced rainfall and diminished river water volumes as the primary causes of the current situation.
- Concerns over Afghanistan’s dam and irrigation projects: Tehran expresses concerns over Afghanistan’s construction of dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems along the Helmand River, fearing that these initiatives negatively impact water flow into Iran.
Tehran-Taliban Relations: A recent recap
- Previous ties between Iran and the Taliban: Prior to the Taliban’s capture of Kabul, Iran maintained diplomatic relations with the group, driven by shared opposition to the presence of US forces in the region.
- Lack of formal recognition of the Taliban government: Despite refraining from formally recognizing the Taliban government, Iran has pragmatically engaged with the ruling group in Afghanistan to protect its interests, including the preservation of Lake Hamun.
- Border clashes since the Taliban’s takeover: Following the Taliban’s rise to power, there have been repeated incidents and clashes along the Iran-Afghanistan border.
Why is Taliban furious this time?
- Taliban’s interest in promoting agriculture: The Taliban seeks to prioritize agricultural development, which influences their approach to water management and distribution.
- Tehran’s sudden attention to Sistan-Baluchistan after protests: Following nationwide protests, including Sistan-Baluchistan, Iran’s government has shown increased attention to the region due to its disadvantaged status and reliance on water resources from Lake Hamun.
Major hurdles in the resolution
- Lack of interest: Both Iran and the Taliban show little interest in addressing the mismanagement of water resources and environmental challenges in the region.
- Short-term focus on internal problems: Both Iran and the Taliban prioritize short-term solutions and focus on internal issues rather than actively resolving the water dispute.
Current situation in Sistan-Baluchistan
- Mounting public anger: The region of Sistan-Baluchistan in eastern Iran experiences growing public anger and frustration, largely driven by water shortages and other economic and social challenges.
- Water shortages and other problems: Sistan-Baluchistan faces severe water shortages, contributing to economic and social difficulties in one of Iran’s poorest areas.
- Setting up an inquiry commission: In an effort to address the recent border clash, Iran and Afghanistan have agreed to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate the incident.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: BRICS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar is in Cape Town, South Africa, to participate in a meeting of foreign ministers from the BRICS countries.
- The foreign ministers’ meeting aims to finalize the agenda for the upcoming BRICS summit, scheduled to be held in South Africa in August.
What is BRICS?
|
Explanation |
| About |
BRICS is a grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. |
| History |
The term BRIC was coined in 2001 by British Economist Jim O’Neill to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The grouping was formalized in 2006, and South Africa joined in 2010. |
| Composition |
BRICS comprises the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, with South Africa joining later. |
| Footprints |
BRICS represents 41% of the global population, 24% of global GDP, and 16% of global trade. |
| Chairmanship |
Rotates annually among the members, with India holding the chair in 2021. |
| Initiatives |
- New Development Bank: NDB funds infrastructure and sustainable development projects.
- Contingent Reserve Arrangement: CRA provides mutual support and strengthens financial stability among BRICS nations.
- BRICS Payment System: Aims to create an alternative payment system to SWIFT.
- Customs agreements: BRICS signed agreements to coordinate and ease trade transport.
- Satellite: A constellation of remote sensing satellites has been launched in collaboration with BRICS nations.
|
Key agenda of this meet
- Geopolitical consolidation and potential expansion: Two key items on the agenda attracting attention are the plan to expand the membership of BRICS and the discussion of a common currency.
- Friends of BRICS meet: South Africa, as the chair this year, is hosting a Friends of BRICS meeting with foreign ministers from Africa and the Global South.
Potential Expansion of BRICS
- Countries in queue for BRICS membership: Around 19 countries are reportedly seeking to join BRICS, including Argentina, Nicaragua, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Senegal, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Indonesia, and Thailand.
- Inclusion of big oil producers: The list of potential new members includes major oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE, Nigeria, and Venezuela.
China’s Role in BRICS
- China driving expansion: China is leading the effort to expand its membership of BRICS and is promoting the idea of creating a bigger space for the Global South.
- Focus on multilateralism: China emphasizes multilateralism as it criticizes US hegemony, using the theme of “multilateralism” rather than “multipolarity” in discussions about BRICS.
- Challenging the Western geopolitical view: The conflict in Ukraine has strengthened the China-Russia partnership and transformed BRICS into an aspiring bloc that challenges the western geopolitical narrative.
India’s Position in BRICS
- India’s participation in BRICS and the G7: India’s involvement in both BRICS and the G7 demonstrates its engagement with multiple groupings and does not indicate alignment with an anti-Western coalition.
- Non-Western group: India views BRICS as a non-western group and believes it should remain so, focusing on its role as a platform for Global South countries to express solidarity.
- New challenges for India: Some analysts argue that as BRICS expands and more members join, it could sidelines India’s influence within the group.
What about BRICS Common Currency?
- Proposal for a common currency: Russia proposed the idea of a common currency at the BRICS summit in Beijing last year. Leaders established a committee to study its feasibility.
