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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    Protecting floodplains is the need of the hour

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: floodplains

    Mains level: floodplains management, challenges and strategies

    What’s the news?

    • Indian cities are projected to contribute significantly to the country’s GDP by 2030. Flooding in these urban centers has a substantial economic impact, underscoring the importance of effective flood management.

    Central idea

    • The world is grappling with a dual challenge of water scarcity and excess as climate change intensifies. The frequency and intensity of floods are on the rise, with devastating consequences. The urgency of addressing this issue cannot be overstated.

    Recent catastrophic floods

    • Last year, Pakistan witnessed catastrophic floods that claimed lives and affected millions.
    • India has faced its share of calamities, such as the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, the 2014 Kashmir Valley deluge, the 2015 Chennai floods, and the 2017 Gujarat floods.
    • This year, Himachal Pradesh experienced rain-induced floods and landslides.

    Why is India prone to flooding?

    • Geographical Vulnerability: The article mentions that over 40 million hectares, which is nearly 12% of India’s total land area, are prone to floods, as indicated by the Geological Survey of India. This vulnerability is due to India’s diverse geography, including extensive river systems, coastal regions, and mountainous areas.
    • Climate Change: Floods are increasing in frequency and intensity, and this trend is expected to continue due to climate change. Extreme precipitation events are becoming more common, contributing to flooding.
    • Urbanization Challenges: Rapid and haphazard urbanization is one of the factors that makes Indian cities vulnerable to floods. The expansion of cities, often without proper consideration of natural topography, increases the risk of flooding in urban areas.
    • Inadequate Legal Framework: India primarily relies on the Disaster Management Act of 2005 for flood management, but this law is not specifically focused on flood risk management and assumes that disasters cannot be predicted, which may not be entirely accurate for floods.
    • Large-Scale Encroachments: India faces challenges due to extensive encroachments on floodplains, including illegal construction and mining activities. These encroachments reduce the natural capacity of rivers and floodplains to handle excess water during heavy rainfall.
    • Chennai Floods Example: The 2015 Chennai floods were attributed to these encroachments, and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India labeled it a man-made disaster.
    • Weak Enforcement of Environmental Laws: The environmental protection laws in India are often not effectively implemented. Central policies related to floodplain protection lack binding power over states, allowing encroachments to persist.

    Flood Plains and their Significance

    • Flood plains adjacent to rivers serve as natural defences against inland flooding. Maintained without concrete encroachments, they absorb excess water, safeguarding other regions.
    • Properly managed flood plains also aid in recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the water table.

    Key issues related to occupying floodplains and the challenges it poses in India

    • Reduced River Capacity: Illegal construction in floodplains diminishes the natural capacity of rivers to contain high water levels within their banks. This becomes especially problematic during periods of heavy rainfall when water from upper catchment areas flows downstream.
    • Neglect of Eco-Sensitive Areas: In Uttarakhand, there has been a disregard for eco-sensitive floodplains with the construction of guest houses and hotels along riverfronts to promote tourism and economic growth. This neglect has contributed to increased flood risks.
    • Regulatory Efforts: Following the massive floods in 2013, the National Green Tribunal issued a directive in 2015, essentially barring construction within 200 meters of the Ganga’s banks. However, attempts to bypass this directive have been made, raising questions about the proper implementation of environmental impact assessments.
    • Ineffective Legislation: The Uttaranchal River Valley (Development and Management) Act of 2005 was established to regulate mining and construction in river valleys. However, reports suggest rampant mining and construction activities with little consideration for environmental protection.
    • Weak Implementation of Environmental Laws: Despite having environmental protection laws in place, India faces issues with their implementation. Central policy measures to protect floodplains are often non-binding on states, and there is a lack of effective enforcement.

    Strategies to preserve ecosystems

    • International Examples:
    • Examples from around the world include Germany’s Federal Water Act, which underwent a significant change in 1996 following a massive flood.
    • The law now prioritizes the protection of the original retention capacity of water bodies during reconstruction.
    • This change reflects the value of preserving floodplains and enhancing water retention as effective measures against flooding.
    • Cross-Sectoral Approach:
    • Climate change adaptation is described as a cross-sectoral issue that involves various areas of legislation, including land use, water body preservation, coastal regulations, and environmental impact assessment.
    • A comprehensive and integrated approach is necessary to address the complexities of climate change adaptation effectively.
    • Coherent Legal Framework:
    • To tackle climate change and its associated risks, it is crucial to integrate multiple laws into a coherent framework.
    • Passing climate-related legislation alone may not be sufficient if other laws related to land use and environmental protection are not aligned with climate goals.
    • Political Will:
    • Strong political will is identified as a critical factor in achieving effective climate change adaptation strategies.
    • Populist leaders may be hesitant to implement green policies, so there is a need for a shift in political priorities to prioritize environmental protection and climate resilience.

    Conclusion

    • India’s approach to flood management must evolve to embrace integrated flood risk management, learning from global examples. By prioritizing ecosystem preservation and adopting a holistic approach to climate change adaptation, India can better safeguard lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure from the growing threat of floods.

    Also read:

    Why Zoning of Flood Plains is important?

     

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  • Biofuel Policy

    Sustainable Biofuels

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Biofuels, Global Biofuels Alliance

    Mains level: Biofuels, challenges in India, Sustainable Biofuels, and Global Biofuels Alliance

    biofuel

    What’s the news?

    • In recent years, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has dominated discussions on decarbonizing the transportation sector.

    Central idea

    • It is increasingly clear that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions in the race to reduce carbon emissions. While EV adoption has grown substantially, it is essential to recognize that effective decarbonization strategies require a balanced approach.

    What are biofuels?

    • Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from organic materials, such as plants, crops, and agricultural waste.
    • They are considered an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, because they are produced from renewable biomass sources.