- Cautious reception and challenges: The proposal for a common currency received cautious feedback, with concerns about its viability and complexities such as different economic and political systems among member countries.
- Insulation from the dollar: The idea of a common currency presents an opportunity to reduce reliance on the US dollar, but not all members are convinced it is the right time.
- Difficulties in currency trade: Negotiations between India and Russia for trading in their respective currencies have encountered difficulties, with Moscow preferring dollar payments due to limited imports from India.
China’s stance on the US dollar
- Retreating US dollar hegemony: China has expressed discontent with the “hegemony of the US dollar” and aims to promote the use of the Yuan as a trading currency in Central Asia.
- No open voices abandoning the dollar: Despite its criticisms, there is no evidence to suggest that China is ready to completely abandon the US dollar at present.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has announced its withdrawal from the U.S.-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), a maritime coalition responsible for securing Gulf waterways crucial to global oil trade.
What is Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)?
| Establishment |
2002 |
| Location |
Bahrain |
| Objective |
Promoting security, stability, and prosperity across maritime regions |
| Member Nations |
Over 30 member nations |
| Primary Task Forces |
Combined Task Force 150 (CTF 150), Combined Task Force 151 (CTF 151), Combined Task Force 152 (CTF 152) |
| Operations |
Counter-terrorism, counter-piracy, maritime security, and cooperation |
| Collaborations |
United Nations, European Union, NATO, and regional partners |
| Contributions |
Naval assets including warships, aircraft, and maritime patrol vessels |
| Focus Areas |
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf, and surrounding areas |
Reasons for UAE’s withdrawal
- UAE has not provided specific reasons for its withdrawal from the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) in the official statement.
- One potential factor could be a desire to distance themselves from perceived dependencies or entanglements with the US.
- This could be part of a broader strategy by the UAE to assert its own regional influence, pursue independent foreign policies, or rebalance its relationships with China and Iran.
Recent incidents and tensions in Gulf Waters
- In late April and early May, Iran seized two tankers, one of which was empty and travelling between the UAE ports of Dubai and Fujairah.
- Iran was also accused of launching a drone attack on an Israeli-owned tanker in November 2022, escalating tensions with the United States.
- As a response to increasing harassment by Iran, the US announced the deployment of reinforcements to the Gulf, a vital route for a significant portion of the world’s sea-borne oil.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G7
Mains level: US delinking from China, Implications for India
Central Idea
- The US is transitioning its policy on China from decoupling to de-risking, signalling a new approach.
- The EU has already adopted a de-risking approach in its China policy, and the G-7 summit also expressed consensus on de-risking.
Understanding the De-risking
- After establishing diplomatic ties in 1979, the US and China developed a deep economic interdependence, benefiting China’s global engagement.
- China’s rise challenged US global clout and impacted its domestic industries.
- The Trump administration initiated a “decoupling” strategy to address the techno-economic challenge from China.
- The Biden administration continues with a modified approach, shifting from decoupling to de-risking.
- De-risking focuses on resilient supply chains to ensure the US is not subjected to coercion from other countries.
Rationale behind De-risking
- Geopolitical Competition: China’s rise as a strategic competitor challenges US global influence, prompting de-risking to reduce vulnerabilities and maintain an advantage.
- National Security: Concerns about risks like intellectual property theft and cyber threats lead to de-risking to safeguard sensitive technologies and protect national security interests.
- Resilient Supply Chains: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains, driving the need for de-risking to ensure diversified and resilient networks.
- Fair Trade Practices: De-risking addresses concerns over China’s trade practices, such as intellectual property infringement and forced technology transfers, aiming for fairer trade by diversifying partners.
- Alliance Building: De-risking aligns with allies’ interests, promoting collaboration and a united front against China’s rise.
Geopolitical Ramifications
- De-risking for Stronger Alliances: The US adopts de-risking to strengthen alliances in its rivalry with China, as seen in the G-7 summit declaration.
- China’s Skepticism: China views de-risking as disguised decoupling, shifting blame for risks to China.
- Aligning with Decoupling and United Front: De-risking aligns with decoupling by diversifying supply chains, while fostering a united front among allies.
- Uncertain Effectiveness: The effectiveness of de-risking is uncertain, influenced by China’s response and challenges in diversifying supply chains.
- Short-Term Indo-Pacific Impact: De-risking may temporarily divert focus from the Indo-Pacific, necessitating a balance with maintaining a robust strategy in the region.
Way forward
- The de-risking approach should be further developed and coordinated with allies to effectively counter China’s rise.
- Balancing the benefits of de-risking with the need to maintain a robust Indo-Pacific strategy is crucial.
- Engaging in strategic dialogues and strengthening alliances can help shape a cohesive approach in addressing China’s influence while minimizing risks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN, UNPKF
Mains level: UN Peacekeeping and its significance
Central Idea
India-ASEAN Initiative for Women in UNPK Operations
- Defence Minister proposed this initiative last year to strengthen India-ASEAN defence cooperation.
- Tailor-made courses for women peacekeepers from ASEAN member-states will be conducted at the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in India.
- Twenty peacekeepers, two from each country, will receive training in various aspects of peacekeeping.
- A “Table Top Exercise” focusing on UNPK challenges will be held in December, specifically designed for women officers from ASEAN.
India’s Training and Capacity Building
- The Indian Army has established the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi, which trains over 12,000 troops annually in peacekeeping operations.
- The CUNPK hosts foreign delegations, shares best practices, and dispatches mobile training teams to Friendly Foreign Countries for capacity building in UNPK.
- India has deployed Female Engagement Teams, Women Military Police, and women staff officers and military observers in various UN missions.
- India has the second-largest women contingent in the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and UN Interim Security Force for Abyei.
What is United Nations Peacekeeping?
- UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace.
- UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
- Consent of the parties
- Impartiality
- Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
UNPKF in operation
- Since 1948, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 71 Field Missions.
- There are approximately 81,820 personnel serving on 13 peace operations led by UNDPO, in four continents currently.
- This represents a nine-fold increase since 1999.
- A total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping.
- Currently, 72,930 of those serving are troops and military observers, and about 8,890 are police personnel.
Why UN Peacekeeping is needed?
- Conflict resolution: UN peacekeeping missions play a crucial role in assisting host countries in transitioning from conflict to peace.
- Burden sharing: UN peacekeeping utilizes a global coalition of troops and police to share the responsibility of maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
- Democratization: Peacekeepers provide security and political support to facilitate the early transition to peace and support democratic processes in post-conflict countries.
India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
- Largest troop contributor: India has a long-standing history of contributing personnel to UN peacekeeping missions, with over 253,000 Indians serving in 49 out of 71 missions.
- Current deployments: Approximately 5,500 Indian troops and police are deployed in UN peacekeeping missions, ranking India as the fifth-highest troop-contributing country.
- Women in Indian Peacekeeping: India has played a pioneering role in deploying women peacekeepers, starting with an all-women contingent to Liberia in 2007.
- Humanitarian services: Indian peacekeepers also provide medical care, veterinary support, and engineering services to communities in need.
Issues with UN Peacekeeping
[A] Issues for India
- Kashmir interference: India has expressed discontent with the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) operating in Kashmir, considering it irrelevant after the Shimla Agreement.
- Disregard for India-Pak ceasefire: UNMOGIP continues to observe hostilities and ceasefire violations along the Line of Control, which India believes is unnecessary.
[B] Global Challenges
- Diverse security challenges: UN peacekeeping operations need to adapt to rapidly evolving security dynamics.
- Resource allocation: Mandates of peacekeeping missions should align with available resources.
- Greater involvement of troop-contributing countries: Countries providing troops and police should have a meaningful role in mission planning.
- Investment in peacebuilding: Adequate financial and human resources are required for post-conflict peacebuilding.
Way Forward
- UNSC reform: Reform the UN Security Council to reflect the changing global landscape.
- Multi-partner collaboration: Enhance effectiveness by involving actors beyond the UNSC in counterterrorism efforts.
- Modernization of peacekeeping: Strengthen UN Peacekeeping Forces through modernization and inclusivity.
- Human-centric decision-making: Promote accountability and transparency in the UNSC’s decision-making processes.
Conclusion
- India’s commitment to promoting women’s participation in UNPK operations underscores its dedication to global peace and security.
- These initiatives aim to enhance the capabilities and representation of women in peacekeeping, recognizing their valuable contributions to maintaining peace and stability worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Route of Development Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Iraq aims to establish itself as a regional transportation hub by enhancing its road and rail infrastructure.
- The ambitious project, known as the “Route of Development,” is estimated to cost $17 billion.
Route of Development Project
- Project Scope: The “Route of Development” will span 1,200 kilometers from the northern border with Turkey to the Gulf in the south.
- Economic Objectives: The project aims to promote a sustainable non-oil economy and strengthen regional connectivity.
- Port Capacity: The commercial port of Al-Faw will undergo expansion to handle cargo for the project.
- Train Stations: Around 15 train stations will be constructed along the route, including major cities like Basra, Baghdad, Mosul, and up to the Turkish border.
Challenges and Priorities
- Infrastructure Condition: Iraq’s infrastructure, including roads, requires reconstruction and maintenance due to the impacts of war, corruption, and sanctions.
- Focus on Electricity: Upgrading the failing electricity infrastructure is a priority for the government.
Geopolitical Position and Economic Benefits
- Strategic Geographical Location: Iraq aims to capitalize on its position by becoming a transportation hub for goods and people between the Gulf, Turkey, and Europe.
- Port Expansion: The commercial port of Al-Faw will serve as a gateway for cargo before transportation through the new road and rail links.
- Train Station Network: The construction of train stations in major cities along the route will facilitate efficient transportation.
- Trade Opportunities: The Gulf presents significant trade prospects, especially in the transport of hydrocarbons.
Challenges and Skepticism
- Viability Concerns: Some experts question the project’s feasibility, highlighting the need for “fluidity” in transportation routes and the preference for direct shipping without intermediate loading and unloading.