    Types of biofuels

    • Ethanol: It is a biofuel produced by fermenting and distilling sugars or starches found in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It is commonly used as a blending component in gasoline and can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, known as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline).
    • Biodiesel: It is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils. It is typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel and can be blended with petroleum diesel or used in its pure form. Biodiesel has lower emissions of pollutants compared to petroleum diesel and can be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications.
    • Biogas: It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, and animal manure. It primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel after purification.

    What are sustainable biofuels?

    • Sustainable biofuels are those produced from crop residues and other waste materials. These biofuels have a lower environmental impact, including reduced water and greenhouse gas footprints, compared to traditional 1G ethanol derived from food crops.

    Challenges related to biofuels in India

    • 1G Ethanol Dominance: In India, biofuel production has largely revolved around first-generation (1G) ethanol, primarily sourced from food crops such as sugar cane and foodgrains. This dominance of 1G ethanol poses several challenges, including competition with food production, groundwater depletion due to sugar cane cultivation, and limited potential for scalability.
    • Groundwater Depletion: The cultivation of sugar cane, a primary source of 1G ethanol, has been associated with significant groundwater depletion. This poses a serious environmental concern and has long-term sustainability implications, especially in regions with water scarcity.
    • Food Security Concerns: Utilizing food crops for ethanol production, particularly in a country like India, raises concerns about food security. Diverting surplus food production toward energy production can lead to potential shortages and affect food prices.
    • Yield Stagnation and Global Warming: India’s crop yields have shown signs of stagnation, and the effects of global warming are expected to further reduce crop yields. This means that relying on surplus crop production to meet biofuel blending targets is an unsustainable strategy.
    • Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Agriculture is one of the hardest sectors to abate in terms of direct GHG emissions. Increasing GHG emissions from the agricultural sector to produce biofuels for the transport sector can create a counterproductive loop, as it may lead to an overall increase in emissions.
    • Supply Chain Challenges for 2G Ethanol: Second-generation (2G) ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, faces challenges related to feedstock supply chains and scaling up production. This can hinder the expansion of 2G ethanol as a sustainable alternative.
    • Economies of Scale vs. Biomass Collection: Balancing economies of scale with the energy needs and costs associated with collecting and transporting biomass over large distances is a major challenge. This is crucial for efficient biofuel production, especially in the case of decentralized 2G ethanol production units.

    Promoting Sustainable Biofuels in India

    • Global Biofuels Alliance: The formation of the Global Biofuels Alliance at the G-20 Summit in New Delhi is seen as a significant step in promoting sustainable biofuels. This alliance is expected to strengthen the development of sustainable biofuels and promote ethanol uptake. It reflects India’s commitment to global cooperation in addressing climate change.
    • Diversification of Feedstock: Sustainable biofuels often rely on diversifying feedstock sources beyond food crops. 2G ethanol, which is made from crop wastes and residues, is considered a more sustainable option compared to 1G ethanol. India should focus on developing 2G ethanol production capabilities.
    • Prioritizing Sectors: The Energy Transitions Commission’s recommendation to prioritize biomass use in sectors with limited low-carbon alternatives is highlighted. Long-haul aviation and road freight segments, where electrification may take longer to achieve, are mentioned as sectors that could benefit from sustainable biofuels.
    • 2030 Sustainability Targets: To achieve global net-zero emissions by 2050, sustainable biofuel production needs to triple by 2030. This underscores the urgency of developing and scaling up sustainable biofuel technologies and production methods.
    • Decentralized Production: For sustainable 2G ethanol production, a decentralized approach might be more effective. This means that crop residues do not have to be transported over long distances to central manufacturing plants.
    • Innovation and Technology Development: The Global Biofuels Alliance is expected to drive innovation and technology development by establishing an efficient biomass supply chain and smaller-scale decentralised biofuel production units. This is seen as a way to address the challenges associated with sustainable biofuel production.

    Importance of distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels

    • Resource Management: Using unsustainable biofuels, particularly those sourced from food crops like sugar cane and grains, can lead to resource depletion. This includes issues such as groundwater depletion and competition for arable land. Differentiating between the two categories helps with responsible resource management.
    • Food Security: Sustainable biofuels do not rely on food crops for production, reducing the risk of food security issues. When food crops are diverted for energy production, it can lead to food shortages and increased prices, which can be detrimental to vulnerable populations.
    • Climate Commitments: Distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable biofuels aligns with global climate commitments. Many international agreements and initiatives emphasize the importance of sustainable bioenergy as a means to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change effectively.
    • Efficiency and Cost: Sustainable biofuels often require fewer resources and have lower production costs compared to unsustainable options. This can lead to increased efficiency and long-term cost savings in biofuel production.
    • Public Awareness: Making a clear distinction helps inform the public and policymakers. It enables them to make informed choices, support environmentally responsible practices, and direct efforts towards sustainable biofuel solutions.
    • Innovation and Development: By identifying sustainable biofuels, it encourages innovation and technology development in the production of eco-friendly fuels. This, in turn, promotes the growth of a sustainable biofuel industry.
    • Complexity of Sustainability: Achieving true sustainability in biofuels is complex. Therefore, distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable options is a crucial step to ensuring that biofuel strategies align with broader environmental and societal goals.

    Conclusion

    • While electric vehicles have their place in the decarbonization journey, biofuels offer a viable and immediate option to reduce carbon emissions in sectors where electrification is more challenging. India’s commitment to sustainable biofuels through the Global Biofuels Alliance demonstrates a forward-looking approach to addressing the intricate challenges of decarbonization.

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  • How fraternity in India is different from the idea enshrined in the Constitution

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Salient features of Indian Society

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Fraternity and other key concepts

    What’s the news?

    • In his thought-provoking book Political Fraternity: Democracy Beyond Freedom and Democracy, philosopher Angel Puyol emphasizes the significance of fraternity in the realm of politics.

    Central idea

    • Despite its historical roots dating back to Plato and its coexistence with liberty and equality in liberal political philosophy, fraternity often remains a neglected concept. However, India’s struggle for independence and the subsequent establishment of constitutional democracy underscored the importance of fraternity in a society marked by hierarchical social inequalities.

    Origins of the Concept

    • Ancient Greece:
    • Plato: The concept of fraternity can be traced back to ancient Greece. In Plato’s Lysis, the philosopher introduces the term philia (love) in the context of a strong desire to pursue wisdom. It is suggested that love and friendship among individuals became more meaningful when they shared knowledge. This emphasis on the act of sharing provides an early glimpse into the discourse of fraternity in ancient Greece.
    • Aristotle: The emergence of the polis in Aristotle’s philosophy is noted, where the polis (city-state) was seen as the logical location for individuals who were primarily political beings. Within the polis, justice and friendship among citizens became enduring features, laying the foundation for the idea of political fraternity.
    • Medieval Christian Society: During the Middle Ages, the article suggests that fraternity found fertile ground within the context of Christian society in Europe. Fraternal bonds often developed within religious institutions and orders, reflecting the communal and moral values of the time.
    • The French Revolution:
    • The concept of fraternity found its entry into politics with the French Revolution of 1789.
    • It was during this revolutionary period that the triptych of liberté, égalité, and fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity) became a foundational slogan.
    • Fraternity took on a revolutionary dimension, emphasizing the solidarity of citizens in their pursuit of common goals.

    How is fraternity in India different from the idea enshrined in the Constitution?

    • Caste-Based Divisions: The Constitution envisions fraternity as a means to bridge social divides and create unity among India’s diverse population. However, the deeply rooted caste system in India continues to influence social interactions, politics, and access to opportunities, making it challenging to achieve a fraternity that transcends these divisions.
    • Community vs. Individual: The Indian Constitution prioritizes individual rights and liberties, which can sometimes conflict with the communitarian approach underlying fraternity.
    • Social Inequalities: The constitutional concept of fraternity presupposes social and economic equality among citizens. However, India continues to grapple with significant economic disparities and enduring discrimination based on caste, gender, and other factors, hindering the development of genuine fraternity.
    • Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions in India have, at times, hindered the pursuit of fraternity. The constitutional vision of fraternity should extend across religious and communal boundaries to foster inclusivity. However, divisive politics occasionally exploits religious differences, undermining the spirit of fraternity.

    The limits of fraternity in India

    • Caste-Based Divisions: The deeply ingrained caste system in India continues to influence social interactions and opportunities, posing a significant challenge to achieving fraternity that transcends these divisions.
    • Shared History and Ideological Differences: In India, historical and ideological differences rooted in social inequalities can hinder the development of fraternity. Ideological motivations can also hamper political fraternity between individuals, particularly when rooted in social inequalities among different communities.
    • Secular Conception of Fraternity: Given the communal nature of India’s traditional civic life and the predominance of communal ties, the article suggests that a secular conception of fraternity is necessary. To overcome the challenges posed by ideological and communal differences, fraternity in India needs to be rooted in politics, where caste privileges can be challenged.
    • Affirmative Actions and Equality: The introduction of affirmative action, including the reservation system, aimed to address inequality and promote fraternity. However, these policies have sometimes resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste communities rather than fostering unity across caste lines.
    • Religious and Communal Tensions: Religious and communal tensions have, at times, overshadowed the pursuit of fraternity in India. Fraternity should ideally extend across religious and communal boundaries, but divisive politics can exploit religious differences and hinder the spirit of fraternity.

    The role of equality as a prerequisite

    • Both Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and philosopher John Rawls stressed the importance of equality as a prerequisite for fraternity.
    • While affirmative actions, such as the reservation system, were introduced to address historical inequalities, they have often resulted in fraternity primarily within specific caste or community groups rather than fostering unity across these boundaries.

    Conclusion

    • In India, the coexistence of caste and political fraternity is a challenging endeavor due to the country’s unique social landscape. Achieving political fraternity that transcends caste boundaries requires addressing these complex issues. The future of Indian politics will determine whether fraternity or caste prevails, and this choice will shape the country’s destiny.

     

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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    African Union and the G20: Africa on the high table

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: G20 and global missions

    Mains level: Benefits of the AU's inclusion in the G20

    What’s the news?

    • India’s 18th G20 Summit, held under the dynamic leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, made history by admitting the African Union (AU) into the G20.

    Central idea

    • The addition of the African Union as the 21st member brings substantial weight to the G20. It significantly enhances the G20’s global economic and financial governance. With Africa’s representation, the G20 becomes a more inclusive and influential body, covering a vast portion of the world’s population, GDP, and trade.

    Africa’s Stake and Strength

    • Stake in G20 Inclusion:
    • Representation: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 through the African Union (AU) provides the continent with a significant voice and presence in global economic and financial governance.
    • Global Economic Impact: Africa’s inclusion in the G20 is notable because it represents the continent’s growing economic influence. Africa possesses substantial resources, including agricultural land, minerals, metals (including rare earth minerals), and a young workforce.
    • Developmental Challenges: Africa faces numerous developmental challenges, including widespread poverty, conflict, political instability, climate stress, environmental degradation, and socioeconomic devastation from various crises. These challenges underscore the importance of Africa’s participation in the G20 for addressing global public goods (GPGs) and development issues.
    • Strengths Leveraged in the G20:
    • Resource Abundance: Africa’s wealth of natural resources positions it as a significant contributor to G20 discussions on resource utilization, sustainable development, and global economic growth.
    • Economic Integration: Africa’s ongoing economic and political integration, including initiatives like the African Free Trade Area and “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want,” demonstrate its commitment to becoming an economic powerhouse.
    • Demographic Advantage: Africa’s large and youthful population presents opportunities for future global economic growth and trade partnerships.
    • Alignment with Global Goals: Africa’s role in achieving global goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), underscores its importance within the G20 for coordinated efforts to meet these goals.