- Adaptation to Customer Preferences: Consideration should be given to evolving global transport dynamics and customer preferences.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: JME Report
Mains level: Malnutrition status in India
Central Idea
- According to the Joint Malnutrition Estimates (JME) by UNICEF, WHO, and the World Bank, India has shown a reduction in stunting among children under five.
Such reports (including NFHS) are credible sources of information to substantiate your answers in Mains answer writing ….
What is Stunting and Wasting?
| |
Stunting |
Wasting |
| Definition |
Impaired growth and development due to chronic malnutrition. |
Rapid weight loss and muscle wasting in a short period. |
| Measurement |
Height-for-age comparison against standardized growth reference. |
Weight-for-height comparison against standardized growth reference. |
| Causes |
Insufficient intake of essential nutrients, frequent infections, poor maternal health. |
Inadequate caloric intake, poor feeding practices, infectious diseases. |
| Effects |
Irreversible consequences, reduced cognitive development, increased disease vulnerability. |
Increased morbidity and mortality, severe malnutrition. |
| Time Frame |
Long-term condition |
Short-term condition |
| Overall Nutritional Status |
Reflects chronic malnutrition |
Represents acute malnutrition |
| Focus |
Impacts growth and development |
Impacts weight and muscle mass |
Decline in Child Stunting in India
- The prevalence of stunting in India dropped from 41.6% in 2012 to 31.7% in 2022, with 1.6 crore fewer stunted children recorded.
- India’s share of the global burden of stunting declined from 30% to 25% in the past decade.
Concerns over Wasting
- Wasting remains a concern in India, with an overall prevalence of 18.7% in 2022.
- India contributes 49% to the global burden of wasting, reflecting the severity of this malnutrition indicator.
- Two-thirds of wasting cases in India may be attributed to maternal malnutrition, leading to low birth weight for height.
Rise in Obesity
- The prevalence of obesity in India increased marginally from 2.2% in 2012 to 2.8% in 2022.
- India’s obesity classification remains low compared to the global prevalence of 5.6%.
- Obesity contributes to 8.8% of the global burden, with 31.8 lakh obese children in India.
Way Forward
- The JME report highlights the need for accelerated efforts to achieve global nutrition targets.
- India’s progress aligns with the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, indicating a reduction in stunting.
- More research is needed to understand the complexities of wasting, particularly its links to maternal malnutrition.
- Continued focus on addressing malnutrition, access to health services, and maternal nutrition is crucial for further improvement.
- Learning more about wasting and its determinants will be essential for tailored interventions in India and Asia.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: WTO
Mains level: Reforms in multilateral institutions
Central Idea
- India has stressed the urgent need for prioritizing reforms within the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
- India has been advocating for WTO reforms and improved dispute settlement mechanisms during G20 discussions.
About WTO
|
Functions and Principles |
| Establishment |
1 January 1995 |
| Functions |
- Negotiating trade agreements
- Enforcing trade rules
- Providing technical assistance and capacity building
- Sharing trade-related information and conducting research
|
| Fundamental principles |
- Non-discrimination
- Reciprocity
- Transparency
- Predictability and stability
|
| Membership |
164 member countries representing over 98% of global trade |
| Decision-making |
- Decisions made by consensus among member countries
- General Council is the highest decision-making body
|
Prioritizing WTO Reforms
- India’s Push for Reforms: India has been actively advocating for reforms within the World Trade Organisation.
- Better Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Alongside reforms, India is pushing for improved dispute settlement mechanisms within the WTO.
- Reaffirming Foundational Principles: The discussions aim to reaffirm the principles enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement and the multilateral trade agreements, emphasizing the importance of an open, fair, inclusive, and transparent WTO.
Reforms that India is seeking
- Structural Reforms: There is an urgent need for reforms within the WTO to address issues such as transparency, shorter time frames, the establishment of a permanent panel body, and special and differential treatment for developing countries.
- Benefit for Developing Countries: Developing countries, including India, can benefit from these reforms if proposals specific to their needs are accepted.
- Trade Facilitation for Services: While the WTO has made progress with the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) concerning goods, there is a need for reforms in trade facilitation for services. India, as a major service provider, stands to benefit from improved cross-border movement of people.
- Inclusivity: It is crucial to establish procedures and practices that are more inclusive, particularly for developing countries.
- Peace Clauses: Adoption of “peace clauses” for developing countries’ implementation of current agreements can formalize commitments by major trading powers to allow grace periods and exercise due restraint.
- Evolving Negotiation Modes: The single package approach used in the Uruguay Round is not effective in the Doha Round, necessitating the exploration of new negotiation modes.
- Strengthened Dispute Settlement Mechanism: The dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO requires strengthening and expediting to enhance its effectiveness.
- Separation of Political and Human Rights Issues: There is a need to separate political and human rights issues from trade disputes under Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) norms.
Crossroads for WTO
- Stalled Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The multilateral trade negotiations, including the Doha Round, have reached an impasse, with limited progress in overall rule-making.