    Benefits of the AU’s inclusion in the G20

    • Enhanced Representation and Credibility: The AU’s inclusion makes the G20 more representative and enhances its credibility as a global decision-making body.
    • Effective Policy Implementation: AU’s participation is expected to improve the implementation of G20 policies, programs, measures, principles, and initiatives.
    • African Voice and Influence: The AU’s presence provides Africa with a voice, participation, and leadership role at the global high table, enabling African countries to influence the global agenda and priorities.
    • Cooperation and Leveraging Resources: The AU’s inclusion fosters cooperation within the G20 and allows for the mutual leveraging of Africa’s abundant resources for the benefit of all member nations.

    Strategic Benefits for India

    • Deepened Partnerships: India can strengthen its strategic, political, economic, technological, trade, and people-to-people partnerships with African nations. AU’s inclusion provides India with a unique opportunity to foster deeper relationships across various sectors.
    • Regional and Sub-Regional Engagement: India can engage with African countries on both regional and sub-regional levels. This enables India to extend its influence and cooperation beyond individual nations and into larger African regions.
    • Collaboration with Like-Minded Partners: India can collaborate with like-minded partners from the North, such as Japan and the United States, to further its interests in Africa. These partnerships can lead to joint initiatives and investments in the continent.
    • Diplomatic Trust: Prime Minister Modi’s successful efforts to secure the AU’s inclusion in the G20 have earned the trust and gratitude of African nations. This trust can translate into diplomatic goodwill and cooperation on various global issues.
    • A Counterbalance: The AU’s presence in the G20 can serve as a counterbalance to China’s efforts to influence African countries, especially in matters related to UN Security Council reform. India’s alignment with African interests can bolster its position.
    • Economic Opportunities: Africa’s economic growth and integration present opportunities for Indian businesses to invest and trade in the region. India can leverage its participation in the G20 to facilitate economic engagement with African partners.
    • Global Influence: By actively engaging with African nations within the G20, India can enhance its global influence and stature as a country that promotes inclusive development and cooperation.

    G20’s global mission

    • Conclusion Global Economic and Financial System: The G20 plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic, financial, and monetary system. It strives to establish a framework that is fair and adheres to established rules and principles.
    • Providing Global Public Goods (GPGs): The G20 is committed to providing global public goods, which can encompass shared resources, technologies, and knowledge that benefit all nations. These may include international tax packages and initiatives in areas like digital health.
    • Addressing Global Public Bads (GPBs): Beyond providing public goods, the G20 addresses global public bads—issues and threats that transcend national borders. This involves taking concerted actions against challenges such as money laundering, counterterrorism financing, and other transnational risks.
    • Supporting Developing Countries:
    • A significant aspect of the G20’s mission is to create a level playing field for developing countries. It involves taking affirmative measures to assist those nations facing the most significant challenges.
    • Key areas of focus include reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), providing stimulus for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), financing initiatives related to green development and climate transition, issuing Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) during crises, and addressing food security and supply chain disruptions.

    Conclusion

    • Admitting the African Union into the G20 during India’s presidency is a historic achievement that enhances the G20’s credibility and inclusivity. AU’s inclusion adds a valuable perspective to the G20’s discussions and decisions, making it a more powerful and representative body on the world stage.

     

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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    Analysing where India stands in the G20

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 2:

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: G20

    Mains level: India in the G20: Analysis

    What’s the news?

    • The 18th G20 Summit, hosted by India in New Delhi from September 9 to 10, revolved around the theme One Earth, One Family, One Future. This global forum convened to deliberate on crucial issues encompassing food security, climate change, energy, development, healthcare, and digitalization.

    Central idea

    • The G20 Summit marked a successful conclusion as India transferred the G20 Presidency to Brazil. India’s performance across various socioeconomic metrics within the G20 context reveals a mixed picture of progress and challenges.

    GDP per capita comparison (1970–2022)

    • 1970: India’s GDP per capita was $111.97, ranking 18th out of 19 regions analyzed. India had one of the lowest GDP per capita figures among the group.
    • 2022: By 2022, India’s GDP per capita had risen significantly to $2,388.62. However, despite this growth, India had moved to the last position among the 19 regions, indicating that other regions had experienced more substantial economic growth during this period.

    Human Development Index (HDI) comparison (1990–2021)

    • 1990: In 1990, India’s HDI stood at 0.43, indicating a relatively low level of human development. At that time, India ranked towards the lower end of the list among the 19 countries and regions analyzed.
    • 2021: By 2021, India’s HDI had improved to 0.63, signifying significant progress in terms of human development over the decades. However, despite this improvement, India still ranked at the bottom of the list among the 19 regions, highlighting the need for further advancements in various aspects of human development, including life expectancy, education, and living standards.

    Health Metrics Comparison

    • Life Expectancy (1990-2021):
      • In 1990, India had an average life expectancy of 45.22 years.
      • China, at the same time, had a lower average life expectancy of 33.27 years.
      • By 2021, India’s life expectancy had increased to 67.24 years.
      • Despite this improvement, India’s ranking remained the same, and China surpassed India in terms of life expectancy.
    • Infant Mortality Rate (1990-2021):
      • In 1990, India had an infant mortality rate of 88.8 per 1,000 live births, ranking it at the bottom of the 20 regions analyzed.
      • By 2021, India’s infant mortality rate had improved to 25.5 per 1,000 live births.
      • India’s ranking improved to 19th place, just ahead of South Africa (26.4), but it still lags behind many other regions in terms of infant mortality.

    Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Comparison (1990-2021-22)

    • 1990:
      • In 1990, India’s LFPR for individuals above 15 years of age was 54.2%.
      • This LFPR ranking placed India at the 18th position among the 20 regions analyzed.
      • India was ahead of Italy (49.7%) and Saudi Arabia (53.3%) in LFPR.
    • 2021-22:
      • By 2021-22, India’s LFPR had decreased to 49.5%.
      • This decline resulted in a slip in India’s ranking to 19th place.
      • India was now only ahead of Italy (49.4%) among the 20 regions in terms of LFPR.

    Women’s Representation in Parliament (1998-2022)

    • 1998:
      • In 1998, women constituted 8.1% of the Indian Parliament.
      • At that time, India ranked 15th out of the 19 regions analyzed in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.
      • While there were women in leadership positions, India’s representation was relatively low compared to some other regions.
    • 2022:
      • By 2022, women’s representation in the Indian Parliament had nearly doubled to 14.9%.
      • However, despite this increase, India’s ranking had slipped to the 18th position among the 19 regions.
      • India was just ahead of Japan (9.9%) in terms of women’s representation in Parliament.

    Environmental Progress

    • Carbon Emissions (1990 and 2020):
      • In 1990, India was the lowest emitter of CO2 among the 20 regions analyzed.
      • This demonstrated India’s relatively low carbon emissions at that time.
      • In 2020, India maintained its status as the lowest emitter of CO2 among the same regions, indicating a consistent trend of relatively low carbon emissions.
    • Renewable Energy Adoption (1990 and 2015):
      • In 1990, most G20 nations, excluding the U.S. and Mexico, generated less than 2% of their electricity from renewables.
      • By 2015, India had made some progress, with 5.36% of its electricity coming from renewable sources.
      • However, India’s ranking in this regard was 13th out of the 20 regions analyzed, suggesting relatively slow progress in adopting eco-friendly energy sources compared to some other G20 nations.

    Conclusion

    • As India hands over the G20 Presidency to Brazil, there is an opportunity for the nation to build on its successes and address areas that require further attention to achieve a more balanced and equitable socioeconomic landscape

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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    Cautiously on AI

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Generative AI

    Mains level: AI's potential and challenges and steps towards Responsible AI

    What’s the news?

    • In the digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a guiding light, illuminating the path to progress and offering vast untapped potential. However, the central concern revolves around maintaining control as AI’s capabilities continue to expand.

    Central idea

    • The recent G20 Delhi Declaration and the G7’s commitment to draft an international AI code of conduct underscore the pressing need to prioritize responsible artificial intelligence (AI) practices. With over 700 policy instruments under discussion for regulating AI, there is a consensus on principles, but implementation remains a challenge.

    The Beacon of AI: Progress and Potential

    Progress in AI:

    • Investment Surge: Private investments in AI have skyrocketed, as indicated by Stanford’s Artificial Index Report of 2023. Over the past decade, investments have grown an astonishing 18-fold since 2013, underscoring the growing confidence in AI’s capabilities.
    • Widespread Adoption: AI’s influence is not limited to tech giants; its adoption has doubled since 2017 across industries. It’s becoming an integral part of healthcare, finance, manufacturing, transportation, and more, promising efficiency gains and innovative solutions.
    • Economic Potential: McKinsey’s projections hint at the staggering economic potential of AI, estimating its annual value to range from $17.1 trillion to $25.6 trillion. These figures underscore the transformative power of AI in generating economic growth and prosperity.

    The Potential of AI:

    • Diverse Applications: AI’s potential knows no bounds. Its ability to process vast amounts of data, make predictions, and automate complex tasks opens doors to countless applications. From enhancing healthcare diagnosis to optimizing supply chains, AI is a versatile tool.
    • Accessible Technology: AI is becoming increasingly accessible. Open-source frameworks and cloud-based AI services enable businesses and individuals to harness its power without the need for extensive technical expertise.
    • Solving Complex Problems: AI holds promise in tackling some of humanity’s most pressing challenges, from climate change to healthcare disparities. Its data-driven insights and predictive capabilities can drive evidence-based decision-making in these critical areas.

    AI’s Challenges

    • Biased Models: AI systems often exhibit bias in their decision-making processes. This bias can arise from the data used to train these systems, reflecting existing societal prejudices. Consequently, AI can perpetuate and even exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices.
    • Privacy Issues: AI’s data-intensive nature raises significant concerns about privacy. The collection, analysis, and utilization of vast amounts of personal data can lead to breaches of individual privacy. As AI systems become more integrated into our lives, safeguarding personal information becomes increasingly challenging.
    • Opaque Decision-Making: The inner workings of many AI systems are often complex and difficult to interpret. This opacity can make it challenging to understand how AI arrives at its decisions, particularly in high-stakes contexts like healthcare or finance. Lack of transparency can lead to mistrust and hinder accountability.
    • Impact Across Sectors: AI’s challenges are not confined to a single sector. They permeate diverse industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. The ramifications of biased AI or privacy breaches are felt across society, making these challenges highly consequential.

    The Menace of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

    • Towering Danger: AGI is portrayed as a looming threat. This refers to the potential development of highly advanced AI systems with human-like general intelligence capable of performing tasks across various domains.
    • Rogue AI Systems: Concerns revolve around AGI systems going rogue. These systems, if not controlled, could act independently and unpredictably, causing harm or acting against human interests.
    • Hijacked by Malicious Actors: There’s a risk of malicious actors gaining control over AGI systems. This could enable them to use AGI for harmful purposes, such as cyberattacks, misinformation campaigns, or physical harm.
    • Autonomous Evolution: AGI’s alarming aspect is its potential for self-improvement and adaptation without human oversight. This unchecked evolution could lead to unforeseen consequences and risks.
    • Real Possibility: These dangers associated with AGI are not hypothetical but represent a real and immediate concern. As AI research advances and AGI development progresses, the risks of uncontrolled AGI become more tangible.