- Challenges from Alternative Trade Pacts: Alternative trade pacts, such as mega-regional arrangements, have emerged and posed challenges to the position of trade multilateralism.
- Disagreements on Market Access and Protection: The impasse in the Doha Round primarily stems from differences between highly industrialized countries and large developing countries regarding market access and protection of vulnerable economic sectors.
Importance of Addressing WTO Reforms
- Vital Role of WTO: The Minister emphasized that addressing WTO reforms is of utmost importance as the organization plays a crucial role in ensuring fairness and transparency in global trade.
- Backbone of Multilateral Trading System: The WTO forms the backbone of the multilateral trading system and its reforms are necessary to strengthen its functioning.
India’s Aspirations in International Trade
- Global Leadership Ambition: India has expressed India’s aspiration to emerge as a global leader in the international trade landscape.
- E-commerce Market Potential: India is poised to become the world’s second-largest e-commerce market, reflecting its transformation driven by open markets, global integration, and a strong entrepreneurial spirit.
Way Forward
- The urgent need for WTO reforms necessitates concerted efforts and global attention to ensure the fairness, transparency, and effectiveness of the multilateral trading system.
- India’s active participation in advocating for reforms, along with its ambition to become a global leader in international trade, reflects its commitment to fostering a thriving and inclusive global trade environment.
- It is essential for countries to collaborate and engage in constructive dialogue to address the challenges and opportunities in the evolving global trade landscape.
Back2Basics: WTO Agreements and Accords
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): The GATT is the predecessor to the WTO and was in effect from 1948 to 1994. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote international trade through negotiations and tariff concessions.
- Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): This agreement aims to establish fair and market-oriented agricultural trading systems. It addresses issues such as market access, domestic support, and export subsidies related to agricultural products.
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): The TRIPS agreement sets minimum standards for protecting intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
- Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): This agreement prohibits certain investment measures that restrict trade or are inconsistent with the GATT’s principles.
- Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): The SPS agreement sets out rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards to ensure that countries do not use sanitary and phytosanitary measures as unjustified trade barriers.
- Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT): The TBT agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
- Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM): The SCM agreement regulates the use of subsidies and provides a framework for countervailing measures to address unfair trade practices arising from the use of subsidies.
- Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA): The TFA aims to simplify and streamline customs procedures, enhance transparency, and improve efficiency in international trade, with a focus on reducing trade costs and facilitating cross-border trade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India-Australia Relations, Role of Indian Diaspora
Central Idea
- PM Modi addressed a community event in Sydney, emphasizing the strong foundations of trust and respect between India and Australia.
- He credited the Indian diaspora for the success of this relationship.
- The event aimed to strengthen cultural ties and was attended by over 21,000 people, including Australian PM Anthony Albanese.
India-Australia Relations: A Backgrounder
- The India-Australia bilateral relationship has undergone evolution in recent years, developing along a positive track, into a friendly partnership.
- The two nations have much in common, underpinned by shared values of a pluralistic, Westminster-style democracies, Commonwealth traditions, expanding economic engagement etc.
- Several commonalities include strong, vibrant, secular and multicultural democracies, free press, independent judicial system and English language.
Historical Perspective
- Early colonization: The historical ties between India and Australia started immediately following European settlement in Australia from 1788.
- A penal colony: All trade, to and fro from the penal colony of New South Wales was controlled by the British East India Company through Kolkata.
- Diplomatic ties: India and Australia established diplomatic relations in the pre-Independence period, with the establishment of India Trade Office in Sydney in 1941.
- Expansion of ties: The end of the Cold War and simultaneously, India’s decision to launch major economic reforms in 1991 provided the first positive move towards development of bilateral ties.
Various dimensions of ties
[A] Political partnership
- Both countries are members of-
- G-20
- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF),
- IORA (Indian Ocean Rim Association),
- Asia Pacific Partnership on Climate and Clean Development,
- East Asia Summit and
- The Commonwealth
- QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)
- Australia has been extremely supportive of India’s quest for membership of the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation).
- Australia wholeheartedly welcomed India’s joining of the MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime).
[B] Trade and Economy
- 5th largest trade partner: India is the 5th largest trade partner of Australia with trade in goods and services.
- Huge trade volume: Two-way trade between India and Australia was worth A$ 24.3 billion ($18.3 billion) in 2020, up from just $13.6 billion in 2007, according to the Australian government.
- Uranium exports: After a series of attempts, in 2016, Australia opened the door for uranium exports to India.
- R&D: An Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF) which was established in 2006, supports collaboration between scientists in India and Australia on cutting-edge research.
[C] Cultural ties
- P2P ties: There is a longstanding people-to-people ties, ever increasing Indian students coming to Australia for higher education.
- Bond over cricket and tourism: Growing tourism and sporting links, especially Cricket and Hockey, have played a significant role in further strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries.
- Skilled workforce: India is one of the top sources of skilled immigrants to Australia.
- Indian students: The number of Indian students continue to grow with approximately 105,000 students presently studying in Australian universities.
- Diaspora: After England, India is the second largest migrant group in Australia in 2020.