    Pivotal Global Interventions

    • EU AI Act: In 2023, the European Union (EU) took a significant step by introducing the draft EU AI Act. This legislative initiative aims to provide a framework for regulating AI within the EU. It sets out guidelines and requirements for AI systems, focusing on ensuring safety, fairness, and accountability in AI development and deployment.
    • US Voluntary Safeguards Framework: The United States launched a voluntary safeguards framework in collaboration with seven leading AI firms. This initiative is designed to encourage responsible AI practices within the private sector. It involves AI companies voluntarily committing to specific guidelines and principles aimed at preventing harm and promoting ethical AI development.

    Key Steps Toward Responsible AI

    • Establishing Worldwide Consensus: It is imperative to foster international consensus regarding AI’s risks. Even a single vulnerability could enable malicious actors to exploit AI systems. An international commission dedicated to identifying AI-related risks should be established.
    • Defining Standards for Public AI Services: Conceptualizing standards for public AI services is critical. Standards enhance safety, quality, efficiency, and interoperability across regions. These socio-technical standards should describe ideals and the technical mechanisms to achieve them, adapting as AI evolves.
    • State Participation in AI Development: Currently dominated by a few companies, AI’s design, development, and deployment should involve substantial state participation. Innovative public-private partnership models and regulatory sandbox zones can balance competitive advantages with equitable solutions to societal challenges.

    Conclusion

    • AI’s journey is marked by immense potential and formidable challenges. To navigate this era successfully, we must exercise creativity, humility, and responsibility. While AI’s potential is undeniable, its future must be guided by caution, foresight, and, above all, control to ensure that it remains a force for good in our rapidly evolving world.

    Also read:

    Generative AI systems

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  • One Nation, One Election: Prospects and Challenges

    Why simultaneous elections would militate against federalism

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Federalism

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Simultaneous elections

    Mains level: One nation one election analysis, impact on the federal structure

    What’s the news?

    • The next Lok Sabha election is scheduled to be held before June 16, 2024. Should the concept of simultaneous elections be realized and implemented, it would necessitate the shortening of the terms of legislative assemblies across many states. This alignment could potentially require term extensions or curtailments in 2029.

    Central idea

    • The recent move by the Union government to establish a committee to explore the feasibility of conducting simultaneous elections to various tiers of governance in India has sparked a significant debate. While the idea of simultaneous elections promises cost savings, it also raises crucial questions about its impact on the federal structure of Indian democracy and the unique roles of different governance tiers.

    The Specificity of Governance Tiers

    • India’s governance structure involves multiple tiers, each with distinct roles and responsibilities.
    • Representatives in Indian Governance Tiers:
    • Lok Sabha Representatives: 543
    • Assembly Legislators: Over 4,100
    • Urban Local Ward Representatives: 89,194
    • Elected Panchayat Representatives: Nearly 31.89 lakh (across village panchayats, panchayat unions, and district panchayats)

    The cost-saving argument for simultaneous elections

    • Cost Parity: The 2018 Law Commission report claims that the expenses for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections in any state are approximately equal, forming the basis for the cost-saving argument.
    • Reduced Duplication: Simultaneous elections aim to reduce duplication of administrative efforts, such as voter registration, setting up polling booths, and deploying security personnel, which can lead to cost savings by optimizing resource utilization.
    • Efficient Resource Allocation: Holding elections together allows for more efficient allocation of resources like electoral staff, transportation, and security, as they can be shared across different levels of elections.
    • Streamlined Campaigns: Political parties and candidates can potentially save on campaign costs when elections are synchronized, as they need to conduct campaigns once for multiple levels of government rather than separately.
    • Economies of Scale: The argument posits that simultaneous elections could leverage economies of scale, leading to cost savings across various aspects of the electoral process.

    Implications for Federalism

    • Subsuming Governance Tiers: Simultaneous elections could lead to various governance tiers’ issues being bundled into a single electoral mandate. This might require voters to prioritize a wide range of concerns within a single election, potentially blurring the roles and responsibilities of each governance tier.
    • Federalism Undermined: Such subsumption has the potential to undermine the principles of federalism in India, which involve a clear division of powers between central and state governments, each addressing specific issues.
    • Distinct Roles of Tiers: Federalism recognizes that local issues are best addressed locally, while national issues are the central government’s domain. Simultaneous elections may blur these distinctions, forcing voters to prioritize certain issues due to the single-mandate nature of the elections.
    • Local Autonomy: Local self-governance through municipalities and panchayats could face challenges as simultaneous elections combine local and national issues. This may dilute the focus on local governance.
    • Unique Needs Ignored: India’s governance structure is designed to address the unique needs of citizens at different levels. For instance, local concerns like garbage management are meant to be handled locally. Simultaneous elections might not allow voters to adequately prioritize such local concerns.

    Way forward

    • In-Depth Federalism Assessment: Prioritize a comprehensive assessment of the federal aspects of Indian democracy before proceeding with simultaneous elections. This assessment should analyze the potential impact on federalism, the distinct roles of governance tiers, and the preservation of local autonomy.
    • Transparent Public Discourse: Encourage transparent public discourse and awareness campaigns to ensure that citizens are well-informed about the implications of simultaneous elections. Engage with citizens, experts, and political parties to gather diverse perspectives and concerns.
    • Consultation with State Governments: Conduct extensive consultations with state governments and political parties to understand how simultaneous elections may affect state autonomy and governance. Address the concerns and feedback of state-level stakeholders.
    • Pilot Projects: Consider implementing simultaneous elections on a trial basis in select regions or states to assess the practical challenges and benefits. Pilot projects can provide valuable insights into the feasibility and impact of such a significant electoral reform.
    • Legal and Constitutional Framework: Develop a robust legal and constitutional framework that explicitly accommodates the principles of federalism and the unique roles of different governance tiers. Ensure that the framework safeguards the autonomy of local bodies and addresses the specific needs of each governance level.