[D] Strategic Partnership
- In 2009, India and Australia established a ‘Strategic Partnership’, including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation which has been further elevated to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2020.
- The Mutual Logistics Support Agreement has been signed during the summit that should enhance defence cooperation and ease the conduct of large-scale joint military exercises.
- There is a technical Agreement on White Shipping Information Exchange.
- Both nations conduct bilateral maritime exercise AUSINDEX. In 2018, Indian Air Force participated for the first time in the Exercise Pitch Black in Australia.
- Foreign and Defence Ministers of both countries agreed to meet in a ‘2+2’ format
- The first-ever Quad Leaders’ Virtual Summit held on 12 March 2021 saw the participation of Prime Ministers of India, Australia, Japan and President of USA.
- A Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement between the two countries was signed in September 2014 during the visit of then PM Tony Abbott to India.
Significance of the ties
- COVID Management: Australia is one of the few countries that has managed to combat COVID-19 so far through “controlled adaptation” by which the coronavirus has been suppressed to very low levels.
- STEM: From farming practices through food processing, supply and distribution to consumers, the Australian agribusiness sector has the desired R&D capacity, experience and technical knowledge.
- Natural resources: Australia is rich in natural resources that India’s growing economy needs. It also has huge reservoirs of strength in higher education, scientific and technological research.
- Alliance with US: The two countries also have increasingly common military platforms as India’s defence purchases from the US continue to grow.
- Affinity with ASEAN: Australia has deep economic, political and security connections with the ASEAN and a strategic partnership with one of the leading non-aligned nations, Indonesia.
- Containing China: The Indo-Pacific region has the potential to facilitate connectivity and trade between India and Australia. Both nations can leverage their equation in QUAD to contain China.
International cooperation
- Support at UNSC: Australia supports India’s candidature in an expanded UN Security Council.
- APEC: Australia is an important player in APEC and supports India’s membership of the organisation. In 2008, Australia became an Observer in SAARC.
Some irritants in ties
- Trade imbalance: India’s trade deficit with Australia has been increasing since 2001-02 due to India-Australia Free Trade Agreement. It is also a contentious issue in the ongoing RCEP negotiations which India left.
- High tariff on agri products in India: India has a high tariff for agriculture and dairy products which makes it difficult for Australian exporters to export these items to India.
- Non-tariff barriers in Australia: At the same time, India faces non-tariff barriers and its skilled professionals in the Australian labour market face discrimination.
- Visa Policy: India wants greater free movement and relaxed visa norms for its IT professionals, on which Australia is reluctant.
- Future of QUAD: Australian lobby has sparked speculation over the fate of the Quadrilateral Consultative Dialogue (the ‘Quad) involving India, Australia, Japan and the United States.
- Nuclear reluctance: Building consensus on non-nuclear proliferation and disarmament has been a major hurdle given India’s status as a nuclear power.
- Racism against Indians: Increasing Racist attacks on Indians in Australia has been a major issue.
Way forward
- Upgradation of 2+2 format: It is prudent too for New Delhi and Canberra to elevate the ‘two plus two’ format for talks from the Secretary level to the level of Foreign and Defence Ministers.
- Removal of trade barriers: Both nations need to resolve disputes at the WTO with regard to the Australian sector can act as a serious impediment.
- Balancing China: An ‘engage and balance’ China strategy is the best alternative to the dead end of containment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FIPIC
Mains level: Large Ocean Countries
Central Idea: The third summit of Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) was recently held at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. It was attended by PM Modi.
What is FIPIC?
- The FIPIC is an intergovernmental forum that facilitates cooperation and dialogue between India and the Pacific island countries (PIC).
- It was established by India in 2014 as a platform to enhance engagement and strengthen ties with the countries of the Pacific region.
- FIPIC serves as a mechanism for mutual collaboration, addressing shared challenges, and promoting development cooperation between India and its Pacific island partners.
Members of FIPIC:
- FIPIC consists of 14 member-countries.
- They are- Fiji, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
History of FIPIC
- The establishment of FIPIC reflects India’s commitment to deepening its engagement with the Pacific island nations.
- The inaugural FIPIC summit was held in November 2014 in Suva, Fiji, where India and the Pacific island countries came together to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
- The summit marked a significant milestone in India’s efforts to strengthen relations with the Pacific island states and promote inclusive development in the region.
Key highlights of the Summit
(1) Imbibing perception change
- During the FIPIC-3 summit held in Port Moresby, PM Modi emphasized the importance of recognizing the small island nations of the Pacific Ocean as “large ocean states.”
- PM reiterated India’s commitment to supporting the development goals of the Pacific island states.
(2) Advancing development goals
- India expressed unwavering dedication to supporting Pacific island states in various ways.
- Acknowledged challenges such as climate change, natural calamities, and disruptions in food and fuel supply chains.
- India has been a reliable supplier of essential items, including vaccines, medicines, wheat, and sugar.
(3) Voices to lead Global South
- Prime Minister James Marape of Papua New Guinea urged India to serve as an advocate for the Global South.
- Requested India’s representation in key global forums like the G-7 and G-20.
Why does India need PIC?
- Geopolitical Significance: Strengthening ties in Indo-Pacific to bolster regional influence, promote stability, and shape regional dynamics.
- Maritime Trade Routes: Securing access to vital sea-lanes, ensuring smooth trade flow, and protecting maritime interests.
- Resources: Expanding access to valuable resources such as minerals, hydrocarbons, and fisheries for economic growth and energy security.
- Economic Opportunities: Exploring untapped markets, attracting investments, and fostering trade partnerships for mutual economic benefits.
- Climate Change and Disaster Management: Collaborating on climate resilience strategies, sharing expertise in disaster management, and supporting sustainable development.
- Diplomatic Relations: Establishing strategic alliances, enhancing multilateral cooperation, and strengthening India’s presence in the Pacific region.
- Indian Diaspora: Supporting and engaging with the Indian diaspora, promoting cultural ties, and leveraging their contributions for bilateral cooperation and understanding.
Conclusion
- The FIPIC-3 summit provided a platform for India and Pacific island nations to deepen cooperation and address shared challenges.
- India’s commitment to supporting development goals and its role as a reliable supplier underscores its dedication to the Pacific island states.
- India’s active engagement in global forums and advocacy for the Global South aims to amplify voices and advance interests.
- The summit signifies a strengthened partnership, fostering mutual growth and shared progress.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rasht-Astara Railway Link
Mains level: INSTC
Russia and his Iran has signed a deal to finance and build the 162 km Rasht-Astara Iranian railway, the main connection in the emerging North-South Transport Corridor.
Rasht-Astara Railway Link
- The Rash Astra Railway is a 162-kilometer railway connecting Rasht (Iran) and Astara (Azerbaijan) on the border.
- It is part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and will significantly diversify global traffic flows.
- The railway will facilitate connections between Russian ports on the Baltic Sea and Iranian ports in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf.
About INSTC
- The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer Multi-Mode Transit System connecting India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe.
- It promotes transportation cooperation among member states and includes ship, rail, and road routes.
- Membership has expanded to include additional countries, and observer states and Baltic countries have expressed interest in joining.
Significance of INSTC for India
- Central Asia trade: India has invested in the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a doorway for trade with Central Asian countries.
- Extended connection: INSTC offers potential connections to the Baltic, Nordic, and Arctic regions.
- Bypassing Pakistan: INSTC provides an alternate route for India to connect with Central Asia, bypassing obstacles in Pakistan.
- Fastest freight: It reduces transit time by 40% and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route.
- Alternative to Suez: Russia claims the project could ultimately rival the Suez Canal in terms of trade flows.
Challenges of INSTC
- Challenges include limited financial support from major international institutions due to US sanctions on Iran.
- Harmonization of tariffs and customs, increased private sector involvement, and improved informational connectivity are necessary for success.
Conclusion
- More financing, cooperation, political will, and strategic planning are required to realize the full benefits of INSTC.
- Addressing demand deficits and enhancing informational connectivity are crucial.
- Collaboration and the establishment of industrial parks and special economic zones can contribute to the corridor’s development and commercial value.
Key terminologies
Multi-Mode Transit System: A system that integrates multiple modes of transportation, such as ship, rail, and road, for efficient movement of goods.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): An agreement reached in 2015 between Iran and world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear program.
Suez Canal: A major global trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Chabahar Port: A port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province, providing India with access to Central Asian countries.
Baltic Countries: Countries located in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, including Latvia and Estonia. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Non-Sugar Sweeteners
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The World Health Organization (WHO) issued new guidelines advising against the use of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) as a healthy alternative to sugar.
What are Non-Sugar Sweeteners?
- NSS are low or no-calorie alternatives to sugar, including aspartame, saccharin, stevia, and others.
- They are marketed for weight loss and controlling blood glucose in individuals with diabetes.
WHO’s Finding
- The WHO analyzed 283 studies on NSS intake in adults and children.
- Higher intake of NSS was associated with a 76% increase in obesity risk and a 0.14 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
- No evidence of long-term benefits on reducing body fat was found, and long-term use of NSS may increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer.
- WHO suggests that NSS should not be used for weight control or reducing the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases.
Concerns and Recommendations
- India has a high obesity rate and a significant number of people with pre-diabetes.
- Lifestyle-related Type 2 diabetes is increasing among young individuals.
- WHO recommends focusing on a balanced diet and minimally processed, unsweetened foods and beverages.
What lies ahead?
- WHO’s conditional guideline requires further discussions among policymakers before adoption as national policy.
- Efforts should be made to educate youngsters about taste preferences and healthy eating habits.
- Doctors can now provide more confident guidance to patients regarding NSS consumption.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: RBI regulation of Currency
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to withdraw ₹2000 denomination banknotes from circulation as part of its “Clean Note Policy.”
- The withdrawal is similar to a previous withdrawal of notes in 2013-2014 (and not the demonetization).
Legal Tender Status of ₹2,000 Banknotes
- ₹2000 banknotes will continue to maintain their legal tender status.