    Conclusion

    • While the idea of simultaneous elections in India offers the promise of cost savings, it should be approached with careful consideration of its impact on federalism and the specificity of governance tiers. The committee, led by former President Ramnath Kovind, must conduct a thorough analysis of these federal aspects to ensure that the essence of Indian democracy, with its multifaceted governance structure, is preserved and enhanced.

    Also Read:

    Govt forms committee on simultaneous elections: What is the idea, and the arguments around it?

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  • Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

    Ridding India of food insecurity

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Food-price inflation in India, food security, impacts and solutions

    What’s the news?

    • India, touted as the world’s fastest-growing large economy, is grappling with a formidable challenge: soaring food-price inflation.

    Central Idea

    • The rise in the price of food first accelerated sharply in 2019 and has climbed in most years thereafter. In July this year, annual inflation exceeded 11%, the highest in a decade. An implication of continuing high food-price inflation is that a section of the population could face hardship in consuming food of adequate nutritional value.

    The grim reality

    • The FAO’s State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report reveals a staggering figure: an estimated 74% of India’s population cannot afford a healthy diet as of 2021, encompassing roughly one billion individuals.
    • Given a population of 1,400 million, this makes for approximately one billion Indians.

    Factors contributing to the failure to control food-price inflation in India

    • Supply-side Challenges: Weather disruptions, infrastructure gaps, and supply chain inefficiencies hinder food production and distribution.
    • Rising Input Costs: Increased expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, and labor raise production costs, leading to higher food prices.
    • Government Policies: Distortionary policies like minimum support prices (MSPs) and export restrictions affect market dynamics and prices.
    • Ineffectiveness of Macroeconomic Policy: Traditional macroeconomic policies, which have been relied upon to control inflation, have proven ineffective in addressing food-price inflation.
    • Failure of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI): The RBI, responsible for monetary policy in India, has consistently failed to control inflation, with rates exceeding the target for four years.
    • Inadequacy of Inflation Targeting: The RBI’s approach of “inflation targeting,” involving output contraction during inflation spikes, is considered misleading and unsuitable for managing food inflation driven by supply-side issues.
    • Limitation of Central Banks: Central banks, including the RBI, are perceived as incapable of effectively addressing the problem of food-price inflation, particularly within a reasonable time frame.

    A study report: Trend in the price of food in Mumbai over 2018–2023

    • Rising Food Prices: The primary factor behind food price inflation is the significant increase in the cost of food items. Specifically, the cost of preparing a traditional thaali meal at home in Mumbai has risen by 65% from 2018 to 2023.
    • Wage Growth Lag: Although there has been wage growth for both manual and salaried workers, with manual workers’ wages increasing by 38% and salaried workers’ wages increasing by 28% during the same period, these wage increases have not kept pace with the rapid rise in food prices.
    • Purchasing Power Erosion: The households in Mumbai have experienced a substantial reduction in purchasing power. As food prices have risen considerably, households are forced to allocate a larger portion of their income to food expenses, which leaves less for other essential needs and discretionary spending.
    • Nutritional Consequences: Food price inflation has led to adverse nutritional consequences, particularly an increase in the prevalence of anemia, especially among adult women in Mumbai. This rise in anemia cases is primarily attributed to nutrient deficiencies caused by reduced access to nutritious food due to escalating prices.
    • Validity of the FAO’s Estimate: The FAO’s estimates that over half of India’s population may struggle to afford a healthy diet. Even in the event of a potential 100% overestimation by the FAO, it would still leave a staggering 500 million people in this category, surpassing the populations of most countries globally except China.

    The significance of the Green Revolution

    • Food Self-Sufficiency:
    • At the time of the Green Revolution, India was grappling with severe food shortages due to consecutive droughts.
    • The government’s supply-side response, which included providing farmers with high-yielding seeds, affordable credit, and guaranteed prices through procurement, was highly successful.
    • Within a few years, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production and was no longer dependent on food imports.
    • Economic and geopolitical significance:
    • While some mistakes were made during the Green Revolution, such as the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and a focus on cereals over pulses, the program’s success had significant economic and geopolitical implications.
    • It allowed India to assert self-reliance in a polarized Cold War era, a vital geopolitical consideration.
    • Poverty Alleviation: The Green Revolution played a pivotal role in reducing poverty in India by increasing agricultural productivity and farm incomes. The increased food production also benefited the poor, as it made food more accessible and affordable.
    • Lessons for the Future: While acknowledging past mistakes, the article suggests that the Green Revolution’s lessons can be applied to address the current challenges of food price inflation. Specifically, the focus should be on correcting past errors and launching a second agricultural revolution to lower the cost of food production while ensuring sustainability.

    Proposed initiatives to combat food price inflation and ensure access to nutritious food for all

    • Increase Public Investment in Irrigation: Address inefficiencies in public expenditure on irrigation to expand irrigated land.
    • Facilitate Land Leasing: Lift restrictions on land leasing to encourage productivity-enhancing capital investments.
    • Revitalize Agricultural Research: Reinvigorate India’s network of agricultural research institutes to harness innovation.
    • Reinstate Extension Services: Restore and strengthen agricultural extension services to disseminate best practices.
    • Focus on Protein Production: Develop a program to substantially increase protein production to address India’s protein deficiency.

    Conclusion

    • Taming India’s food-price inflation crisis demands immediate and concerted efforts. Our past achievements, such as the Green Revolution, serve as a testament to our capabilities when we address food security head-on. Let us seize this moment to launch a second agricultural revolution, ensuring that every Indian has access to affordable, nutritious food and once again reducing poverty and malnutrition on a massive scale.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Redouble efforts to reduce disaster risks

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Climate crisis, Frequent and severe extreme weather events and Solutions

    What’s the news?

    • In 2023, the rise in disasters is not an anomaly; it’s a disturbing trend. Headlines have been dominated by a relentless wave of bad news: severe flooding in China, devastating wildfires in Europe and Hawaii, and July marking the hottest month ever recorded.