- People can use ₹2000 banknotes for transactions and accept them as payment.
- However, the RBI encourages depositing or exchanging the notes by September 30, 2023.
About the ₹2000 Notes
- The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
- It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.
Reasons for withdrawal
- Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
- Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
- Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
- Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.
Withdrawal process
- People can deposit ₹2,000 notes into their bank accounts or exchange them for banknotes of other denominations at any bank branch.
- The usual deposit process without restrictions and subject to applicable statutory provisions applies.
- Banks have been directed to provide deposit and exchange facilities for ₹2,000 notes until September 30, 2023.
- The facility for exchange up to ₹20,000 at a time will be available at banks and RBI’s Regional Offices from May 23, 2023.
- Banks are instructed to stop issuing ₹2,000 notes immediately.
Impact and financial analysis
- Deposit accretion of banks may improve in the short term, similar to the demonetization period.
- Improved deposit rates may reduce pressure on interest rate hikes and lead to moderation in short-term interest rates.
Clean Note Policy
Previously, banknotes issued before 2005 were withdrawn due to fewer security features.
Notes issued before 2005 are still legal tender but no longer in circulation to maintain consistency with international practices. |
Key issues
- Individuals can seek multiple exchanges in packets of ₹20,000, but this may attract attention from enforcement agencies and the Income-tax Department.
- Large sums of money in ₹2,000 notes may be difficult to exchange.
- It is likely to witness chaos and long queues in bank branches.
FAQs: Exchanging and depositing ₹2,000 Banknotes
- Individuals should approach bank branches for depositing or exchanging ₹2,000 banknotes.
- Deposit and exchange facilities will be available at banks until September 30, 2023.
- Exchange facilities will also be available at 19 RBI Regional Offices.
- There is a limit of ₹20,000 for each exchange transaction.
- Account holders can exchange up to ₹4,000 per day through business correspondents.
- Deposits into bank accounts have no restrictions, but compliance with KYC norms and other regulatory requirements is necessary.
- From May 23, 2023, people can approach bank branches or RBI Regional Offices to exchange their ₹2,000 notes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Why such move?
- The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner and export market.
- India has expressed confidence that the intention behind CBAM was not to create a trade barrier but to promote sustainability.
- CBAM has potential impact on India’s Steel and Aluminum sectors.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
| Proposed by |
European Union (EU) |
| Purpose |
To reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and prevent competitive disadvantage against countries with weaker environmental regulations |
| Objectives |
Reduce carbon emissions from imported goods
Promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners
Protect EU companies that have invested in green technologies |
How does CBAM work?
| Coverage |
Applies to imported goods that are carbon-intensive |
| Integration |
Covered by the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), which currently covers industries like power generation, steel, and cement |
| Implementation |
CBAM taxes would be imposed on the carbon content of imported goods at the border, and the tax rates would be based on the carbon price in the EU ETS |
| Exemptions |
Possible exemptions for countries that have implemented comparable carbon pricing systems |
| Revenue Use |
Revenue generated from CBAM taxes could be used to fund the EU’s climate objectives, such as financing climate-friendly investments and supporting developing countries’ climate efforts |
Who will be affected by CBAM?
|
Details |
| Countries |
Non-EU countries, including India, that export carbon-intensive goods to the EU |
| Items |
Initially covers iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, and electric energy production |
| Expansion |
The scope of the CBAM may expand to other sectors in the future |
Advantages offered
- Encourages non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations, reducing global carbon emissions.
- Prevents carbon leakage by discouraging companies from relocating to countries with weaker environmental regulations.
- Generates revenue that could be used to support EU climate policies.
Challenges with CBAM
- Difficulty in accurately measuring the carbon emissions of imported goods, especially for countries without comprehensive carbon accounting systems.
- Potential for trade tensions with the EU’s trading partners, especially if other countries implement retaliatory measures.
Ways to ease impact of CBAM
To minimize the impact of CBAM, India can consider several actions:
- Set up a carbon trading mechanism: To reflect the level of development and adjust the carbon tax paid domestically when paying CBT to the EU.
- Re-designate taxes on essential products: Make these as carbon taxes, which could help lower the net impact of CBT.
- Create a cadre of energy auditors: To ensure fair assessment of carbon emissions for products and help the industry calculate carbon intensity and adopt cleaner technologies.
- Start an industry awareness program: To educate sectors affected by CBT and create a dedicated group involving government, industry associations, and researchers.
- Devise a WTO-compatible retaliation mechanism: To counter CBT, considering that developing countries exporting to developed nations will also suffer from it.
- Sign new Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): After resolving the CBT issue, as high CBT would undermine the benefits of zero import duties.
- Expose the perceived hypocrisy: Utilize global platforms to expose offshoring pollution of developed countries and proposing to tax imports, while not addressing their own consumption patterns.
Conclusion
- The CBAM is a proposed policy by the EU to reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and to promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners.
- Although the CBAM has its challenges, it has the potential to incentivize non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations and reduce global carbon emissions.
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