    Central idea

    • The world is standing at a precarious crossroads, where the challenges we face are multiplying faster than our ability to mitigate them. The aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with a complex web of crises encompassing war, debt, and food insecurity, have placed our collective resilience to the test. All of this unfolds against the ever-looming backdrop of the climate crisis, which drives increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events.

    Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Communities

    • Debt crisis: A majority of the 50 countries most vulnerable to climate change also grapple with severe debt issues. India, already one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, is acutely experiencing this new reality.
    • Extreme weather events: In 2022, disasters or extreme weather events battered the country nearly every day, with this year’s severe monsoon causing widespread loss of livelihoods and lives.

    Solutions Within Reach

    • SDG: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) continue to serve as our most comprehensive blueprint for achieving peace and prosperity.
    • Paris Agreement: Additionally, commitments made in the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C offer a clear path forward.
    • Sendai Framework: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction provides a global framework to reduce disaster risks, although progress in its implementation has been slow.
    • Accelerating Resilience Building: One valuable lesson we have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of systemic disaster risk reduction, resilience, and adaptation. The crisis has not only exposed our vulnerability to risks but has also catalyzed innovative approaches, such as digital technologies and modeling. India’s proactive efforts in disaster risk reduction, including state-level disaster management plans and early warning systems, have demonstrated tangible results in reducing mortality from extreme weather events.
    • Financial Reforms for Disaster Preparedness: India’s 15th Finance Commission has introduced significant reforms for disaster risk financing, allocating substantial resources for preparedness, response, recovery, and capacity development. On the international stage, India is championing disaster resilience and sustainability through initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure and the deployment of its National Disaster Response Force.

    The Transformations We Need

    • Early detection system: Disaster risk reduction must be integrated at all levels of our societies. This includes how we build, invest, and live. One highly cost-effective method is the establishment of early warning systems for all, with India’s support for this endeavor being noteworthy. Such systems can significantly reduce the damage caused by impending disasters. However, it is crucial to recognize that over a third of the world’s population, primarily in the least developed countries and Small Island Developing States, lacks access to these life-saving systems.
    • The Path to a Global Multi-Risk Warning System: Our ultimate goal should be a global multi-risk warning system that covers all types of hazards, be they biological, tectonic, or technological. Improving global data capabilities is essential for better prediction and response to the risks we face. India’s leadership in knowledge sharing, joint data infrastructure, and risk analysis through its G-20 presidency deserves commendation.
    • Leaving No One Behind: We must strengthen international cooperation in disaster prevention, response, and recovery, particularly for countries in the Global South. No one should be left behind in our collective efforts to mitigate the impacts of disasters.

    Conclusion

    • The recent G-20 summit and the outcomes of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group offer a unique opportunity to shape a future where we are equipped to withstand disaster risk. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres wisely noted, Extreme weather events will happen. But they do not need to become deadly disasters. Together, through decisive action and unwavering commitment, we can forge a more resilient and sustainable world for generations to come.

     

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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    How India made G20 a forum for developing countries

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Central idea

    • The G20 summit attracted attention as it started with a clear consensus to invite the African Union (AU) as its member. India’s initiative to include African Union in G20 was unanimously accepted. This was a unique reordering of the global high table.

    India’s efforts for inclusion of the African Union

    • India’s big bet: Of the AU’s 55 members, 54 are in the United Nations. Only one African country, South Africa, has been an original member of the G20. No presidency has ever risked amending the membership for fear of competing rivalries.
    • Global platform for Africa: It has been India’s case that not only must the G20 reflect the priorities of the Global South but must also include those who are underrepresented, particularly from Africa.
    • Inviting major African countries: The AU has double the number of countries as the EU. The AU has been invited to G20 meetings, and some presidencies have held African outreach events in a manner of telling them what is good for them. It is India that has actually taken the initiative of talking with them rather than at them.

    Importance of AU

    • Africa as the road to the global south: India aspires to bring the global south to the center of the G20 agenda. The elevation of the AU is courageous; no presidency has attempted to alter the composition for fear of claims from other regional organizations.
    • Branding itself using Africa: The AU fits in with the rebranding of the G20 that India undertook. This is India’s harambee (Swahili word for co-operation) factor—the spirit of developmental cooperation in action.
    • AU as a voiceless block: The AU is the largest of regional institutions and the one with a limited voice in most international fora, despite having 54 votes in the United Nations General Assembly.
    • Partner for India at the High Table: The prospects of Africa getting a permanent seat in the UN Security Council remain distant. What India has achieved, as always, is to provide Africa with a voice at the high table.

    India’s engagement with Arican Nations

    • Nigeria: Inviting Nigeria, particularly at this stage, recognizes it as the largest economy in Africa and a consistent friend of India. This is Nigeria’s biggest outing since President Bola Ahmed Tinubu was elected. Nigeria was qualified to be in the BRICS but perhaps did not pursue it hard enough. Nigeria participated with great enthusiasm, with a number of ministers accompanying their president in advance of the G20 Summit.
    • Egypt: Egypt is another African powerhouse, representing North Africa. It is also the current chair of AU-NEPAD, which is a permanent invitee to the G20. Egypt is a recent strategic partner of India. India backed it to join the BRICs. Egypt brings balance to the presence of South Africa and Nigeria.
    • Mauritius: Mauritius is a close friend of India due to its PIO population, its regular engagement with India, and its strategic location in the Indian Ocean.
    • Comoros: Comoros is another Indian Ocean country representing Eastern Africa. With their participation, India ensured two of the four African countries in the Indian Ocean and most of the regions of Africa were represented, making the G20 better balanced.

    Conclusion

    • The African Union is hot bed for great power rivalry between India and China. Even if India cannot match the deep pockets of Chinese investments in Africa, India has shown that it can deliver on the African Interest at global platform.

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